Noun(Noun) is a part of speech that designates, names an object, person or phenomenon and answers questions " who? or " what?».

Nouns combined with articles ( a, an or the) depending on how they are used. They help distinguish verbs or other parts of speech from nouns in words that have multiple meanings. Articles may also be absent, in which case you can understand which part of speech the word belongs to from the word order in the sentence.

• I see a dog.- I see a dog.
• The dog is big. This dog is big.
• Dogs are cute.- Dogs are cute.

• Let's count once again.(verb) - Let's count again.
• I have lost count.(noun) - I've lost count.

Types of nouns by education

The nouns of the English language according to their structure and education are divided into simple, derivatives and compound nouns. Also, all nouns are divided into common nouns and proper names.

Simple nouns(Simple nouns) consist of a single root and have no suffixes or prefixes. Often these are monosyllabic words (consisting of one syllable).

• man - a man, a person
• house - house
• star - star
• love - love

Derived nouns(Derivative Nouns) consist of a root with the addition of suffixes or prefixes.

• brother hood- Brotherhood
• engine eer- engineer
• actor ess- actress
• im mortality- immortality

Compound nouns(Compound nouns) are formed from two or more words or word roots. They can be formed using a combination of not only some nouns, but also other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, prepositions).

Common nouns

Common names(Common Names) indicate the common names of objects, matters, persons and concepts, their categories and groups.

• human - a person
• feeling - feeling, feeling
• animal - animal
• love - love
• father - father
• bus - bus

proper names

proper names(Proper Names) are nouns that indicate unique, single objects, persons, concepts. Proper names are always written with capital letter. Can be used with the definite article the or without it.

These include: personal names, geographical names, nationalities and languages, names of streets, squares, organizations and enterprises, magazines, names of celestial bodies, names of days of the week and months, names of holidays.

personal names, pseudonyms, nicknames of people, nicknames of animals.

• Peter Johnson - Peter Johnson (name)
• Dwayne The Rock - Dwayne The Rock (name and pseudonym)
• Iron Arny - Iron Arny (pseudonym)
• Butch - Butch (dog name)
• Scarlett the cat - Scarlett's cat (cat's name)
• Boo the rat - rat Boo (nickname of the rat)

place names(mountains, deserts, rivers, oceans, countries, cities and others).

Nationalities and languages.

• English - English language
• Spanish - Spaniard
• the French - French

street names, squares, parks, bridges, buildings, hotels, museums, ships.

Names of organizations, institutions, firms, companies, newspapers, magazines.

• World Wildlife Fund - World Wildlife Fund
• United Nations - United Nations Organization
• McDonald's - McDonald's
• The New York Times Magazine
• The Washington Post - newspaper "Washington Post"

Names of celestial bodies.

• the Sun - Sun (star)
• the Earth - Earth (planet)
• Mars - Mars
• Alpha Centauri - Alpha Centauri

Names of days of the week, months.

• Monday - Monday
• Sunday - Sunday
• august - august
• January - January

Names of holidays, significant events.

• Christmas - Christmas
• New Year - New Year
• birthday
• Mother's Day - Mother's Day
• Independence Day - Independence Day

Number of nouns

countable nouns

countable nouns(Countable nouns) point to animated and inanimate objects, as well as concepts that can be counted. These nouns have the form plural, which in most cases is formed by adding the ending -s, if this noun does not have an irregular plural form (Irregular plural nouns).

a dog - dog a pupil - student a man - a man a mouse - mouse

two dogs s- two dogs ten pupil s- ten students six men - six men many mice - many mice

countable nouns divided into concrete(concrete) - real objects, living beings, and abstract(abstract) - abstractions, concepts, feelings.

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns(Uncountable Nouns) are not countable and do not have a plural form. They are divided into abstract(abstract nouns) uncountable concepts and real(material nouns): names of materials, liquids, substances.

Sometimes uncountable nouns depending on their meaning, they can take the form plural. In the plural, they indicate different types of item, or the number of containers for them.

• Coffee makes me alive every morning.– Coffee revives me every morning (coffee is like a liquid)
• Two coffees, please!– Two coffees, please! (2 cups of coffee)

• Iron is a type of metal.– Iron is a type of metal.
• All my irons are broken. I have to buy a new one. All my irons are broken. I need to buy a new one.

