The first government after the victory of the October Revolution was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27 (old style) 1917.

Initially, the Bolsheviks hoped to agree on the participation of representatives of other socialist parties, in particular the Left Social Revolutionaries, but such an agreement was not achieved. As a result, the first revolutionary government turned out to be purely Bolshevik.

The authorship of the term "people's commissar" was attributed to several revolutionary figures, in particular Leon Trotsky. The Bolsheviks thus wanted to emphasize the fundamental difference between their power and the tsarist and Provisional governments.

The term "Council of People's Commissars" as a definition of the Soviet government will exist until 1946, until it is replaced by the now more familiar "Council of Ministers".

The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars will last only a few days. A number of its members will resign their posts because of political contradictions, connected in the main with the same question of the participation in the government of members of other socialist parties.

The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars included:

• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin);
• People's Commissar for Internal Affairs;
• people's commissar of agriculture;
• People's Commissar of Labor;
• People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee consisting of: Vladimir Ovseenko (Antonov), Nikolai Krylenko and Pavel Dybenko;
• People's Commissar for Trade and Industry;
• people's commissar of public education;
• People's Commissar for Finance;
• People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs;
• People's Commissar of Justice;
• People's Commissar for Food Affairs;
• People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs;
• People's Commissar for Nationalities Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin);
• the post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was temporarily not replaced.

The biographies of the head of the first Soviet government, Vladimir Lenin, and the first people's commissar for nationalities are well known to the general public, so let's talk about the rest of the people's commissars.

The first People's Commissar of Internal Affairs stayed in his post for only nine days, but managed to sign a historic document on the creation of the police. After leaving the post of people's commissar, Rykov went to work in the Moscow City Council.

Alexey Rykov. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

In the future, Alexei Rykov held high government posts, and from February 1924 he officially headed the Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Rykov's career went downhill in 1930, when he was removed from his post as head of government. Rykov, who long supported Nikolai Bukharin, was declared a "right deviator", and could not get rid of this stigma, despite numerous speeches of repentance.

At the party plenum in February 1937, he was expelled from the CPSU (b) and arrested on February 27, 1937. During interrogation, he pleaded guilty. As one of the main defendants, he was brought to an open trial in the case of the Right-Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Bloc. On March 13, 1938 he was sentenced to death and on March 15 he was shot. Rykov was fully rehabilitated by the Chief Military Prosecutor's Office of the USSR in 1988.

Nine days after the creation of the first Soviet government, Milyutin advocated the creation of a coalition government and, in protest against the decision of the Central Committee, filed an application to withdraw from the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, after which he admitted the fallacy of his statements and withdrew his application to withdraw from the Central Committee.

Vladimir Milyutin. Photo: Public Domain

Subsequently, he held high positions in the government, from 1928 to 1934 he was Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR.

July 26, 1937 arrested. On October 29, 1937, he was sentenced to death for belonging to the counter-revolutionary organization of the “right”. On October 30, 1937 he was shot. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Shlyapnikov also advocated the inclusion of members of other political parties in the government, however, unlike his colleagues, he did not leave his post, continuing to work in the government. Three weeks later, in addition to the duties of the people's commissar of labor, he was also assigned the duties of the people's commissar of trade and industry.

Alexander Shlyapnikov. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

In the Bolshevik Party, Shlyapnikov was the leader of the so-called "workers' opposition", which manifested itself most clearly in the party discussion about the role of trade unions. He believed that the task of the trade unions was to organize the management of the national economy, and they should take this function away from the party.

Shlyapnikov's position was sharply criticized by Lenin, which affected future fate one of the first Soviet people's commissars.

In the future, he held secondary positions, for example, he worked as chairman of the board of the Metalloimport joint-stock company.

Shlyapnikov's memoirs "The Seventeenth Year" provoked sharp criticism in the party. In 1933, he was expelled from the CPSU (b), in 1934 he was administratively exiled to Karelia, in 1935 he was sentenced to 5 years for belonging to the "workers' opposition" - a punishment replaced by exile in Astrakhan.

In 1936, Shlyapnikov was again arrested. He was accused of the fact that, being the head of the counter-revolutionary organization "Workers' Opposition", in the fall of 1927 he gave a directive to the Kharkov center of this organization on the transition to individual terror as a method of fighting against the CPSU (b) and the Soviet government, and in 1935-1936 gave directives on the preparation of a terrorist act against Stalin. Shlyapnikov pleaded not guilty, but on September 2, 1937, he was shot by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. On January 31, 1963, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR rehabilitated Alexander Shlyapnikov due to the absence of corpus delicti in his actions.

The fate of the members of the triumvirate, who headed the defense department, was quite similar - they all held high government posts for many years, and they all became victims of the "great terror".

