What are clarifying structures. Methodical development of an open lesson "sentences with isolated and clarifying members"

The clarifying circumstances of the place are isolated: Far away, in the forest, blows of an ax were heard. (where? where exactly?). In the corner of the yard, under a mountain ash, a table for supper is set. (where? where exactly?). I climbed into a corner, into a leather chair big enough to lie in. (where? exactly where?)

The clarifying circumstances of time stand out. Late in the evening, at eleven o'clock, I went out into the garden. (When? When exactly?) Once, on a weekday, in the morning, my grandfather and I were raking snow in the yard. at sunrise, about a hundred people gathered to dam the river. (when? exactly when?)

Clarifying members of a sentence can be joined using special conjunctions: that is, or (meaning that is), namely. Anna spent the whole day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys. The infinitive, or indefinite form of the verb, helps determine the conjugation. I have one thing, namely a small locomotive that I made myself.

The clarifying members are separated with the words even, especially, in particular, for example, in particular, mainly, including, moreover, and moreover, and, yes, and in general. It was very warm, even hot. It hurts, and it hurts a lot, I have a headache today. I have always and everywhere, especially in the Caucasus, noticed a special tact in our soldier.

As clarifying, additions with prepositions are often isolated except, besides, instead of, excluding, except for, including, along with, beyond. There are no special beauties and riches in the Meshchersky region, except for forests, meadows and clear air. In addition to ship work, we were also engaged in loading coal.

Clarifying proposals and explanatory sentences differ from each other.
Clarification is the transition from a broader to a narrower concept.
An explanation is a designation of the same concept in other words.

In general, they have the function of additional messages.

Specifying members of a sentence:

Separate clarifying members of a sentence are members of a sentence that explain the meanings of other members of a sentence.
Clarifying isolated sentences answer the questions:
how exactly? where exactly? Who exactly? when exactly? and so on.

1. Clarifying circumstances of time and place are isolated.
(from there, everywhere, there, there, everywhere, then, then, and others)
Here's an example:
There, (where exactly?) on the outskirts, glowed a bright red streak of light;

2. Other circumstances may also be specified, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:
Here's an example:
She tossed her hair and coquettishly (how exactly?) almost defiantly stepped forward into the hall;

3. Coordinated definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc. can be clarified.
Here's an example:
One more (what exactly?) last tale - and my chronicle is over;

4. Clarifying inconsistent definitions are separated more often than agreed definitions:
Here's an example:
The ship sailed, moving all the time in a dark (what exactly?) almost ink-colored shadow cast by high coastal cliffs;

5. Words more precisely, or rather, otherwise, and so on, give the statement a clarifying character. The members of the sentence following them are not separated.
Here's an example:
Her kindness, or rather, his generosity, shocked me.
(the predicate in this sentence is consistent with the word closest to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma);
More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of a similar content was published;

It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.
Clarifying members of a sentence are usually distinguished by commas or dashes (less often).

The dash is usually placed:
- under clarifying circumstances, when not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized,

Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in the bushes and in the grass - birds sang, chirped (A.N. Tolstoy);
- when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example:
He got a job at the mine, part-time - after school (Baruzdin)
The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma will distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances: (for a mine, for a part-time job, after school). The dash, in turn, emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;
- when specifying the nominal part of the predicate
(The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep).

Explanatory members of the sentence:
Before the explanatory member of the sentence are the words: exactly, namely, that is, that is.
For example:
At that time, namely a year ago, I was still working with several companies.
In the absence of explanatory unions, that is, exactly, namely, and in the presence of an explanation, the selection usually occurs with a dash, and not a comma.
For example:
There was only one conversation - about politics;
His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.
The setting of the colon is also found in the explanatory member of the sentence. It is often put in order to avoid two dashes.
For example:
Another option has been proposed: the use of certain types of marine plants - algae, rich in valuable substances.
Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):
It was Alexander Petrovich, or simply Sasha, who had come from St. Petersburg.
Attaching members of the proposal
The connecting members of the sentence convey explanations or comments, additional information that arose along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement.
The connecting members of the sentence can be separated by commas (more often), or a dash (less often).
The reflection of the light struck, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above (Turgenev);

Attaching members of the proposal may have the following special linking words: for example, besides, and moreover, even, especially, especially, mainly, in particular, including, and, and in general, and only, etc.
For example:
At night, especially in the heat, the house was unbearable.
The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular to organizational specifics.
Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.
For example:
You have quite a bit of work experience, moreover, in the field of restructuring and searching for new forms. - Among other telegrams will be his. And the most unusual.
A comma can separate the connecting construction from the preceding part of the sentence, if this construction is closely connected in meaning with the subsequent part of the sentence, from which it is not separated by a pause in pronunciation, for example:
It's too late now, and there's no need to return to this question.
A comma after the introductory word is not put if the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word (for example, in particular, etc.)
A comma before the union and is not put:
- if the union is used in a connecting sense.
So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost (Turgenev);
- in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb, take another verb to denote an unexpected or arbitrary action):
They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);
- combined no-no yes and:
... No, no, yes, and he will remember her (mother), write a letter (Gladkov)

Affiliating Members can be part of a sentence without the use of conjunctions, accompanied by a pause. In this case, the sentence is separated by a dash, comma, period or ellipsis.
For example:
At night I stand at the post, orderly. (,)
We went to the dacha - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains. (-)
I'm completely cold. My feet are cold. And the face (Yu. Kazakov). (.)
It's scary to admit it, but I want this person to know that it is like a song to me ... And it must be the last one (N. Pogodin). (…)

In a simple sentence, intonationally and in meaning, the members of the sentence with the meaning clarifications, clarifications and additions. In general, they have the function of additional messages.

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Specifying members of a sentence

When clarified, they are distinguished clarifying and refined sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.

Separate (separated by a comma at the beginning and at the end of the sentence and highlighted on both sides in the middle of the sentence) words and phrases that clarify the meaning of the preceding words.

Clarifying members in relation to the specified ones serve as names that are more specific in meaning, since they narrow the concept conveyed by the specified (main) member of the sentence, or in some way limit it. Thus, the terms specified and specified are related as general and particular, broad and specific, generic and specific, and the specifying member of the sentence follows the specified one (and not vice versa!).

