- this is the famous battle that took place on June 18, 1815. Waterloo, a settlement in Belgium, 20 km south of Brussels, where a battle took place between the army of Napoleon I and the Anglo-Dutch-Prussian troops.

At the beginning of March 1815, the news spread through Europe that on March 1, a small detachment led by the former Emperor of France, Napoleon I, landed in Juan Bay. After 20 days of a triumphal procession across the country, Napoleon entered Paris. Louis XVIII, restored to the throne in 1814, fled abroad. The famous Hundred Days of Napoleon began.

Under the slogan of peace and the introduction of a constitution in the country, Emperor Napoleon again reigned in France. It was with the offer of peace that he turned to Russia, England, Austria and Prussia - peace on the terms of the status quo. However, members of the Congress of Vienna reacted sharply negatively to the return of the "Corsican monster".

On March 13, the heads of European governments adopted a Declaration outlawing Napoleon. Such a step meant for France a war with all of Europe. On March 25, the seventh coalition was legally formalized.

In the spring of 1815, the situation of France was threatening. Its military forces had been exhausted in previous campaigns. At hand, the emperor directly had only about 130 thousand people with 344 guns, while the Allied forces could put up about 700 thousand people at once, and by the end of summer another 300 thousand, hoping to move against France more than a million army.

The Allied plan was quite simple: to surround and crush the French troops, taking advantage of their numerical superiority. Napoleon had two ways in determining further actions. First, he could wait until the allied armies invaded France, thereby showing himself as aggressors. According to this plan, it was supposed to wait until the allied armies were drawn into the space between the French fortresses and penetrated into the region of Paris and Leon. After that, it was necessary to begin quick and decisive actions against the enemy.

The alternative plan involved seizing the initiative and trying to defeat the enemy on his territory. He also seemed to be quite profitable, because he solved several military and political problems at the same time.

In late May - early June, Napoleon stopped in the background. On June 11, he went to the troops, intending to defeat separately two enemy armies: the Anglo-Dutch, under the command of A. Wellington and the Prussian, under the command of Blucher. Two more armies hurried to the proposed theater of operations: the Russian - Barclay de Tolly and the Austrian - Schwarzenberg, but they were still far away, and therefore the French had a chance to defeat the scattered enemy forces.

On June 15, the French army crossed the river with a powerful throw. Sambru at Charleroi and wedged between the armies of Blucher and Wellington.

On the same day, Marshal Ney received orders from the emperor to attack the British on their positions at Quatre Bras in order to push them back to the Brussels highway. “The Prussian army is dead if you act decisively. The fate of France is in your hands,” Napoleon told Ney. However, the "bravest of the brave" did not cope with the task assigned to him. He failed to completely defeat the English army. He hesitated on the way, acted sluggishly, and a decisive victory did not happen. Wellington retreated, maintaining full combat capability.

On the morning of June 16, Blucher's Prussian army moved towards Napoleon. A few hours later, Ney, who was fighting the British at that time, received an order to allocate forces to encircle the Prussians. The bloody battle at Linyi lasted several hours, the emperor kept reserves in anticipation of Ney's reinforcements in the rear of Blucher. However, Ney again will not cope with the duties assigned to him. The corps of Drouet d'Erlon did not arrive in time for the battlefield, which is why the defeated army of Blucher was able to retreat to Liege. The Prussians were defeated, but not destroyed.

The campaign started well for Napoleon, but there was still no complete victory over the enemy. In order to prevent the remnants of Blucher's army from joining the British. Napoleon sent 35 thousand of his soldiers in pursuit of her, led by Marshal Grouchy, and he turned his forces against Wellington, who took up a position on the hill of Mont Saint-Jean, not far from the Belgian village of Waterloo.

By the end of June 17, Napoleon approached the plateau with his troops and saw the English army. The Duke of Wellington was in position in front of the forest of Suan, lining up his troops in squares and sheltering them from French artillery fire behind the hillsides. The outposts of the English army were put up along the line: Hougoumont Castle (Gougoumont) - La He-Saint farm. French troops were stationed on the nearby plateau of Belle Alliance.

By the beginning of the battle on June 18, Napoleon had approximately 72 thousand people with 243 guns, Wellington had 68 thousand with 156 guns. Both commanders were waiting for reinforcements. The emperor was waiting for Marshal Grusha with his 35 thousandth corps, Wellington hoped for Blucher, who had about 80 thousand people after the battle at Linyi, of which about 40-50 thousand could approach the battlefield.

The battle of Waterloo was supposed to begin with an attack by the French in the morning, but last night on June 17, a downpour washed out the roads and the emperor ordered to wait for time.

At 11.30 in the morning, it seemed to Napoleon that the ground had dried up and the battle could begin, and now the “last soldiers of the last war” began to attack the British positions. The first French distraction was directed at Wellington's right flank against Hougoumont Castle. The French troops, having passed the forest on the outskirts of the castle, rushed to the assault. But the walls of the fortifications turned out to be too high and impregnable, the British artillery and infantry fired deadly at the attackers. After a while, a small operation turned into a separate fierce battle.

