Scientific directions, based on their methods and research tasks, solve the same problem - the study of the history of a certain territory (UR): the history of the UR, regional studies, historical local history, local history, etc.

20s In the 20th century, the concept of SD was introduced.

Turn of 18-19 centuries - Vyatka province (Sarapulsky, Glazovskiy, Elabuga, Malmyzhskiy counties).

The first information about SD was recorded in chronicles, annalistic notes (“Vyatka Vremennik”, “Chronicler of the Old Years”, “The Tale of the Vyatka Country”) of the 12th-14th centuries.

In "The Story of Bygone Years" - "Permians".

1725 - opening of the Academy of Sciences (academic expeditions of the 2nd half of the 18th century)

"Academic Expedition", "Great Northern Expedition" - information about the Udmurts. Scientists: Johann Gotlip Georgi, Gerach Friedrich Miller, Peter Simon Pallas, Nikolai Petrovich Rychkov, Lepekhin Ivan Ivanovich.

The first historian of the UR - "Vyatsky Karamzin" - A.I. Veshtomov (18th century) The main work is "History of the Vyatchans ..."

Famous people of the UR in history: Alexander Stepanovich Vereshchagin (founder of the Vyatka Scientific Archival Commission; 1835-1908)

Alexander Andreevich Spitsin (archaeologist, historian, archivist, 1858-1931)

Pavel Nikolaevich Luppov (the first historian of the Udmurt people; 1867-1949)

Nikolai Nikolaevich Blinov.

1917 - October Revolution (beginning of the socialist period).

1931 - research institute in the UR. Also the foundation of the USPU (then UdGU).

Research ideas: History of the industry of the UR (A.A. Aleksandrov, A.I. Sukhanov).

History of agriculture. (B.G. Plushevsky, M.M. Martynova). History of the Revolution. History of party and state building.

Rubech 80-90 years. 20th century to the present day. The events of the region, which were previously closed to study (the repressions of the 30s, the participation of Russians in "hot" spots, the contribution of M.T. Kalashnikov to the country's defense capability), are being actively studied.

Organizations and institutions that have made a significant contribution to the development of the region: Russian Academy of Sciences (18th century); provincial statistical committees (19th century); Provincial archival commissions (turn of the 19th-20th centuries)

Public organizations of local history, recorded on the territory of the UR in the 1920s (“Bolyak” - Udm. “neighbors”; “NOIVK” - scientific society for the study of the Votsky region; Udmurt Institute (1931) - Udmurt Institute of History, Language and literature of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural State University, National Museum of K. Gerd, Museum of M. T. Kalashnikov, Museum of History and Culture of the Middle Kama Region (1909)

No. 5 "Population and national composition of the Udmurt Republic in historical retrospective"
National composition:
Representatives of more than a hundred nationalities live in the republic. The border regions are characterized by a patchwork of Udmurt and Russian villages, in the south Mari and Chuvash are added to them, in the area of ​​​​the Cheptsa River - Tatar (Chepetsk Tatars). In the north of the republic, the Besermen live compactly. Most representatives of other peoples live mainly in cities.
The Udmurt Republic is one of the polyethnic and polyconfessional regions of Russia. For many centuries, the territory of Udmurtia, geographically located in the western part of the Urals, between the Kama and Vyatka rivers, on the border of Europe and Asia, where forests and steppes interspersed, has been an arena of active contacts between the Finno-Ugric, Slavic and Turkic peoples, the contact of Christianity, Islam and paganism. Here, the interaction and mutual enrichment of various cultures was especially intensive. According to the All-Russian population census of 2002, representatives of over 130 peoples live in Udmurtia, the most numerous of which are: Russians - 60.1%, Udmurts - 29.3%, Tatars - 6.9%, Ukrainians - 0.7%, Mari - 0.6%. In the republic there are areas of compact residence of Tatars, Maris, Chuvashs and Besermens; the latter are indigenous people. In a rather difficult socio-economic, ethno-political situation that prevailed throughout the country at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, Udmurtia adequately proved itself with relative stability. The Udmurt Republic, in terms of the nature and state of interethnic relations, is one of the most prosperous regions of the Russian Federation. A comprehensive ethno-sociological study commissioned by the Ministry of National Policy of the UR in 2003 once again confirmed the absence of pronounced tension and conflict in interethnic relations. Moreover, comparison with the data of 2000 allows us to speak about the growing level of tolerance and cooperation in relations between the peoples traditionally living in Udmurtia. Thus, in particular, 77% of respondents assessed the interethnic situation in the republic as calm (in 2000 - 41%), the vast majority assessed the likelihood of conflicts on ethnic grounds in Udmurtia as low (75.6% - 2003, 50% - 2000). Marriage behavior strategies are a very sensitive indicator of the state of interethnic relations. In this area, there is also a positive trend - public opinion has become more liberal in relation to interethnic marriages: in three years, the proportion of those who disapprove of such marriages has almost halved (from 12% to 6.6%). In general, it can be stated that the level of xenophobia and mutual alienation is rather low and tends to decrease, which is confirmed by data on the readiness of Udmurt residents to live, communicate, and work together with representatives of other nationalities. Clearly isolationist strategies of behavior are manifested in no more than 5% of the population.