Collective nouns

Collective nouns(Collective Nouns) indicate groups, collections of animate and inanimate objects. Collective nouns often refer specifically to groups of people and animals.

• family - family
• class - class
• crowd - crowd
• set - set

Collective nouns in sentences can be either singular or plural, depending on the context.

Singular indicates that a group of objects or persons acts as one. Plural indicates that members, members of a particular group, meeting act separately from each other.

• Every week this class has a math test.– Every week this class writes a math test (all students in the class together)
• After every test the class start to chat with each other or do their hometasks. After each test, the class starts talking to each other or doing homework. (students of the class act separately)

• The committee adopts this decision with a solid vote.– The Committee unanimously adopts this decision.
• It is hard to adopt any decision because the committee often argues about something.– It is difficult to make any decision, as the members of the committee are constantly arguing about something.

Noun gender

Noun gender indicates whether the noun is masculine or feminine. In English, it is not always possible to determine gender by the end of a word, as in Russian. In addition, only nouns that refer to animate objects of people may differ by gender (male and female). All other nouns are of neutral gender ( it).

He, She

Among animate objects, there are masculine(masculine gender), feminine(feminine gender) and common gender(common gender).

To masculine also include inanimate nouns, which in culture are associated with masculinity, strength, power, influence, etc. Despite the fact that these nouns inanimate and are generally denoted by the pronoun it, in literature and in speech they are often personified and animated, therefore, in a certain context, they can express the masculine gender.

• sun - the sun
• time - time
• death - death
• summer - summer

• The sun was so scorching that it seemed he wanted to burn everything. The sun was so scorching that it seemed like it wanted to burn everything.
• Time is cruel. He never waits.- Time is cruel. It never waits.

On the feminine nouns are sometimes indicated by special suffixes (- ine, -ess), which are added to the root of the word. Part of the word can also be replaced with the corresponding feminine gender.

• actor → actor ess
• hero → hero ine
• land lord → landlady
• man servant → maid servant

To feminine refer to inanimate objects and concepts (denoted by the pronoun it), which are animated by the speaker and are associated in culture with the feminine, beauty, grace, kindness.

• moon - the moon
• earth - earth
• spring - spring
• charity - charity

• When spring comes, she brings new life. When spring comes, it brings new life.
• The Earth is our mother so we must take care of her. The earth is our mother, so we must take care of it.

Sometimes feminine acquire nouns denoting a car, a ship, a boat, or a country. The feminine gender is used to emphasize that the speaker is familiar with the subject.

• This is mine car. She is the best for me.- This is my car. She is the best for me.
• Germany is cool. She cares for her residents.- Germany is great. She (country) cares about its inhabitants.

To common gender include nouns of animated objects, gender neutral, that is, they can be both masculine and feminine, depending on the context. Often these are the names of professions, occupation.

• a baby - baby, baby, child
• a doctor - doctor
• a teacher - teacher, teacher
• friend - friend, girlfriend

• We have a new teacher. Her name is Mariam Johnson. We have a new teacher. Her name is Mariam Johnson. (female teacher)
• Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us. Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us. (male teacher)

It

All inanimate objects, concepts, phenomena, as well as animals and collective nouns refer to neutral neuter(neutral gender). They correspond to the pronoun it.

Nouns pointing at animals, may differ by gender (male and female), if necessary to emphasize the sex of the animal. In this case, pronouns can be used he or she instead of it, or special names for these animals.

