As a fire extinguishing agent in gas installations, liquefied or compressed gas is used, which is stored in special isothermal tanks or pressurized cylinders. The physical principle of extinguishing in such installations is based on the displacement of oxygen by a heavier gas that does not support combustion. In this case, extinguishing occurs either locally in volume or throughout the entire volume of the room. As a rule, this extinguishing method is used to protect premises of certain categories that have a sufficient degree of tightness and, most importantly, with a limited stay of people. The operation of the gas installation in automatic mode should exclude the possibility of releasing a fire extinguishing agent in the presence of people in the room, while the operation of the installation itself in alarm mode should be accompanied by sound and light alarms forcing people to leave the premises.

In view of these requirements, the installation, as a complex technical set of tools, must ensure the following main functions:

• Control of automatic fire detectors;
• Launch control of fire fighting modules;
• Management of sound and light annunciators;
• Control of serviceability of gas modules;
• Control of the closure of doorways;
• Implementation of modes of automatic remote and local start of the installation;
• Blocking of automatic or remote start in the presence of people.

In the case of modular installations, control devices and gas cylinders can be located in the room itself, while the capacity of the cylinder is determined based on the volume of the room and the degree of leakage. That is, if any leaks of a fire extinguishing agent are possible from a room that is equipped with a fire extinguishing installation, they must be foreseen when choosing the capacity of the cylinder. The capacity of the cylinder should compensate for these leaks. If the installation protects several rooms, as a rule, a centralized gas station is made. Typically, such a station occupies a separate room, into which all pipelines from the protected premises are reduced, and in which a battery of gas cylinders or one single container with compressed or liquefied gas is installed. In this case, the amount of fire extinguishing gas is normalized either by the number of cylinders (in the case of a gas battery), or by the time of supply of fire extinguishing gas (in the case of a common tank), which should ensure fire extinguishing in a certain room. The disadvantages of gas extinguishing are the high cost of fire extinguishing gas and the danger to human health, but its main advantage is the complete absence of material damage to objects and equipment located in the room. To eliminate the consequences of extinguishing, it is enough to ventilate the room, for example, using special installations.

An example of the implementation of a small distributed gas fire extinguishing installation based on a block-modular control panel is shown in fig.

Several isolated rooms have suspended ceilings and raised floors that form hidden volumes, which are equipped with independent alarm loops. The functions of control of fire detectors, control of annunciators, control of the serviceability of the gas cylinder and the functions of extinguishing control of one direction are performed by the blocks "S2000-ASPT". Door status sensors allow you to block the start when entering / exiting the premises; the reader is designed to remotely turn on or turn off the automatic mode, and the manual start button allows you to remotely activate the unit's start mode.

ATTENTION! Together with the "S2000-ASPT" unit, it is recommended to use the following fire detectors manufactured by CJSC NVP "Bolid":

• optoelectronic threshold fire smoke detector IP 212-31 "DIP-31" (does not require installation of additional resistors for loop type 1),
• fire detector combined gas threshold and thermal maximum-differential SONET,
• electrocontact remote starter UDP 513-3M, UDP 513-3M version 02.

The use of these detectors ensures their full electrical and information compatibility with the units in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 53325-2012.

The S2000M console, as well as the S2000-PT fire extinguishing indication and control units, are installed at the central security post. One "S2000-PT" displays the status and allows you to centrally control 4 extinguishing directions. Within the framework of one system, several S2000-PT units related to the same extinguishing areas can be used. Their number is limited only by the total number of devices controlled by one S2000M remote control.

Fire extinguishing devices responsible for the protection of each direction are combined with the RS-485 interface with devices located at the guard post (remote control, display unit).

Each direction of fire extinguishing in the database of the S2000M console is assigned one section, the current information about each section is broadcast by the console to the S2000-PT unit and displayed on the unit indicators. If necessary, by pressing the "Extinguishing" and "Automatic" buttons of the unit, you can run commands to turn on / off the automatic start mode or start / reset fire extinguishing in each of the directions. It should be borne in mind that all commands for remote control of fire extinguishing equipment are formed only by the S2000M remote control, and the S2000-PT unit is just a tool that allows them to be initiated.

Also, at the guard post, you can implement a generalized fire notification and an alarm about the automatic start state mode. To do this, each section (direction of fire extinguishing) can be assigned to control one (or several) outputs of the S2000-KPB unit, in accordance with the available control tactics. It should be noted that such a construction of the system involves two levels of control. The first level - control of automatic fire extinguishing installations at the place of ignition is provided by the S2000-ASPT unit, the second level - remote control and management of each direction is provided by the S2000M remote control. With this system configuration, even if the interface line fails during a fire, the entire set of necessary fire extinguishing measures will be performed automatically, without the participation of the network controller.

An example of building a more complex fire extinguishing system, with the main and backup gas batteries, is shown in fig.

The layout of the pipeline supplying the fire extinguishing agent from the gas battery in the fire extinguishing directions assumes the presence of shut-off valves on the outlet in each direction. The pressure signaling device (SDU), also known as the fire extinguishing agent outlet sensor, is installed in front of or directly in the protected room. The system is built similarly to the previous one, however, in this case, the fire automation control functions are divided between the S2000-ASPT, S2000-KPB units and the S2000M console. The system works as follows: when conditions arise that allow the inclusion of a gas fire extinguishing installation, the S2000-ASPT unit generates a start message. The S2000M console, having received a message about launching in a certain direction, turns on the outputs of the first S2000-KPB block, which open a given number of cylinders in the installation, and the output of the second S2000-KPB block, which controls the shut-off valve of the corresponding direction. The extinguishing gas enters the necessary pipeline and exits into the burning room. As soon as the gas pressure at the inlet of the pipeline into the room reaches the set value, the pressure alarm will work, the S2000-ASPT unit will send a message to the S2000M console about the successful launch in this direction, and the corresponding status will be displayed on the S2000-PT unit. If the "S2000-ASPT" unit did not detect the operation of the pressure alarm within a specified time after the shut-off valve was opened, the "S2000M" console will receive the message "Unsuccessful start" in this direction. Having received such a message, the control panel will turn on the outputs of the first S2000-KPB block, which are responsible for opening the reserve gas battery cylinders. Thus, the function of controlling a redundant central gas fire extinguishing installation will be implemented. The block "S2000-KPB" has the ability to control the mass and pressure plumes of the fire extinguishing agent (start-up control). It is worth paying attention to the fact that usually the main and backup gas batteries used in the system are of the same type. Therefore, either the mass of the extinguishing agent or the pressure is controlled.

A widespread category of installations are powder extinguishing installations. The powder used in them is non-toxic and cannot cause direct harm to human health. The physical principle of extinguishing consists in the formation of a powder cloud that covers a certain area of ​​the protected premises. In this case, the powder particles cool the surface, and the gaseous products of its thermal decomposition dilute the combustible medium, preventing the development of a fire. In addition, the formation of a powder cloud in narrow passages or channels has a certain fire-retarding effect. In centralized (or aggregate) installations, the powder is stored in a common container, and the amount of powder fed to the common collector is determined by the area of ​​​​the room. In local (or modular) installations, the fire extinguishing powder is stored in special modules that include a launcher (usually an electric squib) and a compressed gas cylinder, which, if activated, sprays the powder, forming a cloud. The number of powder modules and their type is determined by the area and characteristics of the protected premises, as well as the method of their attachment.