No. 6. Ethnogenesis Among the people (according to arch, ethnographer, lingu, folklore)

Ethnogenesis (the initial stage of ethnic history) is the process of the formation of an ethnic community (ethnos) on the basis of various ethnic components.
The origin of the ethnonym Udmurt (the self-name of the people is Udmurt, Utmort, Urtmort, Ukmort) has not been fully clarified. In the ethnonym Udmurt, the basis is transparent - murt, mort - Indo-Iranian man, husband, man. The first part of oud is explained in different ways. In accordance with one of the versions, oud goes back to the Mari odo - "sprouts in the meadows, green shoots." This word could have been acquired by the ancestors of the Udmurts, who lived on the left, meadow banks of the Vyatka. According to another version, the ethnonym Udmurt can be directly connected with the name of the Vyatka River (Vatka in Udmurt); vatmurt meant "a man from the Vyatka River"; later changed into ot-murt - utmurt - udmurt.
The archeology of the Udmurts and Udmurtia has not been studied enough. Ethnicity of the ancients. population has not been established. But nevertheless, according to various data, it can be concluded that the basis for the formation of the Udmurts was the author. tribes of the Volga-Kamya (a certain role was played by some foreign ethnic inclusions (Indo-Irish, Early Turkic, Ugric, Slavic). The origins should be sought in the Ananyin archaeological culture (8-3 centuries BC). In ethnic culture, it was a Finno-Perm These tribes carried on a lively ethno-cultural exchange with their neighbors (especially the Scythians - Sarmatians, as evidenced by language borrowings). The Ananyin people lived in fortified settlements located mainly on the high banks of large rivers (there were also unfortified settlements) Material culture: finds of copper - bronze At the turn of our era, on the basis of the Anyino culture, a number of Kama cultures, Glyadenevskaya, Osinskaya, Pyanoborskaya, grew up - the Udmurts had an inseparable genetic connection with them.
“According to the popular opinion (from a historical and geographical point of view), the geographical location of the Finno-Ugric languages ​​generally reflects the relationship between languages, among which (possibly in historical terms) the Udmurt (Permyak) and Mari languages ​​occupy a central place.” Based on this situation, now we can say without a doubt that the ancestral home of the Finno-Ugric peoples was located on the lands where the Udmurts, Mari, partly Mordvins and Komi-Permyaks lived and live. Their places of residence reached the zone of the southern taiga, and in some places - to the forest-steppe regions where the Indo-European peoples lived.
According to scientists, from the 4th millennium BC. the Finno-Ugric peoples lived north of the Indo-European peoples, had contacts with each other, this is evidenced by linguistic data: words denoting 'one hundred (udm. syu), 'honey' (udm mu), 'bee' (udm. mush), 'horn' (udm. sur), etc. It is still considered unclear whether the corresponding words came into the Finno-Ugric language-base directly from the Indo-European language-base or, as they believe recently, after the collapse of the Indo-European language-base, from the Indo-Iranian branch.