Wed: Tomorrow ,(when exactly?) at six o'clock in the evening, a meeting of members of the cooperative will be held. - At six o'clock in the evening there will be a meeting of members of the cooperative.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

1. Most often specified circumstances of place and time, since they can be denoted in a very generalized and indefinite way ( there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then and etc.). It is the clarifying term that gives the concretization:

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:

ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:

He shook his curls and self-confidently,(how exactly?) almost with a challenge looked up at the sky(Turgenev); He was meticulous(how exactly? / to what extent?) to a pink gloss on the cheeks, shaved(Antonov).

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) As different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).

If we put commas between the circumstances, then the relationship between them will become somewhat different: each subsequent one will be logically distinguished, perceived as subordinate to the previous one, which will enhance the impression of tension and even danger of the described moment.

Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Long away , in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

Children settled down in the clearing between the bushes (the clearing is surrounded by bushes, but there are none on the clearing itself). - The children sat in the meadow between the bushes (the bushes are in the clearing itself).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, April 12th man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.

3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:

Chichikov was a little puzzled by this(what exactly?) partly sharp, definition (Gogol); Not a single, neither sledge, nor human, nor animal, trace was visible (L. Tolstoy); I wanted to distinguish myself before this, (what exactly?) dear to me, man (M. Gorky).

Note!

1) Separation of clarifying agreed definitions is a rather rare phenomenon and largely depends on the will of the writer. Usually, definitions with a clarifying meaning are considered as homogeneous, that is, a comma is placed not on both sides, but on one - between the definitions.

With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.

irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Saveliev).

But if the definition attached by the subordinating union is homogeneous in relation to the previous one and does not have the character of a clarification (semantic and intonational!), then a comma is not placed after it.

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:

The boat was moving, moving all the time in black,(which one?) almost inky color, the shadow cast by high coastal cliffs(Simonov); It was a young man of short stature, with an inconspicuous mustache, in simple,(which one?) striped, shirt(Soloukhin); A young woman entered(which one?) seventeen years old girl(Kuprin); Gavrik examined the little schoolboy in a long,(which one?) to toe, greatcoat(Kataev).

5. The clarifying character is given to the statement of the word rather, rather, otherwise etc., however, the members of the sentence following them are not isolated, since the indicated words, which have the meaning of introductory ( rather, rather, otherwise, rather in meaning, they are equivalent to the phrases “to be more precise”, “in other words”, etc.), they themselves are separated by commas:

His kindness, or rather, his generosity touched me(in this example, the predicate agrees with the closest preceding word to it, from which it cannot be separated by a comma); More recently, more precisely, in the last issue of the journal, an article of similar content was published; It is necessary to supplement, rather, clarify the data given in the report.

In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:

It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:

a)"better", "more willing":

b)"better say":

Pavel Petrovich slowly paced up and down the dining room..., uttering some remark, or rather an exclamation, like "ah! hey! hm!(Turgenev); He was not surprised, but rather pleased by this question.

Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

a) under clarifying circumstances, if not only the clarifying, but also the plug-in nature of the circumstances is emphasized, for example: Rooks screamed across the river in the branches, and everywhere - in bushes and grass- birds chirped, chirped(A.N. Tolstoy);

b) when emphasizing the sequence of clarification and correlation of the clarification and clarification members, for example: He got a job at the mine, part-time- after lessons(Baruzdin). Here circumstance to the mine explained by the following construction part-time - after school, and this construction has its refinement after lessons, separated by a dash. The use of a comma instead of a dash in this context is impossible, since the comma would distort the meaning, equalizing the positions of all three circumstances (cf .: to the mine, part-time, after school). A dash emphasizes that the circumstances are unequally correlated with each other;

c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.

Difference between specifying and explanatory members of the sentence lies in the fact that clarification is the transition from a broader concept to a narrower one, and explanation is the designation of the same concept in other words.

Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:

Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:

She was raised no-old, that is, surrounded by mothers, nannies, girlfriends and hay girls (Pushkin); We rode on our leather horses that is, in a covered matting (Aksakov); While, exactly a year ago, I also collaborated on magazines(Dostoevsky); third day, i.e. this week I say to the elder...(Sleptsov).

If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):

Note!

The union or can have a divisive meaning ("either this or that"). In this case, it connects homogeneous members, and a comma is not placed between them. If the union or can be replaced by the union that is, then it has an explanatory meaning. In this case, the explanatory phrase is separated by commas.

Wed: From the forest ravine came the singing of a nightingale or a goldfinch. - From the forest ravine came the cooing of wild pigeons, or turtledoves(Aksakov); It was decided to decorate the house with a balcony or a mezzanine. - Around the whole building there is a vast stone balcony, or veranda, where, in bamboo chairs, the owners of the barracks lazily doze(Goncharov).

Note. Definitions that are in the nature of an explanation (they can be preceded by the words namely, that is), are separated by a comma from the word being explained, but after them a comma is usually not put, for example: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the old, burned-out bathhouse; The next, sixth volume of the subscription edition will go to the store one of these days; He spoke in a completely different, serious tone; The fourth and last part of the novel will end with an epilogue.

C) Attaching members of the proposal

The connecting members of the sentence convey additional information, clarifications or comments that have arisen along the way, in connection with the content of the main statement. The connecting members of the sentence are separated by commas, less often by a dash:

Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).

1. The connecting members of the sentence may have special linking words: even, especially, in particular, for example, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover, moreover, and(in the sense of "and moreover"), yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, and yes and etc.:

Invisibly I became attached to a good family, even to the crooked garrison lieutenant(Pushkin); Here you will have a bath, and with your mistress(Pushkin); At night, especially in the heat, ... it was scary in the house (Bunin); Some Cossacks including Lukashka, stood up and stretched out (L. Tolstoy); The new manager paid most of his attention to the formal side of the matter, in particular on clerical subtleties(Mamin-Sibiryak); Three people in the district, including Sima Devushkin, made bird cages and cages (M. Gorky).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Wed: You have solid work experience moreover, in the field of restructuring and the search for new forms (Belyaev). - Among other telegrams there will be his. And the most unusual (Lapin); All things, especially tree branches and corners of buildings, surprisingly stood out in relief against the swarthy-pink darkening sky(Kuprin). - Many writers possessed this ability for a beautiful oral story based on true facts. Especially Mark Twain (Paustovsky); It was very warm, even hot(Chakovsky). - The mechanisms in dolls are usually very primitive. Even in the most expensive and beautiful (Dementiev).

Note!

1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.

The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

2) Punctuation should not be mixed with joining unions and connecting unions and, yes, linking homogeneous members of the sentence. In the first case, a comma is placed before the union, in the second, no sign is required before a non-repeating union.

