In the context of exacerbation of environmental problems and, in particular, problems associated with the use of timber, mineral and fuel and energy resources, which results in the disruption and degradation of natural ecosystems in large areas and water areas, the need to preserve unique areas of the earth's surface and water areas becomes obvious. The response to the total use of natural resources was the creation of a network of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) at various levels, from regional to international. The emerging systems should play the role of an ecological framework, and individual protected areas should play the role of a kind of core, allowing the most valuable natural complexes to be preserved in their natural state, as well as contribute to the successful restoration of ecosystems subject to anthropogenic impacts.

Specially protected natural areas- plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a regime of special protection was established [Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", 1995]. In accordance with the resolution of the 19th session of the IUCN General Assembly, held in January 1994 in Buenos Aires (Argentina) , unique natural and cultural components of natural complexes and provided with legislative or other effective protection.

Historical aspects of the development of protected areas are reflected in numerous publications. The most successful, in our opinion, are the calendar of environmental events, the calendar of events for nature protection. Thus, the relationship between man and nature has been traced for 4 thousand years.

N.F. Reimers, F.R. Shtilmark note that based on historical experience, three approaches to the organization of protected areas prevail. The first comes from the idea of ​​protecting natural resources: water, forests, soil, etc. The second arose from the understanding of the need to protect the animal and plant world. The third is connected with the desire to preserve the beauties and aesthetic values ​​of nature for the recreational needs of man. In practice, these approaches may be interrelated.

The main feature of the present time is the transition from the local nature of the impact on nature to the global one. Therefore, in the context of growing environmental crisis processes, the role of international and national actions in environmental protection is increasing.

The problems of protected areas at the national level were recognized only in 1995 with the adoption of the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories".

One of the first in Russia to exercise its right, set out in the 2nd article of the Federal Law on Protected Areas, Krasnoyarsk Territory, issuing in 1995 the Law of the Krasnoyarsk Territory "On Specially Protected Natural Territories in the Krasnoyarsk Territory". In the development of the law of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on PAs, a regional program of state support for PAs for the period up to 2000 and a scheme for the development and location of PAs for the period up to 2005 (hereinafter referred to as the Scheme) were developed and adopted for execution. The adoption of the Scheme was a timely decision, since in the context of the economic crisis, the protected area system found itself in an extremely difficult situation, and the prospects for its existence raise serious concerns. The growing number of violations of the environmental regime under these conditions, including those related to illegal forest management, poaching, hunting and fishing, is also of serious concern.

Formation of a network of specially protected natural areas is one of the priorities in solving social, economic and environmental problems in the region. The scheme is the basis for the protection of natural heritage in the territory of the region.

The practice of the last decade has shown that the main problems in the organization and functioning of protected areas are:

• opposition of the subjects of environmental protection and nature management relations to the withdrawal of valuable natural areas from economic exploitation;
• a clear lack of funding and state control over the observance of PA regimes;
• legal nihilism in the conditions of the economic crisis, leading to increased anthropogenic pressure on protected areas;
• lack of scientific and methodological base in the field of organizing a unified integrated system of protected areas.

In accordance with regional and federal laws, as well as international law, a number of categories of protected areas with a certain status are distinguished.

According to most researchers and practitioners, very few of the national parks and other protected areas declared on the Internation Union the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) list comply with UN requirements. The international registration of national parks and other protected areas is an extremely sensitive issue. Many circumstances should be taken into account, including such a psychological factor as the desire of political leaders to use protected areas as a tool for achieving personal goals. In many cases, this leads to their consolidation with the "green" movement and an increase in the status of protected areas. On the other hand, excessively strict adherence to UN criteria and long-term international non-recognition of national protected areas leads to the loss of interest of officials in this type of activity and, in general, to negative consequences for the environmental movement.

In principle, each country has the right to follow its own standards when creating a system of protected areas, which are largely determined by national traditions, the history of agriculture, forestry and hunting, the mining industry, conservation management - the national philosophy of nature management. There is not and cannot be a single standard for the size of protected areas for Russia and the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. Attempts to develop any unified quantitative standards for protected areas are obviously doomed to failure. It would be most acceptable to use the terms "national park" and "SPNA" to refer to a large group of diverse protected natural areas and water areas, the purpose of which is to protect objects, phenomena and natural processes occurring in wildlife.