No. 7. Factors of ethnic consolidation of the Udmurts.
The available archaeological The materials allow us to consider that the territory of Udmurtia has been inhabited since the Mesolithic. Ethnicity ancient. population has not been established. The basis for the formation of the ancient U. was the autochthonous tribes of the Volga-Kama. In various historical periods, there were foreign ethnic inclusions (Indo-Iranian, Ugric, early Turkic, Slavic, late Turkic). The origins of udm. ethnogenesis date back to Ananyinskaya archaeological. to-re (VIII - III centuries BC). In ethnic terms, it was not yet disintegrated, ch. arr. Finno-Perm community. The Ananyin tribes carried on a lively ethno-cultural exchange with distant and close neighbors. Among the archaeological finds are quite frequent silver jewelry of southern origin (from Central Asia, from the Caucasus). Scythian-Sarmatian contacts were of the greatest importance for the Permians, as evidenced by numerous language borrowings. As a result of contacts with the Indo-Iranian tribes, the Ananyin adopted from them more developed forms of management. Cattle breeding and agriculture with hunting and fishing have taken a leading place in the economy of the Permian population. Even then all kinds of domestic animals bred now in the region were known: horse, cattle, sheep, goat, pig. At the turn of the a.d. on the basis of the Ananyino to-ra, a number of local Kama cultures grow. Among them, the greatest value for udm. ethnogenesis had Pyanoborskaya (III century BC - II century BC), with which U. reveals an inextricable genetic. connection. As a result of the processes of self-development and settlement, the development of new territories, the influx of alien tribes from the south and because of the Urals in the 2nd half. 1 thousand AD on the basis of the late Pyanobor variants (Polomskaya, Azelinskaya k-ry), an ancient Udm is formed. ethno-linguistic community, which was probably located in the basin of the lower and middle reaches of the river. Vyatka and its tributaries. The upper limit of archeology U. yavl. Chepetsk to-ra (IX - XV centuries)
U.'s written language takes shape in the 18th century, so information about earlier periods of their history should be sought in the written sources of other peoples. One of the earliest references to southern U. is found among Arab authors (Abu-Hamid al-Garnati, 12th century). On the pages of Russian sources U. under the name Aryans, the Aryan people got rather late, only in the XIV century. This is probably due to the fact that the then historiographers did not have direct information about U., but received them through intermediaries, possibly Permians, without differentiating them. That. “Perm” for some time apparently served as a common, collective ethnonym for the Permian Finns, including the ancestors of U. The self-name Udmurt was first published by P.S. Pallas in 1788. In the Middle Ages, Ukraine was divided into northern and southern. The development of these groups proceeded under different ethnohistorical conditions, which predetermined the originality of their ethnographic characteristics: Turkic influence is felt in the southern Ukraine, and Russian influence in the northern ones. Northern U. rather early became part of a kind of political and economic formation - the Vyatka land, which gradually took shape as a result of the development of the region of the Russian. settler peasants. Gradually, the Vyatka land became the patrimony of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes, and in the summer of 1489, after a long feudal civil strife, together with all the Vyatchans, including U., it became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
Southern U. fell under the rule of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, later - the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate, with the fall of the latter in 1552, they were annexed to Rus. state-woo. It is believed that U.'s accession to Rus. state-woo was completed by 1558. However, it would be more accurate to say that it was a long process.
The problem of U.'s social system on the eve of joining Rus is considered insufficiently researched and debatable. state-woo. In the 15th - 16th centuries. U. were, apparently, at the stage of transition from the communal-clan organization to class (early feudal) relations. This process, due to the unfavorable socio-political situation that prevailed in the region at the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD, dragged on, did not have time to complete and acquire finished forms. With the establishment of the Vyatka viceroy (1780), and later the Vyatka province (1796), U. made up the majority of the population of its four counties: Glazovsky, Sarapulsky, Malmyzhsky and Yelabuga - and were classified as state peasants. Under the conditions of tsarism, U., along with the rest of the non-Russian peoples, experienced all the hardships of the national oppression, which in many ways aggravated their difficult social and economic situation. position and adversely affected their ethno-cultural development. Together with other peoples, the regions of Ukraine rose more than once against national and social oppression. Especially bright trace in udm. history left their participation in the peasant war led by E. Pugachev. In the 19th century the so-called "potato" and "kumyshka" riots broke out. The largest unrest in 1807, which engulfed the entire Sarapulsky district, was caused by the tsar's decree on adding villages close to them to factories. At the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries. the ideas of Marxism penetrate into Udmurtia, the first social democrats appear. circles, the ideas of class solidarity of the working people are spreading, the socio-political outlook of Udmurtia is expanding. Stolypin's agrarian reform did not cause a mass exit of the Udm. community peasants. However, due to lack of land, thousands of Ukrainians moved from the Vyatka province to Siberia. This is how the Siberian groups of Ukrainians were formed, which have survived to this day (the main arr. in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tomsk Region). October 1917 brought a radical change in U.'s life. Revolutionary transformations affected all spheres of Udm's political, economic, and ethnic life. people. For the first time in its history, U. gained statehood, which was largely formal in nature, because. almost everything was determined by the "center". Mid 30s. date the formation of the Udm. socialist nation. However, the question of the formation of the Udm. nation, its typology and historical dynamics remains insufficiently theoretically developed. The October Revolution aroused great enthusiasm and some encouraging results. But the tragic deformations of society, the substitution of genuine national policy for Stalin's innovations-settings, an endless streak of repressions, exhausting external and internal wars, and later a long period of stagnation with its fatal indifference to national problems could not but affect the life of the Udm. ethnos. Its dangerous “erosion” began and its ever-increasing lagging behind world civilization began. Young udm. intelligentsia means. Degrees was physically or spiritually destroyed, began to lose development guidelines and faith in the future of her people. Udm. The ethnos developed extremely slowly and contradictorily. Such negative phenomena as the vitally dangerous reduction in the functioning of the UDM began to manifest themselves more and more clearly. language, an acute shortage of highly qualified national personnel - the intellectual potential of the nation (especially in the field of science and culture), a low level of national self-awareness, up to national nihilism, dissatisfaction with national development and, as a result, tension in interethnic relations, the threat to the ecological habitat udm. ethnic group, undermining its physical and moral health, etc., which is typical not only for U. In recent years, in connection with perestroika, glasnost, and the democratization of life, certain trends of change for the better have appeared.