At this time, Napoleon was preparing the main attack of his forces against the left wing and center of the British. On the right flank of the French positions, he installed a battery of 80 guns, which opened deadly fire on the British troops. At this moment, the vague outlines of moving troops appeared in the northeast near St. Lambert Forest. The opinions of the Napoleonic commanders were divided. Some claimed that these were the troops of Pear, others were of the opinion that this was the army of Blucher.

Nevertheless, at about two o'clock in the afternoon, Napoleon gave the order to Ney to launch a massive offensive. D'Erlon's four infantry divisions went on the attack to the beat of drums. Leg to leg, bayonet to bayonet, they climbed the slippery slopes of Mont-Saint-Jean, breaking through the thick fire of English buckshot. In the end, the thinned columns climbed the hill, but then the lava of the Scottish cavalry rushed at them. The Scottish cavalry cut into the dense mass of the French divisions and cut down some of their strength. The French retreated. The left wing of the English army could not be broken. Then the emperor changed his plan and transferred the main blow of his forces to the center and right wing of the British.
At a time when d'Erlon's corps went on the attack. Terrible news was brought to Napoleon - Blucher bypassed Pears and was moving at full speed to the battlefield. Immediately against the approaching Prussians, 10 thousand people of the Young Guard were thrown. Napoleon's headquarters was moved deeper into the rear of the French, so that the commander could keep both operations under control. Napoleon was sure that Pears would arrive in time for the Prussians, that Blucher did not have enough strength for a serious battle, and therefore he turned all his attention to Wellington.
At 3.30 in the afternoon, d'Erlon captured a powerful British stronghold - the farm of La He-Saint, the Hanoverian soldiers who defended this defense site retreated. The tricolor French banner flew over the farm. The loss of La Xe Saint dangerously exposed a section of Wellington's central positions, and French artillery soon rained down grapeshot on his ranks. Then Napoleon gave the order to Ney to make a hole in the English ranks. 40 squadrons of French cavalry lined up at the foot of Mont Saint-Jean and rushed forward. The ground trembled under the hooves of the cuirassier horses, hundreds of lancers and rangers of the horse guard rushed after them. All this lava in one unstoppable stream flew up to the top of the hill. The English light artillery has been captured, the gunners are fleeing, victory is near, but the squares of the English infantry have risen in front of the cavalry. Volley after volley was mowed down by hundreds of riders. The British fired at the horses, finished off the fallen riders with bayonets. In the impulse of battle, the French rushed about in the smoke of rifle fire, unsuccessfully trying to break through the ranks of the enemy bristling with bayonets.

But the British forces were also running out. Wellington threw his last reserves into battle, he was reported from all sides about the impossibility of holding back the enemy. “In that case, let them all die on the spot! I no longer have reinforcements, ”the commander-in-chief answered. His task was to hold out in spite of everything until the approach of Blucher.

The French generals saw that the English line was ready to waver, they asked the emperor to give them the Guard. In the imperial reserve, there were still intact 8 battalions of the Old Guard and 6 battalions of the Middle Guard. At 8 pm it was still light, and the last onslaught of the guards could decide the outcome of the battle in favor of the French. However, Napoleon's position was already under threat, the Prussians on the right flank were pressing the battalions of the Young Guard, the French flank was outflanked, and the threat hung over the rear.

Finally, Napoleon built 11 battalions of the Guard in a square on the Brussels road. 2 battalions pushed back the Prussians near the village of Plansenois, and the remaining 9, under the command of Napoleon himself, moved on Wellington. All the generals, Ney and L. Frian went ahead.

The British met the Guards with terrible artillery fire from the front and from the flank. The soldiers fell in dozens, but did not slow down, only closing their ranks more tightly and shouting even louder: “Vivat Emperor!” Finally, two battalions climbed the slope of Mont Saint-Jean and a wall of close ranks of the English guards stood up in front of them from high ears of wheat. The first volley mowed down several hundred people - half of two battalions, the second volley, the third ... The French guards stopped, mixed up, and began to retreat. There was a cry: "The Guard is retreating!"

Wellington commanded the general attack. At the same moment, Blucher's corps left the Ohai road and began to smash the French on the right. The French soldiers ran to Belle-Alliance, and after them the English hussars and dragoons rushed, cutting down the retreating at a gallop. “The unexpected retreat turned into a flight. The imperial army crumbled right before our eyes, and the enemy, pursuing on the heels, shredded its surviving remnants into pieces. (Desmond Seward. Napoleon's family. Smolensk, 1995, p. 345.)