The advantages of powder plants over gas plants are lower cost, shorter recovery time and relative safety for people. The disadvantage is the rather high laboriousness of cleaning the powder after the installation is triggered.

The implementation of a powder fire extinguishing installation based on a block-modular PPKUP is shown in fig.

It is in many ways similar to the gas extinguishing option. "S2000-ASPT" are used as reception and control and control units. Their internal RS-485 interfaces are connected to S2000-KPB starting circuit expansion units, which monitor the starting circuits in standby mode and activate the modules in the event of a fire. The S2000M console, as well as the S2000-PT fire extinguishing indication and control units, are installed at the central security post. If necessary, at the security post, it is possible to implement a generalized fire notification and signaling about the automatic start state mode using the S2000-KPB unit.

With this system configuration, even if the interface line fails during a fire, the entire set of necessary fire extinguishing measures will be performed automatically, without the participation of the network controller.

The installation diagram of a water-filled internal fire-fighting water supply is shown in fig.

In this installation, the Potok-3N fire control unit controls the main and standby pumps with 3-phase asynchronous motors through control and start-up cabinets of the ShKP. The control and position control of the reversible electric valve with a 3-phase asynchronous motor is carried out using the “SHOES” cabinet connected to the RS-485 interface. The main or backup pump provides the required pressure in the system for supplying water to fire hydrants, an electric valve on the bypass line of the water meter at the inlet of the water supply system serves to pass the fire-fighting water flow bypassing the water meter. Devices "UDP 513-3M" are installed in cabinets near fire hydrants and are designed for remote start-up of a fire pumping unit. The electrocontact pressure gauge PIS 01 is used to control the design pressure of the system at the time of start-up, and, if there is sufficient pressure, it generates a “PT start blocking” signal that prevents the main pump from starting. When the pressure drops below the calculated value, the blocking signal is not generated and the pump starts. Flow switch FS 01 (output of the main pump to the mode) provides a signal about the output of the pumps to the mode with the estimated water flow required for the operation of fire hydrants. This signal is used to report a malfunction of the installation in case of failure of the pumps to the mode.

The Potok-BKI indication and control unit, located in the duty personnel room, supports the required manual and remote start-up of the unit, indication of the status of the pumps and the current mode of the unit (manual or automatic control for each pump), the position of the electric valve, the inclusion of sound signals in case of a malfunction or fire. The "Potok-BKI" block located in the pump room, in addition to similar indication, is designed to carry out a local start of extinguishing or reset the start.

The S2000M remote control is necessary for interaction between the Potok-3N, Potok-BKI units, the SHOES damper control cabinet and registration of ongoing events with saving in an electronic log. Control of non-reversible electric valves can be carried out using cabinets of the ShKP type, connected directly to Potok-3N. Redundant power supply "RIP-24 isp. 51" provides power supply to the devices "S2000M" and "Potok-BKI" with a voltage of 24 V DC.

The figure shows a water-filled automatic fire extinguishing installation with three sprinkler sections.

The sprinkler fire extinguishing system is automatically activated upon thermal destruction of the sprinkler bulb and subsequent pressure drop in the pipeline. The design pressure is maintained by a booster pump (jockey pump with hydraulic tank). Similarly with the diagram in Fig. 20, the control of the main, backup and jockey pumps is carried out using the Potok-3N unit through control and start-up cabinets. The liquid flow indicator (flow switch) FIS 01 provides a signal that the main pump has entered the mode. The jockey pump control signals are generated by three electrocontact pressure gauges: PIS 01 (generates a start signal when the pressure level drops), PIS 02 (used to automatically stop the jockey pump when the pressure level in the system is restored), PIS 03 (for a signal about an emergency pressure drop in system). In accordance with SP5.13130, to ensure reliable formation of the "Fire" signal in case of pressure drop in the system, 2 electrocontact pressure gauges PIS 04, PIS 04 are used, operating according to the "OR" logic circuit. Control units, in addition to technological tasks (filling supply and distribution pipelines with water, draining water from supply and distribution pipelines, compensating for leaks from the hydraulic system, etc.), in turn generate a “Fire” signal, allowing you to determine the number of the triggered sprinkler section. The display blocks display the installation modes and the status of the main units, the other components of the installation perform their purpose similarly to the diagram in fig. above. In installations with more than 3 sprinkler sections, to control control units in order to determine the number of the triggered section, the S2000-4 receiving and control unit can be used (at the rate of one S2000-4 for 4 sections), with connection to a common RS-485 interface.

On fig. a structural and functional diagram of a water-filled automatic fire extinguishing installation with three sprinkler and two deluge fire extinguishing sections is given. The difference between the automation of this installation and that considered in Fig. 20 is the use of the S2000-4 block to control the control devices of two deluge sections and generate signals for their local activation. In installations with a large number of sprinkler or deluge sections, additional S2000-4 blocks can be used (based on one S2000-4 for 2 deluge sections or 4 sprinkler sections).

In some cases, it is advisable to start automatic gas and powder fire extinguishing installations on a signal from a fire alarm system. Most often, this need is due to the possibility of using analog addressable detectors in fire alarm systems, which provide a qualitatively higher level of reliability of fire detection and protection against false alarms. Also, an automatic fire alarm system may already be installed at the facility, i.e. it makes no sense to install additional detectors that will be controlled by the fire extinguishing installation. In such cases, the BPC, to which SPS detectors, extinguishing control units, indication units and, if necessary, auxiliary devices are connected, are connected by an RS-485 interface under the control of the S2000M remote control. Sections are formed in the S2000M console, where APS detectors are added, and special control scenarios are created. Each direction of extinguishing is associated with the triggering of the corresponding section. An example of such a scheme is shown in Fig.

Fire dampers occupy one of the most important places in the fire protection of buildings. The main requirements for fire dampers are the timely removal of combustion products from escape routes and blocking the spread of fire through air ducts between rooms.

According to their functional purpose, fire dampers are divided into fire-retarding and smoke dampers. The former are installed in general ventilation ducts, the latter are used in smoke ventilation. The valve body is installed directly in the opening and attached to the enclosing building structures. The damper blade is a movable element located in the body and blocking its flow area. The valve actuator is a mechanism for moving the damper. Valves have two states depending on the position of the damper - initial and working. For smoke dampers, the initial state is closed, and for fire dampers, it is open. The control of fire dampers is reduced to the control of actuators and is carried out by switching 220 V AC voltage or 24 V DC / AC voltage at the corresponding terminals of the actuator. The fire damper control algorithm is determined by the design task and, as a rule, takes into account the following chronological sequence: when a fire is detected, general ventilation is turned off, fire dampers are closed, smoke dampers are opened and the exhaust fans are started, and then after 20-30 seconds - the supply smoke ventilation.

Automatic control of fire dampers is implemented in ISO "Orion" using the block "S2000-SP4". The unit is able to control an electromechanical (including reversible) or electromagnetic drive by means of relay switching of voltage to the drive terminals, to provide control of the drive control lines and the position of the damper damper.

