A sentence is the smallest semantic unit, which is a series of words that are connected grammatically and in meaning. A sentence, even consisting of one word, has a complete meaning, is characterized by a certain intonation. Essentially, a sentence is a communicative unit.
What are the offers? It depends on the point of view from which proposals are considered.
Carrying out syntactic analysis, they determine such in Russian.
1. According to the purpose of the statement, the sentences are divided into:
Narrative, the purpose of which is ordinary (The flame shot up into the sky, showering the guys with a whole firework of golden sparks.)
Interrogative. Their goal is to formulate a question (How much can you repeat? When will summer already come?)
Incentives. (Equal! Attention! Sing me a song.) An incentive sentence expresses an order, a request, an incentive to action.
An incentive sentence differs from the rest not only in its special intonation, but also in the way the predicate is expressed. It can be expressed
Most often a verb in the imperative mood. (Tell me about the journey. Sing!)
A verb in an indefinite (infinitive) form (Sing! Break this building!)
Verbs in different forms, but expressing the will of the speaker (I demand immediate obedience!)
No predicate. Such an incentive sentence can use different turns.
A construction that begins with the union “so that” and conveys a categorical order (So that your spirit is not here!)
Such a motivating expression is usually used to exhort (You should go to the sea).
An incomplete sentence without a predicate (Newspaper! Silence!)
Intonationally, the incentive sentence differs from others in a higher tonality.
2. Intonationally (according to emotional coloring), exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences are distinguished (I love the beginning of spring so much! I love the beginning of spring).
3. Depending on whether there is both a subject and a predicate, any kind of sentences can be two-part (with or one-part (with one main member) (Examples of two-part: Summer has come. The days have become unbearably hot).
The species is determined by the presence of the main member.
Nominative (or nominative) sentences have only a subject (Darkness. Silence. Romance).
Impersonal sentences have only a predicate, in which the subject cannot be meaningful (In the head it rings from the heat. It's getting dark. It's getting cold).
Definitely personal also do without a subject. Their basis is a verb of 1-2 persons, acting as a predicate. In such sentences, it is clear to whom the speaker is specifically addressing (Shut up! Give me a book. Now I’ll sing).
Generalized-personal constructions denote actions that everyone performs (Chickens are counted in the fall. Did the job - walk boldly).
Indefinitely personal, where the predicate (plural 3rd person verb) indicates that the action in this construction is more important than its producer (Outside the window they sang loudly and beautifully about love).
4. By the number of secondary members, the proposals are divided into non-common and widespread (I stand. I look. The sky. (non-distributed) I look at the blue sky. (distributed)).
5. The proposals are divided into complete, incomplete, depending on whether all the necessary members are present (I carefully read the geography textbook (full). Mom works for me in the hospital. Dad is at school. (Incomplete)).
6. Finally, suggestions can be:
Compound (I love life, but it doesn’t seem to spoil me).
Complicated (Swifts were flying in the sky, which were frightened by a cannon shot).
Complicated non-union (The teacher left the class, a hubbub immediately began).
When classifying proposals, all characteristics are indicated. For example: I am reading a book. Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, simple.
Target: to give an idea of the classification of sentences according to the purpose of the statement, to develop oral and written speech, a sense of language, to cultivate interest in the Russian language.
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, presentation on the topic “Types of sentences for the purpose of the utterance”, textbook M. S. Soloveychik, N. S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Grade 2, part 1, notebook - task book part 1.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Attention girls!
Attention boys!
Get your pens ready!
Stretch your fingers.
Is everything in place?
Is everything all right?
Pens, books and notebooks?
Is everyone seated correctly?
Is everyone watching closely?
Everyone wants to receive
Only five ratings.
- Dear Guys! Today at the Russian language lesson we will go on a journey to discover another secret of our language. What do you think: “Why are we making this trip, and what will we do during it?” Slide #1
(Children make assumptions based on the topic written on the board)
Today we will take Anton on a trip. Let's remember together with him what we know about the proposal. The computer will help us with this.