The last decade of the 20th century is characterized by a more balanced policy aimed at preserving forests and stabilizing the environment. There is a growing understanding in the world that without unification and coordination of efforts, effective counteraction to the irreversible destruction of the human environment is impossible. That is why the problem of nature protection is the most important direction of the UN activity. Currently, there are more than 25,000 protected natural areas in the world registered with the IUCN. The IUCN proposes doubling the area of ​​protected areas with equal representation across all biogeographic provinces.

Protected area systems can only be effective when they form a single interacting network integrated into the life of the local community. It should be emphasized that the PA system provides not only for the withdrawal of territories from the economic circulation of the region, but also for the organization of rational, scientifically based economic activities for the sustainable use of natural resources and ensuring the sustainability of natural landscapes for a given region. Until recently, it was believed in Germany that in order to preserve everything variety of forest types, it is quite enough to have a very limited number of mature and overmature stands of each type, which would be preserved practically unchanged over the centuries as natural monuments. However, the results of phyto-sociological studies have proved the need to create full-fledged natural-historical rows of plantations, since only different age groups are able to provide biological diversity at all stages of forest ecosystem development.

A characteristic feature of Sweden is a particularly careful attitude towards virgin and natural forests. The first real step towards the conservation of virgin and natural forests in this country was the national inventory of forest resources, launched in 1979. The creation of a network of nature reserves was completed in 1985, thanks to surveys carried out over a five-year period throughout the country. Environmental activities have become a kind of catalyst for the improvement and intensification of forestry. Permanent multi-purpose trial plots laid out in forest reserves required the creation of a whole structure for repeated measurements, observations of the processes of natural development of forests, systematization, analysis and generalization of research results in the form of practical recommendations.

It should be noted that for the effective use of existing forest reserves and the purposeful expansion of their network, it is necessary to coordinate this activity at the national level, which is difficult to do in a republic with a federal model of state organization.

The activities of many protected areas are ineffective due to poor legislative protection and the legal uncertainty of their status. Each country should have a well-developed legal framework on which to build any protected area system and legally protect its facilities from the temptation of immediate profit maximization. The state policy on protected areas should be developed in the country. Legislative acts should define management systems in each category of protected areas and organizations that reliably ensure their implementation. This should become an indispensable and basic part of the environmental legislation of each country. For legislative support of protected areas, it is necessary to use all levels of legal support: regional, state and international agreements signed by the government, as well as generally recognized supranational public organizations.

In Russia, despite the territorial planning organization of the economy that was in force in the 60s of the 20th century, a system for planning the use of the landscape as a natural and economic unit did not take shape. Periodically changing priorities of industries, depending on their economic importance, mainly as raw materials, did not allow considering the same territory from the position of an elementary economic and administrative unit of the country's economy. This led to the impossibility of forming stable socio-economic conditions for the functioning of the regional population. For example, in Siberia, collective-farm agriculture in the subtaiga zone in the 1950s was undermined by the intensive development of industrial logging. After working off the timber base, in turn, the timber industry enterprises with their entire household and social structure also fell into decay. In their place, the extraction of mineral raw materials became a priority. As a result, the territories have lost developed agriculture, forestry, virgin and natural forests. Such a nature management policy is typical for developing countries with undeveloped territory and is the main reason for the organization of a “sectoral, specific” system of protected areas, since periodic stresses arise with the preservation of some of the most exploited resources. The protection of individual objects has led to the creation of an uneven spatial and thematic structure of protected objects.

In states with an established nature management regime, the priority is the protection of landscapes as functionally related economic and geographical systems. Obviously, this approach is more promising, since it allows not only to protect certain types of resources, but also to form a standard for a comprehensive perception of the natural environment as an ecosystem. In this case, all activities of protected areas are strictly focused on solving practical problems and are in maximum agreement with the socio-economic conditions and needs of the region. Protected areas do not act as rehabilitation objects, but as a training model complex for demonstrating possible sustainable nature management in a particular landscape.