To control the valve "S2000-SP4" has two outputs, through which the actuator is switched AC voltage 220 V or AC/DC 24V, depending on the version of the unit. The device provides a separate power supply for the power part of the circuit, which allows you to power the device and control the drive from one source. In addition, in S2000-SP4, the output power circuits are galvanically isolated from the two-wire communication line with the S2000-KDL controller. This provides an additional degree of noise immunity and protection of the low current communication line. Monitored outputs are capable of detecting a drive failure, such as an open circuit in an electromagnet or motor. The presence of two outputs allows using one "S2000-SP4" to control an electromechanical reversing drive using an electric motor with two windings. To control the position of the damper in the "S2000-SP4" there are two controlled inputs for connecting the actuator limit switches. To provide manual control of the actuator and test check of the valve in the block, it is possible to connect an external control button. The device has LEDs signaling the status of the connection between the device and the S2000-KDL controller, the serviceability of the valve drive and the damper position. Valve status messages are also displayed on the LCD indicator of the S2000M console and, if necessary, can be displayed on the S2000-BI, S2000-BKI display units or on interactive floor plans in the Orion Pro workstation. Fire damper control commands "S2000-SP4" are received from the "S2000-KDL" controller, to which it is connected via a two-wire address line. In turn, S2000-SP4 transmits messages about the status of the connected fire damper circuits to S2000-KDL, and then they go to the S2000M console. Control of the smoke protection system is provided from the fire alarm system (in automatic mode), from the S2000M remote control or the S2000-BKI block in the fire station (remotely), from the manual start buttons installed at the emergency exits from the floors of the UDP 513-3AM version 02" in accordance with SP 7.13130.2013.

The fans of remote control, supply air and outdoor air are controlled by ShKP cabinets (cabinets with a capacity of 4, 10, 18, 30, 45, 75, 110, 250 kW are supplied), which in turn are controlled by S2000-4 units.

The block diagram of valve control when using "S2000-SP4" with 24 V power supply is shown in fig.

In accordance with the requirements of the Federal Law of July 22, 2008, automatic fire extinguishing installations must be equipped with uninterruptible power supplies. Another regulatory document that defines the power supply parameters for fire extinguishing automation is. It states:

according to the degree of ensuring the reliability of power supply, electrical receivers of automatic fire extinguishing installations and fire alarm systems should be classified as category I in accordance with the Rules for the Installation of Electrical Installations, with the exception of compressor electric motors, drainage pumps and pumping foam concentrate, belonging to category III power supply;

if there is one power source (at facilities of category III of power supply reliability), it is allowed to use batteries or uninterruptible power supplies as a backup power source, which should provide power to the indicated power receivers in standby mode for 24 hours plus 1 hour of operation of the fire automatics system in alarm mode . At the same time, it is allowed to limit the operating time of the backup source in the alarm mode to 1.3 times the time the tasks are performed by the fire automatics system;

when using the battery as a power source, the battery recharging mode must be provided.

Thus, uninterruptible power supply of fire extinguishing control devices "S2000-ASPT" and "Potok-3N" can be carried out from AVR devices of fire automatics cabinets for buildings designed according to the 1st category of power supply. In the absence of an ATS, it can use a backup power supply from built-in batteries.

To organize uninterruptible power supply of pumps for water fire extinguishing systems and smoke protection fans controlled by ShKP of various ratings, it is recommended to use special reserve input cabinets ShVR-30, ShVR-110, ShVR-250. They are designed to provide automatic power switching from the main input of the three-phase power supply to the backup one and vice versa, in accordance with the requirements of clause 7.2.8

"SHVR" visually display and transmit to the BOD the status of the main and backup power inputs.

Fire extinguishing installations as one of the technical means of the fire protection system are used where a fire can develop intensively already at an early stage.
Automatic fire extinguishing installations (AFS) are fire extinguishing installations that can independently operate when the controlled factor (or factors) of the fire - temperature, smoke, etc. - exceeds the established threshold values ​​for the protected area.
Figure 1 shows a generalized classification of AUP.

The fire extinguishing system should perform only two functions:

♠ ensuring the safety of people's life and health;
♠ ensuring the safety of material assets.

However, existing types of fire extinguishing systems perform these functions with varying efficiency:

Fire extinguishing methods can be classified according to the type of fire extinguishing substances (compositions) used, the method of their application (supply), purpose, etc. All methods are divided into surface extinguishing (supplying fire extinguishing substances directly to the combustion source) and volumetric extinguishing (creation of an environment in the fire zone , which does not sustain combustion). For surface extinguishing, compositions are used that can be supplied to the fire at a distance (liquid, foam, powders), for volumetric extinguishing - substances that can be distributed in the atmosphere of the protected volume and create the concentration necessary for this. These are gas and powder compositions.

According to the method of actuation, fire extinguishing installations are divided into manual (with manual actuation) and automatic, and according to the type of extinguishing agent - into water, foam, gas, aerosol, powder, steam and combined. Modular fire extinguishing installations consist of one or more modules capable of independently performing the fire extinguishing function, which are located in or near the protected room and are united by a single fire detection and start-up system.

Fire extinguishing systems, as a rule, are designed and manufactured individually for each specific object.

Foam fire extinguishing installations

Powder fire extinguishing installations use a special powder as a fire extinguishing composition. Installations work both on command of the fire alarm system, and offline. In the first case, the time for supplying a fire extinguishing agent to the entire protected area does not exceed 30-35 seconds after the danger is detected. Autonomous installations most often throw out a one-time charge of powder and extinguish a fire at the initial stage in a local area; to operate, they need to “wait” for an increase in ambient temperature.

Modern powders can be stored and used at temperatures down to -50 degrees C, they are non-toxic, slightly aggressive, fairly cheap and easy to handle. The only drawback of powders is caking and therefore a limited shelf life. In addition, when powder is supplied to the fire zone, a complete loss of visibility is not ruled out, so people from the premises must be evacuated in advance.

Foam fire extinguishing installations are most widely used in the energy sector and industries such as oil, chemical, petrochemical, oil refining and metallurgical industries. Foam fire extinguishing installations differ from water fire extinguishing installations by the presence of devices for producing foam (sprinklers, foam generators), as well as the presence of a foam concentrate and its dosing system in the installation. The remaining elements and assemblies are similar in design to water fire extinguishing installations.
The choice of a dosing device in foam fire extinguishing installations is carried out depending on the specific features of the protected object, the water supply system and the type of installation (sprinkler or deluge). At present, foam concentrate dosing systems are designed according to two main schemes: with a pre-prepared foam concentrate solution and with foam concentrate dosing into the water flow using a dosing pump with a dosing washer or using an ejector-mixer. The principle of operation of the foam AUP with a pre-prepared foam concentrate solution is as follows. An electrical impulse from the control panel is applied to turn on the motor of the solution supply pump and the control unit. The pump takes the solution from the tank (the pump valve is normally open), delivers it to the pressure line and then to the distribution network. For periodic mixing of the solution is a line with a normally closed valve. Foam AFS with a pre-prepared foam concentrate solution and pipelines filled with it are less inertial, but at the same time they have a number of significant drawbacks:

The shelf life of the foaming agent solution is much less than the storage period of the concentrated foaming agent;
the construction of a storage tank for the foaming agent is unprofitable if there is a fire water supply system that can provide the water flow required for fire fighting;
when using large-capacity tanks, the disposal of the foam concentrate solution is much more complicated;
the foaming agent should not come into contact with concrete, which requires coating the inner surface of reinforced concrete tanks with epoxy mastics. This leads to an increase in the cost of installation and the complexity of construction and installation work.