№8 Udmurtia as a multinational region. Interaction of cultures.
The population by 2010 was 1552761 people. The population density is 36.2 h / sq. km.
National composition: More than 100 nationalities live here.
The border regions are characterized by a patchwork of Russian and Udmurt villages, in the south Mari and Chuvsh are added to them. In the district Cap - Tatars. Besermyans live compactly in the north.
Most representatives of other nationalities live in cities. These are: Bashkirs, Ukrainians, Belarusians ....
Now all the cultures of peoples interact well, there are no conflicts. A lot of organizations have been created that are engaged in the rapprochement of different nationalities living in the same territory. So in the UR, for example, the holiday "Sabantuy" is celebrated.
these organizations are aimed at preserving the intangible cultural heritage of peoples, uniting peoples, implementing cooperation and developing a single
Udmurts are the indigenous people of Udmurtia, according to the results of the 2002 census, 460,582 Udmurts lived in the republic (about 30% of the population). They are one of the largest Finno-Ugric peoples, in terms of numbers the Udmurts are in fifth place, behind the Hungarians, Finns, Estonians and Mordovians.
The largest share of Udmurts (more than 80%), according to the 2002 census, was recorded in the Sharkansky and Alnashsky regions of the republic, the smallest (less than 10%) - in the Kabarsky and Karakulinsky regions. Russians are the largest ethnic group in Russia, according to the results of the 2002 census, in 944,108 Russians lived in the republic (60.1% of the population). The mass penetration of Russians into the lands of modern Udmurtia began in the second half of the 17th century. During this period, the first settlements appeared with a mixed Russian-Udmurt-Tatar population. The migration movement of Russian peasants from the territory of neighboring Vyatka and Perm to the central and northern regions of the region, including rather numerous groups of Old Believers, intensified.
The largest share of Russians (more than 80%) is in the cities of Sarapul-Votkinsk in the Kombarsky district of the republic, the smallest - in the Sharkan and Alnashsky districts.
Tatars are the second largest people in Russia, according to the results of the 2002 census, 108,560 Tatars (6.9% of the population) lived in the republic. The majority (85.6%) of Udmurt Tatars live in the five cities of Izhevsk, Sarapul, Mozhga, Glazov and Votkinsk, in rural areas the largest share of Tatars is in the Yukamensky district (19.5%).
The Mari are one of the indigenous peoples of the Volga region, according to the results of the 2002 census, 8,980 Mari lived in the republic (0.6% of the population). The largest proportion of Maris is in the Karakulinsky and Grakhovsky regions of the republic.

№9 State-political reforms in Russia (1860-1970) and their reflection in the history of Udmurtia.
Serfdom - a set of legal norms of the feudal state, fixing the most complete and severe form of peasant dependence.
Signs of serfdom: 1) Dependence on the master, individuals, state-va, corporations. 2) Attachment to the place of residence 3) Attachment to the estate 4) Restriction in the rights to own private property and to make civil transactions. 5) Restriction in the choice of profession and employment 6) Social. Insecurity: the ability to lose part of the property, to be subjected to corporal punishment without trial, at the will of the master. Cancellation factors kr.pr: 1) Requirements are granted freedom from all classes. 2) Approval of private property 3) Influence of European orders 4) Objective, political, military, economic, cultural needs of state society Liberation of the peasants. February 19, 1861 Manifesto and "Regulations on peasants coming out of serfdom". (the ability to freely dispose of his personality) The peasant received a number of civil rights in his own name entered into various civil and property transactions. Agricultural population of Udmurtia 93.7% Categories of the peasantry: 1) State 79.5% 2) Specific 10.2% 3) Landlords 1.3% 4) Mining 8.7% June 26, 1863 - liberation of specific peasants January 16 and November 22, 1866 - reforming the life of the state. Peasants Zemstvo reform: Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions (since 01/01/1864) Tasks: 1) Cultural farming. Transformations of regions2) Formation on this basis of societies of unity and harmony3) Realization. Intermediary function between the state and society. Zemstvo institutions consist of: 1) Administrative bodies (district and provincial zemstvo councils) 2) Executive bodies (district and provincial councils) Sphere of activity of zemstvos: 1) Device and content. Local communication routes.2) Care of the local. Trade, industry 3) Mutual insurance 4) Local. Food business 5) Veterinary service 6) Construction of churches 7) Maintenance of prisons. urban reform: City position - 06/16/1870 The goal of the reform: 1) the creation of wordless bodies of city self-government; 2) bringing the comp. Gor. Hoz-va3) registration of all residents of the city with subsequent taxation. Authorities in the city: 1) State Duma. (the highest body, wordless, elected for 4 years) 2) Gor. Council (executive bodies, consisting of the city. Heads and 2 or more member councils) 3) City. Head (Chairman of the City Duma and City Council) Competences of the City. Self-government: Public (internal structure of the city administration) Government (monitoring the implementation of rights and laws)
Judicial Reform 1869 Judicial statutes approved. November 20, 1864 Bourgeois reforms of the judiciary and legal proceedings. Judicial instances: 1) the crown court (consisting of the district of the Court and the judicial chamber - an association of judicial circles). 2) the World Court (minor deeds, civil cases up to 500 rubles) 3) the Senate - the highest cassation station Judicial authorities: Vyatka and Sarapulsky. military reforms. Target: 1) strengthening the personnel status. Troops2) Organization of training reserve. Army in case of war. 3) promotion of prof. Command level4) rearmament of the army. Introduction of universal conscription: Law of January 1, 18741 recruitment in the region was carried out in the fall of 1874; 1883-1906 - the poll tax was replaced by the state tax. Educational submission. 1895 - the introduction of new passport rules
1899 1903 - the abolition of mutual responsibility.
1907 - redemption payments are liquidated.