The desire to create a territorially connected system of protected areas is hampered by the lack of methodological development of design principles. It is possible to use self-organization, which is implemented in the presence of common goals and will eventually lead to the construction of a “patched” structure, when SPNA sites will act as applications for problem areas of the landscape. Currently, this principle underlies the formation of the entire existing global network of protected areas. However, it also has its drawbacks associated with the uncertainty of choice, possibly redundancy, the need for exceptionally complete knowledge of the entire territory against the backdrop of urgent action, and many accompanying conditions. The current transition to the ecosystem level of the organization of protected areas is associated with the dissemination of environmental knowledge and the desire to implement them.

At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the ambiguity of the problem of biodiversity. The reasons for the increased interest in it are actually not completely clear. For example, the notion that highly biodiverse ecosystems are more stable and productive is questioned. The doubt deserves attention, since the study of the biota on the planet is clearly insufficient. No more than 1.5 million living organisms have been described, however, according to various authors, there are up to 80 million species on Earth.

In conditions of insufficient resources for the study of biodiversity, a network approach is proposed as a conceptual framework. A network of scientific stations based on biosphere reserves should represent all the biotas of the Earth with a minimum number of selected points, something similar to the periodic table, the empty cells of which will be purposefully studied. In Russia, the desire has always been expressed to develop a common state scheme based on general knowledge of the principles of territory organization. The layout of reserves is based on the standardization of all natural zones, the uniform representativeness of the entire diversity of landscapes. At the same time, financial constraints and industrial development made adjustments, and a significant part of the reserves were organized in the interests of the conservation and restoration of individual species, based on real knowledge of their habitats. Reserves that preserve ecosystems with a modern biospheric status began to be organized in the very last pre-war years. In the post-war years, several layouts were developed, which certainly gave certain guidelines, but the choice of specific objects was always associated with the subjective initiatives of researchers.

The organization of networks of protected areas requires an exhaustive knowledge of the region and should be formalized into a specific scientific and methodological approach with the development of a system of criteria. The development of an ecological classification continues to be relevant, especially with a systematic approach to the allocation of protected areas.

At present, Russia has not yet developed a methodology for creating an ecological network of protected areas. While it seems obvious that it is necessary to take into account the criteria for the allocation of protected areas, in practice there is subjectivity in the approaches to their allocation. It seems to us:

1. Theoretically, an ecological network should be focused on maintaining, first of all, functional connections and material energy flows in landscapes and between them, i.e. typicality of ecosystem connections. In second place should be biodiversity, including uniqueness. The first provides these connections, but it is possible for species to be replaced. It follows from this that it is impossible to single out protected areas based on one (group) species (even a rare one) and environmental factors.
2. Under the conditions of privatization of the use of forest resources and the development of the market (private property), the protection and use of objects of economic activity should be carried out by the owner himself. The state only controls the mode of exploitation with the help of environmental services (gosohotnadzor, state environmental and forest services, etc.) and prevents the degradation of a separate component of the landscape, having developed criteria for assessing their productivity. The ecological network as a state (interdepartmental, interproprietary) system of protected areas should preserve the entire landscape. Therefore, objects or species that are exploited and are in economic use should not act as the main motivation for the designation of protected areas.
3. The development of geoinformation technologies makes it possible to analyze the structure of the earth's surface: to decipher individual components; create information layers of various subjects; simulate the consequences of activities and do a retrospective analysis. GIS technology reduces subjectivity and creates the prerequisites for a systematic analysis of the functioning of the geosystem. This suggests the possibility of using an integrated approach to assessing areas in the selection of protected areas, by creating thematic layers with subsequent overlay and coordination of contours.

At the same time, the history of the creation of the established network of protected areas is primarily associated with the protection of game and rare animals or with their reacclimatization. In this case, only one component of the ecosystem is taken - animals, and then their commercial part. There is no information about the other components, therefore there is no comprehensive cadastral assessment of protected areas, which leads to irrational use of territories taken out of economic circulation.

The analysis and review of the existing principles for creating a network of protected areas allowed us to develop and propose our own approach to identifying areas that require special environmental attention.

According to the basic ecological principle of functional relationships of all components of the ecosystem, the optimal position of protected areas and its rank should be determined by the following characteristics: relief, climate, soil, vegetation and animal population.

On each of these thematic layers, existing and prospective protected areas are identified by experts according to the same criteria:

• standard (representativeness) for a certain type of ecosystems;
• uniqueness of ecological properties;
• natural preservation;
• scientific and economic significance.

