Fipi analytical report: “... The largest number of errors was made in sentences that include the word however, where however is used as a conjunction (= but). Occult Powers Then and Now

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of latent forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. (3) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine medicine, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(4) Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing to be a lie and the other to be true. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is senseless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. (10) It is precisely on the basis of new results that we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements." (11) Even if the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling “space saucers”, skin vision are not confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, on one condition... (15) It is known that quite a few prominent natural scientists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was strongly cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists were involved in it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication turned out to be in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) Thus the great scientists were caught in the thrall of great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism capable of leading to the path of pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains decency in matters of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. (25) He lacks certain qualities for this, but he has an abundance of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

vocabulary work

telepaths- People with telepathy.

Telepathy- a scientifically unexplained phenomenon of transmitting at a distance information about the state of one living being to another or the thoughts of one person to another.

spiritists- people involved in spiritualism.

Spiritualism- a mystical movement associated with the belief in the afterlife of the souls of the dead and is characterized by a special practice of "communication" with them.

Demarcation- the line dividing the warring parties at the time of the truce.

Alchemy- a pre-scientific direction in the development of chemistry, the main goal of which is to find the so-called philosopher's stone for turning base metals into gold and silver, obtaining an elixir of longevity, etc.

Occult- related to the occult.

Occultism- the general name of the teachings that recognize the existence of hidden forces in man and the cosmos, accessible only to the "initiated".

parascience- near-scientific knowledge ( pair- Greek. "near, outside").

Decree- subject to decree.

Decree- a decision of the supreme power, having the force of law.

Assignments to the text 1

1. Choose a statement that contradicts the author's position.

a) Many great scientists were interested in the paranormal.

b) The study of the occult sciences should be banned.

c) A scientist must be honest and objective.

d) The study of mystical phenomena will help to expand a person's ideas about the world.

2. From sentence 23 write out a word in which there are more letters than sounds.

3. From sentence 25, write out a word in which there are more letters than sounds.

4. From sentences 5–6 write out a phrase with a connection agreement.

5. From sentences 21–25 write out the number of the sentence where there is a phraseological unit.

6. From sentences 11–12, write out a colloquial word, replace it with a commonly used one.

7. Write a short participle from sentences 4–5.

8. Indicate the way word formation of a word to attach (proposition 3).

9. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

a) hype(sentence 11) - strong excitement, a struggle of interests around an issue.

b) Hypothesis(proposition 11) is a conclusion from a scientific theory.

in) Temptation(sentence 25) - temptation.

G) Cultivate(sentence 16) - develop, put into use.

10. From sentences 7–9 write out the words illustrating the rule: in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation, it is written e.

11. Indicate the correct explanation for the spelling of a vowel in a word enthusiasm (proposition 4).

a) We remember the spelling;

b) root with alternation, we write e, because there is no suffix a;

c) we check with a single-root word with a stressed root.

12. From the sentences of the first paragraph, write out a noun formed by a transition from another part of speech.

13. Write down the grammatical basis from sentence 13.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the colon in sentence 5.

Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “inspection”, declare one thing a lie and the other a truth..

b) Associative compound sentence, the second sentence complements the first.

15. From sentences 7–15 write out the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause.

16. Among sentences 19–25, find sentences with separate definitions. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

17. Among sentences 1-6, find sentences with separate circumstances. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

18. Among sentences 11–17, find a complex sentence, part of which is a one-part indefinite personal sentence.

19. Write out introductory words from sentences 10–14.

20. Match the means of expression with the sentence numbers:

a) rows of homogeneous members;

b) metaphor;

c) contextual synonyms;

d) antonyms.

Offer numbers: 3, 5, 23, 24.

I. Write an introduction to the essay, reflecting on the relevance of the problem of the text.

Since ancient times, people have been attracted to...

The unusual abilities of man, the mysteries of life and death, other worlds - that's ...

II. State the problem of the text.

So how do you deal with...?