• I bought a rat yesterday. I called her Boo.– I bought a rat yesterday. I named her Boo
• My dog is pretty old. He is 15 years old. My dog ​​is quite old. He is 15 years old.

animal(it) cattle - cattle chicken - chickens duck - duck fox - fox goose - goose horse - horse lion - lion pig - pig rabbit - rabbit sheep - sheep tiger - tiger

masculine(he) bull - bull rooster, cock - rooster drake - drake fox - fox gander - gander stallion - stallion lion - lion boar - boar, boar buck - male rabbit ram - ram tiger - tiger

feminine(she) cow - cow hen - chicken duck - duck vixen - fox goose - goose mare - mare lioness - lioness sow - sow doe - rabbit ewe - sheep tigress - tigress

The bitter truth when learning English is that it will be very difficult to immediately form beautiful sentences with introductory words and participial phrases. The fact is that, as in Russian, you first need to gain an active and passive vocabulary. At the initial stage, it is not necessary to memorize some high-flown and pretentious adjectives in order to impress the speakers. Even if you achieve this goal, you will not have a conversation like this, because conversations in everyday life are usually about everyday trifles. That is why let's look at English nouns, touch on their differences, ways of formation and make the top 100 most common English words of this part of speech.

First, let's figure out what English nouns are.

The Noun () or noun in English – an independent part of speech that denotes an object / person / phenomena / abstract concepts and answers the questions what is this? (what is this?) and who is this? (who is it?).

Depending on their structure, meaning and method of formation, nouns can be divided into several groups.

English nouns are formed by:

• To the genus (gender)
• Case
• Number (number)

Noun gender

The gender of nouns in English is masculine, feminine and neuter. There is no grammatical ending for separating genders in English, so they do not change by gender, they do not obey any grammar rule, which greatly facilitates the use of nouns. However, when replacing nouns with pronouns, keep in mind that:

• The pronouns he (he) and she (she) are used when talking about people:

• The pronoun it (it) is used when talking about the middle gender, that is, about inanimate objects and animals.

Nowadays, pet owners often use the pronouns she / he when they know their gender, so this English form of a noun substitution is also possible.

Noun cases

English grammar has two cases in its arsenal:

• The common case is a case that absolutely all nouns have. In this form they are given in dictionaries and textbooks. The noun in this case has no ending.

• - a case that is usually characteristic of animate objects. Such a case shows that some object or sign belongs to this or that person. The form is formed by adding an apostrophe to the noun and ending -s. Let's analyze some features of using this form on tables:
• If the noun is in the singular, an apostrophe and the ending -s are added to it:

• If the singular noun ends in -s, two options can be used:

• If an object or sign refers to several nouns at once, then the apostrophe and ending are used only with the last one:

• If the subject or attribute refers to several nouns separately, then the apostrophe and ending are used with each:

• In the case of inanimate nouns, the possessive case is usually not used, being replaced by the preposition of, but such use is possible:

From the examples above, we can conclude that possessive nouns perform the function of defining another noun. However, nouns in the common case can also be used as definitions. These nouns stand before another noun and are translated into Russian as adjectives or nouns in the indirect case, used in a sentence as a definition:

The definition of a noun can fulfill not one word, but several at once. The word being defined will still be at the end:

If the noun being defined is preceded by a numeral, the noun that is used as a definition is used in the singular, combined with a hyphen:

It is possible to understand that a noun is used in the definition function by the context.

When deciding which of the two cases to choose for the word of the noun being defined, keep in mind that the possessive case is usually used with animate nouns and shows ownership, while the common case is used as a definition, "complementing" the main noun.

Singular and plural noun

Apart from the cases above, nouns change in numbers. They are singular and plural. A singular noun is the dictionary form of a noun with an (in)definite article. There is no singular ending. The plural, according to the rules, is not used with the indefinite article and is formed by adding the ending -s:

But there are a number of nuances related to the peculiarities of nouns that need to be taken into account. To simplify their understanding, nouns can be divided into 2 groups: "correct" and "incorrect". No, no, do not be afraid, you will not have to learn three forms again, as is customary for irregular verbs, but you need to know such nouns.

• Let's start with the features of the plural of regular nouns.
• Nouns ending in -o are added with the ending -es:

unit	plural
torpedo (torpedo)	torpedoes (torpedoes)
mosquito	mosquitoes

However, this rule does not work for all such nouns, so remember the following exceptions, to which only -s is added:

• In nouns that end in -y, this letter is changed to -i, and the ending -es is added to the word. The rule only works if the –y is preceded by a consonant:

• Nouns that end in -ch, -tch, -sh, -s, -ss, -x, -z also end in -es:

• Nouns ending in -f or -fe in the plural change -f to -v by adding -es:

• In compound nouns, the ending is added only to the last word:

• In compound nouns, the ending is added, on the contrary, only to the first word:

• Certain words are only plural. Here are some commonly used words from this group:

The reason for creating all these rules is to simplify the language. Try saying a word that ends in -ss or -x by adding the standard -s ending. It's not easy to pronounce several identical sounds at once, is it? And it will be even harder to understand you. Therefore, do not perceive these rules as an additional burden, because in fact they only help you.