Napoleon tried to organize a defense in order to cover the fleeing army. The last three battalions of the Guard formed up in a square with the emperor in the middle, from where he personally tried to command the defense, with the secret hope of finding death on the battlefield. Here, not far away, in the maelstrom of running people, Marshal Ney was rushing about. Wounded, with a face black with gunpowder, in a uniform torn by bayonets and bullets, and with a piece of a sword in his hand, he tried to organize a retreat.

The guards slowly retreated, trying to break through the ranks of the pressing enemy. The British admired the courage and resilience of these people. Their ranks were always tightly closed, their faces were calm, their step measured and clear.

One of the squares, under the command of General P. Cambronne, was offered by the English colonel to surrender. "The Guard is dying, but not surrendering!" exclaimed Cambronne. The French guards preferred death to captivity. Twilight was gathering over the field, the battle of Waterloo was lost.

25,000 French and 22,000 British and Prussians were killed and wounded on the battlefield. Napoleon's army, as an organized force, ceased to exist. Almost all artillery was lost, the spirit of the army was broken, there were practically no fresh forces.

The defeat at Waterloo meant the defeat of the entire campaign, the defeat of France in the war with the coalition. It led to the second abdication of Napoleon from the throne (June 22), to a change in political power in France, and subsequently to its occupation by the allied armies and the restoration of the Bourbons.

Thus was put the last point in the history of the Napoleonic wars.

Materials of the book were used: "One Hundred Great Battles", M. "Veche", 2002
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Posted in and tagged

Waterloo. - Arrest.
1815

(continuation)

On March 1, 1815, Napoleon landed at the Bay of Juan, near Antibes. He issued two proclamations calling to the army and the people, which came straight from the heart and at the same time aroused feelings of pride and pain.
In an address to the French people, Napoleon wrote:

"French people! Desertion of the Duke of Castiglione ceded defenseless Lyon to our enemies. The army that I entrusted to him was able, thanks to the number of battalions, the courage and patriotism of its troops, to crush the Austrian corps opposing it and fall on the rear of the enemy army that threatened Paris.
Victories at Champaubert, Montmirail, Chateau-Thierry, Vauchamp, Morman, Montere, Krasin, Reims, Arcy-sur-Aube and Saint-Dizier; the uprising of brave peasants in Lorraine, Champagne, Alsace, Franche-Comte and Burgundy, the position which I took up in the rear of the enemy army - cutting it off from its depots and reserves, its escorts and from all transport - put it in a desperate position. Never have the French been so close to becoming so powerful, and the elite of the enemy army helpless, left without resources; she would have found her doom in these endless fields, which she ruthlessly devastated, if not for the betrayal of the Duke of Ragusa who surrendered the capital and disorganized the army. The unexpected behavior of these two generals, who immediately betrayed their homeland, their emperor and their benefactor, changed the outcome of the war. The catastrophic situation of the enemy was such that at the end of the battle that took place near Paris, he was left without ammunition, cut off from his own warehouses.
With all these new and sad circumstances, my heart was torn apart, but my soul remained unshakable. Only the interests of the nation mattered to me; I went into exile on a rock in the middle of the sea. My life has been and will again be useful to you. I did not allow a large number of citizens who wished to accompany me to share my fate; I believed that their presence at home would be of benefit to France, and I took with me only the handful of brave men necessary for my own defense.
Through your choice, I was placed on the throne, and everything that was done without your participation is illegal. Within 25 years, France had new interests, new institutions, new glories. And all this can only be guaranteed by a national government and a dynasty born out of these new circumstances. The monarch who will rule over you has sat on my throne thanks to the same armies that ravaged our land. He will unsuccessfully seek to strengthen his position with the help of the rights of the feudal lords; he was able to secure honor and rights only to a small number of individuals, enemies of the people, who for the past 25 years have denounced him in all our national assemblies. Your peace of mind at home and your respect abroad will be lost forever.
French people! In exile I heard your complaints and your desires; you demanded a government of your own choice, that's the only thing that's legal. You reproached me for my long sleep, you condemned me for sacrificing the great interests of my country for the sake of my own rest.
I have crossed the seas, exposed to all kinds of dangers; I have come to you to reclaim my rights, which are also your rights. I will not pay attention to all that individuals have done, written or said since the fall of Paris; all this will in no way affect the memory that I retain of the important services rendered to me by them, for events of a kind are now taking place that will allow them to stand above purely human relations.
French people! There is no nation, however small, which has no right to escape the disgrace of subjection to a monarch imposed on it by a temporarily victorious enemy. When Charles VII returned to Paris and overthrew the short-lived throne of Henry VI, he assumed his throne by virtue of the valor of his soldiers, not by the will of the King Regent of England.
In the same way, thanks to you alone and the brave soldiers of the army, I pay tribute to my moral obligation and will always continue to do so. Napoleon" 21 .