Wed: The author submitted the article, and in a timely manner (and- conjunction union). - The author submitted the article in a revised form and in a timely manner. (and- union connecting); The work could have been done long ago, and even better. - The work could have been done faster and even better.

3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:

a) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.

So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

in) combined no-no yes and:

... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):

Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).

Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:

No, I am his[brownie] did not see yes, you can't see him (Turgenev); I was walking in some kind of intoxication, yes, and from what (Garshin); I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food, And besides, caution never hurts (Lermontov).

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

Separate turns with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution adjoin the clarifying, explanatory and connecting constructions. Such turns consist of nouns (with or without dependent words) with prepositions and prepositional combinations except for, instead of, in addition to, beyond, along with, except for, including, excluding and etc.:

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.

Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.

In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).

It should be remembered that the allocation of such revolutions is not mandatory! They can be isolated depending on the semantic load, position in the sentence, degree of prevalence, etc., that is, if the author wants to single out such phrases in meaning and intonation:

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.

2) If the isolated member of the sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.

3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.

Wed: Except the big house in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leonov) - an exception (only the big house reminded of the fight); Except the city of Okurov, on the plain, a small village of Voevodino was stuck(M. Gorky) - inclusion (both the city of Okurov and the village of Voevodino were on the plain).

Usually turns are isolated regardless of shades of meaning. However, uncommon expressions with except in the meaning of inclusion may not be isolated (this is how their inclusion in a homogeneous series of objects is emphasized).

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:

We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).

Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).

If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.

He got into the car instead of the driver.

414. Read and indicate the isolated parts of the sentence. Explain punctuation.

1) The dark blue peaks of the mountains, pitted with wrinkles, covered with layers of snow, were drawn in the pale sky, which still retained the last reflection of dawn. 2) Excited by memories, I forgot myself. 3) Pechorin and I were sitting in a place of honor, and now the owner’s younger daughter, a girl of about sixteen, came up to him and sang to him. 4) From the corner of the room, two other eyes, motionless, fiery, looked at her. 5) Occasionally a cool wind came from the east, lifting the horses' manes covered with hoarfrost. 6) Returning, I found a doctor. 7) Contrary to the prediction of my companion, the weather cleared up.

(M. Lermontov)

§ 75. SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS

1. Separate and separated in writing by commas alone
nightly and common consensus definitions,
if they refer to a personal pronoun, for example:

1) Tired of a long speech I closed my eyes and
fell asleep.(L.); 2) And he, rebellious, asks for storms, as if in
storms have peace.(L.); 3) But you jumped irresistible,
and a flock of sinking ships.(P.)

Note. From isolated agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, it is necessary to distinguish adjectives and participles that are part of a compound nominal predicate, for example: 1) He came especially excited and cheerful.(L. T.); 2) He went home sad and tired. (M. G.) In these cases, adjectives and participles can be put in the instrumental case, for example: He came especially excited and cheerful.

2. Separated and separated in writing by commas
common agreed definitions, if they
stand after the noun being defined: 1) Ofi
cer, riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped at
a second and turned to the right.(Cupr.); 2) wisps of smoke
flied in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea.
(M. G.) (Compare: 1) on horseback the officer pulled the reins
dya, stopped for a second and turned to the right.

2) Streams of smoke curled full of moisture and freshness
sea night air- there is no isolation, since
nouns come before definable nouns.)

3. Separate single agreed definitions
if there are two or more of them and they are after the definition
of the noun being spoken, especially if before it
there is already a definition: 1) There was a field all around lifeless
oh, sad. (Boon.); 2) Sun, magnificent and bright
rose above the sea.(M. G.)

Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter without them does not express the desired meaning, for example: In the forest of Ephraim, the atmosphere was waiting suffocating, dense, saturated with the smells of needles, moss and rotting leaves. (Ch.) Word atmosphere acquires the necessary meaning only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be isolated from it: it is important

not that Ephraim was "awaited by an atmosphere", but that this atmosphere was "suffocating", "thick", etc. Cf. one more example: His [leader's] face had an expression enough nice, but picaresque (P.), where definitions are also closely related to the word being defined and therefore are not isolated.

4. Agreed definitions that precede the noun being defined are isolated if they have an additional adverbial value (causal, concessive or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names: 1) Attracted by the light butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.(Ax); 2) Tired of the day's march, Semyonov fell asleep soon.(Kor.); 3) More transparent the forests seem to be turning green.(P.); four) Not cooled by the heat, July night shone.(Tyutch.)

5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, that is, when they complement, clarify the idea of an already known person or object; this is usually the case if they refer to a proper name or personal pronoun: 1) Prince Andrew, in a raincoat, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Al-patych.(L. T.); 2) Today she in a new blue hood, She was especially young and impressively beautiful.(M. G.); 3) elegant officer, in a cap with golden oak leaves, shouted something to the captain.(A.N.T.) Compare: The engineer was most dissatisfied with the delay with a thunderous voice, in tortoise-shell glasses. (paust.)

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated: a) when they follow isolated definitions expressed by adjectives and participles: Boy, shorn, in a gray blouse, served Laptev tea without a saucer.(Ch.); b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions: poor guest, with a torn linen and scratched to the blood, soon found a safe corner.(P.)

415. Write down, placing punctuation marks and explaining their use. Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions underline.

I. 1) Only people who are able to love strongly can experience strong grief; but the same need to love counteracts their grief and heals them. (L.T.) 2) The street leading to the city was free. (N.O.) 3) They entered a narrow and dark corridor. (G.) 4) Lazy by nature, he [Zakhar] was also lazy in his lackey upbringing. (Hound.) 5) Passionately devoted to the master, he, however, is a rare day in something he does not lie to him. (Beagle.) 6) A healthy, handsome and strong man of about thirty was lying on a cart. (Kor.) 7) The earth and the sky and the white cloud floating in the azure and the dark forest whispering indistinctly below and the splash of the river invisible in the darkness all this is familiar to him, all this is dear to him. (Cor.) 8) The mother's stories, more lively and vivid, made a great impression on the boy. (Cor.) 9) Covered with hoarfrost, they [rocks] went into an obscure illuminated distance, sparkling, almost transparent. (Kor.) 10) The frost hit 30, 35 and 40 degrees. Then, at one of the stations, we already saw mercury frozen in a thermometer. (Cor.) 11) The rusty sedge, still green and juicy, bent to the ground. (Ch.) 12) A quiet, lingering and mournful song, similar to crying and barely audible, was heard from the right, then from the left, then from above, then from under the ground. (Ch.)