10. Social structure and stratification of society in different periods of the history of Udmurtia.
social system- a complexly organized, ordered whole, including individuals and social communities, united by various connections and relationships that are specifically social in nature.
social structure- a set of interrelated elements that make up the internal structure of society.
social group- a relatively stable population of people.
traditional society- a society governed by tradition. the preservation of traditions is in it a higher value than development. The social structure is characterized by a rigid class hierarchy, the existence of stable social communities, a special way of regulating the life of society, based on traditions and customs. often also associated with an agrarian society.
Signs: 1) the traditional economy, 2) the predominance of the agrarian way, 3) the stability of the structure, 4) class organization, 5) low mobility.
Traditional (patriarchal) economy - an economic system in which traditions and customs determine the practice of using scarce resources. The main economic problems of society - what, how and for whom to produce? - are solved on the basis of traditional tribal or semi-feudal hierarchical ties between people.
Features: 1) primitive technologies, 2) the predominance of manual labor, 3) members of economic relations are united in a strong social network. 4) key economic problems are solved in accordance with customs.
Structural and qualitative changes in the peasantry in the 1920s-1930s.
Conditions: 1) the process of collectivization of agricultural production
2) changing the technical basis of production (1931 - the creation of the first five MTS in areas with a predominantly Udmurt population)
3) opening of agricultural educational institutions of various profiles (1931 - the Udmurt Higher Communist Agricultural School)
Collectivization took place much faster than in Russia.
Formation of the working class
1) according to the 1897 census among the Udmurts
8 people among the metal smelting workers.
9 - in the chemical industry
4 - in the iron manufacturing industry.
2) the formation of the Udmurt working class began during the years of industrialization.
In the qualifying factory industry in 1928 - 13.5% in 1934 - 20.6%
In large-scale industry 1928 - 4.1% 1936 - 16.7%
Formation of the national intelligentsia in the 20-30s.
1) fast an increase in the number of teachers due to the introduction of universal education and an increase in the number of schools.
2) the beginning of the formation of the artistic, creative and scientific intelligentsia.
Two associations stand out: Bolyak ("neighbors, community") - for the study of the Udmurt ethnic group and NOIVK - for the study of the history and culture of all ethnic groups of Udmurtia.
"Indigenization of the apparatus" - the involvement of representatives of the indigenous nationality in the work of party, Soviet and economic bodies, the translation of office work into the Udmurt language.
Result by 1937
in the state of republican organizations - 37% of Udmurts
in the apparatus of district executive committees - 64% of the
However, in 1934 only 43 percent of Udmurt school principals had a pedagogical education.
Trends in the choice of educational level
Preferences: medical, pedagogical, agricultural educational institutions. To a much lesser extent, educational institutions of an industrial profile. IzhGTU - 10% and IzhGSKHA - 56% of Udmurt students in 1990-1991
Social groups of Soviet society in the late 1980s according to T. I. Zaslavskaya and R. V. Ryvkina
1) vertical groups of power, differing in its natural (party, state, economic) power, as well as the amount of this power (groups of higher, middle and lower levels in the corresponding management hierarchies).
2) groups associated with areas and sectors of the national economy, as well as departments that differ in power, prestige and material base (military departments and the sphere of public utilities).
3) groups of economic managers differing in rank.
Social stratification of modern Russian society according to A. V. Dmitriev.
1) administrative (ruling) elite: includes the old party nomenclature of the 1st and 2nd echelons, merged with the new political elite. 2) working class from groups: - sectoral, - qualifying, - demographic, - others "- entrepreneurs, bankers5) peasantry
Research on the social stratification of Russian society is currently extremely difficult due to the large dynamics of social processes.