• Now let's focus on irregular nouns. While the correct form of nouns can be explained, irregular nouns cannot be explained. Irregular forms include:
• Exception words that have their own plural form. The table shows the words that are most common in speech:

unit	plural
person (human)	people
man (the male)	men (men)
woman (woman)	women (women)
child (child)	children
teeth	teeth
foot	feet
goose	geese
ox	oxen
mouse	mice

• Words that have the same form in the singular and plural are also called irregular:

Note that such words in English do not differ in either spelling or pronunciation, however, with a translation into Russian, there is a difference between singular and plural.

They must be memorized, since adding an ending to some of these words can lead to a change in meaning:

English nouns: morphological composition

According to the composition, nouns in the English language are divided into 3 types:

1. Simple nouns or simple nouns, the group of which includes monosyllabic words. They are easy to recognize, as they do not look "overloaded", because they do not contain prefixes (prefixes) and suffixes. Consider the table example:

1. Derivative nouns or derived nouns are words that have a prefix and/or a suffix.

There are not many prefixes in English. They, as a rule, are used to turn a word with a positive coloring into a negative one, that is, to make the word its own antonym. The prefix "not" can act as a Russian analogue to such prefixes. Consider the most common of them:

• The dis- prefix can be used with both words beginning with a vowel and words beginning with a consonant. There is no specific rule for using this prefix, so you just need to memorize the words in which it can be used:

• The prefix im- is usually used with adjectives, but there are cases of use with a noun:

• Among the prefixes not related to antonymy, one can note the following: ex- (meaning "former") and pre- (before / before):

• With nouns, you can also find the prefix re- in the meaning of "re":

There are many more suffixes in English. They are actively used to form nouns. Here are some of them:

• Suffixes -er, -or, -eer, -ant, -ent for professions:

• Suffixes -dom, -ty, -sion, -ness, -ship, -hood, -ment, -ism for concepts, processes, feelings, sciences:

1. Compound nouns or compound nouns are nouns with 2 or more roots that are written together or with a hyphen. Such words are obtained when two or more nouns become one:

English nouns: a way of formation

Based on the above cases, it is not difficult to guess that the following are used to form nouns:

• Affixation;
• Suffixes;
• Compounding.

However, there is another way of forming nouns, which is quite common - the formation of verbal nouns. Such nouns are formed from verbs by converting or adding the ending -ing. During conversion, the word does not change its form, but changes the part of speech, turning the verb into a verbal noun. In the second case, a noun becomes a verbal noun when an ending is added to the verb in the infinitive. Let's study the table:

English nouns: classification

English nouns can be classified into proper and common nouns:

1. Similar to the Russian language, Proper Nouns or proper names indicate the singularity of objects and phenomena. Such nouns are capitalized. If such an English noun consists of several words, each is capitalized, with the exception of articles, conjunctions and prepositions. A proper name is used with:

• Names, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, nicknames of animals:

• Nationalities and languages:

If languages ​​are followed by the word "language" itself, they are preceded by the article the: the English language.

• Astronomical names:

• Geographical names, this includes: continents, countries, cities, settlements, oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, deserts, caves, canyons, waterfalls:

Continents	Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia	Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia
Countries	Russia, the USA, Sweden, Scotland, the Netherlands	Russia, USA, Sweden, Scotland, Netherlands
Cities	Moscow, Tallinn, Edinburgh, Milan	Moscow, Tallinn, Edinburgh, Milan
oceans	the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean	Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean
Seas	The Black Sea, the Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea	Black Sea, Dead Sea, Caspian Sea
desert	The Sahara Desert, the Lut Desert	Sahara Desert, Lut Desert
waterfalls	Niagara Falls, Victoria Falls	Niagara Falls, Victoria Falls
Canyons	The Grand Canyon, Antelope Canyon	Grand Canyon, Antelope Canyon