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Nikolay Krylenko, Pavel Dybenko. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, who during the armed uprising in Petrograd arrested the Provisional Government, was one of the founders of the Red Army, spent many years in diplomatic work, during the Spanish Civil War he was the Consul General of the USSR in Barcelona, ​​providing great assistance to the republican troops as a military adviser .

Upon his return from Spain, he was arrested, on February 8, 1938, sentenced to death "for belonging to a Trotskyist terrorist and espionage organization." Shot on February 10, 1938. He was rehabilitated posthumously on February 25, 1956.

Nikolai Krylenko was one of the founders of Soviet law, he served as People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR and the USSR, Prosecutor of the RSFSR and Chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

Krylenko is considered one of the "architects of the Great Terror" of 1937-1938. Ironically, Krylenko himself became a victim.

In 1938, at the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Krylenko was criticized. Soon after, he was removed from all posts, expelled from the CPSU (b) and arrested. On the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot on July 29, 1938. In 1956 he was rehabilitated due to the lack of corpus delicti.

Pavel Dybenko made a military career, held the rank of commander of the 2nd rank, commanded troops in various military districts. In 1937 he took an active part in the repressions in the ranks of the army. Dybenko was a member of the Special Judicial Presence, which condemned a group of top Soviet military leaders in the "Tukhachevsky Case" in June 1937.

In February 1938, Dybenko himself was arrested. He pleaded guilty to participating in the anti-Soviet Trotskyist military-fascist conspiracy. On July 29, 1938, he was sentenced to death and shot the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Advocating the creation of a "homogeneous socialist government," Nogin was among those who left the Council of People's Commissars a few days later. However, after three weeks Nogin “admitted his mistakes” and continued to work in leadership positions, but at a lower level. He held the posts of Commissar of Labor of the Moscow Region, and then Deputy People's Commissar of Labor of the RSFSR.

Viktor Nogin. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

He died on May 2, 1924 and was buried in Red Square. The surname of one of the first Soviet people's commissars is immortalized in the name of the city of Noginsk near Moscow to this day.

The People's Commissar of Education was one of the most stable figures in the Soviet government, holding his post without change for 12 years.

Anatoly Lunacharsky. Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Thanks to Lunacharsky, many historical monuments were preserved, and the activities of cultural institutions were established. True, there were also very controversial decisions - in particular, already at the end of his career as People's Commissar, Lunacharsky was preparing a translation of the Russian language into the Latin alphabet.

In 1929, he was removed from the post of People's Commissar of Education and appointed chairman of the Scientific Committee under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

In 1933, Lunacharsky was sent as the Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Spain. He was deputy head of the Soviet delegation during the disarmament conference at the League of Nations. Lunacharsky died in December 1933 on his way to Spain in the French resort of Menton. The urn with the ashes of Anatoly Lunacharsky is buried in the Kremlin wall.

At the time of his appointment as People's Commissar, Skvortsov served as a member of the Moscow Military Revolutionary Committee. Upon learning of his appointment, Skvortsov announced that he was a theoretician, not a practitioner, and refused the post. Later he was engaged in journalism, since 1925 he was the executive editor of the newspaper Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, since 1927 - deputy. executive secretary of the newspaper Pravda, at the same time since 1926 director of the Lenin Institute under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.

Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov). Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

In the party press, Skvortsov acted as an active supporter of Stalin, but did not reach the highest government posts - on October 8, 1928, he died of a serious illness. The ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.

One of the main leaders of the Bolsheviks, the second person in the party after Lenin, lost outright in the internal party struggle in the 1920s, and in 1929 was forced to leave the USSR as a political emigrant.

Lev Bronstein (Trotsky). Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Trotsky continued the correspondence confrontation with the Stalinist course until 1940, until it was interrupted in August 1940 by an ice ax blow inflicted by an NKVD agent Ramon Mercader.

For Georgy Oppokov, being in the post of people's commissar for several days was the pinnacle of his political career. In the future, he continued his activities in secondary positions, such as chairman of the Oil Syndicate, chairman of the board of Donugol, deputy chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, member of the bureau of the Commission of Soviet Control under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

Georgy Oppokov (Lomov). Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

In June 1937, as part of the Great Terror, Oppokov was arrested, and by the verdict of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR, he was shot on December 30, 1938. He was posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.

Like other supporters of the creation of a government from among members of various socialist parties, Teodorovich announced his withdrawal from the government, but he performed his duties until December 1917.

Ivan Teodorovich. Photo: Public Domain

Later he was a member of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, and since 1922 - Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture. In 1928-1930 he was General Secretary of the Peasants' International.

Arrested June 11, 1937. Sentenced by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 20, 1937 on charges of participation in an anti-Soviet terrorist organization to death and shot on the same day. Rehabilitated in 1956.