Addressing the army, Napoleon writes:

"Soldiers! We remained undefeated. Two men from our ranks betrayed our glory, their country, their monarch and their benefactor.
Will those whom we saw when they went all over Europe for 25 years to provoke enemies against us, those who spent their lives fighting against us in the ranks of foreign armies and cursing our beautiful France in the process, now claim to be to command and chain our eagles with tricolor cockades, the very ones who could never withstand our point-blank gaze? Shall we allow our sufferings to be inherited from the fruits of our glorious labors? That they will steal our honor and our lands, that they will slander our glory? If their power continues, then everything will be lost, even the memory of those immortal days! Just look at how persistently they belittle the dignity of those days! And if there are still a few defenders of our glory left, then they can be found among the very enemies against whom we fought on the battlefield!
Soldiers! In exile I heard you! I have arrived in spite of all obstacles and dangers! Your general, called to the throne by popular choice and raised to your shields, has been returned to you: go and join him! ..
Take up these banners with flowers, which for 25 years served as the unifying principle for all the enemies of France! Put on a tricolor cockade! You wore it in our glory days.
We must forget that we were rulers of nations; but we must not tolerate any interference in our affairs!
Who can claim to be the master of our own land? Who could have such power? Take up again the banners that you carried in Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, Eylau, Friedland, Tudel, Eckmuhl, Essling, Wagram, Smolensk, Moscow, Lützen, Bautzen, Montmireil. Do you think that a bunch of Frenchmen, so arrogant today, can withstand our gaze? They will go back to where they came from, and if they want to, then let them rule where they have ruled for the last 19 years.
Your lands, your position, your glory, and the glory of your children, have no greater enemies than these crowned persons imposed on us by foreign powers; they are enemies of our glory, because a detailed enumeration of the many heroic deeds that glorified the people of France, fighting against them in order to free themselves from their oppression, is itself a condemnation of them.
Veterans of the Sambre-et-Meuse, the Rhine, Italy, Egypt, the West, the Great Army are constantly humiliated. Their noble scars are treated with contempt; their successes will be considered crimes. And these brave men will be looked upon as rebels if - as the enemies of the people claim - legitimate monarchs are among foreign armies.
Honors, rewards and flattery will go to those who served them against the motherland and against us.
Soldiers! Come and stand under the banner of your leader. His life is closely connected with yours; his rights are the rights of the people and yours; his interests, honor and glory are your interests, honor and glory. Victory comes with a forced march. An eagle with the national flag will fly from belfry to belfry all the way to the towers of Notre Dame Cathedral. Only then can you proudly show your scars. Only then can you be proud of your own achievements. You will be the liberators of the motherland.
You will live to a ripe old age, and respectful fellow countrymen will listen when you begin to tell of your greatest exploits, and you can say with pride: “And I was in the ranks of this Great Army, which twice occupied Vienna, entered Rome , Berlin, Madrid, Moscow, cleansed Paris of the dishonor that betrayal and the presence of the enemy left behind.
Honor and glory to these brave soldiers who have become the pride of the motherland! And eternal shame to the criminal French, regardless of their nobility, who fought side by side with our enemies for 25 years in order to tear apart the soul of the motherland! Napoleon" 22 .

EXPLANATIONS

Marshal Augereau.
. Marshal Marmon.
. I mean Lyon.
. Brother of Louis XVIII, Comte d'Artois.

On April 6, 1814, French Emperor Napoleon I abdicated at the Fontainebleau Palace near Paris. The initial version of the abdication in favor of the son of Emperor Napoleon II under the regency of his wife Marie-Louise did not suit the allies. Napoleon had to write a new act of abdication for himself and his heirs from the throne of France.

After the capitulation of Paris in the last days of March 1814, Napoleon did not intend to give up and was determined to continue the fight. However, the fall of the French capital dramatically changed the political situation - the emperor no longer actually ruled the country. On April 3, the Senate proclaimed his removal from power and formed a provisional government headed by Talleyrand.

Following this, the army also turned away from Napoleon. The last blow in the back to his emperor was inflicted by his faithful marshals Ney, Berthier and Lefebvre. Appearing to him in Fontainebleau (where he planned to gather troops in order to recapture Paris), they began to persuade him to abdicate in favor of his son.

On April 6, 1814, in the Fontainebleau Palace near Paris, Napoleon, realizing that the game was finally lost and he simply had nothing to fight with, abdicated the throne. In the text of the abdication it was written: "There is no personal sacrifice that I would not be ready to make in the interests of France."

On the night of April 12-13, 1814, in Fontainebleau, surviving the defeat left by his court (only a few servants, a doctor and General Caulaincourt remained with him), Napoleon decided to commit suicide. He took poison, which he always carried with him after the battle of Maloyaroslavets, when only by a miracle he was not captured. But the poison decomposed from long storage, Napoleon survived. According to the Treaty of Fontainebleau, which Napoleon signed with the allied monarchs on April 11, he received possession of the small island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea. On April 20, 1814, Napoleon left Fontainebleau and went into exile.

