Andrea Aboni
The Western Ukrainian territories were backward parts of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which caused the language of instruction and printing to come under strong German influence, and then, after the collapse of the monarchy, under Polish influence. German lexical elements are so organically rooted in the Ukrainian vocabulary, both phonetically and morphologically, that in many cases their “alien” character is lost. rude, kelikh, komin, ganchirka, kram, shafa, relish, ryatunok, frame, kіmnata, potatoes, kreyda, budinok. Words of German origin are mostly associated with construction (verstat, trowel, damkrat, paste, valve, cram, coupling, jointer, tongue, hose, plasterer), art (harp, choreographer, tuning fork, bandmaster, leitmotif, dance), typography (paragraph , flyleaf, font), trade (accountant, bill, cashier, broker, fine), various household items (tie, apron, case, screen), tactical expressions are also largely represented (parapet, howitzer, guardhouse, freitor, officer, soldier,
field marshal, flank, headquarters, assault). From the dictionary
1. spacer< нем. spazieren «гулять» - Udvari VI. 145. Укр. шпацірувати (Грінченко 4: 509);
2. Melduvati< нем. melden «извещать, докладывать» - Udvari III. 74. Украинское мельдувати заимствовано из немецкого языка, можно предполагать, что посредством польского (ЕСУМ 3:
434);
3. label< бав.-австр. leibel, нем. leibl, laibl, laibli «мужская или женская верхняя одежда (без рукавов)» - Udvari III. 20. Слово лейбик - диалектное слово немецкого происхождения. В украинский язык проникало посредством польского;
4. arrest< нем. Arrest «арест» - Udvari I. 49. Украинские слова арешт, арештант, арештувати, арештъ (XVII. в.), арестъ (XVIII. в.) - заимствования из немецкого языка (ЕСУМ 1: 83, Грінченко 1: 9).
5. varta< др.-в.-нем. warta, ср.-в.-нем. warte, нем. Warte «(сторожевая) вышка; стража, караул» - Udvari I. 156. Украинское варта (XVI. в.) - заимствование из немецкого языка, предполагается через польский (ЕСУМ 1: 333).
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And one more note (http://www.proza.ru/2008/08/09/288) from Gary Glikin
The fact is that my wife and I are permanent residents in Nuremberg and we get acquainted with the German language with great interest. Benrath pointed out many examples of borrowings from German into Russian. And I want to draw attention to the numerous Ukrainian words that have the same root as German, but not with Russian.
Here are a few Ukrainian words that I noticed, which, it seems to me, can originate either from German or from a common source with German (for example, Latin), but NOT THROUGH Russian, because. in Russian, completely different roots:
kidney (part of the body) - nirka (pron. dive) - die Niere;
expenses, maintenance funds - cost (pron. cost) - die Kosten (pron. cost);
estimate - koshtoris - der Kostenplan (pronounced koshtenplan);
hook - hook - der Haken;
harden - gartuvati (pronounced gartuvaty) - haerten (pronounced herten, but hard - hart - hart);
to remain in debt (for example, money) - zaborguvati (pronounced zaborguvaty) - der Borg (loan); borgen - to borrow;
onion - tsibula (pron. tsybulya) - die Zwiebel (pron. tsvibel);
roof - dah - das Dach;
specialty - fah - das Fach;
cellar - lyoh - das Loch (pronounced lekh - hole);
violence - hubbub - die Gewalt;
to be due (to do something) -musiti (pron. musyty) - muessen;
ham - tavern (read shinka) - der Schinken.
The influence of Yiddish is also possible, since German colonists appeared in Ukraine only under Catherine II, and Jews lived during the time of the Zaporozhian Sich and the Commonwealth (Yiddish comes from one of the dialects of German).
I came across the German word die Baumwolle (baumvolle), sort of like wood wool, damn it, I want to look in the dictionary, and my wife laughs: “Don’t you recognize bavovna?
Bavovna is Ukrainian for cotton.
Perhaps these words came to Ukrainian through Polish and, from the point of view of great science, they are not considered a borrowing from German. But to me in half, I see German roots in them.