13) At the sight of Kalinovich, the lackey, stupid in appearance but in livery with galloons, stretched himself into a duty pose. (Letters.)

14) Boris could not sleep and he went out into the garden in a light morning coat. (Hound.) 15) Berezhkova herself, in a silk dress with a cap on the back of her head, was sitting on the sofa. (Hound.)

P. 1) His [Werner's] small black eyes, always restless, tried to penetrate your thoughts. (L.) 2) I have already been given two or three epigrams at my expense, rather caustic but together very flattering. (L.) 3) Alyosha left his father's house in a broken and depressed state of mind. (V.) 4) Satisfied with the bad pun, he cheered. (L.) 5) Pale, he lay on the floor. (L.) 6) We went to the exam calm and confident in our abilities. 7) Behind her [the stroller] was a man with a big mustache in a Hungarian coat, quite well dressed for a footman. (L.) 8) About to-

the horns gently leaned against each other, two willows, old and young, and whispered about something. 9) Gifted with extraordinary strength, he [Gerasim] worked for four. (T.) 10) The sun, just before sunset, came out from behind the gray clouds covering the sky and suddenly purple clouds illuminated the greenish sea covered with ships and boats, swaying with an even wide swell and the white buildings of the city and the people moving along the streets. (L. T.) 11) Life in the city, sleepy and monotonous, went on its own track. (Kor.) 12) The river cluttered with white hummock sparkled slightly under the silvery sad light of the moon standing over the mountains. (Kor.) 13) Vanya was still sitting on the beam, serious and calm in his eared hat. (Hare.)

416. Read the text, explaining the punctuation with the highlighted common definitions. Write off, making isolated definitions non-isolated and, conversely, non-isolated definitions - isolated. Set up punctuation marks.

Traveler departing for the first time in the central regions of the high Tien Shan, amazing beautiful roads, laid in the mountains. A lot of cars are moving along the mountain roads. Filled with cargo and people

heavy vehicles climb high passes, descend into deep mountain valleys, overgrown with tall grass. The higher we climb the mountains, the cleaner, cooler the air. Closer to us are the peaks of high ridges covered with snow. Road, bending around bare rocks, winds down a deep hollow. mountain stream, swift and stormy, sometimes it washes away the road, sometimes it gets lost in a deep stone channel. Wild, desert impression sprawling along a stormy river deep mountain valley. Ringing in the wind stalks of dried herbs cover the wild steppe. A rare tree can be seen on the river bank. Little steppe hares are hiding in the grass, with their ears pressed down, sitting near dug into the ground telegraph poles. A herd of goitered gazelles crosses the road. These can be seen far rushing across the steppe light-footed animals. Standing on the bank of a noisy river, washed out the edge of a mountain road, on the slopes of the mountain you can see a herd of mountain chamois with binoculars. Sensitive animals raise their heads, peering at the road running below.

417. Write off, placing punctuation marks. Underline isolated definitions.

1) The sky is darkening, heavy and inhospitable, it lowers and lowers above the earth. (New-Pr.) 2) It rained obliquely and finely without ceasing. (A. N. T.) 3) Tired, we finally fell asleep. (New-Rev.) 4) The wind was still blowing strong now from the east. (A. N. T.) 5) He [Telegin] distinguished between these deep sighs a muffled grumbling, either fading or growing into angry rifts. (A. N. T.) 6) Amazed, I think about what happened for a while. (New-Pr.) 7) I saw a group of rocks at the top that looked like a deer and admired it. (Przh.) 8) The night was approaching, infinitely long, gloomy cold. (New-Pr.) 9) The whole expanse, densely flooded with the darkness of the night, was in a furious ..th movement. (N. O.) 10) Meanwhile, the frosts, although very light, dried and stained all the leaves. (Prishv.) 11) The mass of earth, either blue or gray in places, lay in a humpbacked pile, in places a strip stretched along the horizon. (Gonch.) 12) It was a white winter with a harsh silence of cloudless frosts, dense snow covered with pink hoarfrost on the trees (pale) emerald sky, caps of smoke above the chimneys, clouds of steam from instantly opened doors with fresh faces of people and the troublesome run of chilled horses. (T.) 13) (N ..) one beam, (n ..) one sound (n .. Penetrated into the office (c) from the outside through the window tightly,. curtained.. with p.. rtiers. (Bulg.) 14) The cathedral courtyard trampled .. with thousands of feet loudly (not) pr .. crackled violently. (Bulg.)

§ 76. CONSTRUCTION OF REVOLUTIONS WITH COMMON

DEFINITIONS EXPRESSED BY PARTICIPLES

AND ADJECTS

A participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words must come before or after the word to which: 1) Sound of the sea, coming from below talking about peace.(Ch.) Or: coming from below the sound of the sea spoke of peace(but wrong: “The sound of the sea from below spoke of peace”); 2) Pugachev, true to his promise) approached Orenburg.(P.) Or: True to my promise Pugachev was approaching Orenburg(but not-

correctly: “Faithful Pugachev was approaching Orenburg to his promise”). Therefore, between the words included in the common definition, there should not be other words that are not related to this definition.

418. Write down, agree with the highlighted words the data in brackets
kah common definitions. Their place (before or after
shared word) choose yourself.

1) The road winds between two ruts(overgrown with green roadside grass). 2) Saucers of lilies and threads very graceful (reaching from them in depth). 3) The sun has set, and the lungs froze in the sky clouds(pink from sunset). 4) Sounds were heard from somewhere to the right (extremely similar to the crying of a child). 6) Shepherd comes to our fire (he spent the night in the mountains). 7) We swam in fog(closing the coast and the sea). 8) In the snow open spaces difficult to determine the distance (deceiving the untrained eye).

419. Indicate what mistakes were made in the construction of participles
turnovers. Write off, making the necessary corrections.

1) In the overgrown meadows with lush vegetation, there were many birds. 2) The novel created by the young author caused lively controversy. 3) Residents of the village affected by the flood were provided with timely assistance. 4) The boat being driven by the waves and the wind quickly rushed along the river. 5) From afar, floating logs on the water were visible.