Avilov held his post until the decision to create a coalition government with the Left Social Revolutionaries, after which he changed his position as People's Commissar to the post of assistant director of the State Bank. Later he held various positions of the second rank, was the People's Commissar of Labor of Ukraine. From 1923 to 1926, Avilov was the leader of the Leningrad trade unions and became one of the leaders of the so-called "Leningrad opposition", which ten years later became a fatal circumstance for him.

Nikolai Avilov (Glebov). Photo: commons.wikimedia.org

Since 1928, Avilov led Selmashstroy, and since 1929 he became the first director of the Rostov agricultural machinery plant Rostselmash.

September 19, 1936 Nikolai Avilov was arrested on charges of terrorist activities. On March 12, 1937, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR sentenced him to death on charges of participating in a counter-revolutionary terrorist organization. The sentence was carried out on March 13, 1937. Rehabilitated in 1956.

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Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) is the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The Council consisted of people's commissars, actually ministers, ... ... Wikipedia

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He was first elected at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on November 8 (October 26, old style), 1917, under the chairmanship of Vladimir Lenin, as a temporary workers' and peasants' government (until the Constituent Assembly was convened). Management of individual branches of state life was carried out by commissions. Government power belonged to the board of chairmen of these commissions, that is, the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to remove them belonged to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies and its Central Executive Committee (CEC).

After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 31 (January 18, old style), 1918, decided to abolish the word "provisional" in the name of the Soviet government, calling it the "Workers' and Peasants' Government of the Russian Soviet Republic."

According to the constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the government was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

In connection with the formation of the USSR, in December 1922, a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, chaired by Vladimir Lenin (first approved at the second session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in July 1923).

In accordance with the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, formed by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the term of office of the Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars of the union and autonomous republics - the Central Executive Committee of the corresponding republics. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had to regularly report on the work done at the Congresses of Soviets of the USSR and sessions of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

The organization of direct management of the national economy and all other branches of state life was assigned to the competence of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. This leadership was carried out through the central sectoral bodies - non-united (union) and united (union-republican) people's commissariats of the USSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the people's commissariats, considered their reports, settled disagreements between individual departments. He approved concession agreements, resolved disputes between the Councils of People's Commissars of the Union republics, considered protests and complaints against decisions of the USSR Council of Labor and Defense and other institutions under it, against the orders of people's commissars, approved the staffs of all-Union institutions, and appointed their leaders.

The jurisdiction of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR included the adoption of measures to implement the national economic plan and the state budget and to strengthen the monetary system, to ensure public order, the implementation of general leadership in the field of external relations with foreign states, etc.

Legislative work was also assigned to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: it preliminary considered draft decrees and resolutions, which were then submitted for approval by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its presidium; .

The Constitution of 1936 made an addition to the definition of the place of government in the state mechanism. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was defined as "the highest executive and administrative body state power". In the Constitution of 1924, the word "supreme" was absent.
According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the Union and Autonomous Republics were formed respectively by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Supreme Soviets of the Union and Autonomous Republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formally responsible to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (SC) and accountable to it, and in the period between sessions of the SC, it was responsible to the Presidium of the USSR SC, to which it was accountable. The Council of People's Commissars could issue resolutions and orders binding on the entire territory of the USSR on the basis of and in pursuance of existing laws and check their implementation.

Orders, as state acts, began to be issued by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR since 1941.

For the successful implementation of the functions assigned to it, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR could create committees, departments, commissions and other institutions.

Subsequently, a large network of special departments for various branches of government, operating under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, arose.

Vladimir Lenin (1923-1924), Alexei Rykov (1924-1930), Vyacheslav Molotov (1930-1941), Joseph Stalin (1941-1946) were the chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.

In the post-war period, in order to introduce the names generally accepted in international state practice, by the law of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the people's commissariats into ministries.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

The Bolsheviks introduced only one Jew, Trotsky L. D., to the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, who took the post of People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs.

The national composition of the Council of People's Commissars is still the subject of speculation:

Andrey Dikiy, in his work "Jews in Russia and the USSR", claims that the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was allegedly as follows:

Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK) 1918:

Lenin is chairman
Chicherin - foreign affairs, Russian;
Lunacharsky - enlightenment, Jew;
Dzhugashvili (Stalin) - nationalities, Georgians;
Protian - agriculture, Armenian;
Larin (Lurie) - economic council, Jew;
Schlichter - supply, Jew;
Trotsky (Bronstein) - army and navy, Jew;
Lander - state control, Jew;
Kaufman - state property, Jew;
V. Schmidt - labor, Jew;
Lilina (Knigissen) - national health, Jewish;
Svalbard - cults, Jew;
Zinoviev (Apfelbaum) - internal affairs, Jew;
Anvelt - hygiene, Jew;
Isidor Gukovsky - finance, Jew;
Volodarsky - press, Jew; Uritsky - elections, Jew;
I. Steinberg - justice, Jew;
Fengstein - refugees, Jew.