For these reasons, in installations requiring small volumes of foam concentrate solution, it is rational to have a container with a prepared solution. In installations that require high consumption of fire extinguishing agent, it is more advisable to store concentrated foam and water separately and use dosing devices to mix them.
In our country, sprinklers and control units for water and foam AUPs are produced by CJSC PO Spetsavtomatika (Biysk, Altai Territory) and Lakita (Moscow). Sprinklers and control units of foreign companies VIKING and Grinnell are widely represented on the Russian market.

• :
  Volumetric, surface and local methods of fire extinguishing.
• :
  They are used mainly in the petrochemical industry to extinguish fires of flammable and combustible liquids, in tanks of combustible substances and oil products located both inside and outside buildings, as well as aircraft hangars, warehouses of solvents, alcohols, free-standing transformer apparatus, ship holds, etc. General Information: SNiP 2.04.09-84.
• :
  It is not advisable to use for extinguishing substances that emit harmful substances upon contact with foam.

Water fire extinguishing installations

Water fire extinguishing installations are used to protect a wide variety of civil, industrial, technical and other objects from fire. According to the design, water fire extinguishing installations are divided into sprinkler (SUVP), designed for local fire extinguishing, and deluge (DUVP) - for extinguishing throughout the entire territory or part of it. They got their name from the English words sprincle (sprinkle, drizzle) and drench (wet, irrigate). Structurally, DUVP differs from SUVP in the type of sprinkler, the type of valve installed in the control unit, and the presence of an independent incentive system for remote and local activation. Sprinklers (sprinkler and deluge) are designed to spray water, distribute it over the protected area and create water curtains. Traditional water fire extinguishing installations have one drawback - a large flow of water, which provides insufficient extinguishing and, acting on materials, valuables or equipment, causes significant damage to them.

Sprinkler installations turn on when the temperature rises, while a jet of sprayed water is supplied in the immediate vicinity of the fire. The control units of these installations are of the “dry” type - for unheated objects, and the “wet” type - for rooms in which the temperature does not fall below 0 degrees C during the year.

Sprinkler installations, due to their specifics - low sensitivity and independence (full or partial) from fire alarms - are more effective for protecting premises where a fire is likely to develop quickly, with intense heat release (wooden room, etc.). Externally, sprinklers are very diverse, which
allows you to use them in various interiors.
Drencher systems "work" on command from the detector, which allows you to eliminate the fire at an earlier stage of development and quickly.

• Possible fire extinguishing methods:
  Surface (volumetric - only for fire extinguishing installations with water mist).
• The use of the installation is justified:
  For extinguishing fires of classes A and B. Protection of warehouses, department stores, premises for the production of combustible natural and synthetic resins, plastics, rubber technical products, cable channels, hotels, etc. General information: SNiP 2.04.09-84.
• Using the installation is inefficient:
  

Water mist fire extinguishing systems

Various methods of fire extinguishing allow the most efficient use of one of them in specific conditions. When choosing a method, in our opinion, it is necessary to be guided by the following requirements:

1. High fire extinguishing efficiency for specific materials and premises.
2. Minimal impact on materials and the possibility of completely eliminating this impact later.
3. Ecological cleanliness and the possibility of the presence of people during fire fighting.
4 Cheapness of fire extinguishing agent.
5. Convenience and ease of maintenance of the system with its compactness.
6. Lack of strict requirements for the degree of tightness of the protected premises.
7. Optimality of the system for its design and installation.

None of the traditional methods meets most of the basic requirements for fire extinguishing systems listed above.
That is why all over the world in recent years, new fire extinguishing technologies using water mist (TRW) have been intensively developed (in English terminology).
HiFog). It contains a different principle of extinguishing with water: not creating a layer of water on the material, but introducing small drops directly into the flame and onto the surface, followed by complete
evaporation of them and thus uniform cooling of the surface.

The advantages of TEV become apparent with a droplet diameter of less than 300 microns, when, in addition to removing heat from the flame and the surface of the burning material, during the evaporation of small droplets
a large amount of steam is released, which reduces the volume concentration of oxygen O; and thereby further suppresses combustion. Small droplets strongly shield the thermal
fire radiation and do not allow the development of new foci. This allows you to localize the source, which is not achieved by any other method of fire extinguishing. It is also necessary to note the following important advantages of expansion valve over traditional water systems:

1) the ability to effectively extinguish flammable liquids, which is impossible for traditional water systems due to the spraying of flammable liquids during their use and thereby increasing the fire area;

2) the possibility of extinguishing electrical installations under voltage of 36,000 V from a distance of 1 m.

An additional environmental benefit of TRV, which is not characteristic of other fire extinguishing agents, lies in the ability of a cloud of sprayed water to absorb (adsorb)
soot, carbon monoxide (CO) and other harmful gases and small particles. Therefore, people can stay indoors during the entire time of extinguishing the expansion valve and carry out rescue and evacuation of valuable items.

Automatic water fire extinguishing installations have one significant drawback - the inefficient use of a jet of water directed to the combustion source.
Much more water is spent than is required directly for extinguishing, since part of the jet flows from burning objects, resulting in spillage of water, damage to property and other unpleasant consequences. One of the simple and reliable ways to eliminate this drawback, as well as to increase the fire-extinguishing ability of water, is the use of water mist (TRW) for fire extinguishing. TRV fire extinguishing installations are used, both modular and centralized.
The scope of fire extinguishing installations of modular expansion valve is limited to small rooms due to their high cost. The most promising is the use of centralized fire-extinguishing installations TRV.

They are distinguished by high efficiency of extinguishing and localizing a fire, which is confirmed by fire tests on model fires, operating time - 30 minutes, low consumption
water, absolute safety for people and vehicles when extinguishing or false alarms, competitive cost. The smallest particles of water have a high penetrating and smoke-setting ability, which enhances the fire extinguishing effect. Finely atomized water is obtained due to a significant increase in pressure on the sprayers, overheating of water and other means.

Finely atomized water is water obtained as a result of crushing a water jet into drops, with an arithmetic mean diameter of up to 150 microns. Automatic water mist fire extinguishing installations can be both stationary and modular. They are mainly used for surface and local (on the surface) extinguishing of fires of classes A and B.

In the last decade, the use of water mist fire extinguishing installations has begun, the diameter of most drops of which is at least 100 microns. They are most effective for extinguishing fires of water-insoluble oil products with a boiling point below 100 °C. The installations are used for fire extinguishing in rooms over the entire estimated area, if their leakage does not exceed 3%. In some cases, with the help of water mist (droplet diameter from 50 to 70 microns), it is possible to carry out fire extinguishing by a volumetric method. OOO "GorPozhBezopasnost" has developed and commercially produces special sprinklers for mist water "Aquamaster". A number of sprinkler and deluge finely dispersed sprinklers designed to extinguish fires of classes A and B in closed and semi-closed volumes have been created at the Research Institute for Low Temperatures at the Moscow Aviation Institute. In Russia, a number of organizations (NPK "Plamya" (Reutov, Moscow region), NPF "Safety" (St. Petersburg), NIINT (Moscow), the Federal Center for Dual Technologies "Soyuz" (Dzerzhinsky, Moscow Region .) CJSC MEZ "Spetsavtomatika" (Moscow) and others) developed advanced technologies for obtaining atomized water for fire extinguishing purposes. In the West, Marioff Corporation Oy (Finland) (HI-FOG type systems) and Securi-Plex (Great Britain) have achieved the greatest success in creating similar AFSs, the installations of which have been successfully tested at the FMRS center (USA). A comparative analysis of foreign and domestic developments shows that some domestic AUPs are much more effective than foreign ones. Their calculation and design is based on the regulatory and technical documentation of manufacturers.