420. Write with punctuation marks. Designate in each
house sentence grammatical basis.

The day was warm and rainy. A spacious vista opened up from the elevation where the Russian batteries defending the bridge stood, then suddenly tightened with a kisein .. with a curtain of slanting rain, it suddenly expanded and in the light of the sun, objects as if covered with varnish became far and clearly visible. You could see the town under your feet with its white houses and red roofs, a cathedral and a bridge on both sides of which the masses of Russian troops were crowding. At the turn of the Danube, ships and an island and a castle with a park surrounded by the waters of the confluence of the Enns into the Danube were visible, the left rocky and covered with pine forest bank of the Danube was visible with a mystery .. oh distance of green peaks and blue gorges (?) ravines. (L. N. Tolstoy)

§ 77. STAND-ALONE APPLICATIONS AND SUPPLEMENTS

Applications and their isolation

1. 1. If a single agreed application and define
the noun he shares are the names of the narcissus
telnyh, then a hyphen is written between them, for example:
1) The snake street winds.(Lighthouse.); 2) Grandson-chauffeur from behind ru
la bows to her grandfather.(Tward.) The hyphen is also written in the case
when a common noun comes after a name
own and closely merges with it in meaning, for example:

1) Saratov accordion splashed over the Volga River
suffering.(Surk.); 2) Vasilisa and Lukerya said that
they saw Dubrovsky and Arkhip the blacksmith a few
minutes before the fire.(P.) But: 1) River Volga flows into Kas
pian sea; 2) Coachman Anton and blacksmith Arkhip are gone
no one knows where.(P.)

Note. The hyphen is not put: 1) if the first noun is a common address (comrade, citizen etc.), for example: Citizen Financial Inspector / Sorry to disturb you.(Lighthouse.); 2) if the application before the word being defined is close in meaning to the agreed definition expressed by a single-root qualitative adjective, for example: Beauty dawn in the sky caught fire.(Ring.) But: Ippolit struck me with his extraordinary resemblance to his beautiful sister.(L. T.)

2. Inconsistent applications (names of newspapers, journals
cash, artistic works, enterprises and
etc.) are enclosed in quotation marks, for example: magazine "Sme
on the", watch ballet "Swan Lake", work for
factory "Salute".

II. 1. Separated and separated in writing by commas:

a) single and widespread applications, referring to
referring to a personal pronoun, for example: 1) On mitin
gah we newspapermen, learned a lot of news.(Paust.);

2) So, indifferent inhabitant of the world, in the bosom of an idle
I praised silence with a lyre of obedient dark tradition
antiquity.(P.);

b) common applications related to the definition
shared word - common noun,
for example: 1) Eagles, military satellites, rose above the

swarm.(P.); 2) Only the feeder does not sleep, silent northern old man. (CM.); 3) The peddler of swamp moisture, I was pierced by the fog.(Her);

c) common and single applications after the noun being defined - a proper noun, for example: 1) Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva.(P.); 2) A girl Vovnich sat next to me, radio operator (Hump.)

Separate applications, like those given in the last two examples, should be distinguished from non-isolated applications, closely related to a proper name, denoting their permanent, as it were, integral feature with the names of persons: Arkhip the blacksmith, Agafya the housekeeper, Averka the tailor, Dumas the father, Dumas the son(see above, item I, 1).

2. A common application in front of a proper name is isolated when it has an additional connotation of causality (in this case, it can be replaced by a turnover with the word being): The theater is an evil legislator, a fickle lover of charming actresses, an honorary citizen of the backstage, Onegin flew to the theatre.(P.) But: Odessa in sonorous verses my friend Tumansky described.(P.)

3. A common application can be separated by a dash instead of a comma: a) if it not only defines the word, but also complements its content: 1) I had a cast iron kettle with me.- my only joy in traveling through the Caucasus.(L.); 2) Topolev- a tall, bony old man with a grey-green mustache - He didn't say a word all evening.(V. Azh.); b) if it is necessary to establish a line between applications and the word being defined: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - pestilence rages in the forests.(Cr.); c) if the application needs to be separated from homogeneous members: On the terrace I saw my grandmother, Nikolai Kuzmich- roommate, sister Nina with two friends.

4. Separate applications attached by unions that is, or(in meaning that is), words even, for example, in particular, by nickname, by name, including and similar, acting as unions: 1) Father

showed me a wooden chest, that is, a box wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.(Ax); 2) Many from the last ball pout at me, especially the dragoon captain. (L.); 3) I went with Starostin's son and another peasant, named Egor, to hunt.(T.); four) Two hundred sazhens Ik was divided into two sleeves, or a duct. (Ax.) Most applications attached by unions have a clarifying meaning (see examples 1, 3, 4). Some have an excretory character (see example 2).

Note. AT a proper noun after a common noun can also act as a clarifying application, for example: 1) my father(Who exactly?), Andrey Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Munnich.(P.); 2) The second boy(namely?), Pavlushi, hair was tousled.(T.)

5. Applications joined by union how, separated by commas if they have a causality value; if the union how is equal in value to the expression as, then commas are not put: 1) Like a true artist Pushkin did not need to choose poetic subjects for his works, but for him all subjects were equally filled with poetry.(Bel.); 2) Rich, good-looking, Lensky was accepted everywhere like a groom. (P.)

421. Read and point out the attachments. Write off, placing the missing punctuation marks; highlight applications.

I. 1) The gossip pike chased the gossip carp. (Beetle.) 2) The strength and charm of the taiga is not only in giant trees. (Ch.) 3) A poor shoemaker lived in a hut. (Cr.) 4) I have a story Snow. (Paust.) 5) He [Chernov] was invariably successful in all undertakings. (M. G.) 6) Ivan Ivanovich and Burkina were met in the house by a young maid. (Ch.) 7) We most often met with Boris Mu-ruzov, a zoologist. (Kupr.) 8) Vasilisa the cook sang on the black porch. (A.N.T.) 9) Prince Andrei's old uncle Anton dropped Pierre out of the carriage. (L. T.) 10) Nikolushka walked along the soft, crunching needles of the forest carpet. (A. N. T.) 11) Turgenev's peers, pupils of the school of the great poet, nourished by his poetry, we all retained the charm of his genius forever. (Gonch.) 12) Pushkin, this father of Russian art, had two direct words in the word

investigator Lermontov and Gogol, who gave rise to a whole galaxy of us figures of the 40s, 60s ... (Gonch.) 13) As a remarkably smart person, he [Bazarov] did not meet his equal. (DP) 14) As an artist of the word, N. S. Leskov is quite worthy to stand next to such creators of Russian literature as L. Tolstoy, Gogol, Turgenev, Goncharov. (M. G.)