• Names of streets, sights, theaters, galleries, hotels:

• Names of newspapers, magazines, books, films, serials:

• Names of days of the week and months

• Holiday names

1. The remaining nouns are common nouns or common nouns, which include objects, persons, phenomena and concepts:

Common nouns are divided into several more subgroups that help determine the type of noun:

• Concrete nouns or concrete nouns include English words that define a person and an object. Such nouns can be presented both in the singular and in the plural. They can usually be felt by at least one of the 5 senses:

• Abstract nouns or abstract nouns in English are abstract words in English grammar used to express states, feelings, emotions, character, ideas. Such nouns cannot be seen, touched, smelled, or counted:

Although these groups are very different from each other, there is controversy among linguists that some abstract nouns can be concrete at the same time:

• Collective nouns or collective nouns in English are used to express classes of animals/birds/plants/people. They are called collective because, in one word, they characterize the whole group.

• Material nouns or real nouns, the group of which includes substances, substances and materials that cannot be counted:

Based on the above types, common nouns form another classification: countable and uncountable nouns in English.

• Countable nouns are countable, used with indefinite and definite articles in the singular and plural. These include the following examples of concrete and collective nouns:

• Uncountable, respectively, are nouns that cannot be counted. They are used exclusively in the singular, and adverbs are often used to determine their number. The indefinite article cannot be used with such words. Abstract and real nouns are called uncountable.

However, there are certain situations where uncountable nouns become countable. It happens:

• When a different meaning of the word is assumed:

Such countable nouns are formed from real nouns and consist of the materials that these real nouns represent.

• If we add the ending of the 3rd person singular in the present tense to the uncountable, that is - (e) s. The meaning of the word in such cases also sometimes changes:

• To specify abstract nouns:

• To denote real nouns used in the meaning of portion:

1. If we look at the classification in more detail, nouns can also be divided into animate and inanimate.

The animate noun includes such words that answer the question "who?".

Inanimate English nouns are words that answer the question "what?" and no signs of life.

As you can see, the classification of nouns in English is a rather extensive topic. However, due to many similarities with Russian nouns, its development will not take much time. If the types of nouns will not be remembered, it may help to solve a series of exercises on this topic.

English nouns: role in a sentence

A noun in a sentence can play the role of a subject, definition, object, circumstance, and even a predicate. Table with examples for clarity:

My student was confused with the transcription of this word. (My student got confused with the transcription of this word.)	Noun student as subject
Do not forget about the privacy policy. (Don't forget the privacy policy.)	Noun privacy as a definition
He gave me gorgeous flowers. (He gave me beautiful flowers.)	Noun flowers as an object
She's watching a popular show. (She is watching a popular show.)	Noun show as an object
Fred speaks the language well; he even knows more than a hundred idioms. (Fred is fluent in the language; he even knows over a hundred idioms.)	Nouns language and idioms as objects
I am going to Paris. (I'm going to Paris.)	The noun Paris as a circumstance
Marlon Brando was a talented actor. (Marlon Brando was a talented actor.)	The noun actor as a predicate

English Nouns: The 100 Most Common English Nouns

Having studied all the features of nouns, the question may arise: “Where, in fact, to start?”. Such puzzlement is understandable, since there are about two hundred thousand nouns in the English language. In such cases, both in English and in any other language, you can find a frequency dictionary in the form of a list, the words in which are recognized as the most common in the speech of native speakers. However, such dictionaries contain not only nouns, but also verbs, adjectives, and even prepositions. Therefore, so that you do not waste time looking for the most common nouns, we have compiled a list of 100 nouns that you need to know at an elementary level. Table for convenience:

Most used nouns in english
№	Word	Translation into Russian
1.	air	air
2.	area	square
3.	art	art
4.	back	back
5.	body	body
6.	book	book
7.	business	business
8.	car	automobile
9.	case	a business
10.	change	change
11.	child	child
12.	city	city
13.	community	community
14.	company	company
15.	country	country
16.	day	day
17.	door	Door
18.	education	education
19.	end	the end
20.	eye	eye
21.	face	face
22.	fact	fact
23.	family	a family
24.	father	father
25.	force	strength
26.	friend	friend
27.	game	the game
28.	girl	young woman
29.	government	government
30.	group	Group
31.	guy	guy
32.	hand	hand
33.	head	head
34.	health	health
35.	history	story
36.	home	house
37.	hours	hour
38.	house	house
39.	ideas	idea
40.	information	information
41.	issue	problem
42.	job	Work
43.	kid	child
44.	kind	view
45.	law	law
46.	level	level
47.	life	life
48.	line	line
49.	man	the male
50.	member	member
51.	minutes	minute
52.	moment	moment
53.	money	money
54.	month	month
55.	morning	morning
56.	mother	mother
57.	music	music
58.	name	name
59.	night	night
60.	number	room
61.	office	office
62.	parent	parent
63.	part	part
64.	party	a party
65.	people	people
66.	person	human
67.	place	place
68.	point	dot
69.	power	power
70.	president	the president
71.	problem	problem
72.	program	program
73.	product	product
74.	question	question
75.	reason	cause
76.	result	result
77.	river	river
78.	room	room
79.	school	school
80.	service	service
81.	side	side
82.	state	state
83.	story	story
84.	student	student
85.	study	studies
86.	system	system
87.	teacher	teacher
88.	team	team
89.	term	term
90.	thing	thing
91.	time	time
92.	war	war
93.	water	water
94.	way	path
95.	week	a week
96.	woman	woman
97.	word	word
98.	work	Work
99.	world	world
100.	year	year

Of course, keeping within a hundred nouns with such a variety of languages ​​is quite difficult. Someone can argue with the choice of these nouns, proving the bias of the list. However, this choice could not be objective initially, since such a list will be unique for each person. However, it can be guaranteed that these words are very common and ignorance of them will affect the understanding of the language. Therefore, try to learn this list by exercises, associations, compiling your own examples and in other ways familiar to you.

A noun is a part of speech that answers the questions “who?”, “What?”. Nouns denote inanimate objects (a table - a table, the Sun - the sun), living beings (a parrot - a parrot, a mouse - a mouse), various weather phenomena (heat - heat, snow - snow, fog - fog), names of actions ( sleep - sleep, reading - reading), abstract concepts (love - love, hate - hatred, honor - honor, wisdom - wisdom) and so on.

Proper and common nouns

Proper nouns are used to refer to single concepts, objects and certain geographical objects. This category also includes personal names, names of months, days of the week and holidays. If the name consists of two or more words, then they are all capitalized. Exceptions are prepositions and articles. For example:

Common nouns - all other nouns. Common nouns are:

In turn, Common nouns are countable and uncountable.

Countable and uncountable nouns

passers-by - passers-by.

hairdo - hairstyle, haircut - haircut.

Preposition + noun

uptown - uptown

Compound nouns also happen:

• closed: software - software, blackboard - school board
• hyphenated: father-in-law - father-in-law, merry-go-round - carousel, forget-me-not - forget-me-not. Note that hyphenated compound nouns follow a special pluralization algorithm. So, for father-in-law, the plural is fathers-in-law.
• open: new moon - new moon, swimming pool - swimming pool, reading nook - reading nook

Stress in compound nouns

Most often, the stress of Compound nouns falls on the first syllable. They are considered single words with one main stress. For example, in the word football, the stress falls on the first part. It helps to distinguish words by meaning. For example, a greenhouse with an accent on the first syllable is a greenhouse, and a green house with two accents is just a “green house”. In the secondary school course, attention is not paid to the setting of stress, which subsequently significantly complicates communication with native speakers.

Functions of nouns in a sentence

A noun in a sentence can be a subject, a nominal part of a predicate, an object, a definition, a circumstance. Let's take a closer look at each of the functions.

Subject:

The task was not difficult - The task was simple

The nominal part of the predicate:

My mother is a teacher - My mother is a teacher

direct addition:

We have meetings, tutorials, conferences - We have meetings, trainings, conferences

She likes nature, flowers, animals and candies most of all– She likes nature, flowers, animals and sweets most of all.

indirect addition:

My mother-in-law explained the children all the rules of grammar - My mother-in-law explained the children all the rules of grammar

Definition without preposition:

The entrance exams were not difficult for him - The entrance exams were easy for him.