The overlay of thematic layers with identified contours in accordance with the proposed criteria determines the rank of protected areas. The coincidence of contours in relief, climate, soil, vegetation and animal population gives the highest rank - a reserve. Three layers - federal; one by one - a regional or departmental reserve.

A lot of publications are devoted to conducting monitoring studies in the field of biodiversity and global climate change. Global changes in the biosphere under the influence of mankind are captured on the territory of biosphere reserves as a result of long-term observations of natural succession processes. The authors note that "... the true meaning of the term "biosphere reserve" in the current practice corresponds to the concept of" global monitoring biosphere reserve ", the territory of which experiences only background influences based on general changes in the biosphere." According to the existing concept of biosphere reserves, it is necessary reconsider, since the existing network of biosphere reserves, created to solve a limited range of tasks - the conservation of biodiversity, the protection of waters and wildlife, cannot be used to solve complex global problems. The new concept of biosphere reserves should be built primarily with the aim of obtaining scientific information on one of the main environmental problems of our time - the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystems.

This opinion is largely correct. It is impossible to obtain this kind of information on point, small in area, randomly located protected areas, and there are most of them on Earth. The organization of protected areas without ecological and geographical reference and outside the analysis of their system as a whole is meaningless. In this regard, interregional and international cooperation is extremely important. It is also necessary to avoid excessive enthusiasm for the protection of the animal world and underestimation of the plant world, which to the greatest extent forms the habitat of the former. The most valuable objects for the study of global processes in the biosphere are, in our opinion, forest ecosystems. Especially valuable is the study of forest ecosystems at the boundaries of their distribution, where they are sensitive to changes in the factors limiting their growth.

In accordance with the Seville Strategy for Biosphere Reserves, territories may include various categories of specially protected natural territories, their protected zones and other lands with a regulated nature management regime. Thus, the concept of a biosphere reserve has been further developed in comparison with the concept of 1974, developed within the framework of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program.

In order to be created and included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, according to the Seville Strategy, they must perform three interrelated functions: a protective function for the conservation of biological diversity, a function for the development of sustainable nature management, and a function for scientific and technical support. Based on this, biosphere reserves should include three mandatory elements: one or more main territories (cores) with a protected regime, a buffer zone adjacent to the cores, and a transition zone with the development of rational nature management in it.

Thus, the concept of biosphere reserves allows for creativity in its implementation in a variety of conditions. In Russia, this concept is seen in the possibility of organizing biosphere polygons near biosphere reserves in accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories". At least, the legislative basis for the creation of biosphere polygons (reserves) is already in place.

It became obvious that in order to maintain the ecological balance and organize rational nature management, it is necessary to scientifically substantiate the creation of an integrated system of specially protected natural areas. This system should have multifunctional significance, national and international character. Consider this problem on the example of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The specificity of the natural conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is due to its middle position between the weakly dissected West Siberian lowland, through which moisture-bearing air masses freely penetrate from the west, and the mountain structures of the right-bank part of the Yenisei, which are a natural barrier to their movement. The dissection of the mountain structures of the right bank of the Yenisei from east to west by large water arteries, the presence of altitudinal zonation provide a wide variety of climatic conditions, flora and fauna.

The natural conditions of the southern regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are due to the presence of large mountain systems and closed basins, which causes a sharp differentiation in climatic conditions and an even greater diversity of flora and fauna compared to the central and northern regions. It is no coincidence that flora and fauna are rich in endemic and rare species, specific forms, subspecies, races, and ecosystems of various climatic zones and subzones are characterized by great diversity and uniqueness, especially the biogeocenotic diversity of mountain areas. At the same time, natural complexes are experiencing an increasing anthropogenic impact. Violation of the existing balance of natural ecosystems as a result of various forms of anthropogenic pressure leads to their degradation and the emergence of serious social, economic and environmental problems.

The integrated system of protected areas in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is aimed at providing conditions for sustainable development and improvement of the region's environment. In the course of its implementation, it is planned to gradually form new protected areas and introduce special environmental management regimes on them in order to:

• conservation of biological and landscape diversity;
• maintaining the ecological balance and the most important natural processes;
• conservation of unique natural objects located on the territory of the region;
• protection of territories of traditional nature management in the current conditions;
• creation of recreational areas.