P. 1) A lieutenant signalman was sitting with the driver. (K.S.) 2) The wife of Nikolai Nikolaevich, a Frenchwoman, was no less distinguished by her humanity, kindness and simplicity. (Gonch.) 3) I saw Colonel Polyakov, the head of the Cossack artillery, which played an important role that day, and together with him arrived in the abandoned village. (P.) 4) I slowly walked to the old tavern of an uninhabited ruined hut and stood at the edge of a coniferous forest. (Kupr.) 5) The usual companions of my hunting excursions, the foresters Zakhar and Maxim, live here. (Kor.)

6) I am again a crockery on the Perm steamer, .. Now I am a “black crockery” or a “kitchen peasant”. (M. G.)

7) Dear cook Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed the Little Bear, is in charge in the kitchen. (M. G.) 8) The girls, especially Katenka, with joyful enthusiastic faces, look out the window at the slender figure of Volodya getting into the carriage. (LT) 9) Her father Platon Polovtsev, an engineer, was an old friend of my father. (AG) 10) We hunters find our happiness by the fire. (S.-M.) 11) The second Chadaev, my Evgeny, fearing jealous condemnations, was a pedant in his clothes and what we called a dandy. (P.) 12) This window came out of the room in which the young first violin Mitya Gusev, just released from the conservatory, lived in a summer position. (Ch.) 13) In the green sky, the stars of the harbinger of frost appeared. (Cupr.)

422. Write off, placing punctuation marks and explaining their use.

I. 1) Every bird, even a sparrow, attracted my attention. 2) The most early-ripening mushrooms, such as birch and russula, reach full development in three days. 3) The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us from all sides. 4) Uncle Sergei Nikolayevich started teaching me calligraphy or calligraphy. 5) Approaching Sergeevka, we again ended up in an urema, that is, in a floodplain overgrown with sparse bushes and trees.

6) Father and Evseich fished out a very short time
a lot of very large fish, especially perches and asps.

(From the works of S. Aksakov)

II. 1) Lemongrass yellow butterfly sits on lingonberries. (Prishv.) 2) In late autumn, the steppe desert comes to life for a short time. (Prishv.) 3) The next morning, with my artist friend, I went by boat to Prorva. (Paust).

4) Startled, he opened his brown eyes wide. (New-Rev.)

5) I am a journalist by nature, a cheerful person. (Prishv.) 6) When Alexei Krasilnikov left the infirmary, he met his countryman Ignat, a front-line soldier. (A.N.T.)

7) At one time, a very nice man, Kapi, went to the sisters
tan Roshchin seconded to Moscow to receive sleep
disguise. (A. N. T.) 8) Poor thing, she lay motionless,
and blood poured from the wound in streams. (L.) 9) Kyrgyz driver
sits motionless. (Furm.) 10) With him was a shaggy sil
ny dog named Faithful. (A. G.) 11) As part of the expedition
of the detachment entered Arsenyev, head of the expedition, Ni
Kolaev assistant for economic and organizational
parts Gusev naturalist and geologist Dzyul journalist.
12) As a sailor, I understand these deadly uplifts
waves, this clang of an iron bulk trembling and groaning in
violent embrace of the elements. (New-Rev.)

Separation of add-ons

Compounds consisting of nouns with prepositions apart from, besides, excluding, except for, including, over, along with, instead of, are usually isolated: 1) Who, except for the hunter experienced how gratifying it is to wander through the bushes at dawn?(T.); 2) Airplane, along with the passengers seized the mail; 3) With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different, unknown places to me.(T.) These additions designate objects excluded from a number of other objects (1st example), objects included in such a series (2nd example), objects replaced by others (3rd example).

Additions with a preposition instead of do not stand apart when the preposition instead of used in the meaning for: Nikolai Dol-

wife was to work instead of the unexpectedly ill

comrade(for an unexpectedly ill friend).

423. Write down sentences, placing punctuation marks and explaining their use. Underline separate additions.

1) In the dark distance there was nothing but sparkling lights. (New-Pr.) 2) Instead of a cheerful Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in a deaf and distant side. (P.) 3) Everything was silent around. Not a sound but the sighs of the sea. (M. G.) 4) The entire crew of the ship, including the captain and chief mechanic and barman, consisted of eight or nine people. 5) In addition to the pretzel shop, our host also had a bakery. (M. G.)

6) Instead of greeting, after a long absence, the father and son began to cuff each other in the sides and in the lower back and in the chest, either retreating and looking around, or advancing again. (G.)

7) The soil of the Suchanskaya valley, with the exception of only the swamps at the mouth of the river, is extremely fertile. (Przh.) 8) Above all expectations, the weather was dry and warm throughout October. 9) In the books of V. K. Arseniev, in addition to vivid artistic sketches, there is also a lot of valuable material about life in the Ussuri Territory. 10) All material including travel diaries is carefully studied. 11) The mood of the crew was elated beyond usual. (Nov.-Pr.) 12) Everyone except Varya loudly applauded the singers. (Step.) 13) Instead of telling the content of the story, we will present only a short sketch of its main characters. (Good)

§ 78 Separation of circumstances

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds

Continuation

Isolate themselves	Not isolated
his. (L.); 2) The sun, hiding behind a narrow bluish cloud, gilds its edges. (New-Rev.); 3) From the Urals to the Danube, to the big river, swaying and sparkling, regiments move.(L.)	headlong (very quickly); 2) Let's roll up our sleeves(unanimously, stubbornly). But: Father rolled up his sleeves and washed his hands thoroughly.
2. Single gerunds, if they do not have the meaning of an adverb (usually they come before the verb): 1) Having made a noise, the river calmed down, again lay down on the banks.(Floor.); 2) The roar, not ceasing, rolls on.(CM.); 3) The steppe turned brown and smoked, drying up.(V. Sh.)	2. Single gerunds that have the meaning of a simple adverb, acting as a circumstance of the mode of action (usually they come after the verb): 1) Jacob walked slowly(slowly). (M. G.); 2) He laughed about the walk(fun).
3. Participles with dependent words, closely merging with the verb in meaning: The old man sat with his head down. The important thing here is not that the old man was sitting, but that he was sitting with his head bowed.
4. Groups of homogeneous members, consisting of adverbs and participles: The boy answered questions frankly and not at all embarrassed.
Participles and participles connected by a union and 9 like other homogeneous members, a comma is not separated from each other: I looked back. At the edge of the forest, putting one ear and raising the other, a hare jumped over.(L.T.) In all other cases, gerunds and participles are separated by a comma from the union preceding or following them and: 1) Batteries jump and rattle in copper formation, and, smoking, as before a battle, the wicks burn.(L.) 2) The "Eagle" finally went, developing a course, and, having caught up with the squadron, took its place in the ranks.(New-Rev.)