And here are the words I noticed, which, it seems, can also come from the English language:
strike - strike - der Streik; English strike;
charter - statute - das Statut; English status;
lantern - likhtar (pron. likhtar) - das Licht (pron. licht - light; lighting); English light - light;
vegetable oil - oliya (pron. oliya) -das; l (pron.; yol); English oil - liquid oil (oil too?);
Porcelain - porcellana - das Porzellan (pronounced porcellan) does not necessarily come from German; la porcelaine - French; porcelain
However, the English or French origin of these words is doubtful, since the Ukrainian population and the Zaporizhzhya Sich did not contact directly with England and France.
Noteworthy are some cases of coincidence of syntax (combinations of words in sentences). In German, to wait for a friend is "warten auf Freundes", i.e. the German verb warten (to wait) requires the preposition auf (on); in Ukrainian it will be "Check ON a friend", i.e., also with the preposition "on".
The German expression du machst Recht (lit. you have the right, in Russian - you are right) in Ukrainian will be "you maesh ration".
M. A. ZHELUDENKO
(National Aviation University)
FEATURES OF GERMAN BORROWINGS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE
Zheludenko of German borrowings in the Ukrainian language. The article is devoted to German borrowings in the Ukrainian language. The ways of penetration of Germanisms into the Ukrainian language are analyzed; the main areas in which Germanisms appeared in a particular historical period are singled out; different chronological periodizations are considered, which characterize the appearance of German borrowings in the Ukrainian language.
Key words: borrowing, Germanism, vocabulary, influence, language contact, classification.
Zheludenkoand German translations in Ukrainian language. The article is dedicated to German references in Ukrainian language. The ways of penetration of germanisms into the Ukrainian language are analyzed; the main spheres appear, in which there were germanisms in a specific historical period; different chronological periods are considered, which characterize the appearance of the Germans in the Ukrainian language.
Key words: postposition, germanism, vocabulary, vply, current contact, classification.
Zheludenko M.A. Peculiarites of German loanwords in the Ukrainian language. The article deals with German loanwords in the Ukrainian language. The author analyses penetration of Germanisms into the Ukrainian language. Much attention is paid to the appearance of Germanisms in particular historical periods. Different chronological periods of German loanwords penetration into the Ukrainian language are examined.
Key words: loanwords, Germanism, lexical, influence, language contact, classification.
The processes taking place in the modern world are leading to globalization at different levels - from economics and politics to linguistics. Borrowings from one language to another are the norm and part of the process of globalization itself. Often borrowings arise as a result of innovation in any branch of science or technology and are transformed into internationalisms. Borrowings are partly a reflection of the desire for scientific progress and civilization, since on their basis the language of international terminology is created.
The study of interlingual contacts is the subject of the works of I. Sharovolsky, J. Grott, L. Krysin, D. Lotte, M. Makovsky and others, which reveal the interaction of literary languages, the history of contacting languages, as well as the material and spiritual culture of their speakers.
Doroshenko, A. Dulichenko, G. Zelenina, E. Makeeva, Yu. Tereshchenko, V. Yanev, L. Rudnitsky, I. Mirchuk show the German-Ukrainian relations in the European context, as well as the interaction of the German language with other languages.
The study of language contacts, the influence of one language on another, borrowing vocabulary from different languages is one of the tasks of modern linguistics, which leads to relevance this problem. aim This article is an analysis of borrowings from the German language in the Ukrainian language, the causes and methods of their penetration, as well as the chronological classification of semantic groups of borrowings. Subject studies are lexical borrowings from the German language and their analogues in Ukrainian languages.
Borrowings are words of foreign origin that go through certain phonetic and morphological changes. Borrowed words enter the language orally or in writing, often through the medium of other languages. German borrowings fell into the Slavic languages in general, and in particular the Ukrainian language directly from German, or through other languages - Hungarian, Polish, Czech, Latin, French, Italian. The Germans, who were in contact with the Slavic tribes already at the time of the Proto-Slavic language, influenced the Slavic languages for a long period [Lote 1982; Martynov 1963; Tishchenko 2000].
Researchers of lexical Germanisms A. Aboni, L. Koshkareva identify such factors that influenced the penetration of German borrowings into the Ukrainian language: 1) Polish and Czech, 2) Ukrainian-German business contacts, 3) ethno-cultural Ukrainian-German ties; 4) historical belonging of the territories of Western Ukraine to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy [Drobakha 2010; Aboni; Kis 2005; Koshkareva 2010].
Scientists also distinguish the stages that all words go through, getting from the source language to the borrower:
Penetration,
Adaptation or entry into the language,
assimilation,
Rooting [Manakin 2008, p. 6-7; Tishchenko 2000, p. 134; Tokareva 2002, pp. 45-50].