The problems of organizing protected areas are complex, because complexity is inherent in nature itself. Indeed, from an ecological point of view, natural systems perform numerous environment-forming functions that are closely related to natural resource functions. Therefore, the creation of an integrated system of protected areas, including biospheric polygons (reserves), is a higher form of organization of ecosystem nature management, which has a deep ecological, socio-economic content. This direction develops the biogeocenotic system of V. N. Sukachev.

Protected areas are not withdrawn from economic circulation, but are included in a more highly efficient non-traditional form of farming, which has the highest environmental, social and economic goals. This will require new methods of environmental planning and management at the national and regional levels with legislative consolidation of the norms and rules for conducting such an economy. The functional basis of the integrated system of protected areas being formed should be state nature reserves, national and natural parks of considerable size with the most stringent regime for the protection of reference areas of forest and water ecosystems.

To preserve landscapes, protect the habitats (growth) of groups of rare plant and animal species that need special protection and are included in the Red Books of the Russian Federation and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the system provides for complex state nature reserves of regional significance. The network of protected areas includes both existing and projected state nature reserves of regional significance, which serve as reserves of economically valuable plants and animals to ensure the protection of the most important reproductive sites, places of mass flight of birds and wintering areas for wild animals.

On the territory of the Bolshemurtinsky district, there are two state biological reserves of regional significance "Bolshemurtinsky" and "Talsko-Garevsky".

The Bolshemurtinsky nature reserve was organized in order to preserve the roe deer of the Buzimo-Kantatsko-Kemskaya operational group and its habitat, as well as rare Red Book species: the Siberian motley, great snipe, long-toed sandpiper, black-necked grebe, osprey, peregrine falcon, black stork, pygmy owl, red-necked grebe , golden eagle, red-footed falcon, corncrake, white-tailed eagle, greater spotted eagle, gray crane, eagle owl, great bittern, curlew, gray shrike.

The reserve "Talsko-Garevsky" was organized in order to preserve the roe deer of the Buzimo-Kantatsko-Kema operational group: capercaillie and badger, as well as rare Red Book species: Siberian spotted grebe, great snipe, black-necked grebe, osprey, peregrine falcon, black stork, pygmy owl, red-necked grebe, golden eagle, red-footed falcon, corncrake, white-tailed eagle, greater spotted eagle, gray crane, eagle owl, bittern, curlew, gray shrike.

Long-term stationary zoological studies of the Laboratory of Ecology of Forest Animals of the Forest Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as the results of research by the Regional Center for Accounting and Forecasting of Hunting Resources and the Department of Hunting Resource Science and Reserve Affairs of Krasnoyarsk State University served as materials for clarifying the boundaries and regime of protection of reserves. To assess the state of hunting resources, the Siberian Research Institute of Hunting (SibNIIO), as well as literature data, were used to assess the state of hunting resources.

In the forests of both reserves grow plants belonging to rare and endangered species and listed in the Red Book of Russia:

• Slipper yellow Cypripedium calceolus L.
• Slipper large-flowered C. macranthon Sw.
• Brunnera sibirica Brunnera sibirica Stev.
• Lobaria pulmonaria Lobaria pulmonaria L.
• Leafless chin Epipodium Aphyllum (F. W. Schmidt)
• Curly Sparassis Sparassis crispa Fr.
• Incised violet Viola incisa Turez
• Orchis militaris L.

The tasks and functions of the reserves do not differ from the typical ones adopted in Russia. According to the approved regime, hunting and fishing, tourism, construction, plowing of land, final felling, the use of fertilizers and other chemicals are prohibited on the territory of the reserves. Secondary use (picking berries, mushrooms and other plant resources) should be carried out under the control of the forest guard. Biotechnical measures should be carried out jointly with the leshoz. The regulation of the number of animals should be carried out under the control of the regional hunting supervision authorities, and the protection of the regime of reserves - by the huntsman service with the involvement of public inspectors and the police.

The indicators of the conservation activity of the reserves are model for the majority of protected areas of this level. The conducted studies allow us to draw a conclusion about the insufficient volume of work actually carried out in the reserves, which actually stopped in the early 90s.