11. Social conflicts in the history of Udmurtia.
social conflict- conflict, the cause of which is the disagreement of social groups or individuals with a divergence of opinions, views, the desire to take a leadership position; manifestation of social connections of people.
The cause of social conflicts is the confrontation between individuals and groups pursuing socially significant goals.
Types of social Conflicts: political, socio-economic, national-ethnic.
political conflicts. Reasons: the struggle for the distribution of power, dominance, influence and authority.
Types of polit. conflicts:
- conflict between branches of government
-conflict within parliament
-conflict between political parties and movements
-conflict between different parts of the administrative apparatus
Socio-economic conflict. Reasons: means of life support, use and redistribution of natural and other material resources.
National-ethnic conflicts - arise in the course of the struggle for the rights and interests of ethnic and national groups.
Vysta captivity of the population of the region in the XVI-XVII centuries.
1552-1557 - the uprising of the peoples of the Kazan region, in which the southern (Udmurts (Arsk people) took an active part.
1572-1574 - the uprising of the peoples of the Kazan region, which also engulfed the Arsk land.
1582-1584 - the uprising of the peoples of the Middle Volga region with the participation of the southern Udmurts.
1606-1610 - the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov.
1615-1616 - the uprising of the peoples of the Middle Volga region, including the Udmurts.
1635 - a popular uprising in Vyatka against the local authorities with the participation of Verkhchepetsk and some others !!! Udmurts.
1681-1684 - the uprising of the Bashkir people, which engulfed the Kama territories and had echoes in the northern regions of Udmurtia.
Performances of the population of the region in the XVIII century.
Bashkir uprising - 1704-1711. In January 1705, the rebels laid siege to Karakulino and Sarapul.
1724 - speeches of the Udmurts against the introduction of the poll tax.
Bashkir uprising 1734-1735.
Armed performance of the peasants of the Tersinsky volost, the landowners Tevkelevs (October 1742 - early 1743).
1745 - speech of the Udmurts in the village of Glazovaya against forced Christianization.
Protest performances by peasants assigned to factories under construction took place throughout the second half of the 18th century (1758 - the peasants of the Savinsky hundred refused to go to work on the construction of the Votkinsk plant, those assigned to the Izhevsk plant stubbornly did not come to factory work).
1760-1764 - unrest of attached peasants and artisan factories.
Peasant war led by E.I. Pugacheva (1773-1775)
Reasons for speaking up:
- increase in tax time
- forced christianization
- "Factory bondage" (especially since 1760)
Forms of protest:
- speaking out against tax policy (concealment of male souls, flight)
- submission of petitions
- armed demonstrations
Terry thorium and the driving forces of the uprising.
Territory: Orenburg Territory, Urals, Cis-Urals, Western. Siberia, Middle and lower Volga region.
The driving forces: the peasantry, the artisans of the Ural factories, the working strata of the Cossacks and non-Russian nationalities.
Uprisings on the territory of Udmurtia.
Detachment of Yuska Kudashev 01/01/1774 - occupied the Izhevsk plant
Detachment of Andrei Noskov (controlled the Savinsky volost - the center of the insurgent movement). 01/20/1774 - occupied the Votkinsk plant. 01/29/1774 - lost the battle with government troops.
Territory of the uprising: Karakulinskaya and Sarapulskaya palace volosts, Izhevsk and Kambarsky factories.
March 1774 - turning the situation in favor of power
06/24/1774 - the capture of the Votkinsk plant by Pugachev's army
06/27/1774 - Izhevsk plant
July 13-15, 1774 - the defeat of Pugachev's army in the battle near Kazan.
Performances of the population of the region in the XIX century.
1807-1808 - unrest of the Udmurts of the Zavyalovskaya and Yusokinskaya volosts of the Sarapulsky district over the reckoning to the indispensable workers of the Izhevsk plant
1824-1834 - unrest of artisans Izh. Factory
1831-1834 - unrest of the specific peasants of the Sarapul district (potato riots)
1841-1842 - potato riots in the village
Civil War
Izhevsk-Votkinsk rebellion
Aug 7 - but I. 1918 - the uprising was led by the "union of front-line soldiers" against the Bolsheviks and Maximalist Social Revolutionaries in the Kama region
Results: Soviet power was restored in Izhevsk.

The authentic history of a people begins when it appears on the pages of written monuments. The earliest references to the Udmurts are contained in the "History" of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, who lived in the 5th century BC. e. He calls them "budins" and "arimaspi". The ancient name of the Udmurts is ary - a man, a man (hence the name of the Arsk land). The Votyaks (from the Vyatka River) were called by the Russians already in the 12th century, when the colonization of the Vyatka land by the Russians began.

More reliable knowledge about the land of the southern Udmurts appears in the writings of Arab scholars, travelers and missionaries of the 9th-12th centuries. In these writings, the Udmurts appear as a people with a fairly developed economic potential. Such sectors of the economy as fur hunting and handicrafts provide products for the successful development of relations with the closest neighbors and distant countries. Thus, the Arsk land was led on a par with such famous Slavic centers as Veliky Novgorod and Kyiv.

However, in the 10-12 centuries. the processes of the original development of the Udmurt ethnos on their own basis were interrupted. It is reliably known that the ancestors of the southern Udmurts from the end of the 1st millennium AD. were under power and were part of the Volga Bulgaria. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Volga Bulgaria became part of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. This was the beginning of a centuries-old trial period for the Udmurts. Under the conditions of severe military-feudal terror, part of the surviving population of the Arsk land began to leave for the forest jungle of the Kama region.

The North Udmurt lands became part of Russia with the final annexation of the Vyatka land in 1489. The final entry of the Udmurt lands into the Russian state occurs after the fall of Kazan (the official dates - 1557 or 1558 - are conventionally accepted in local historiography).