424. Write off, placing the missing punctuation marks. Explain their use in isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds.

1) All these sounds merge into the deafening music of the working day and stand rebelliously swaying low in the sky above the harbor. 2) Standing under steam, heavy giants steamboats whistle, hiss, sigh deeply ... 3) Six steps away from him [Chelkash], at the sidewalk, on the pavement, leaning back against the nightstand, a young guy was sitting ... Chelkash bared his teeth, stuck out his tongue and made a terrible face stared at him with bulging eyes. The guy at first winked in bewilderment, but then he suddenly burst out laughing and shouted through laughter: “Ah, an eccentric!” - and almost without getting up from the ground he awkwardly rolled from his bedside table to the bedside table Chelkash, dragging his knapsack through the dust and tapping the heel of his scythe on the stones. 4) The guy got scared. He quickly looked around and, blinking timidly, also jumped up from the ground. 5) Chelkash came, and they began to eat and drink while talking. 6) The clouds crawled slowly, either merging or overtaking each other, their colors and shapes interfered, absorbing themselves and reappearing in new majestic and gloomy outlines. 7) For a minute the boat shuddered and stopped. The oars remained in the water, churning it, and Gavrila fidgeted uneasily on the bench. 8) Chelkash got up from the stern without letting go of the oars from his hands and stuck his cold eyes into Gavrila's pale face. 9) Chelkash's boat stopped and hesitated on the water, as if perplexed. 10) Gavrila silently rowed and, breathing heavily, sideways looked at where this fiery sword was still rising and falling. 11) The sea woke up. It played in small waves, giving birth to them, decorating them with fringed foam, colliding with each other and breaking them into fine dust. 12) The foam hissed and sighed, and everything around was filled with musical noise and splash. 13) Reflected by the playing sea, these stars jumped over the waves, either disappearing or shining again. 14) He walked slowly. 15) The road is drawn to the sea, it creeps meandering closer to the sandy strip, where the waves run up.

(From the works of M. Gorky)

425. Write off, placing punctuation marks. Detached members
underline your sentences.

1) Returning from the review, Kutuzov, accompanied by the Austrian general, went to his office and, calling the adjutant, ordered to submit to himself some papers relating to the state of the incoming troops and letters received from Archduke Ferdinand, who commanded the advanced army. (L.T.) 2) The Oblomovites very simply understood it [life] as an ideal of peace and inaction, disturbed from time to time by various unpleasant accidents, such as diseases, losses, quarrels and, among other things, labor. (Good) 3) The garden, more and more thin, turning into a real meadow, descended to the river overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a deep and fishy stretch. (Ch.) 4) On the second day, the storm intensified. Rolling lower, ragged clouds descended, piled up in clumsy layers in the distance, heavily piled on the sea and narrowed the horizon, dark as straw smoke; boiling up foaming in huge mounds, the waves rolled across the vast expanse with a whistle and howl swept in a whirlwind, raising cascades of mother-of-pearl sprays. (New-Pr.) 5) There were three of us Saveliy, an old hunter, fat and round like a beehive. Long-eared wad, his dog understands hunting no worse than the owner, and at that time I was still a teenager. (Nov.-Pr.) 6) Nikolka, shining with a collar and buttons of his overcoat, walked with his head twisted. (Bulg.)

426. Write off, placing punctuation marks. Designate in each
the house of the sentence is its grammatical basis.

1) An (un) friendly army was already emerging from the city, rattled in timpani and pipes, and with their arms akimbo, the pans were leaving, surrounded by .. s (not) estimated servants. (G.) 2) Veretyev s.del leaning over and patting a branch on the grass. (T.) 3) He [Dolokhov] grabbed the bear and, embracing and lifting it, began to circle (?) around the room with him. (L. T.) 4) Paper dog. .re la and the last red label. , to teasing (not) a lot faded on the floor. (Bulg.) 5) Tears appeared on Masha's eyelashes; (A.N.T.) 6) Natasha pr..quietly looked out of her ambush, waiting for what he would do. (L.T.) 7) Vanya in the summer

(not) tirelessly worked in the yard, went to the mill, carried bread. (Seraf.) 8) Having made (a few) number of circles, he [the prince] took his foot off the pedal of the st. (L. T.) 9) Prince Andrei, seeing the urgency of his father’s demand, (c) began .. (not) willingly, but then more and more alive .. coming and (un) freely in the middle of the story, out of habit, switching from Russian to French began to outline the operational plan of the proposed campaign. (L. T.)

427. Write off, placing punctuation marks. Orally explain the use of punctuation marks for isolated parts of a sentence.

1) At this morning hour, I irresistibly want to sleep, and crouching behind my father’s broad back, I nod. (S.-M.) 2) The song came from somewhere unknown, drowning out then growing. (S.-M.) 3) And without fear, they sat close to me, the little forest birds sang loudly. (S.-M.) 4) Lying on the bank of a stream, I look into the sky, where a deep boundless expanse opens up above the branches swayed by the wind. (S.-M.) 5) As if emphasizing the frozen immobility of the July day, forest grasshoppers sing and flood. (S.-M.) 6) Solid milky clouds covered the entire sky; the wind quickly drove them whistling and screeching. (T.) 7) Rudin stood with his arms crossed over his chest and listened with intense attention. (T.) 8) She did all this slowly without noise with some tender and quiet concern on her face. (T.) 9) The old man, without saying a word, with a majestic movement of his hand, threw the key from the door to the street out of the window. (T.) 10) Another time, Lavretsky, sitting in the living room and listening to the insinuating, but heavy rantings of Gedeonovsky, suddenly, without knowing why, turned around and caught a deep, attentive, inquiring look in Lisa's eyes. (T.)

In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

A) Specifying members of a sentence

When clarified, they are distinguished clarifying and refined sentence members. Clarifying are those members of the sentence that explain other, specified members.

All members of the proposal can be specified.

There ,(where exactly?) on the horizon, glowed a pale pink streak of light(M. Gorky); Now,(when exactly?) after flood, it was a river of six fathoms(Chekhov).

Sometimes the ratio of a broader and a narrower concept can be dictated only by the given context:

Tonight Yegor Ivanovich and I are going to Petrograd,(where exactly? / to whom exactly?) to Masha (A.N. Tolstoy).

Often, specifying circumstances of the place form a chain, line up in a row:

ahead,(where exactly?) away, (where exactly?) on the other side of the misty sea, one could see protruding wooded hills(L. Tolstoy).