An analysis of the long-term activity of zakazniks convinces us of the inefficiency of the existing form of protection and rational nature management. Sanctuaries must perform complex functions of protecting not only certain groups of animals, but also their habitat. The current conservation regime has little effect on protected species, and sometimes leads to a sharp decline in their numbers.

Reasons for this situation:

• the size of the Jaeger service cannot provide proper protection and conduct of biotechnical work in the territory surrounded by an anthropogenic landscape;
• the forest service is not interested in maintaining the protection regime of reserves;
• the size of the allocated budget funding does not allow to carry out the entire range of work provided for by the regime of reserves at the required level.

Therefore, it is necessary to create new organizational, economic and professional conditions for the functioning of wildlife preserves.

Natural monuments of regional significance, forest genetic reserves (micro-reserves) and other types of protected areas as unique natural objects of great scientific, educational, cultural significance and an integral part of landscapes, are included in the system as additional elements.

The system is part of the regional network of protected areas of the Russian Federation, includes protected areas of federal and regional significance, while its formation takes into account the existing and planned protected areas of the subjects of the Russian Federation bordering the region. When implementing this system, interregional and international cooperation is possible in order to improve it and increase efficiency.

In the process of developing an integrated system of protected areas, many issues arise that require scientific study, the results of which are of serious practical importance. These questions can be divided into three main groups:

• substantiation of the need to create biosphere reserves in various natural and climatic zones, as well as on land plots with varying degrees of anthropogenic impact and disturbance;
• scientific substantiation of the choice of natural objects of special protection within the boundaries of specially protected natural areas;
• development of a nature management regime in protected areas.

When implementing the system, you will need:

• creation of a geographic information system (GIS PAs);
• creation and maintenance of the state cadastre of protected areas;
• conducting desk and field studies on the state of protected area ecosystems in general and on the components that determine biological diversity within natural and climatic zones and specific territories;
• increasing the environmental awareness of the population and heads of organizations;
• ensuring timely informing the population about plans and actions to implement the system, first of all, when establishing protected areas, take into account the opinion of the local population.

The creation of an integrated system of biosphere reserves and other protected areas should be based on the following principles:

• zonal-landscape principle. All climatic zones must be represented in the system. At the same time, the priority is to include in the composition of protected areas areas of landscapes that are under the threat of direct transformation. The number and size of protected areas within one natural-climatic zone are determined by the diversity and degree of resistance to external influences of the ecosystems that make it up;
• principle of multifunctionality. Each protected area performs several functions, which increases its significance;
• the principle of unity and mutual complementation, in which all protected areas located on the territory of the region, regardless of whose jurisdiction they are, form a single system of protected areas, the functioning of individual elements of which ensures the achievement of the main goals;
• the principle of phased formation. The system is being implemented in stages, taking into account the possibility of financing work on the creation of protected areas and their readiness (exploration, availability of project documentation). The formation of a network of protected areas begins with the selection of its main elements, which are then supplemented by secondary and auxiliary objects;
• the principle of continuous improvement. The system, especially at the initial stages of its implementation, with additional study of the nature of the region, improvement of legislation, accumulation of information will be further developed. Work on the formation of an integrated system of biosphere reserves has been started in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the Ermakovsky and Shushensky districts. The Association of Yenisei Reserves and National Parks, together with the Sayano-Shushensky Biosphere Reserve, with the support of the regional administration and the World Wildlife Fund, is developing a project for the "Gray Sayans" biosphere test site. This project is aimed at enhancing the role of the reserve in creating a system of protected areas and ensuring the socio-economic development of the regions.

The functional core of the system being formed is the Sayano-Shushensky Biosphere Reserve, which is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. A necessary condition for the implementation of the system is to provide an appropriate regulatory framework in the field of education and functioning of protected areas and its continuous improvement, taking into account the changing economic situation and the adoption of regulatory legal acts in other areas of activity, both at the federal and regional levels. The organization of biospheric polygons involves conducting scientific research, environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational nature management that do not destroy the environment and do not deplete biological resources. At the same time, a differentiated regime of special protection and functioning is provided for on their territories. The specific regime of special protection of the territories of biospheric polygons is established in accordance with the regulation on them [Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories", 1995].