In total, out of 20 people's commissars - one Russian, one Georgian, one Armenian and 17 Jews.

Yuri Emelyanov in his work "Trotsky. Myths and Personality" provides an analysis of this list:

The "Jewish" character of the Council of People's Commissars was obtained through machinations: not the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars, published in the decree of the Second Congress of Soviets, is mentioned, but only those people's commissariats that were ever headed by Jews were pulled out of the many times changing composition of the Council of People's Commissars.

Thus, L. D. Trotsky, who was appointed to this post on April 8, 1918, is mentioned as People’s Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, and A. G. Schlichter, who really occupied this post, but only until February 25, 1918 and, by the way, was not a Jew. At the moment when Trotsky really became the People's Commissar of the Navy, the Great Russian Tsyurupa A.D.

Another method of fraud is the invention of a number of people's commissariats that never existed.
So, Andrey Diky in the list of people's commissariats mentioned never existed people's commissariats for cults, for elections, for refugees, for hygiene.
Volodarsky is mentioned as People's Commissar for the Press; in fact, he really was a commissar for the press, propaganda and agitation, but not a people's commissar, a member of the Council of People's Commissars (that is, in fact the government), but a commissar of the Union of Northern Communes (a regional association of Soviets), an active conductor of the Bolshevik Decree on the press.
And, on the contrary, the list does not include, for example, the real-life People's Commissariat of Railways and the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs.
As a result, even the number of people's commissariats does not agree with Andrei Diky: he mentions the number 20, although there were 14 people in the first composition, in 1918 the number was increased to 18.

Some positions are listed incorrectly. So, the chairman of the Petrosoviet, G. E. Zinoviev, is mentioned as People's Commissar for Internal Affairs, although he never held this position.
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan (here - "Protian") is assigned the leadership of "agriculture".

Jewishness was arbitrarily attributed to a number of persons, for example, the Russian nobleman Lunacharsky A.V., the Estonian Anvelt Ya.Ya., the Russified Germans Schmidt V.V. and Lander K.I., etc. The origin of Schlichter A.G. is not entirely clear , most likely, he is a Russified (more precisely, Ukrainianized) German.
Some persons are generally fictitious: Spitsberg (perhaps, this refers to the investigator of the VIII liquidation department of the People's Commissariat of Justice, I. A. Spitsberg, who became famous for his aggressive atheistic position), Lilina-Knigissen (perhaps, this refers to the actress Lilina M. P., the government never included, or Lilina (Bernstein) Z.I., who was also not a member of the Council of People's Commissars, but worked as the head of the department of public education under the executive committee of the Petrosoviet), Kaufman (possibly, this refers to cadet Kaufman A.A., according to some sources, attracted by the Bolsheviks as an expert in the development of land reform, but never a member of the Council of People's Commissars).

The list also mentions two Left Social Revolutionaries, whose non-Bolshevism is not indicated in any way: People's Commissar of Justice Steinberg I. Z. (referred to as "I. Steinberg") and People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs Proshyan P. P., referred to as "Protian-Agriculture" . Both politicians were extremely negative about the post-October Bolshevik policy. Gukovsky I. E. before the revolution belonged to the Mensheviks-“liquidators” and accepted the post of people’s commissar of finance only under pressure from Lenin.

And here is the real composition of the first Council of People's Commissars (according to the text of the decree):
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)
People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov
People's Commissar of Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin
People's Commissar of Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov
The People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko
People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin
People's Commissar of Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky
People's Commissar for Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky)
People's Commissar of Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov)
People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov)
People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin)
The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unfilled.
The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by VI Nevsky (Krivobokov).

But what does it matter now? The chief said 80 - 85% of the Jews! So that's how it was! By the way, don't forget to write this down in your new history textbook. This certainly corresponds to the geopolitical interests of Russia, since Putin believes there ...

Or do you want to correct yourself? Oh, Jews, don't even think about it! Otherwise, blame yourself. In short, now the jamb with Bolshevik repressions is definitely on you!

Here is the exact quote from the guarantor:

"The decision to nationalize this library (Schneerson - AK) was made by the first Soviet government, and its members were approximately 80-85% Jews. But they, guided by false ideological considerations, then went to arrests and repressions of both Jews and Orthodox, and representatives of other faiths - Muslims - they were all one size fits all. These are ideological blinkers and false ideological attitudes - they, thank God, have collapsed. And today, in fact, we are, in fact, handing over these books to the Jewish community with a smile."

As they say, "Ostap suffered ..."