• Possible fire extinguishing methods:
  Surface and bulk.
• The use of the installation is justified:
  For extinguishing fires of classes A and B. Protection of warehouses, department stores, premises for the production of combustible natural and synthetic resins, plastics, rubber technical products, cable channels, hotels, etc. Water mist can be used to extinguish fires of water-insoluble petroleum products with a boiling point below 100°C. General information: SNiP 2.04.09-84.
• Using the installation is inefficient:
  Water must not be used to extinguish substances that, on contact with it, release heat, flammable, toxic or corrosive gases. Such substances include some metals and organometallic compounds, metal carbides and hydrides, hot coal and iron. Water installations are ineffective for extinguishing flammable and combustible liquids with a flash point of less than 90 ° C.

Comparison of a water fire extinguishing system and an expansion valve

Water remains the safest indoor fire extinguishing agent with massive crowds.
Water mist fire extinguishing system becomes the most effective fire extinguishing method in any premises.

FINE WATER (at the outlet of the TRV unit) is RECOMMENDED BY THE CENTER FOR THE SAFETY OF CULTURAL PROPERTIES of the State Research Institute of Restoration of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.

Recently, modern freons, the Inergen gas composition and other gases that form an environment suitable for breathing during the evacuation of people have been increasingly used as a fire extinguishing agent (nevertheless, with a high concentration of the substance, people must be evacuated). Gas extinguishing technology requires that the room be
hermetically sealed. When storing gas, gentle temperature conditions and leakage control are necessary so that the cylinders do not turn out to be empty at the right time.

According to the method of extinguishing, AUGPT are divided into volumetric and local fire extinguishing installations. With volumetric fire extinguishing, the fire extinguishing agent is distributed evenly and a fire extinguishing concentration is created throughout the entire volume of the room. The method of local extinguishing is based on the concentration of the extinguishing agent in the dangerous spatial area of ​​the room and is used to extinguish fires of individual units and equipment. The device for installing local extinguishing is similar to the device for installing volumetric extinguishing. However, the wiring of their distribution pipelines is not carried out throughout the room, but directly above the fire hazardous equipment. According to the method of starting, gas fire extinguishing installations are divided into installations with electric and pneumatic start. According to the method of storing the gas fire extinguishing composition (GOS), AUGP are divided into centralized and modular installations. Centralized AUGP are called installations containing batteries (modules) with GOS, located in a fire extinguishing station and designed to protect two or more premises. The main facilities where gas fire extinguishing installations are used are:

Electrical rooms (transformers with a voltage of more than 500 kV; cable tunnels, mines, basements and mezzanine floors);
oil cellars of metallurgical enterprises;
Hydrogenerators and hydrogen-cooled generators at CHPPs and SDPPs (if process carbon dioxide is used);
painting shops, warehouses of flammable liquids and paints and varnishes;
engine and fuel compartments of ships, aircraft, diesel locomotives and electric locomotives;
laboratory rooms where large quantities of flammable liquids are used;
warehouses of valuable materials (nitrogen and carbon dioxide should be used in food warehouses);
NPP coolant circuits (liquid nitrogen);
fur warehouses (supercooled carbon dioxide);
premises of computer centers, computer rooms, control panels, etc. (mainly freon);
warehouses of pyrophoric materials and premises with the presence of alkali metals (liquid nitrogen);
libraries, museums, archives (mainly freons and carbon dioxide);
ice-ground storage facilities for frozen gas (freon);
rolling mills for the production of products from lithium, magnesium, etc. (argon).

In gas fire extinguishing installations according to NPB 88-2001 *, the following gas fire extinguishing agents (GOTV) are used:

Carbon dioxide (CO2);
freon 23(CF3H);
freon 125(C2F5H);
freon 218(C3F8);
freon 227 (C3F7H);
freon 318C(C4F8C);
sulfur hexafluoride (SF6);
nitrogen(N2);
argon (Ar);
inergen: (nitrogen 52% (vol.), argon - 40% (vol.), carbon dioxide - 8% (vol.)). Regenerated gas fire-extinguishing compositions-freons 114B2 (tetrafluorodibromoethane -С2F4Br2) and 13B1 (trifluorobrommethane -СГ-ЗВg) are also allowed for use.

In Russia, gas fire extinguishing installations are manufactured by CJSC ARTSOK, CJSC Moscow Experimental Plant Spetsavtomatika, LLP NPO Fire Automation Service, CJSC NPK Fire Protection Automation, LLC NPP Skat, LLC Technos-M + Nizhny Novgorod branch, CJSC "Spetspozhinzhiniring", LLC "Implementation company" Aspect ".

• Possible fire extinguishing methods:
  Basically, a volumetric fire extinguishing method.
• The use of the installation is justified:
  To eliminate fires of classes A, B and C according to GOST 27331 and fires of electrical equipment under voltage. They are used to protect computer centers, telephone nodes, libraries, archives, museums, money storages, a number of indoor warehouses, as well as painting, impregnation and drying chambers, etc. General information: NPB 22-96.
• Using the installation is inefficient:
  Do not use to extinguish fires of materials prone to combustion without air, spontaneous combustion and (or) smoldering inside the volume of the substance (wood sawdust, cotton, grass flour, foam rubber, etc.), as well as metals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium etc.), metal hydrides and pyrophoric substances.

Powder fire extinguishing installations

Over the past 30 years, powder fire extinguishing has received the widest application in world practice, and at the moment 80% of fire extinguishers are powder fire extinguishers. The advantages of such fire extinguishers include high fire extinguishing capacity, versatility, the ability to extinguish electrical equipment under voltage, a significant temperature limit of use, the absence of toxicity, relative durability compared to other fire extinguishing agents, and ease of disposal. The fire extinguishing ability of powders is several times higher than that of such strong flame retardants as freons. Powder fire extinguishing installations are used to localize and eliminate fires of classes A, B, C and electrical equipment. Fire extinguishing powders are finely ground mineral salts with various additives. The composition of the powders also includes special additives that prevent clumping and caking of the powder.

Currently, there are radio-channel modular powder fire extinguishing systems, the installation of which does not require the laying of cable lines, which facilitates the installation of the system at an operated facility or where fine finishing is completed.