Ecological planning of an integrated system of protected areas in the region should be carried out in conjunction with environmental plans in adjacent subjects of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with the law of the Russian Federation “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, this category includes “lots of land, water surface and air space above them, where objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, and health significance are located, which are seized by decisions of public authorities wholly or partly from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.” All specially protected natural areas are called upon to perform the most important environmental functions, such as the preservation of unique and typical natural complexes and objects, the gene pool of plants and animals, the provision of optimal conditions for the reproduction of natural resources, and primarily biological ones, the study of natural processes, etc. Conservation and The development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priorities of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation, and therefore specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage. In accordance with the prevailing environmental objectives, the features of the regime and the structure of the organization, the following categories of protected areas are distinguished:

1) state nature reserves, including biospheric ones;

3) natural parks;

4) state nature reserves;

5) monuments of nature;

6) dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

7) health-improving areas and resorts.

Reserves are nature protection, research and environmental education institutions. The territory is completely withdrawn from economic use. This is a protected area with the most stringent form of nature conservation. Only scientific, security and control activities are allowed in the reserves. The first reserves were organized at the beginning of the century: (1915, was abolished in 1919), Barguzinsky (1916), “Kedrovaya Pad” (1916) and others, among which only Barguzinsky was officially approved as a state reserve. As of January 1, 1995, there are 88 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation with a total area of ​​28,854.1 thousand hectares, including 24,144.1 thousand hectares (1.4% of the land area of ​​the Russian Federation) territories with inland water bodies. Until 2005, about 70 state natural reserves are planned to be created on the territory of the Russian Federation. Among the state natural reserves, state natural biosphere reserves are especially singled out, the main purpose of which is to conduct a comprehensive background monitoring of the natural environment. Currently, there are 17 biosphere reserves on the territory of the Russian Federation that are part of the international network of biosphere reserves.

Sanctuaries are territories (water areas) intended for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. At the same time, as a rule, some types of natural resources are preserved with limited use of others. Reserves can be federal or regional subordination. It prohibits certain types of economic activity that can lead to a violation of the natural environment. There are various types of reserves: complex (landscape), hydrological (, river, etc.), biological (botanical and zoological), etc. Currently, there are more than 1.5 thousand reserves in the Russian Federation, occupying more than 3% of the territory.

National parks (NPs) are “environmental, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.” Currently, national parks are one of the most promising forms of protected natural areas. They are distinguished by a complex internal structure, expressed in the allocation of zones with different environmental regimes, for example, such as protected areas, zones for regulated tourism and recreation (recreational zones), territories of other land users allocated for traditional forms of economic activity. At the same time, historical heritage (historical and cultural objects) is taken into account and carefully preserved. National parks in Russia began to be created only in 1983, the first of which were: the Sochi National Park and the Losiny Ostrov National Park. In subsequent years, the number of NPs has steadily increased and currently there are 31 national parks in the Russian Federation, and 2/3 of them were created in the last five years. The total area of ​​the NP is 6.6 million hectares, which is 0.38% of the territory of Russia. In the future, it is planned to create about 40 more parks with a total area of ​​approximately 10 million hectares.

Natural parks (NPs) are nature conservation recreational institutions that are used for conservation, educational and recreational purposes. They include natural complexes and objects of significant ecological and aesthetic value. Unlike national parks, natural parks are administered by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the main purpose of their creation is to provide comfortable recreation for the population. In this regard, environmental protection measures are mainly aimed at preserving recreational resources and maintaining the natural environment in a functional state. Much attention is paid, among other things, to the presence of noteworthy cultural and historical sites. As well as national parks, natural parks represent a combination of territories with different modes of protection and use (environmental, recreational, agricultural and other functional zones).

Monuments of nature include natural objects of natural or artificial origin, as well as natural complexes, small in area, which have scientific, aesthetic, cultural or educational value. Natural monuments are often associated with certain historical events (for example, oaks in the Kolomenskoye estate, preserved from the time of Ivan the Terrible) and are represented by unique natural objects: individual remarkable trees, caves, etc. Monuments of nature are used mainly for scientific, environmental education, environmental protection purposes.

The existing network of specially protected natural areas in the Kaliningrad region includes the Curonian Spit National Park, 7 state nature reserves and 61 natural monuments. In the future, on the territory of the Kaliningrad region, it is planned to create the Pravdinsky nature reserve, which includes the marsh natural complex of the Baltic lake area of ​​2.4 thousand hectares (“Tselau”). Currently, the network of protected areas in the Kaliningrad region is not sufficient to preserve natural diversity, perform environment-forming and environment-forming functions.