Preposition definition:

My father is a worker at the factory - My father is a worker at the factory

Circumstance:

We decided to go shopping after classes - We decided to go shopping after class.

There's a good library at the university - The university has a good library.

They wanted to be introduced to our headmaster - They wanted to get to know our director.

Summing up, we can say that the study of the noun is not without reason taken out in many textbooks in a separate section of grammar. It can perform a wide variety of functions in a sentence, moreover, the study of articles is inseparable from the study of a noun. This manifests the systemic nature of the language and its structure.

Here you can take a lesson on the topic: Nouns in English. English nouns.

In this lesson, we'll take a closer look at English nouns, their examples and classifications, and also get acquainted with some poems by English writers.

The noun as a part of speech refers to the main members of sentences in English. As in Russian, English nouns are words denoting objects, people, animals, and other animate or inanimate things. Noun examples:

a book - a book

a flower - a flower

a student

I. All nouns in English are divided into two groups: proper names(Proper Nouns) and common nouns(Common nouns).

1. Proper names are always capitalized and can denote names of people, names of countries and cities, etc. For example:

Jane is from London (Jane from London).

Mr.Jones goes to China every year. (Mr. John goes to China every year).

2. And all other nouns are common nouns, and are divided into countable (Countable Nouns) and uncountable nouns(Uncountable nouns).

A. Countable nouns are easy to count. For example:

one apple - two apples - three apples (one apple - two apples - three apples)

b. And uncountable nouns cannot be counted. For example:

sand - sand, sugar - sugar, rice - rice, water - water, etc.

c. Uncountable nouns also include abstract nouns, all that cannot be seen, heard, felt, tasted, or touched. For example:

effort - efforts, time - time, progress - progress, love - love, weather - weather, etc.

II. In English, as in Russian, nouns have singular and plural. There are a number of rules for correct plural formation.

1. Usually, the ending -s is simply added to the word. For example:

one hand - two hands (one hand - two hands)

one idea - three ideas (one idea - three ideas)

And now consider the use of the plural in a small quatrain:

Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens (Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens)
Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens (Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens)
Brown paper packages tied up with strings (Parcels in brown paper tied with ropes)
These are a few of my favorite Nouns. (These are just a few of my favorite nouns.)

The lines are taken from Oscar Hammerstein's poem, which later became the musical My favorite things (My favorite things).

2..If nouns end in letters -s, -x, -o or a combination of letters -ch, -sh, then the plural is formed using the ending -es. For example:

one kiss - three kisses (one kiss - three kisses)

one fox - ten foxes (one fox - 10 foxes)

one potato - two potatoes (one potato - 2 potatoes)

one watch - six watches (one watch - six watches)

one bush - four bushes (one bush - four bushes)

But: photo - photos (photos), piano - pianos (piano)

3. Words ending in the letter -y, with rare exceptions, take the ending -ies. For example:

baby - babies (babies), lady - ladies (ladies), army - armies (armies), family - families (families), etc.

But: boy-boys (boys), play-plays (plays), day-days (days).

4. Nouns ending in -f/fe in the plural acquire the ending -ves. For example:

leaf - leaves (leaves), wife - wives (wives), wolf - wolves (wolves), etc.

5. There are some exceptionswhen no endings need to be added, but other changes occur in words, sometimes even related to pronunciation. For example:

a ma n - two me n (one man - two men)

a woma n - two wome n / "wimin / (one woman - two women)

one child - many children (one child - many children)

one person - ten people (one person - ten people)

one too th - three tee th (one tooth - three teeth)

one foo t - two fee t (one foot - two feet)

one goo se - five gee se (one goose - five geese)

one mouse - nine mice (one mouse - nine mice)