It is possible to consider the process of penetration of vocabulary from one language into another only in the context of the historical, political, economic development of the people. The continuity of this process determines the relevance of this problem for both theoretical and practical study.
L. Koshkareva emphasizes the role of the Czech and Polish languages in the second half of the 16th century as intermediaries in the process of penetration of Germanisms into the Ukrainian language. Through the Polish language in the XVI - early XVII centuries. fall into:
Terms of typography - druk, stamp, font;
Trading vocabulary - shink, borg, reshta;
Technical terms - drіt, valve, axle box, seal;
Construction and architectural vocabulary - dakh, bruk, beam, moulard, kahli, cement, cornice[Koshkareva 2010, p. 249-251] .
explores Germanisms in the Ukrainian-Hungarian dictionary. At the same time, he examines in detail the ways in which German words entered the Ukrainian language through other languages. In this case, of particular interest to us are the borrowings that came into Ukrainian through the Polish and Czech languages. Let's look at some examples:
varta(XVI century) (Polish), gesheft(Slovak) waiter(Polish), melduvati(Polish), apron(XVIII century) (Polish), fireworks ( 18th century) (Slovak), spay(East Slovak), etc.
The authors of the chronological-semantic classifications - L. Koshkareva, A. Aboni - characterize in detail each stage of Ukrainian-German relations and establish a periodization that covers the period from the 10th century to our time. L. Koshkareva identifies such chronological stages of German-Ukrainian contacts: XI-XIV centuries, XIV-XVII centuries, XVIII-XIX centuries, XX centuries - to the present day. In the article "Historical Interaction between German and Ukrainian Languages" she characterizes in detail each of the periods in the context of Ukrainian-German relations and gives examples of borrowings that appear during these periods [Koshkareva 2010].
A. Aboni also highlights the areas in which, in his opinion, the most common words of German origin. These areas are:
Construction - verstat, trowel, jack, paste, valve, kram, coupling, jointer, sheet pile, hose, plasterer;
Art - harp, choreographer, tuning fork, bandmaster, leitmotif, dance;
Literature
About Lexical Germanisms in the Ukrainian-Hungarian Dictionary of Istvan Udvari / A. Aboni // http://www. nyf. hu/others/docs/orosz_elekt_konyv/abonyi_andrea. pdf
Semantic variation of German, English and French translations in Ukrainian language // Science Bulletin of the Volinsky National University named after Lesya Ukrainka. - No. 7. - 2010. - S. 234-239.
Kis R. Globally - nationally - locally (social anthropology of cultural space) / R. Kis. – Lviv.: Litopis, 2005. – 300 p.
Historical interrelationship between the German and Ukrainian languages / // Scientific Bulletin of the Volinsky National University named after Lesya Ukrainka. - No. 7. - 2010. - S. 249-252.
Issues of borrowing and ordering foreign terms and term elements / - M .: Nauka, 1982. - 147 p.
Manakin V. Move the world and global symmetry of the universe / V. Manakin // Nauk. notes. - Vip. 75(1). – Ser.: philol. sciences (movoznavstvo). - Kirovograd: RVV KDPU im. V. Vinnichenko, 2008. - S. 3−9.
Slavic-Germanic lexical interaction of the most ancient times / . - Minsk: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR, 1963. - 250 p.
Metatheory of cognition / . - K .: Foundations, 2000. - 278 p.
Adaptation of German lexical borrowings in the Russian literary language: based on sources from the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. / / Dis. … cand. philol. Sciences: 10.02.01. - Tyumen, 2002. - 175 p.
Terminological variation in the process of borrowing in intercultural communication / // http://www. hse. en/data/
Sources of illustrative material
СІС– Glossary of inshomonic words. – K.: Nauk. Dumka, 2000. - 680 p.
CCIS– Modern glossary of inshomonic words. - Kharkov: Vesta, Ranok, 2008. - 688 p.
With one ukr, the question arose about the Polish influence on the Ukrainian language, or, to put it more simply, derma. And then ukry pretend that their language arose naturally historically. An no. This language was created over several decades by borrowing mainly from the Polish language, which was processed in Galicia, on the basis of a number of Little Russian dialects of the Russian language.