On the Elba, Napoleon actively engaged in the development of the economy of the island. Under the terms of the Fontainebleau treaty, he was promised an annual annuity of 2 million francs from the French treasury. However, he never received the money, and by early 1815 he was in a difficult financial situation. His wife Marie-Louise, under the influence of her father, the Austrian Emperor Franz I, refused to come to him - Napoleon was no longer destined to see her and his young son. Of Napoleon's relatives, only his mother and sister Pauline came to visit him on the Elbe.

It seemed that the former emperor and master of almost all of Europe, resigned himself to his fate and intended to quietly live out his life on the island. However, this was not the case - Napoleon closely followed what was happening in France, received guests and exchanged secret messages with his supporters.

And the events in France could not but inspire him with optimism - the restoration of the Bourbons sharply aggravated the situation in the country. Following the arrival of King Louis XVIII from England, the emigrant aristocrats also returned, striving for the return of their property and their privileges, which they had before the revolution.

In June 1814, the king granted France a new constitution, which concentrated power in the hands of the monarch himself and a handful of his associates. The new owners of land, once confiscated from emigrants and the church, faced a real prospect of losing their property. Against the background of growing social tension, discontent among the troops also grew - the military were dissatisfied with the sharp reduction in the army, the abolition of privileges and pensions. Dissatisfaction with the new regime grew like an avalanche - in France they began to longingly recall the former imperial greatness.

The foreign policy situation has also changed - a split has come between the former allies in the coalition. At the Congress of Vienna, which met in September 1814, the allied powers could not agree on the division of the conquered territories.

Given all these circumstances, Napoleon decided that the moment had come to regain power. On February 26, 1815, he fled from Elba and landed on March 1 in the Gulf of Juan near Cannes with 1,000 soldiers. This small army headed for Paris on the road through Grenoble. Napoleon moved towards his triumphant and bloodless return to Paris, followed by the famous Hundred Days, the battle of Waterloo, re-abdication and exile to the island of St. Helena.

On March 1, 1325, Moscow became the ecclesiastical center of Russia: Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita persuaded Metropolitan Peter to move his residence from Vladimir to Moscow.

On the first day of spring in 1360, King Edward III of England ransomed 19-year-old Geoffrey Chaucer from French captivity for 16 pounds, who became his valet, squire, and later one of England's greatest poets.

On the day we are considering in 1382, a massive beating of tax collectors took place in Paris.

On the day of our review in 1555, Nostradamus published his book of predictions. The first edition of The Prophecies of Master Michel Nostradamus (Lyon, 1555) contained a Letter to his son Cesar and 353 quatrains. The letter to Cesar expounds the occult philosophy of prophecy and gives several predictions of a global nature (... the world is approaching an anagorean revolution ... the deadly sword of pestilence and wars more terrible than they have been for three human lives ...) The number 353 is close to the so-called "planetary era" in length 354 years and 4 months in the Jewish religious tradition.

On March 1, 1711, the first issue of the weekly magazine The Spectator was published in England. So it's been coming out ever since. Stability.

On this March day in 1790, the first US census took place. According to its results, 3,929,214 people lived in the country, including black slaves. Indians were not counted in the census.

On March 1, 1799, the Russian Emperor Paul I issued a special decree forbidding waltz dancing - in view of its immorality.

In 1815, the great Napoleon became Emperor of France for the second time. This re-attempt at his reign was called the "Hundred Days" because it only lasted until June 22.
After the restoration of the monarchy in France, Napoleon was exiled to Elba. But Bonaparte's attention to French political life did not weaken. He knew that in different parts of France riots and riots broke out every now and then, and decided to take advantage of this circumstance to regain power. On March 1, 1815, he landed in southern France with a small army. Napoleon said that he wanted to give the peasants free ownership of the land and protect France from insults from the returned nobility. He declared that France would receive "peace from without and freedom from within." It is not surprising that the campaign of the former emperor turned into a triumphal procession.

On the spring day of 1869 we are considering, Dmitri Mendeleev compiled a table of the system of elements, which was based on their atomic mass and chemical similarity. Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev compiled the first version of his famous table, which he called "The experience of a system of elements based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity", and which was the prototype of the scientific Periodic Table of Elements. The desire of the scientist to comprehend the pattern that unites the chemical elements was so great that he even saw it in a prophetic dream in the form of a table. Dmitry Ivanovich generally belonged to people who knew the art of relaxing from hard work by plunging into a deep sleep, during which, according to many scientists, a person’s creative potential is revealed to the maximum.

On this day in 1890, American readers were finally able to share with Europeans the pleasure of reading books about Sherlock Holmes. On this day, Arthur Connan Doyle's first story, "Study in Scarlet", was published.

On this spring day in 1912 in St. Louis, Albert Berry made the first parachute jump from a flying aircraft (height 460 m). And on the same day, the first female detective, Isabella Goodwin, received a license to work in the United States.