III. The concept of gender in English nouns is practically absent.

1. All animate words are either masculine or feminine in accordance with their meaning, and can be replaced by pronouns he - he or she - she. For example:

a mother - she - mother

a father - he - dad

a policeman - he - a policeman

a policewoman - she - policewoman

a waiter - he - waiter

a waitress - she - waitress

girlfriend - she - girl friend

boyfriend - he - guy friend

2. And all animals and inanimate objects are neuter and can be replaced by a pronoun it - he/she/it, inanimate. For example:

a table - it - table

a cat -it - cat / cat

IV. Unlike Russian, in English nouns are usually used with articles or with other determiners.

1. With countable nouns in the singular, you can safely use the indefinite article A (if the word begins with a consonant) or An (if the word begins with a vowel). For example:

a chair - a chair

a book - a book

an apple - apple

2. With countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns, you cannot use the articles a / an, but you can use the indefinite pronoun Some (several, some), definite article The or zero article (no article at all). For example:

some apples - a few apples, some salt - a little salt, (the) trees - (those) trees

3. All uncountable nouns are singular and are used with verbs as words in the singular. For example:

Time is priceless - Time is priceless.

Practice makes perfect - Practice makes perfect.

A better look at the use of nouns in different situations can be seen in Edmund Vance Cooke's poem Kisses (Kisses):

Kisses kept are wasted; (Not wasted kisses)
Love is to be tasted. (Love has to be tasted)
There are some (people) you love, I know; (There are some people you love, I know)
Be not loathe to tell them so. (Don't be afraid to tell them so)
Lips go dry and eyes grow wet (Lips will become dry and eyes will become wet)
Waiting to be warmly met. ((Waiting for heat)
Keep them not waiting yet; (Don't make them wait any longer)
Kisses kept are wasted. (Not wasted kisses.)

V. Another classification of English nouns divides words into simple (Simple Nouns), derivatives (Derived Nouns) and compound (Compound Nouns).

Simple nouns do not have additional prefixes or suffixes, while derivatives do. There are also compound or compound nouns that consist of two or more words. For example:

a city (simple noun)

an examination - exam (derived noun)

a freedom - freedom (derived noun)

a classroom - class at school (compound noun)

a taxi-driver - taxi driver (compound noun)

a mother-in-law - mother-in-law / mother-in-law (compound noun)

VI. Nouns in English have only two cases: common(Nominative Case) and possessive (Possessive Case), answering the question whose?

The possessive case of nouns is formed using the ending "s". For example:

my sister's dress - my sister's dress

Jane's dog - Jane's dog

Now you are familiar with the basic rules for using nouns in English and have replenished your vocabulary a little. To better understand how to use these words, it is worth taking a closer look at some of the other components of English sentences.

Number of nouns

Nouns have two numbers - the only and.

Cases of nouns

Nouns have two cases - general and possessive.

In English there is general and possessive cases. Nouns in the common case have no special endings. Nouns in the possessive case denote the belonging of an object or its relation to another object and are formed by adding the ending to them -"s.

• Monica's letter — Monica's letter
• His friend's wife - My friend's wife
• The program's success- Program Success

gender of nouns

The gender of nouns in English is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning.

Way of word formation

According to the method of word formation, nouns in English are divided into simple and derivatives. Simple nouns have neither prefixes nor suffixes. Derived nouns have either prefixes or suffixes or both. Also found composite nouns that are formed from two words that make up one concept.

The use of nouns in a sentence

In most cases, nouns in English are accompanied by determiners. The most common determiners are the indefinite and definite articles.

• The director has just come - The director has just come.

There are also other determinants in English:

Possessive pronouns:

• my - my
• his - his
• her - her
• its - him, her
• our - our
• your - your
• their - their

Possessive pronouns are sometimes translated into Russian by pronouns own, own:

• I gave him my dictonary - I gave him my dictionary.

Nouns can be used in a sentence in a function:

subject:

• The train leaves at six o'clock. The train leaves at six o'clock.

nominal part of the compound predicate:

additions:

definitions:

circumstances:

Noun classification

Nouns(Noun) - a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who is this? what is this? (who is this? what is this?).

Nouns in a sentence can be used in a function:

• Subject
• Nominal part of compound predicate
• Add-ons
• Definitions
• Circumstances

By way of word formation

Case of nouns

gender of nouns

It is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning. Nouns denoting animated objects are masculine or feminine, depending on the gender they denote. Nouns denoting inanimate objects are neuter.