As a result, a mutant language was obtained, which at first caused anger and laughter even among the patriots of Ukraine, as evidenced by at least the letters of Nechui-Levytsky under the general title "The Crooked Mirror of the Ukrainian Language" (Crooked Mirror of the Ukrainian Movie. 1912). And then they got used to it.
Therefore, before presenting a very brief and superficial dictionary of Polish borrowings in Ukrainian vocabulary, I would like to once again draw the attention of readers to the complete scientific failure of the modern theory of Ukrainian philologists about the emergence of the Ukrainian language. Strictly speaking, there is no theory as such. There is only a statement that the Ukrainian language has always been, at least at the beginning of our chronology, it was "intertribal language". In other words, Polans, Dulebs, Dregovichi, Ulichs, Drevlyans, Northerners, Vyatichi and Radimichi communicated with each other in Ukrainian. And Ukrainian philologists explain the mysterious absence of ancient written records in Ukrainian by the fact that from the very beginning of writing in Russia, discrimination against the Ukrainian language also allegedly arose: scribes, chroniclers and other “bookish” people did not want to use their native Ukrainian language for anything, they were embarrassed his. They did not appreciate, so to speak, "Ridnu Mova". They explain the presence of many Polonisms in the modern Ukrainian language not by elementary and obvious Polonization, but by the lexical fund inherited in parallel with the Poles from the ancient glades.
All these views, even to the smallest extent, do not correspond to historical realities.
In fact, the words that we now call polonisms never existed in the Russian language, just as they did not exist in the language of the ancestors of the Poles - the Poles: the Poles then spoke the same Slavic language as the glades, and the Novgorod Slovenes, and Radimichi, and Vyatichi, and other Slavic tribes. Only much later, the Slavic language of the ancient Poles, having experienced the influence of Latin and Germanic languages, became the Polish language that we know now. Consequently, all the countless Polonisms present in our modern Ukrainian language penetrated into it relatively recently, during the time of Polish rule in the lands of the future Ukraine. And it is precisely these Polonisms that have made the current Ukrainian language so different from Russian. A conscientious philologist will never challenge the opinion of V.M. Rusanovsky, who wrote that "the Old Russian language is far from the specifics of modern Ukrainian dialects, and therefore it must be recognized that the vocabulary of the latter in all essentials that distinguishes it from Great Russian dialects has been formed recently." Recently, pan-Ukrainian nationalists, and not "at the beginning of our chronology", in the time of Ovid or even the biblical Noah, as you would like to assert. Recently - this is under the Poles!
Is it necessary to prove that in the language of the Polans there were not and could not be such modern Polish-Ukrainian words as parasolka, zapalnichka, zhuyka, bagnet, zhnivarka, palvo, kava, zukerka, naklad, spital, strike, papir, valіza, bed, videlka, vibuh, garmata, whiteness, plaque, preparation, banking, etc., etc.? No, Panov, the Slavic-Russian language of the inhabitants of ancient southern Russia became, over time, the Russian-Polish dialect, i.e., the Ukrainian language, because it absorbed a lot of all kinds of Polonisms. If there were no Polish domination, there would be no Ukrainian language now.
It should also be noted that many Polonisms were introduced into our language artificially, deliberately, with the sole purpose of deepening the difference between the Ukrainian and Russian languages. Of the many such words, let's take one as an example: "gyma" (rubber). Rubber was created at a time when Ukraine had long ago returned to the bosom of a single all-Russian state, therefore, a new, in all respects, useful substance in both Russian and Ukrainian languages should have been called the same word "rubber". The question is, how did rubber come to be called in Ukrainian in the same way as in Polish - guma (guma)? The answer is clear: as a result of a purposeful, deliberate policy of polonization under the false name "de-Russification". There are many such examples.
It is noteworthy that the process of "de-Russification" has now flared up with renewed vigor. Literally every day, the Ukrainian mass media, instead of the usual, rooted words, present us with new, supposedly primordially Ukrainian: "sportsman" instead of an athlete, "policeman" instead of a policeman, "agency" instead of an agency, "charge" instead of circulation, "kill" instead of sports pain, "rose" instead of roses - you can't list everything! Of course, all these "Ukrainian" words are taken directly from the Polish language: sportowjec, policiant, agencia, naklad, uboliwac, rozwoj? Thus, it should be clear that in Ukraine the concepts of "de-Russification" and "Polishization" are synonymous.