On March 1, 1921, the “Provisional Revolutionary Committee” (VRC) was created in the fortress, headed by the Social Revolutionary, sailor S.M. Petrichenko, the committee also included his deputy Yakovenko, machine foreman Arkhipov, foreman of the electromechanical plant Tukin and head of the third labor school I. E. Oreshin. Using the powerful radio stations of the warships, the VRC immediately broadcast the resolution of the rally and a request for help. The news about the events in Kronstadt caused serious concern among the country's leadership. On March 1, 1921, the appeal of the Moscow Council of Workers and Red Army Deputies “To all workers of the city of Moscow and the province, to all peasants and Red Army soldiers, to all honest citizens” was published, which explained the reasons for temporary economic difficulties, the document ended with the appeal: “Down with the provocateurs of the Entente! Not strikes, not demonstrations, but friendly work in factories, workshops and railways will lead us out of poverty, save us from hunger and cold!

On the day of our 1928 survey in the US, Dr. Herbert Evans discovered a sixth vitamin, appropriately named vitamin F.

On March 1, 1931, exactly 50 years after the assassination of the emperor, an open trial of Menshevik leaders began in Moscow.

On the first day of spring in 1941, the first commercial FM radio went on the air - radio station W47NV near Nashville (USA).

On the day we are considering in 1943, the USSR announced that after the war it did not intend to return Western Ukraine and Belarus to Poland.

On March 1, 1953, Stalin had a stroke, but the arrivals of Beria and Malenkov forbade doctors to be called to him.

On the day of our review in 1954, the United States carried out a thermonuclear test explosion of 15 megatons of TNT on Bikini Atoll (in the Marshall Islands), twice the calculated values ​​and 500 times greater than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. This most powerful explosion in the entire history of the American atomic program (in the USA, a further increase in the explosive power of such ammunition was considered inappropriate, and the USSR stopped at a power of 60 Mt in 1961) was also the first test of a transportable thermonuclear device conducted by the Pentagon. As a result, about 100 million tons of contaminated soil got into the atmosphere, and 23 Japanese fishermen on the ship "Fukuryu Maru" (translated as "Lucky Dragon"), located 140 km from the epicenter of the explosion, were exposed to radiation: they were hit by flakes of radioactive "snow ". 12 people died, the rest managed to defeat radiation sickness. The shock wave and radioactive fallout caused concern around the world, including in the United States. The ensuing announcement by Nobel laureates Russell, Einstein, Joliot-Curie and other prominent personalities led to the formation of the Pugwash Movement of Western and Eastern scientists and the international campaign for nuclear disarmament. March 1 is celebrated as "Bikini Day" in Japan - National Peace Day.

March 1, 1962 in Garden City (Michigan) was opened the first store retail network "K-Mart", now one of the largest in America.

On the day we are considering in 1967, the Zaporozhye plant "Kommunar" began serial production of a small car model ZAZ-966 - "eared" "Zaporozhets".

On the first day of spring in 1969, Jim Morrison was arrested during a concert by The Doors in Miami. Not only was he drunk, but he also terrified the public with his dignity. For five months, the group's concerts were banned, and Jim was arrested twice more during the year.

On March 1, 1977, Bank of America named its credit cards Visa. And on the same day, the United States expanded its territorial waters by 200 miles.

On this day in 1991, the miners of Donbass went on strike, for the first time putting forward a political demand - the resignation of Gorbachev. Four mines stopped working in Pervomaisk, Dimitrov, Donetsk. At dozens of other mines, second and third shifts were stopped.

On March 1, 1995, Russian TV presenter Vladislav Listyev was killed in the entrance of his house. There were many rumors, but the killer was never found. On the same day, the former head of the SBU Yevhen Marchuk was appointed Prime Minister of Ukraine. He clearly had presidential ambitions, but he did not succeed in politics. Quiet Power has remained a second-tier politician.

On this day in 1999, the head of the Central Election Commission of the republic, Viktor Gonchar, was arrested by the Belarusian police in the center of Minsk.

On March 1, 2001, the population of India, according to official figures, reached 1 billion people.

On the first spring day of 2011, Steve Jobs introduced the new Ipad 2. And in Russia, a new law on the police came into force, turning "Uncle Styopa - a policeman" into an "evil bourgeois policeman."

News

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ARAKCHEEV became the de facto leader of the state. Without occupying any specific position, he became the right hand of the king and completely controls the activities of the ministers.

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In 1815, the post of chief priest of the General Staff was created, under whose jurisdiction the priests of the guard and the grenadier were transferred. From this period, the management of the naval clergy was carried out by two departments, but the organization of office work in these departments was similar.

ALTHOUGH TREASURY AND SORRY...