2. Repetition of the past.
– How do we express our thoughts and feelings? Slide #2
– How do we separate one sentence from another in speech? Slide #3
- And in writing? Slide #4
3. Vocabulary work.
– And now let's play our favorite game "decoders". Let's learn to play Anton and repeat vocabulary words.
On the desk:
1. Feather, channel (1 , 2) - pencil case.
2. Catfish, ram, skating rink (1, 1,1) - dog.
Z. Weather, little finger, corridor (1, 1,3) - tomato.
4. Root, rose, words (1, 1, 2) - cow
5. Line, empty, newspaper (2, 1, 3) - cabbage.
6. Tent, wound, Dasha (3, 1, 1) - pencil.
What words did we write down? How can they be called in one word? (dictionary)
What groups can we divide into?
Children write down words with comments.
4. Acquaintance with the new concept of "dialogue".
– Let's read the task for exercise 202, page 89.
- Read by role. How many people are in the conversation? (Two)
- A conversation, a conversation is called the scientific word DIALOGUE.
Now find the sentence that the mother says first.
The one with which the son replies to her.
The one in which he asks her encourages her to do something.
(1.) What are you shouting? 2) There is someone teasing in the forest. 3) Listen...)
Slide #5
5. Physical education.
(with musical accompaniment)
We stomp our feet
We clap our hands
We nod our heads.
We raise our hands
We lower our hands
We circle then.
Then we spread our hands
And we'll run around.
6. Work on a new theme.
I will introduce you to new scientific words. And you will help me insert the correct words. So… Slide #6
How do you understand the meaning of the word "incentive"?
(children's answers)
You correctly thought: “an incentive offer” is to wake up, help to wake up (hence the word alarm clock), which means you need to act. Motivation is a push to action, which is why they called the proposals incentive.
- Find among the sentences we have chosen: narrative, interrogative, incentive.
1) What are you shouting? (question.)
2) There is someone teasing in the forest. (narration)
3) Listen here ... (wake up)
- Well done!
7. Fixing.
The next point of our journey is exercise 204, p.91 - 92.
- From which fairy tale do we see heroes? (A. Tolstoy "The Adventures of Pinocchio")
- Who is pictured? What can you say about these heroes? (Children give answers).
Find sentences with missing punctuation marks.
(- Sit down, put your hands in front of you
- Who is raising you?
What are these suggestions for the purpose of the statement? (Incentive and interrogative.)
- That's right, it's motivating and interrogative. After submitting proposals
In parentheses, we indicate in abbreviated form what these proposals are. Read the proposal, which we called motivating, more carefully and say: is it a request or a demand? (Requirement)
How should a request be made? (children's answers)
8. Summing up.
Slide number 7
– What secret of our language have we discovered today?
- What did you like?
Who was it hard for?
9. Homework.
– Please look at exercise 205, p.53. in a notebook.
- Read the tasks. What sentence on the purpose of the statement is not here?
Think of it and write it down.
- What word did Deniska misspelled?
Why are there commas inside one sentence?
- What did you not understand? What do you want to clarify?
(Teacher answers students' questions)
- This is your homework. Slide #8
So, if someone addressed you with an incentive (“Vasya, quickly go home!”), You will never confuse it by intonation with a narrative (“Vasya is already at home”) or with an interrogative (“Is Vasya at home?”). But attention! If it is worded like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” - then this example belongs to the category of "interrogative-incentive sentence". Such suggestions contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in: “Get out of here, Petya!” (Well, how much you can persuade poor Vasya already!) There are also predicates in the form: “But you wouldn’t go away from here!” And even in the form: "Get out of here!" The latter does not sound very polite, but etiquette is not covered in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: for example, the strict “Do not smoke!” - something like that suggestions are called "negatively motivating." Faithful helpers of the motivating suggestions are special particles. They are also called modal-volitional. All of them are great for us: “Let!”, “Let!”, “Give!”, “Let's!”, “Come on!”. And just an irreplaceable particle “would”. But sometimes just one in the nominative is enough for the sentence to become motivating. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" - instantly guess what the speaker is prompting you to. "Run! Save yourself! Call "01"! So let the problems with the definition of incentives be unknown to you from now on! And let these suggestions do not sound to you in the form of orders and prohibitions, but only in the form of polite and delicate requests. For example: “Should we have a cup of tea?”. Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya ... "
Sources:
- Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. — M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976
"Infinitivus" - translated from Latin "indefinite". In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, "" was defined as "the indefinite mood of the verb." What does the inclination have to do with it, and what is the correct definition for infinitive a? And does it exist at all?
Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive simply - “an indefinite form of the verb” (such as “run-t”, “fly-t” with inflection “-t”). The fact that form is understandable, but since language is a material concept, does infinitive what about the content? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no content), someone insists on the return of the previous wording - "indefinite mood". There are also supporters of the "zero voice" (that is, not active and not passive; not active and not passive - again in the old tradition or in other languages, for example, English). The most version infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It is difficult to say whether the inclination is zero or the voice is zero. infinitive a, but the fact that the particles could not be part of the predicate is for sure. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of (verb). For example, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to learn”, where there is both a proper modal (“want”) and a reflexive verb “to learn”. By the way, returnable by some researchers are also considered to be infinitive am, although this opinion seems to be erroneous, since the postfix -sya (himself) already carries a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - after all, it cannot have such a detailed meaning (teach yourself). The question with “-t” still remains unresolved. Some scientists still believe that this is an inflection (that is, a morpheme that connects a word with other members of a sentence), others that it is a formative suffix infinitive but, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking of the predicate, it should be noted that in colloquial speech infinitive can, with the meaning of a message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. For example, “We are having dinner”, “It's time” “Children -!”.
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inclination is called a non-permanent morphological feature of the verb that exists in conjugated forms and expresses the relation of action to reality by opposing the forms of the imperative, indicative and subjunctive mood.
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Sentence- this is the main syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an inducement. Unlike phrases the sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .
Sentence performs communicative function and characterized by intonation and semantic completeness . In a sentence, in addition to subordinating connections (agreement, control, adjacency), there can be a coordinating connection (between homogeneous members) and predicative (between subject and predicate).
By the number of grammatical bases suggestionsdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex one consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).
Simple sentence is a word or a combination of words characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out for various reasons.
Depending on the purpose of the statement suggestions are divided into narrative , interrogative and incentive .
Declarative sentences contain a message about some asserted or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.
For example: And boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity(Lermontov). I will come at five o'clock.
Interrogative sentences include a question. Among them are:
a) actually interrogative
: What did you write here? What it is?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions
(i.e., not requiring a response): What are you, my old woman, silent at the window? (Pushkin).
Incentive Offers express various shades of will (incitement to action): an order, a request, an appeal, a plea, advice, a warning, a protest, a threat, consent, permission, etc.
For example :Well, sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise! Thunder, the general voice of enthusiasm! ..(Pushkin).
narrative, interrogative and incentive offer they differ both in form (they use various forms of the mood of the verb, there are special words - interrogative pronouns, motivating particles), and in intonation.
Compare:
He will come.
He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.
Emotionally simple proposals are divided on the exclamatory and non-exclamatory .
exclamation mark called sentence emotionally colored, pronounced with a special intonation.
For example:
No, look what a moon!.. Oh, what a charm!(L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, incentive) can be exclamatory.
By the nature of the grammatical basis, articulating offers are divided on the two-part when the grammatical basis includes both the subject and the predicate,
for example: A lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea!(Lermontov), and one-component when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,
for example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).
By the presence or absence of secondary members, simple suggestions can be widespread and uncommon .
Common is called a sentence that has, along with the main secondary members of the sentence. For example: How sweet is my sorrow in spring!(Bunin).
Uncommon a proposal consisting only of the main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).
Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure suggestions can be full and incomplete . AT complete sentences all the members of the sentence necessary for this structure are verbally presented: Labor awakens creative forces in a person(L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete there are no certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - Half a cup for me.
Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. These elements include isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated and uncomplicated .