Territories of particular value (environmental, scientific, historical and cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving or otherwise) are taken under state protection in our country. To preserve natural objects of such territories, a special legal regime is established (that is, restrictions on the use of natural objects), including the creation of specially protected natural territories. Specially protected natural territories are especially valuable plots of land, water surface and air space above them. Such territories are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use (that is, activities in such territories are prohibited or limited) and a special protection regime is established for them.

Since 1995, a separate federal law has been in force in Russia, which established the categories, types, tasks and features of the functioning of specially protected natural areas. In our country, unlike some other countries, it is not possible to create private specially protected natural areas. Russian specially protected natural territories are objects of state or municipal property and, as already noted, belong to objects of national property.

Taking into account the value and features of the protection regime, the following categories of such territories are distinguished:

• state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;
• National parks;
• natural parks;
• state nature reserves;
• monuments of nature;
• dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
• other categories of specially protected natural areas established by decisions of state authorities or local self-government.

By value, specially protected natural areas are divided into: territories of federal (owned by the Russian Federation), regional (owned by a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) or local (owned by municipalities). The territories of state natural reserves and national parks are territories of federal significance; territories of natural parks - regional significance; and natural monuments - regional or federal significance. The remaining categories of specially protected natural areas can be assigned to federal, regional or local significance.

For each specially protected natural area, an Individual Regulation is developed, which very specifically defines the list of permitted activities and specifies general tasks. This approach does not work for natural monuments, which are often separate objects - trees, springs, etc. – for which individual provisions are not developed.

At the same time, despite the differences in meaning, categories and regime, all specially protected natural areas form a single system that performs the fundamental task of preserving the nature of Russia for present and future generations.

The system of specially protected natural areas in Russia is represented by 247 federal territories and more than 12,000 territories of regional significance of various categories. At the same time, the most valuable natural complexes are represented precisely on the scale of the federal system of specially protected natural areas, which is based on 102 state nature reserves, 46 national parks, 70 federal reserves and 28 federal natural monuments.

In order to further develop the geographic network of specially protected natural areas until 2020, it is planned to create 11 reserves, 20 national parks and 3 federal reserves. At the same time, there are plans to expand the territories of 11 reserves and 1 national park. It is interesting to note that between 1992 and 2011, 28 new nature reserves, 25 national parks and 9 federal reserves were created in Russia. The territories of 25 reserves, 1 national park and 1 federal reserve were expanded. As a result of this work, the total area of ​​reserves, national parks and federal reserves has been increased by almost 80%. These data testify to the attention paid by the leadership of our country to the issue of specially protected natural areas, and also give hope that in the future the area of ​​these territories will increase even more.

The largest nature reserve in Russia is the Bolshoi Arkticheskoe (its area is more than 4 million hectares), the smallest is Galichya Gora (its area is only 200 hectares, which is almost half the size of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve in Moscow). The first reserve in Russia - "Barguzinsky" was created on Lake Baikal in 1916 to preserve the Barguzin sable, and the first national park - "Losiny Ostrov" - was established in 1983 to preserve natural objects of Central Russian nature and create conditions for recreation for residents of the city of Moscow.

Specially protected natural areas are of exceptional importance for the conservation of biological and landscape diversity as the basis of the biosphere. Taking into account the increasing threats of natural disasters and changes in the natural environment as a result of economic activity, the main purpose of specially protected natural areas is:

• maintaining the ecological stability of territories significantly altered by economic activity;
• reproduction in natural conditions of valuable renewable natural resources;
• maintaining a healthy environment for people's lives and creating conditions for the development of regulated tourism and recreation;
• implementation of environmental education programs;
• conducting fundamental and applied research in the field of natural sciences.

Modern nature reserves and national parks have exceptional opportunities that allow the fullest use of the potential for the development of ecological, sustainable, educational tourism. At the same time, infrastructure facilities and educational routes are equipped on no more than 7% of the total area of ​​​​the reserves, which allows visitors not only to touch the world of wild, untouched nature, but also to realize the main tasks of the reserves - the preservation of the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.