True, there are individual cases when one wants to remove some painfully "Moskal" sounding word, but the corresponding Polish one does not fit either. Here are two typical examples. To replace the "wrong" word airport with derusifiers, the Polish word is clearly not suitable, since it sounds exactly the same: aeroport. I had to invent a completely new, unprecedented word "leto" higher". Or, for the Ukrainian stage, the previously generally accepted designation of a vocal-instrumental ensemble with the word "group" (in Ukrainian "group") seemed unacceptable to derussifiers. But the Polish analogous word sounds too much in Muscovite - grupa. And again I had to make do with my own resources: to use the cattle-breeding term "herd" (herd). Let, they say, the new term be associated with a herd of sheep, so long as it does not look like Russian! In addition, otherwise than insane It is difficult to call the new transcription of many proper names and names now being imposed a caricature of the Ukrainian language: the Sagara Desert, the Pyramid of Geops, Sherlock Holmes, Mrs. Gadson, etc. The bitter fruits of "de-Russification"!
Naturally, word creation of this kind is absolutely unacceptable for the vast majority of Ukrainian citizens. Maybe all these new "Ukrainian" words caress the ears of the inhabitants of some western regions, accustomed to living under Polish rule, but for those who have not been subjected to long-term Polonization, they seem unnatural and absolutely alien.
Especially for those who are trying to turn our language into Polish, I declare: leave our Ukrainian language alone! Remember well that your insane Polishization of it can lead to the fact that this ugly "newspeak" will become alien to us and the majority of Ukrainian citizens will have to abandon it in favor of a more understandable and close to us Russian language. Come to your senses, gentlemen, before it's too late!
Another sign ok. 500 words available
When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound "g", it should be borne in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with a voiceless sound "x", and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with a voiced sound "k". Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to the German words with the letter “h” (hartuvati - haerten - to temper).
Here, the Ukrainian word is given first, then, after the dash, the German word, then the definite article, showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then the meaning of this word in German in brackets, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after the dash - the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.
In this publication, special German letters (“sharp” es, vowels with “umlaut”) cannot be conveyed. They are transmitted by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.
Of course, none of all existing human languages on our planet is something ossified (conserved), created once and for all, invented by the people (tribe). People of one locality communicate with people of another, as a result of which the languages of each of them are enriched with new concepts and words. There are also international words - telephone, car, cinema, computer, Internet, etc. However, having looked at the list of Ukrainian words of German origin that is offered to your attention, you have the opportunity to make sure that many of them are purely everyday (here I use transliteration - the spelling of Ukrainian sounds in Russian letters): [blakytny (blue); defective (not enough); brutal (rough); vagatysya (doubt); vvazhaty (to have an opinion); vizerunok (pattern), etc., etc.], which certainly had to be created by this and only this people. But that didn't happen. Why? Yes, for the simple reason that the Ukrainian language is the same artificial formation as the Ukrainian people themselves, which is a population (biomass) consisting of descendants of mestizos, at one time or another produced by men of Arabic (the so-called Jewish ) and women of Russian origin.
In this regard, the Ukrainian people and the Czech people, consisting of the descendants of Arab (Jewish) males and, now, German (Bohemian) females, are like two oars similar to each other. Just like these two Newspeak - Ukrainian and Czech.
bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bagnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitny - blau - blue, sky-colored
plaque - Blech, das - tin
blashany (blashany dah) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos), - brauchen - need (something), lack (something); I need - me marriage (chogos), I do not have enough, I need es braucht mir (etwas), es braucht mir Geld - me marriage (chogos), I do not have enough, I need (something); es braucht mir Geld - I marry pennies, I do not have enough money, I need money; es braucht mir Zeit - I’m married for an hour, I don’t have enough time, I don’t have time
brovarnya - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region, Brovary, comes from the word brovarnya)
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, gatehouse;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, gatehouse) - build
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with a hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, medieval school with a hostel
bursak - Burse, der, - student of bursa
wag - waegen (German to weigh) - to hesitate, not to decide
wag - Waage, die - scales;
vazhiti - waegen - weigh, weigh;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, take risks) - to have an opinion
vizierunok - (from it. Visier das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die, - wool
guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, copse, oak forest
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian hired warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling lackey
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
gartuvati - haerten - to harden (in the village of Bobryk, Brovarsky district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot on a fire)
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - a loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun die (German to rape) - to rape
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through Polish) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading business
gop! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it. - jump, jump) - gop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) - Gitter, das - lattice (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
priming, priming - gr; nden (German: lay the foundation for something, justify) - justify
grounding - gr; ndlich - thoroughly,
priming - gr; ndlich - solid
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German watch) - call someone at a distance, loudly
dah - Dach, das - roof
ladies - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Dr; hte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
drukarnia – Druckerei, die – typography
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - to print
dyakuwati - danken - give thanks
education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; from this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective "edukovy" - educated, educated. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midiking” (an arrogant person with a claim to education) and the expression: “midiking, only not drokovy” (with a claim to education, but still not printed)
zaborguvati - borgen - to make debts, to borrow;
chapel - Kapelle, die (chapel also matters in it) - chapel
karafka - Karaffe, die - pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in it. make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, that is, minted, with notches
karbuvati - kerben - make a notch, mint (money)
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, meander of the road) - steering wheel
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
keruvati - kehren (in German it matters to turn) - to manage, lead
kailo - Keil, der (German wedge, dowel, dihedral angle) - kailo, a manual mountain tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
kelikh, less often kelech - Kelch, der - cup, bowl vessel with a leg
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German to boil) - to love
kosht (for your own kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - account (at your own expense)
koshtoris - der Kostenplan (pronounced koshtenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (skilki koshtu?) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
kravatka - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, small trader, huckster
Kramnitsa - Kram, (German goods) - shop, shop
kreida - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
crisis - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, arable layer of the earth) - a cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
lantuh - Leintuch (German linen) - row, cord (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or ponytail ("ponitok" - peasant homespun half-cloth), sacking for tires for carts, for drying grain bread, etc. In Ukrainian language, the word got from German through Polish (lantuch - a rag, a flap).
lizhko - liegen (German to lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire; - flashlight
loh - from him. Loch, das hole, hole, hole, pocket, hole, peephole, hole; - cellar
lusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
malyuvati - malen - draw
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manirny - manierlich (German courteous, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically courteous, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
blizzard - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)
oliya - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, oil) - liquid vegetable oil
pava - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a person, etc.), to be fit
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlin (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruca - Peruecke, die - wig
perukarnya - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilaf, pilaf - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in it options: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
scarf - Platte, die - plate, plate
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in the village)
plundruvati - pluendern - plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
sloppy - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
walkie-talkie (in Wislovi: ty maesh walkie-talkie) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - rightness (in expression: you are right)
rahunok - Rechnung, die - count, count
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
selera - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
scurvy - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
savory - schmackhaft - tasty, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to Old Norse. stoeng (Old Swedish - stang) "pole, pole" - flag, banner
teslyar - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian it is used only in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
shake - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - trembling
fine (western Ukrainian dialect), garniy - fein (German thin, small, graceful, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from English )
fah - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
wagon - Fuhre, die - cart
furman - Fuhrmann, der - carrier
hapati - happen (nach D) - grab (including something with teeth, mouth), eat hastily, swallow food in pieces
tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, tweet
cegla - Ziegel, der - brick
chainshop - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
ceber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
tsil - Ziel, das - goal
cibula - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civilian - zivil - civilian, civil
qina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (roughly) - Zitze, die - female breasts
tsukor - Zucker, der - sugar
checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
Šibenik - schieben schieben (German to move, push) - hangman, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German to move, push) - gallows
error - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
ham - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from the German schlagen - beat, tamp - road, path
shop (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - fenced off part of the yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlyada - Schublade, die - drawer
fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in it. annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian, but it came to Russian from Ukrainian)
accentuate - akzentuiren - emphasize, emphasize, put an accent
gazebo - Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in it from it. alt - high) - gazebo, gazebo. At first, large balconies were called that, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.
bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bugnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitny - blau - blue, sky-colored
badge - Blech, das - tin
blashany (blashany dah) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) - brauchen - need (something), lack (something);
meni marriage (chogos) - es braucht mir (etwas) - I lack (something), I need (something);
change pennies - es braucht mir Geld - I don't have enough money, I need money; I miss the hour - es braucht mir Zeit - I don't have enough time, I don't have time
brovar - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word "brovar")
brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery
brovarstvo - Brauerei, die - brewing
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - it. shop, stall, gatehouse;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, gatehouse) - build
budinok - Bude, die (German shop, stall, gatehouse) - building, house
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with a hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, a medieval school with a hostel
bursak - Burse, der, - student of bursa
wabiti - Wabe, die (German honeycomb) - attract
vagat - vage (German indefinite, shaky) - to hesitate, not to decide
vagitna (female) - waegen (German to weigh) - pregnant ("gained weight")
wag - Waage, die - scales;
important - Waage, die (German scales) - weighty, important;
vazhiti - Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German to weigh) - weigh, weigh;
varta - Wart, der (German guardian, guard) - guard;
vartovy - Wart, der (German guardian, guardian) - sentry;
vartuvati - warten (German to wait, take care of a child or the sick, perform official duties) - to stand on the clock; guard, protect
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, naval watch, shift;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, take risks) - to have an opinion
viser - (from German Visier, das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die - wool
vogky - feucht - wet
guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, copse, oak forest
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian hired warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in it. stalk, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bundle of straw?) - brake
halmuvati - Halm, der (in it. stalk, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth - Haertung, die - hardening, hardening
gartuvati - haerten - to harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovarsky district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot on a fire)
gas - Gas, das (German gas) - kerosene
gatunok - Gattung, die - grade, type, variety, quality
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - a loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape someone) - to rape
gendlyuvati - handeln - to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading
gop! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it. - jump, jump) - gop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiplier, plural) - Gitter, das - lattice (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
priming - gruendlich - thoroughly,
priming - gruendlich - solid
priming, priming - gruenden (German: to lay the foundation for something, to substantiate) - to substantiate
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German watch) - call someone from a distance, call loudly
gum - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
gum - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, pl. gurki - Gurke, die, - cucumber (dialect heard in the city of Gogolev, Kyiv region)
dah - Dach, das - roof
ladies - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Draehte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
drukarnia - Druckerei, die - typography
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - print
dyakuwati - danken - give thanks
education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; from this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective "edukovy" - educated, educated. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midiking” (an arrogant person with a claim to education) and the expression: “midiking, only not drokovy” (with a claim to education, but still not printed)
zhovnir (obsolete) - Soeldner, der (in it from it. Soldo - a monetary unit, lat. Solidus) - a hired warrior
zaborguvati - borgen - make debts, borrow
istota - ist (German is, exists - the third person singular of the present tense of the verb sein - to be) - being (organism)
kapelyuh - Kappe, die - hat
chapel - Kapelle, die (chapel also matters in it) - chapel
karafka - Karaffe, die - pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in it. make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, with notches
karbuvati - kerben - notch, mint (money)
kvacha - in it. quatsch - colloquial slap!, bang!, clap!, absurd; noun Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, goofy) - a piece of rag for spreading grease on a frying pan, and in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and transfer the role of kwach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when transferring the role of kwach
ticket - Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) - ticket (entrance, travel card)
kailo - Keil, der (German wedge, dowel, dihedral angle) - kailo, a manual mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
keleh - Kelch, der - goblet, bowl, vessel with a leg
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, meander of the road) - steering wheel
keruvati - kehren (in German it matters to turn) - to manage, lead
kleinodi - Kleinod, das - treasures, jewels (through Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of Ukrainian hetmans (mace, bunchuk, banner, seal and timpani)
dumplings - Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss - dumplings without filling, made from many components: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) - dumplings without filling or stuffed
color - Couleur, die (in German this word is of French origin) - color
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German to boil) - to love
kosht (for your own kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - account (at your own expense)
koshtoris - der Kostenplan (pronounced koshtenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (skilki koshtuє) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
kravatka - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, small trader, huckster
Kramnitsa - Kram, (German goods) - shop, shop
kreida - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
crisis - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, arable layer of the earth) - a slice, a cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
kshtalt (through Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, appearance, form
kilim - Kelim, der - carpet (in German and Ukrainian, this word is of Turkish origin)
kitzia - Kitz, das, Kitze, die - kitty
lan - Land, das (German country, land, soil) - field, field
lantuh - Leintuch (German linen shawl, linen) - row, rope (coarse sackcloth or clothes), a large bag of row or ponitka ("ponitok" - peasant homespun half-cloth), sacking for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. The word got into the Ukrainian language from German through Polish (lantuch - a rag, a rag).