The emergence of the statehood of the Udmurts is associated with the formation in 1920 of the Votskaya Autonomous Region (since 1932 - the Udmurt Autonomous Region, since 1934 - the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, since 1991 - the Udmurt Republic).

The main occupations of the Udmurts

The traditional occupations of the Udmurts are arable farming, animal husbandry, gardening played a lesser role. For example, in 1913, in the total crops, grains accounted for 93%, potatoes - 2%. Crops: rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, millet, hemp, flax. Raised livestock, cows, pigs, sheep, poultry. Cabbage, rutabaga, and cucumbers were cultivated in vegetable gardens. Hunting, fishing, beekeeping and gathering played an important role.

Crafts and crafts were developed - logging, timber harvesting, tar smoking, flour milling, spinning, weaving, knitting, embroidery. Fabrics for the needs of the family were completely produced at home (Udmurt canvases were valued in the market). Since the 18th century, metallurgy and metalworking have developed.

The main social unit of the Udmurt society is the neighborhood community (buskel). It is several associations of kindred families. Small families predominated, but there were also large ones. Such a family had common property, a land allotment, a joint household, and lived on the same estate. Some were separated, but at the same time elements of the common economy, that is, kindred mutual assistance, were preserved.

The basis for the formation of the nationality was the autochthonous tribes of the Volga-Kama (Volga-Kama Bulgarians). In different historical periods, foreign ethnic inclusions took place (Indo-Iranian, Utherian, Early Turkic, Slavic, Late Turkic).

The territory of Udmurtia began to be populated from the Mesolithic era. The ethnicity of the ancient population has not been established. Udmurts are the indigenous people in this territory. The basis for the formation of the nationality was the autochthonous tribes of the Volga-Kama (Volga-Kama Bulgarians). In different historical periods, foreign ethnic inclusions took place (Indo-Iranian, Utherian, Early Turkic, Slavic, Late Turkic). The origins of ethnogenesis date back to the Ananyin archaeological culture (8th-3rd centuries BC). Ethnically, it represented the not yet disintegrated Finno-Permian community. Of the external contacts for the Permians, they had Scythian-Sarmatian contacts, as evidenced by numerous. language borrowings.

At the turn of the a.d. on the basis of the Ananyino culture, a number of local Kama cultures grow. Among them, the most important for the ethnogenesis of the Udmurts was the Pyanoborskaya (3rd century BC - 2nd century AD), with which the Udmurts have an inextricable genetic connection. In the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. On the basis of the late Pyanobor variants (Polomskaya, Azelinskaya cultures), an ancient Udmurt ethno-linguistic community is formed, which was located in the basin of the lower and middle reaches of the Vyatka River and its tributaries. The upper boundary of Udmurt archeology is the Chepetsk culture (9th-15th centuries).

One of the earliest mentions of the southern Udmurts is found among Arab authors (Abu-Hamid al-Garnati, 12th century). In Russian sources, the Udmurts, called Aryans, Aryan people are mentioned only in the 14th century. "Perm" for some time apparently served as a common collective ethnonym for the Permian Finns, incl. and for the ancestors of the Udmurts. The self-name "Udmord" was first published by N.P. Rychkov in 1770. Gradually, the Udmurts were divided into northern and southern. The development of these groups proceeded in various ethno-historical conditions, which predetermined their originality: the southern ones feel the Turkic influence, while the northern ones - Russian.

Relations with Russians can be traced from the 11th century. In the 13th century together with the Russians, the Udmurts fell under the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Until the middle of the 16th century. Udmurts did not represent a single whole. The northern ones quite early became part of a kind of political and economic formation - the Vyatka land, which gradually took shape in the process of developing the region by Russian peasant settlers. Vyatka land became the patrimony of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal princes, and in the summer of 1489. after a long civil strife, together with all the Vyatchans, it became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The southern Udmurts fell under the rule of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, later - the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate, and with the fall of the latter in 1552. were annexed to the Russian state. It is believed that the accession of the Udmurts to Russia was completed by 1558. With the establishment of the Vyatka governorate (1780), and later the Vyatka province (1796), the Udmurts made up the majority of us. four of its counties: Glazovsky, Sarapulsky, Malmyzhsky and Yelabushsky - and were classified as state peasants.

The little fertile forest lands of the Udmurts needed mandatory fertilizer. Extensive farming led to soil depletion and frequent crop failures; however, the Udmurt farmers were considered among the most skilled in the Volga region. Animal husbandry was an integral part of the traditional Udmurt economy. Working cattle, cows, pigs, sheep were bred, there were quite a lot of poultry. The Vyatka horse of local selection and the Romanov sheep, which gave wool and sheepskin in summer, were especially famous for their unpretentiousness and endurance. Cattle were kept without shepherds on free grazing in "poskotiny" - special fenced areas of the forest. An important place in the economy of the peasantry was occupied by a variety of non-agricultural activities: hunting, fishing, beekeeping, which, having lost their dominant importance, served as an important help for a long time. They hunted squirrels, hares, otters, martens, beavers, foxes, mink, wolves and bears, hunted hazel grouses, black grouses, partridges. Hunted with a dog, staged raids. The abundance of fish in the rivers stimulated the population to engage in fishing. They hunted valuable fish: sterlet, pike perch, grayling. The Udmurts were characterized mainly by forestry: logging and logging. In Udmurtia since the 18th century. developed metallurgical and metalworking industry (Izhevsk, Votkinsk and other plants).