In many places in Russia, the population has completely stopped paying taxes - there is no money.
This year the 7th audit was carried out. For some categories of the population, information about the specialty is entered into the form of the tale of the 7th revision; information about the female gender is highlighted and made up the right side of the tale.

NEW VACATION REGULATIONS

New vacation rules have been issued. It is no longer necessary to ask for the highest permission, only notifications are sent to the emperor for information. The right to grant vacations was transferred to the commanders of armies and corps. Time for holidays is allotted from September 1 to April 1, the period is not more than 4 months. No more than two corps commanders can be fired at the same time, one divisional commander per corps, etc.

DID NOT CONTRIBUTE, MEAN?

Starting from this year, information about all received orders, awards, cash gifts, pensions, leases and lands began to be entered into the formulary lists. And, it seems, even before that there was a suitable column, apparently they didn’t make it ... Since 1798, the following columns were contained in the formulary lists:
1. The rank, name, surname and position sent by him, and how old he is.
2. What rank does he come from.
3. How many souls, people and peasants are in possession of the male sex, in which counties and as the names of the villages.
4. When he entered the service and in what ranks, in what positions and where did he take place, were there any other deeds that were excellent in the service and was he especially awarded, besides the ranks, and at what time (years, months, dates).
5. In campaigns against the enemy and in the battles themselves, whether or not and when.
6. Whether he was in fines and on trial, and if so, for what exactly, when and how the case ended.
7. He is capable of continuing his civilian service and is able to increase what he deserves or not and for what.
8. Whether he was retired with or without a rank, and when.
9. Whether he is married, has children, who exactly, what age and where they are.

THE EMPEROR AND HIS FAMILY

Alexander left Vienna without waiting for the end of the Congress. By this time, he met an elderly lady imbued with mystical ideas - Baroness Juliana Krudener.

From this year, Alexander 1 began to show an irritable, even skeptical attitude towards everything Russian.

On May 13, the grand dukes, who received permission to participate in the new campaign, set off again from St. Petersburg - to Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, where they entered a couple of days after the Anglo-Prussian troops occupied the capital. On September 28, Alexander left Paris with his brothers.

In autumn, Alexander went to Russia. On the way, he stopped in Warsaw, where at that time the constitution of the Kingdom of Poland was being urgently worked out. The constitution guarantees freedom of the press, inviolability of the person, abolishes confiscation of property and administrative exile. The use of the Polish language in all government institutions and the obligatory filling of all public positions in the administration, court and army by subjects of the Kingdom of Poland were established. The legislative apparatus is the Sejm of two chambers: 70 deputies from the landed nobility, 51 deputies from the cities and the upper chamber of the "princes of the blood" appointed by the Polish Tsar, that is, the Russian Emperor, from the candidates nominated by the Senate. All power is concentrated in the hands of the gentry, and some positions can only be occupied by landowners.

In Heilbronn, Alexander met Madame de Krüdener, the mystical baroness. On December 20, Alexander I issued a decree on the expulsion of the Jesuit order from Russia.

HOW TO GO ABROAD?

The Charter on Passports states: “Every Russian citizen who intends to go abroad, no matter who and what rank he may be, is obliged to submit a petition to the local Governor-General, Governor or Mayor according to his affiliation and submit a certificate from the police certifying that there is no legal obstacle to there is no departure." The petition can be submitted in person, through the chief of police or police officer. A foreign passport is issued for a period, for every six months a 15-ruble fee must be paid, regardless of the number of persons included in the form. This fee is made up of deductions "for printing a passport form, in favor of disabled capital, in favor of the Russian Red Cross Society." If the passport is not used, by submitting an appropriate application, you can get the money back.

CENSORSHIP

The censorship does not allow new magazines without first contacting the Police Department.

THE MEDICINE

In Moscow, the most famous doctors are MUDROV, SCHNAUBERT, SKYUDERI and YAKOV PAVLOVICH MAYER, the Apraksins' house doctor.

LITERARY SOCIETY FOUNDED

The literary society "Arzamas" was founded in opposition to the conservative "Conversation of lovers of the Russian word". Members of "Arzamas" - ZHUKOVSKY, BATYUSHKOV, DENIS DAVYDOV, VYAZEMSKY and others. At the meetings, in buffoonery, the heavy verses of the “talkers” are ridiculed, and they also engage in mutual critical analysis of their works.

ON THE WORLD ARENA...

ENGLAND. The "Bread Law" was adopted, establishing high duties on the import of bread.

Sir R. Peel introduced the Children's Protection Bill to Parliament. When discussing it, it was said that factory owners often sell factory children along with other property. A few years ago, a parish in London entered into a contract with a Lancashire manufacturer by virtue of which he undertook to take one idiot for every twenty healthy children.

FRANCE. In the spring, Napoleon fled from the island of Elba, landed in France and quickly reached Paris. For 100 days, he managed to restore his power in France. In June, the Battle of Waterloo took place, in which the Russian troops did not participate. The Allies re-entered Paris. After the defeat, Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena in the Pacific Ocean. He would die there in 1821.

NEGOTIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS. The Congress of Vienna closed in May. He redrawn the map of Europe: the Duchy of Warsaw, with the provision of internal autonomy, joined Russia, Poznan - to Prussia, Galicia to Austria. Thus, the kingdom of Poland appeared as part of Russia.

In September, in the name of the Most Holy and Indivisible Trinity, the Holy Alliance was concluded, which should introduce the principles of brotherhood, Christian love and mutual assistance into relations between Russia, Prussia and Austria.

In November, the Second Paris Peace Treaty was concluded, providing for a 5-year occupation of France. The 150,000 occupation army should include 30,000 Russians. In 1818, the allies will decide on the early withdrawal of troops from the territory of France.

AUSTRALIA. The first industrial enterprises appear.

GERMANY. Karl Becker set about counterfeiting ancient medieval and modern coins. His business would continue successfully until 1825. For fakes, he makes special stamps, and better than the originals. After many years, numismatists will call fake coins of excellent performance “becker”.

RUSSIAN ABROAD. KOTSEBOU O.E., together with the team, arrived in the city of Abo (Turka) in February, where a ship was built specially for the expedition - the brig "Rurik", with a displacement of 180 tons. This is the smallest of all Russian sailing ships that have made round-the-world trips. May 11 "Rurik" left Abo, went to Revel and from there arrived in Kronstadt. Here the final preparations for the voyage were made and on July 18, the Rurik set off further. Stopping on his way to Copenhagen, Kotzebue went to Plymouth to purchase some instruments and maps. Twice he tried to leave Plymouth, but southwesterly storms forced him back. Only on September 23 "Rurik" managed to start sailing. Having made a stop at the island of Tenerife, Kotzebue crossed the equator and on December 12 arrived at the island of St. Catherine off the coast of Brazil. Stocking up on provisions, "Rurik" on December 28 went to the ocean.

KHITROVO NF was appointed Russian chargé d'affaires in Florence. Together with him went his wife ELIZAVETA MIKHAILOVNA with their children. In 1817, he fell ill, and died in 1819, but Elizaveta Mikhailovna would remain in Italy until 1826, having visited Russia only once, in 1823.

MEANWHILE...

BATYUSHKOV K.N., retired from the army and settled in Moscow.
BER K. M. from the autumn began to study with Professor Dollinger the comparative anatomy of animals.
WRANGEL FERDINAND PETROVICH, after graduating from the Naval Corps, was promoted to midshipman and seconded to Revel.
ZHUKOVSKY. The collected works of VASILY ANDREEVICH ZHUKOVSKY, born in 1783, were published. He is considered the best Russian poet. In the same year, he was appointed teacher of the Russian language in the royal family.
KRYLOV. The first illustrated book of fables by I. A. KRYLOV was published. A. N. OLENIN procured for him a royal subsidy for the publication (Krylov received it in 1813 - four thousand rubles). The circulation of the book is planned in 200 copies, of which one hundred - on vellum paper for 25 rubles, on ordinary paper, but with all engravings - 15 rubles, and the same, but without engravings - 8 rubles. Such a division is explained by the peculiarity of copper engraving boards, which do not withstand a large circulation, "get tired" and begin to give bad prints. The edition includes 70 fables.
LABZIN ALEXANDER FYODOROVICH has already published fifteen books under the name "Threats of Svetovostok". Their success is enormous, they have become a favorite reading in pious families. In secular living rooms they talk about helping their neighbor on the advice of Svetovostokov.
LAZAREV on the "Suvorov" this year went for furs to the islands of St. Paul and St. George.
APOSTOL MURAVIEV SERGEY IVANOVICH, a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, serves in the Semyonovsky regiment.
NARYSHKIN M. M. began his military service as a warrant officer.
TUCHKOV P. A., born in 1775, was appointed division commander.

THIS YEAR WILL APPEAR:

KARAMZIN ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH, the son of a historiographer. He will die in 1888.
MIDDENDORF ALEXANDER FEDOROVICH, future physical geographer and academician. His father is the director of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. He will receive his secondary education at the 3rd St. Petersburg Gymnasium and at the Pedagogical Institute. He will die in 1894;
TOLL FELIKS GUSTAVOVICH, future teacher, writer and publisher. He will die in 1867;
UNDOLSKY VUKOL MIKHAILOVICH, future bibliographer. He will die in 1864;
FEDOTOV PAVEL ANDREEVICH, future artist, in Moscow. He will die in 1852.

DIE THIS YEAR:

BEZBORODKO ILYA ANDREEVICH, born in 1756, count, lieutenant general, brother of A. A. Bezborodko.
SAMBORSKY A. A., maternal grandfather of I. V. Malinovsky, after the death of his parents, took over the maintenance of his grandchildren.