2. Can be specified and other circumstances, if they have a broader meaning than a clarifying one:

Note!

1) Sometimes a series of circumstances can be devoid of a clarifying shade of meaning and be perceived (in this context!) As different sides of one phenomenon, without semantic subordination.

Several people are walking through the snow across the street to the hut (Bykov).

Wed: Several people are walking across the snow, across the street, into the hut.

Pay attention to how the intonation changes with this!

2) Depending on the meaning, the same words can be considered as clarifying or not as clarifying circumstances. Compare the sentences given in pairs:

Far away in the forest were heard blows of an ax(the listener is also in the forest). - Long away , in the forest, ax blows were heard(the listener is outside the forest).

3) If, in the presence of two circumstances of time, the second of them does not serve to limit the concept expressed by the first, then it is not clarifying and a comma is not placed between them.

In 1961, April 12th man first flew into space. On April 12, 1961, a man flew into space for the first time.

3. Can be specified agreed definitions with the meaning of color, size, age, etc.:

Another ,(what exactly?) last thing, legend - and my chronicle is over(Pushkin); In some places women's peeped out,(what exactly?) mostly old ladies, head(Turgenev).

Clarifying definitions can concretize the general meaning of pronouns this, such, each, one(not in the meaning of the numeral, but in the meaning of the pronoun), etc.:

Note!

With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and ... saw completely different, unfamiliar my place(Turgenev).

2) Clarifying definitions can be attached through subordinating conjunctions.

irresistible, although quiet, the power carried me away(Turgenev); You can't kill like that because of a simple, albeit so expensive, suit(Saveliev).

Received important although not final intelligence.

4. More often than agreed definitions, clarifying inconsistent definitions:

In the role of clarifying words moreover can act. They are separated by commas, while the definition following them is not:

It would be foolishness, nay, madness, to miss such an opportunity; He deeply respected his friend, moreover, admired him.

Note!

The word is rather not separated by commas if used in meanings:

a)"better", "more willing":

b)"better say":

Note. Specifying members of a sentence are usually separated by commas. However, it is also possible to set such a sign as dash.

A dash is usually placed in the following cases:

c) when clarifying the nominal part of the predicate (cf .: The snow here was shallow - ankle-deep ).

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

The explanatory members of the sentence explain the meaning of the preceding members of the sentence. Explained and explanatory terms, in principle, denote identical concepts.

Thus, the explanatory members are the second names in relation to the first, expressing for various reasons this or that concept is not sufficiently clear and understandable:

Especially for us Russians, conciseness should be close and precious.(Chernyshevsky); He imagined his house - six large rooms (M. Gorky); Sometimes you want to do something - read(Gogol).

1. The explanatory part of the sentence is preceded by the words exactly, namely, that is, that is, that is:

If there are no words in the sentence exactly, namely, that is these words can be inserted:

Grandfather Semyon had his own golden and unfulfilled dream - to become a carpenter(Paustovsky); He always wanted one thing with all the strength of his soul - be quite good (L. Tolstoy).

Note!

1) In the absence of explanatory conjunctions that is, exactly, namely and when there is an explanation, the selection is usually done with a dash, not a comma.

There was only one conversation - about the weather; His profession was the most peaceful - a teacher.

2) There is a statement of the colon with the explanatory member of the sentence. Usually a colon is used to avoid two dashes.

Another way has been suggested: the use of certain types of marine plants- algae, rich in many valuable substances.

2. Explanatory members of a sentence can be joined by a union or (meaning "that is"):

Note!

C) Attaching members of the proposal

Reflection of light hit, trembling impetuously, in all directions, especially from above(Turgenev); Each, even a small, river has merit on earth(Peskov).

Such members of the sentence can be easily separated from the rest of the sentence and, to enhance their distinguishing role, put a dot instead of a comma.

Note!

1) If the connecting member of the sentence begins with an introductory word ( for example, in particular etc.), then the comma after the introductory word is not put.

The fastest growing mushrooms such as birches and russula reach full development in three days(Aksakov).

3) A comma is not put before the union and in the following cases:

a) if it is used in a conjunctive sense.

So he went into the forest for nuts and got lost(Turgenev);

b) in combinations like yes and said (with the same form of the verb take and another verb for unexpected or arbitrary action):

They lived a year soul to soul, and the next year she take it and die (Uspensky);

in) combined no-no yes and:

... No, no, yes, and he will remember her[mother], will write a letter(Gladkov).

2. Sometimes adjuncts can be included in a sentence without conjunctions (note the long pause that accompanies the adjunct of the sentence):

Quite late, another guest appeared, in a tailcoat ...(Herzen); At night I stand at the gun, on duty(Kataev).

Often this uses a dash instead of a comma:

We went to the Caucasus - to the sun, to the sea, to the picturesque mountains; He remained the same as before, calm, hardworking, humble.

3. Punctuation distinguishes not only the connecting members of the sentence, but also the connecting sentences:

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

instead of hard work; with the exception of three people; except for three people; along with clear success.

Turnovers denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from such a series, or objects replacing others.

In a letter, turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution can be separated:

The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys and Gavrila returned home(Turgenev). Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Aksakov).

At the outpost, instead of a sentry, there was a collapsed booth(Pushkin). - Instead of answering, Kirila Petrovich was given a letter(Pushkin).

Note!

1) In this kind of phrase excluding including are prepositions, not adverbs.

2) If the isolated member of the sentence is in the middle of the sentence, then it is isolated from two sides.

3) A phrase with the preposition except can have inclusion and exclusion meanings.

Wed: In addition to books, there were notebooks and pencils on the table.(inclusion). - There was nothing on the table besides books.(exception).

Recently, there has been a tendency to highlight turns with except, regardless of the shades of meaning. This happens especially often:

A) in the presence of negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what:

I couldn't distinguish anything except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (Pushkin);

b) if there is a combination in circulation other than:

We are evil to no one except for bears, do not(Markov).

Please note that the turnover in addition in the meaning of "besides" is an introductory word, therefore it is always isolated in writing.

4) Turnovers with the preposition instead also differ in meaning. If they have a substitution value, then a comma is usually included.

Instead of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(Pushkin).

If instead is used in the meaning of "instead of", "for", then the comma is usually not put.

He got into the car instead of the driver.

Portal for the student. Self-training

A) Specifying members of a sentence

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

C) Attaching members of the proposal

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

A) Specifying members of a sentence

B) Explanatory members of the sentence

C) Attaching members of the proposal

D) Separate turnovers with the value of inclusion, exclusion and substitution

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