Some models of powder AUP and their design features

The MPP-100 module (LLC NTK Plamya) is a new generation of highly efficient automatic fire extinguishing equipment that can operate (depending on configuration) both in automatic and autonomous (self-actuated non-volatile) mode. Various versions of the MPP-100 module (operating temperature, explosion-proof design, etc.) make it possible to install it on almost all objects subject to protection in accordance with the requirements of NPB 110-03. The area protected by one MPP-100 module is 40 m2. Modular powder fire extinguishing installations MPP "Buran-3M" (Epotos company) are designed to extinguish and localize fires of solid combustible materials, combustible liquids and electrical equipment up to 5000 V and, depending on the brand of powder, in production, storage, household premises up to 42 m2. Installations can be combined into a network of arbitrary configuration to extinguish a fire in a room of any size. The extinguishing method is local. The electric start is carried out by a current pulse of at least 100 mA, with a duration of 0.1 s. The powder fire extinguishing module MPP(N)-4-KD-1-GE (Fakel) is designed to extinguish fires of classes A, B, C and electrical installations under voltage up to 1000 V in industrial, warehouse, administrative premises, garages, etc. e. Mass of fire extinguishing powder - 3.5 kg. Displacement of the powder is ensured when the low-temperature gas generator is triggered by the command of the thermal fire detector.
Powder fire extinguishing module "Impulse-6" (development of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, manufacturer LLC "SPB") consists of a housing containing fire extinguishing powder, a working gas source (gas generating element) and an electric igniter. The module is triggered by an electrical impulse applied to the electrodes of the electric igniter. Start-up of the module can be carried out automatically, from a power source using special temperature-sensitive elements or manually. The mass of fire extinguishing powder is 5.5 kg, the protected area is 20 m2.

• Possible fire extinguishing methods:
  Volumetric local and surface method of fire extinguishing.
• The use of the installation is justified:
  Elimination of fires of classes A, B, C, D, in particular, when extinguishing spills of flammable liquid or gas leakage from installations located outdoors or indoors, as well as oil loading and pumping facilities, aircraft hangars, etc. Effective in extinguishing electrical installations under voltage and fires of alkali metals and organometallic compounds. General information on the use of pulsed powder installations: NPB 56-96.
• Using the installation is inefficient:
  Do not use to extinguish materials that can burn without access to air, as well as combustible materials prone to spontaneous combustion or smoldering inside the layer, wood products at high fire loads, hydrogen.

Disadvantages of powder fire extinguishing systems: they have a direct inhalation effect on humans, the operation of automatic powder fire extinguishing installations in rooms with smoke ventilation systems is prohibited.

Aerosol fire extinguishing installations

In Russia, as fire extinguishing agents alternative to freons, a new type of volumetric fire extinguishing means has become quite widespread - solid propellant aerosol-forming fire extinguishing compositions (AOS) and automatic aerosol fire extinguishing installations (AUAP) based on them. AUAP - fire extinguishing installations in which the aerosol obtained during the combustion of AOS is used as a fire extinguishing agent (S).

As a fire extinguishing agent, a finely dispersed powder is used, which is formed as a result of the combustion of an aerosol-forming composition. For obvious reasons, they cannot be used in explosive categories. Due to the increase in temperature, pressure of the gaseous medium and a sharp decrease in visibility, people must advance, even before
turn on the aerosol generator, leave the room. However, the aerosol itself does not have a harmful effect on human skin and clothing, and its fire-extinguishing ability is great.

The composition of the aerosol includes inert gases and highly dispersed solid particles with a dispersion value not exceeding 10 microns. The main element of AUAP are generators of fire-extinguishing aerosol (GOA) of various modifications. In their case, a charge of a special composition is placed, which releases an azrosol-forming fire extinguishing composition during combustion, and a starting device that serves to drive the generator.

According to the method of actuation, GOA are divided into generators with autonomous operation and electric start. In AUAP, only electric start is used, local start of AUAP is not allowed. When designing GOA installations, measures must be taken to exclude the possibility of fires from their use. Recently, modifications of the generators of the so-called cold aerosol have been developed and put into production. These include generators of the MAG series and some generators of the Purga series (FTsDT Soyuz), Gabar (ICP Gabar), GOA 40-72 (Intertechnologist), OSA (NPF NORD LTD LLC) , AGS (JSC "Granit"), a number of modifications of the generators of the series "Vyuga" (TsNKB), "Teslat" (SKTB "Tekhnolog"), "Doping" (firm "Epo-tos +"), OP-517 (EC "Technomash ") and etc.

• Possible fire extinguishing methods:
  Elimination of fires of class A2 and class B, as well as localization of fires of subclass A1 according to GOST 27331. Most often used to extinguish fires in electrical equipment and other power facilities, to protect vehicles, oil facilities, transport compartments of ships, etc.
• Using the installation is inefficient:
  Do not provide a complete cessation of combustion of fibrous, porous and other combustible materials prone to spontaneous combustion and (or) smoldering inside the layer; technical substances and their mixtures, polymeric materials prone to smoldering and burning without air access; metal hydrides and pyrophoric substances; metal powders (magnesium, titanium, zirconium, etc.).

  Autonomous fire extinguishing installations.

  Initially, it is necessary to clarify the difference between autonomous and automatic fire extinguishing installations. In the second section of NPB 88-2001*, an automatic fire extinguishing installation is defined as "a fire extinguishing installation that automatically operates when the controlled fire factor (factors) exceeds the established threshold values ​​in the protected area." A similar definition is given in clause 3.1.1.1 of GOST R 51091-97. In paragraph 3.5 of GOST R 50969-96, the same term is defined as "a set of stationary technical means for extinguishing fires due to the automatic release of GOS (gas fire extinguishing composition)".
  Autonomous fire extinguishing installation, in accordance with NPB 88-2001 * ... a fire extinguishing installation that automatically performs the functions of detecting and extinguishing a fire, regardless of external power sources and control systems. Similar definitions are given in NPB 67-98 with the clarification that the installations are powder. From the foregoing, it follows that an autonomous fire extinguishing installation itself detects a fire and “makes a decision” about its extinguishing, without having, in contrast to an automatic fire extinguishing installation, external power supplies and control equipment.

  The most widespread are autonomous powder installations that use powder fire extinguishing modules (hereinafter referred to as MFP).
  Often, the MPPs themselves are considered autonomous fire extinguishing installations. Thus, Section 3 of NPB 67-98 says: “A single module that has additional fire detection and launch functions is a stand-alone installation ...” This wording applies only to powder modules. But what about the rest of the aerosol, water and gas modules? In our opinion, any module that has a detection and launch feature should be considered a standalone installation.
  The main components of autonomous installations are:

  1. a fire detection and start device designed to respond to a controlled parameter and generate a signal to start a fire extinguishing agent. In known autonomous installations, this device only reacts to the thermal manifestations of a fire. These devices include: thermal lock, igniter cord, initiating powder, fire detectors that generate EMF in an induction coil, and PI with a battery. If there is not enough power to start one or a group of modules, as well as to power warning and signaling devices, pyrotechnic current sources are used to increase or generate electrical energy, or batteries.
  2. fire extinguishing device - a device in which the functions of storing and supplying a fire extinguishing agent are combined. Delivery of the fire extinguishing agent is carried out by using the energy of the gas-forming agent or compressed gas.