lanzug - Langzug (German long pull, long line) - rope
element (arguably voiced rozmov; galas) - Lamentation (complaint, cry) - a very loud conversation; cry, lamentation.
lementuvati (speak more loudly; galasuvati; shout in pain, suffering, or wailing about help; make gamir, chirping at once (about people); shout (about creatures, birds, etc.); unimportantly: show interest to some kind of food, actively discussing yoga, turning to the new respect of a wide community; - lamentieren (complain, lament, loudly express one's displeasure) - speak very loudly, scream, lament; scream in pain or call for help; make noise (about people); shout (about animals , birds, etc.); scornfully: show interest in any issue, actively discuss it, drawing the attention of the general public to it.
lizhko - liegen (German to lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire is a lantern
deprive, deprive - from him. lassen (in it. - this verb has the meaning "leave" and many other meanings) - leave, leave
meadow - from him. Lauge, die - lye, lye
loh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) - cellar
lusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
Lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that closes a hole inside something, a chest lid
malyuvati - malen - draw
little ones - malen (draw) - drawing
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manirny - manierlich (German courteous, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically courteous, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
molasses - Melasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste when sugar is obtained)
blizzard - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
morgue - Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar - unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe
nіsenіtnitsya - Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German “Sensus”, “Sinn” - meaning; Ukrainian “sens” - meaning - come from Latin “sensus”) - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)
oliya - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, oil) - liquid vegetable oil
ocet (in Ukrainian from Latin acetum) - Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) - vinegar
pava - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a person, etc.), to be at the right time
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlin (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruca - Peruecke, die - wig
perucarnia - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilaf - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in it options: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing)
plativka - Platte, die - plate, record
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in the village)
plundruvati - pluendern - plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
pump - Pumpe, die - pump, pump (in Russian, the word "pump" is used less frequently)
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
sloppy - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition - poponieren (offer) - offer
to pronounce - poponieren - to offer
glad - Rat, der - council (instruction or collegiate body); cognate Ukrainian words: radnik - adviser; narada - meeting
walkie-talkie (in Wislov: ty maesh walkie-talkie) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - correctness (in expression: you are right)
rahuvati - rechnen - count (money, etc.)
rahunok - Rechnung, die - count, count
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
robotar - Roboter, der - robot
risik - Risiko, das - risk
rinva - Rohr, das - gutter, groove
rura (obsolete word) - Rohr, das - (water) pipe
ryatuvati - retten - to save
celery - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
sense - Sensus, der, Sinn, der - meaning (in German and Ukrainian, this word came from Latin)
scurvy - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
relish - schmecken - to taste
savory - schmackhaft - tasty, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
strіha - Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) - thatched roof
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stringy - Strunk, der (German rod, stem) - slender
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to Old Norse. stoeng (Old Swedish - stang) "pole, pole" - flag, banner
teslyar - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian it is used only in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
tremtiiti - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - to tremble
Ugryshchyna - Ungarn, das - Hungary
fine (western Ukrainian dialect) - fein (German thin, small, graceful, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from English)
fach - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
fortress - Fort, das, -s, -s - fort, fortress
jointer - Fugebank, die, pl. Fugebaenk - jointer
wagon - Fuhre, die - wagon
furman - Fuhrmann, der - carrier
hapati - happen (nach D) (in it. - grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - house
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - hut
farm - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - farm
tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, chirp
flowers - Zwecke, die (in it. a short nail with a wide hat, a button) - a nail
cegla - Ziegel, der - brick
chainshop - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
ceber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
tsil - Ziel, das - goal
tsibula - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civilian - zivil - civilian, civil
qina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (roughly) - Zitze, die - female breasts
tsukor - Zucker, der - sugar
sequence - Herde, die - herd, herd, herd, flock
chipati - ziepen jemandem - jemandem an den Haaren oder an der Haut schmerzhaft ziehen - it hurts to pull someone by the hair or skin - touch, hurt someone
checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
shakhrai - Schacherei, die (German petty trade, business dealing, bargaining) - swindler
Šibenik - schieben schieben (German to move, push) - hangman, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German to move, push) - gallows
bug - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
ham - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from the German schlagen - beat, tamp - road, way
shop (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - fenced off part of the yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlyada - Schublade, die - drawer
shcherbaty - Scherbe, die, (in it. shard, fragment) - with one fallen out, knocked out or broken tooth (this word is also in Russian)
fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in it. annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian)