As an independent territory, Udmurtia has existed since 1920, when the Votskaya (Udmurt) Autonomous Region was created as part of the RSFSR by a decree signed by V.I. Lenin and M.I. Kalinin. The decree did not say anything about the status of the region, about the principles of its relationship with the central authorities. The leaders of the region soon realized their powerless position and the rigid dictates of the Center. Already in 1924. The Presidium of the Regional Executive Committee raised before Moscow the question of transforming the Votskaya Autonomous Region into an autonomous republic with the expansion of rights in solving economic and cultural issues, which the local leadership knew better than the employees of departments in Moscow. However, Moscow for a long time did not pay attention to the repeated petitions of the leaders of the Udmurt autonomy, and only in 1934. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the region was transformed into the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. But the expected expansion of rights did not happen: the main issues of political, economic and cultural life, as before, were resolved at the Center. In 1990 The Udmurt Republic was formed as part of the Russian Federation. pom.

Russian Civilization

On the territory of modern Udmurtia, man first appeared about 10 thousand years ago. The climate of these lands at that time was cold and dry, as in the modern tundra. The vegetation consisted of a variety of grasses and small forests. The population was engaged in gathering, fishing and hunting. They hunted, including mammoths and woolly rhinos, using stone tools. They built warm dwellings, sewed clothes from animal skins, lived in tribal maternal groups.

With the warming of the climate, the flora and fauna has become more diverse. Moose, wild cows, wild boars, roe deer and other animals appeared in the forests. At this time, people lived in tribal settlements. When hunting, they began to use a bow and arrows. They settled along the banks of full-flowing rivers with rich fertile floodplain soils. At this time, in addition to hunting and gathering, they began to engage in fishing, farming, and cattle breeding. Pottery, copper, bronze, later iron products, tools and jewelry were used in everyday life. The skins of fur-bearing animals served as an exchange unit; they were used in exchange and trade with other tribes. At this time, they learned how to bake bread.

With the development of the economy and the accumulation of wealth, internecine wars of tribes begin. Fortified settlements began to be built. Archaeological monuments of this period on the territory of Udmurtia are medieval settlements - Idnakar, Dondykar, Porkar.

By the time the Udmurt lands were annexed to the Russian state, the Ar princes were in the position of vassals of the Kazan Khan.

The Tatar-Mongol invasion of Russia in the 13th century forced the Russians to move to a less populated forest zone. In the 15th century, the unification of Russian lands around Moscow began. Together with the Vyatka land, the lands of the northern Udmurts were annexed to the Moscow state, and a little later - the lands of the southern Udmurts.

In 1558, after the victory of the Kazan Khanate in 1552, the final annexation of the Udmurt lands to the Russian state took place. There was a resettlement of peasants to new sparsely populated lands. Along the Kama were the royal lands inhabited by Russians - Sarapulskaya, Karakulinskaya, Zavyalovskaya, Votkinskaya. These lands belonged to the royal family. The area between the Kama and Vyatka was sparsely populated, abounded in fish and game, the local population was friendly to the development of the land by the Russians. The Russian population brought with them a lot of new knowledge that the Udmurts did not possess: the Udmurts adopted from the Russians more advanced tools, a system of multi-field agriculture, new crops, and high-bred cattle. They learned how to weave, adopted the Russian stove. Russian enlighteners studied the phonetics of the Udmurt language and created the Udmurt alphabet and writing system, which the Udmurts did not have until that time.

In the 18th century, a new stage of industrial development began in Udmurtia, which was associated with the construction of Izhevsk, Votkinsk and other ironworks. Due to its convenient location on a large river artery (Kama), the proximity of the iron ores of the Urals, water and forest resources, Udmurtia began to produce iron, edged weapons and firearms.

In 1780, by decree of Catherine II, Glazov and Sarapul were given the status of county towns. In the Vyatka province, which included the territory of modern Udmurtia, Sarapulsky and Glazovsky counties appear.

For the possibilities of economic development of Russia, it was necessary to study the territories. The Russian Geographical Society organized expeditions to study the natural resources of the Vyatka region.

Teacher Grigory Egorovich Vereshchagin, a native of the Glazovsky district, was the first Udmurt scientist who described the life and culture of the Udmurts. His works were awarded with silver medals of the Russian Geographical Society. G. Vereshchagin was called the "Udmurt Lomonosov." It is he who is, if not the author, then the person who recorded and brought to us a folk poem that is amazing in its poetry