  The principle of operation of autonomous installations is as follows. When a controlled parameter is changed or reached in the protected volume, an automatic trigger device is triggered and an impulse is generated, which, through the actuator, starts one or more fire extinguishing modules. If, as mentioned above, there is not enough power to start the module / modules, then the pyrotechnic device or battery generates a more powerful electrical impulse and starts the required number of fire extinguishing modules.
  In all installations for the delivery of a fire extinguishing agent to the seat of a fire, in some cases, the energy of compressed gases is used, in others, the energy of a gas-forming powder or combustion products of an aerosol-forming composition. At the same time, mechanical, electrical, chemical, hydraulic, gas-dynamic bonds are exchanged between devices and elements.
  If necessary, self-contained fire extinguishing installations can also be activated using a manual start device, which is usually included in such installations. The signal goes to the start of fire extinguishing equipment.
  As a result of the development of new fire extinguishing equipment, in particular autonomous fire extinguishing installations, devices have appeared on the fire automation market that perform offline warning functions. From the foregoing, it follows that a module or a group of modules that have the functions of detecting and starting in automatic mode / in automatic and manual mode / in automatic and manual mode, plus an alert function, can be attributed to autonomous fire extinguishing installations. Stand-alone installation is a special case of automatic fire extinguishing installation, and the difference between them lies in the way of power supply and control.

  Detection and launch device

  The main unit of autonomous installations is a fire detection and start device (the launch unit in separate autonomous fire extinguishing installations is provided as an independent unit), which is designed to respond to a controlled parameter and generate a signal to start a fire extinguishing agent. In known autonomous installations, this device reacts only to the thermal manifestations of a fire, which include:

  Thermal lock;
  igniter cord initiating powder;
  fire detectors (PI) that generate EMF in an induction coil;
  PI with a battery.

  If the power of the launcher is not enough to launch one or a group of modules, as well as to power warning and signaling devices, pyrotechnic current sources are used that increase or generate electrical energy, or batteries.
  Thus, detection and triggering devices can be classified according to the principle of action into mechanical, electrical, chemical and combined (see diagram).

  

  Scheme 1. Classification of detection and triggering devices for actuation of fire extinguishing equipment

  If necessary, a signal to start autonomous fire extinguishing installations can be given using manual start devices (“URZ-2”, “URZ-3”, “Ur-peak”, “USP-101-72-E”), which are usually included in the such settings. That is, in this case, the control of the installations is carried out manually from the premises of the fire post, fire extinguishing station or protected premises.

  The effectiveness of detection devices

  The fact that in today's self-contained fire extinguishing installations, the detection and launch device reacts only to the thermal manifestations of a fire, causes many specialists to have certain doubts that a fire will be detected and eliminated in a timely manner. And the regulatory requirements for the time of operation of detection devices and the launch of autonomous fire extinguishing installations have not yet been developed. Therefore, for example, let's turn to the regulatory documents for heat fire detectors and sprinklers.
  According to NPB 85-2000, the response time of maximum thermal fire detectors can be from 58 to 1740 seconds. The time value depends on the class of the detector and the rate of temperature increase in the event of a fire. As stated in NPB 87-2001, the conventional sprinkler response time can be up to 600 seconds, depending on the sprinkler response temperature.
  From the above examples it follows that the time of fire detection by its thermal manifestations can be calculated in several minutes. At present, autonomous smoke detectors are widely used, designed for use as automatic means of detecting fire and fire alarms in the premises of buildings and structures for various purposes (including residential) independently or as part of an autonomous fire alarm system. It is this provision enshrined in NPB 66-97.
  The inertia of autonomous smoke fire detectors does not exceed 10 seconds. In this regard, it seems very promising to use autonomous smoke fire detectors in detection and triggering devices, given that smoke is the predominant factor in the manifestation of a fire. However, to improve the reliability of fire detection, in some cases it is advisable to use combined detection devices that respond to temperature rise and smoke formation.

  Comparative cost of fire extinguishing systems

  The first question that usually worries the customer when choosing a particular automatic fire extinguishing system is its price. Of course, this is a very important factor, but it is important
  take into account the fact that you pay not for the permission of the fire authorities to operate the facility, but for real equipment, which, if used, will require not only to reliably extinguish the fire, but also cause minimal damage to the protected material values. In the general case, in descending order of the cost of the automatic
  fire extinguishers are located as follows:

  Gas fire extinguishing systems;
  fine water systems (water mist systems);
  foam fire extinguishing systems and water-foam systems;
  water fire extinguishing systems;
  aerosol fire extinguishing systems;
  powder fire extinguishing systems.

  However, attention should be paid to the fact that when automatic fire extinguishing systems are triggered, the degree of their harmful effect on
  material values. So, the cheapest fire extinguishing systems - powder and aerosol have the disadvantage that the powder sprayed in the room, being chemically
  active, leads to metal corrosion and various types of destruction of plastic, rubber, paper and other materials. It is very harmful if the powder gets on the skin or in the respiratory tract. This imposes restrictions on the objects of application of these systems and imposes increased requirements on their reliability and protection against false alarms. The advantage of the systems is the ease of installation, as they are autonomous. It is recommended to use them, for example, in unattended or low-maintenance premises where power equipment is located (substations, transformers, etc.). They can also be used in warehouses, small offices, cottages, garages.

  Gas fire extinguishing systems cause a minimum of damage to material values, but their price is higher, as it is determined by special requirements for automation and warning, to
  sealing the premises, the need for gas and smoke removal and evacuation of people. They are used to protect libraries, museums, banks, computer centers, small offices.

  The most widespread at present are automatic water fire extinguishing systems, which are in the price range between gas and
  powder fire extinguishing. They are used on large areas to protect warehouses, shopping and business centers, office buildings, sports complexes, hotels, enterprises, garages and parking lots, banks, energy facilities, military and special purpose facilities, residential buildings and cottages. Here, however, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of indirect damage in case of fire or false alarm when the water supply is turned on.

  Foam fire extinguishing systems are more expensive than water fire extinguishing systems, since they require additional equipment (for example, a foam generator, etc.). Foam fire extinguishing installations protect premises or entire facilities for the production, processing and storage of petroleum products, alcohols, chemicals and other substances, materials and products, the extinguishing of which with water is ineffective. Gas extinguishing systems have no restrictions on the materials to be extinguished. There are practically no such restrictions for foam and water-foam fire extinguishing systems, aerosol systems and systems of finely dispersed (finely sprayed) water. Significant limitations, however, have systems of water
  firefighting.

  Aerosol fire extinguishing systems and water mist systems are autonomous, while other systems have special requirements for additional communications and
  energy resources: gas fire extinguishing systems need gas and smoke removal installations, have special requirements for automation and notification; foam and water systems
  fire extinguishing and water-foam systems require a supply of water, power supply of pumps and foam generators, and in addition, they are under constant pressure.

  Unlike automatic water fire extinguishing systems and fine water systems, in the case of using gas, foam and automatic aerosol fire extinguishing systems, evacuation of personnel is mandatory.

  Comparison table for choosing an automatic fire extinguishing system
  (estimated cost of protection 100 sq.m.)

  
  Comparative data are as of 2010.

  What else is important to consider when choosing an APS?

  Restrictions on materials to be extinguished

  Gas extinguishing systems have no restrictions on the materials to be extinguished. There are practically no such restrictions for foam and water-foam fire extinguishing, aerosol systems and systems of finely dispersed water (water mist). Significant limitations, however, have water fire extinguishing systems.

  Requirements for communications and energy resources

  The power supply of all automatic fire extinguishing systems is carried out according to the I category of reliability. Aerosol fire extinguishing systems and mist water systems are autonomous, while other fire extinguishing systems have special requirements for additional communications and energy resources:

  gas fire extinguishing systems - gas and smoke removal, tightness of protected premises, requirements for automation and notification;
  foam fire extinguishing systems and water-foam systems - water supply or its main source, power supply for pumps and foam generators;
  water fire extinguishing systems - water supply or its main source, power supply of pumps.

  Personnel evacuation requirements, in contrast to automatic water fire extinguishing systems and fine water systems, which do not require personnel evacuation, in the case of gas, foam fire extinguishing and aerosol automatic fire extinguishing systems, personnel evacuation is mandatory.

  Of particular importance is the careful selection of the installer of such systems. This is backed up by alarming statistics. So, in 2001 at the facilities
  equipped with fire automatics, it worked only in 32% of cases, and at the same time, in 11% of cases, fire automatics did not perform their functions. In list
  the reasons for the occurrence of failures and inefficient operation of systems, experts note:

  Errors in the design of automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing systems;
  insufficiently high quality of work performed by enterprises engaged in the production and supply of components for automatic fire alarm systems,
  fire extinguishing and fire extinguishing agents, and organizations conducting installation, commissioning and maintenance.

  Download:
  1. Safronov V.V. Selection and calculation of parameters of fire extinguishing and alarm installations— Please or to access this content

  The training manual provides theoretical information, calculation methods for automatic fire extinguishing installations, necessary recommendations for choosing types of fire detectors and reference data.

  2. Letter from the Chief State Inspector of the Russian Federation for Fire Supervision to the DPSS EMERCOM of Russia, regional centers of the Ministry of Emergencies, 04/01/2013, about the illegality of applying the provisions of NPB 110-03 for buildings built and reconstructed after 05/01/2009 - Please or to access this content

Fire extinguishing systems are among the important elements that are designed to provide and maintain the facility at a high level.

Fire extinguishing at the facility is a whole complex of measures, means and methods that are united by one goal - to localize and neutralize the fire as early as possible.

Thanks to the use of such systems, it is possible to protect material assets and protect a person from injuries and deaths during a fire.

Application area

Fire extinguishing is a set of measures to ensure fire safety at the facility through the use of installations in the form of stationary and mobile technical means that act on fires with special fire extinguishing agents.

Such equipment should initially provide localization of the fire, and then its complete elimination. Fire extinguishing systems are used at many objects for various purposes.

It can be:

1. industrial premises;
2. storage facilities;
3. medical institutions;
4. shopping centers;
5. repair and maintenance facilities
6. educational establishments;
7. common areas, etc.

The presence of fire extinguishing systems will allow timely start fighting the fire even before the arrival of the rescue team. Thanks to this, material damage from fire will be minimized and the possibility of quick and safe evacuation of personnel from the facility will be provided.

Classification of fire extinguishing systems

It can be divided into three main types:

1. - These include those tools and accessories that can be used by personnel to fight a fire at an early stage. These funds include:

• manual fire extinguishers;
• sand;
• water;

1. Mobile fire fighting means are mobile installations and vehicles that ensure fire safety at the facility. These include:

• mobile fire extinguishers;
• motor pumps;
• fire transport.

1. Integrated modern fire extinguishing systems are fixed installations that are installed at the facility to extinguish fires when they are detected using automatic fire safety controls or when they are detected by personnel who work at the facility.

With regard to the classification of fire extinguishing systems, they should be divided into the following categories.

According to the mechanism of implementation:

1. manual - systems that require human intervention to start a certain procedure;
2. , which independently trigger at the moment when the execution unit receives signals from a fire alarm that controls the main indicators of the appearance of a fire (increase in temperature, the appearance of smoke, the presence of open fires).

By design solution:

• modular fire extinguishing installations - fire fighting systems that include several multifunctional units, the joint work of which allows you to effectively fight fire;
• aggregate - fire-fighting complexes, which represent a general system for fighting fire at various facilities.

Type of fire extinguishers used:

1. combined.

According to the method of extinguishing fires:

• superficial;
• locally superficial;
• voluminous;
• locally-volumetric.

Classification of fire extinguishing agents

Systems that provide automatic fire extinguishing using the above installations can be divided according to the type of extinguishing agent used.

To date, the following types of fire extinguishing agents are used:

1. cooling - these substances make it possible to reduce the temperature of the source of ignition, and thus neutralize the possibility of further combustion (such substances include water, carbon dioxide in the solid state);
2. insulating - with the help of such means, air access to the source of ignition is limited, as a result of which the fire goes out and cannot spread over a large area (this includes loose substances that do not support combustion, various air-mechanical foams, non-combustible sheet materials);
3. diluting - these substances allow you to dilute the burning medium, which leads to the loss of its combustion properties (such substances include carbon dioxide, water vapor, atomized water, nitrogen);
4. volatile - this type of fire extinguishing substance takes energy from the combustion source to evaporate the liquid; this contributes to a decrease in the temperature of the combustion area, a decrease in its activity and the subsequent attenuation of the ignition source;
5. substances for inhibiting chemical reactions of combustion - such liquids enter into a chemical reaction with burning substances and lead to inhibition of the combustion process and its subsequent stop;
6. powdered - various means in the form of non-combustible and reactive powders allow you to neutralize the combustion process by physical or chemical means;
7. combined - these are compounds that consist of several substances listed above; the compositions are selected in such a way that their individual components reinforce each other, contributing to the rapid extinguishing of the fire.

Features of choice depending on the purpose

The installation of an automatic fire extinguishing system using water as a fire extinguishing agent is designed for those cases when it is necessary to ensure the protection of premises that are characterized by an increased fire hazard. This type of installation is divided into deluge and sprinkler.

Gas extinguishing systems are used when water cannot be used as it can cause short circuits or damage equipment.

This type of system is mainly used to extinguish equipment under voltage, as well as to eliminate fires in server rooms, data centers, libraries, museums.

Modular fire extinguishing systems using foam as a substance for influencing fires are used to extinguish fires at industrial facilities, warehouses, oil depots, as well as to extinguish vehicles.

All used foams are divided according to the multiplicity indicators - low-expansion, medium-expansion and high-expansion. The most commonly used foam is medium expansion, less often low expansion.

Installation of automatic fire extinguishing systems using powder as a fire extinguishing agent is carried out at those facilities that are distinguished by the presence of a large number of electrical equipment that is constantly under high voltage.

Mounting Features

And the connection of fire extinguishing systems provides for the following types of work:

• plumbing;
• electrotechnical;
• welding;
• tuning;
• launchers.

In the process of performing these works, you need:

1. install fire alarm devices;
2. install fire alarm mechanisms;
3. lay lines through which fire extinguishing agent will be supplied;
4. install and connect fire extinguishing storage devices;
5. carry out adjustment and testing work of the installed fire extinguishing system.

Conclusion

A fire extinguishing system is a guarantee that property and people are effectively protected from a possible fire.

The presence of such equipment will allow you to quickly eliminate the fire and simplify the task of the fire department.

In order to properly protect the object from fire, it is important to choose the right fire extinguishing system and install it correctly.

This can be done by specialists of companies that specialize in the implementation and installation of fire extinguishing systems.

Video: Varieties of automatic fire extinguishing systems