III. Comment on the problem of the text, considering the following questions:

1. What points of view on the attitude of people to the occult sciences does the author of the article give?

3. What image does the metaphor create in the reader fencing it off with concrete prohibitions?

In order to understand the problem, A. Sukhotin cites opposite points of view:

Some scientists consider occult knowledge..., others say...

Rumors and conjectures breed near mystical phenomena due to insufficient ...

The metaphor of "enclosing it with concrete prohibitions" helps to imagine...

Everything mysterious is necessary ..., but at the same time, a scientist who studies ... must be ...

The honesty and objectivity of a scientist is a guarantee ...

The metaphor "caught in captivity of great occult passions" emphasizes the attraction ...

To the rhetorical question "Can these scientists be called pseudoscientists?" The reader will answer in the negative because...

Remember the great scientists (Copernicus, Einstein, Lobachevsky, Mendel), whose discoveries were not immediately recognized. Why were these discoveries recognized over time? What qualities necessary for a person engaged in science did these people possess?

Keys to tasks in the text 1

2) moral and ethical;

3) famous;

4) any topics;

6) shun- avoid;

7) connected;

8) prefixed-suffixal;

9) b ( hypothesis- a hypothetical proposition put forward to explain a phenomenon);

10) grows, warms;

12) elected;

13) need to study(predicate);

19) say, means;

20) a – 3, b – 23, c – 24, d – 5.

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 1

Since ancient times, people have been attracted by the unknown, difficult to explain, incomprehensible, and the problem posed by the author of the article is still relevant today, because people are still interested in the unusual abilities of a person, the mysteries of life and death, other worlds.

How to relate to the occult sciences? The author of the article reflects on this question.

In order to understand the problem, A. Sukhotin cites different points of view: some scientists categorically consider occult knowledge to be pseudoscience, others are afraid to deny with certainty what no one can understand yet.

The author is convinced that the ban on the study of any mystical phenomena is meaningless and even harmful: it is precisely because of the insufficient study of these phenomena that rumors and conjectures breed around them. According to A. Sukhotin, one should not fence oneself off from the mysterious “concrete of prohibitions”. This metaphor helps the reader imagine a wall behind which there is something forbidden and through which one wants to get over in order to find out what is really there.

Everything mysterious must be studied, but at the same time, a scientist dealing with the mysterious must be honest, objective, responsible - this is the idea of the text. Proving this idea, the author speaks of the famous scientists Bekhterev, Tsiolkovsky, Butlerov, who "fell in captivity of great occult passions" (this metaphor emphasizes the attractiveness of the inexplicable). “But will the tongue turn to call them pseudoscientists?” - any reader will answer this rhetorical question in the negative, because these scientists did not manipulate the facts, did not deceive, winning cheap fame.

It is difficult for the author to object: the unknown, the mysterious must be studied, and all scientific discoveries have been made in order to explain the mysterious. Several centuries ago, a thunderstorm was perceived by man as God's wrath, and now you can read about the nature of this phenomenon in a physics textbook, and, perhaps, in decades, the topic "Telepathy" will be included in the school curriculum. There are cases in science when great discoveries were not immediately recognized; for example, Copernicus, who claimed that the planets revolve around the Sun, and not around the Earth, was not taken seriously, and Mendel, who discovered the laws of genetics, had to convince the scientific world that he was right for a long time. But the discoveries of these scientists were appreciated by their descendants, because their honesty and responsibility guaranteed the objectivity of the results obtained.

(1) In the editorial office they told me: since you are going to the village anyway and will live there for some time, please ask about the TV. (2) I promised. (Z) Of course, I also had some attitude towards TV. (4) I immediately remembered my conversation with an English farmer, whose hospitality I once took advantage of. (5) He then called television a disaster, especially for his young daughters.

– (6) TV generates passivity! the farmer got excited. - (7) Just think, my daughters, instead of practicing the violin or piano, instead of reading and developing their imagination, instead of collecting butterflies or medicinal herbs, instead of embroidering, they sit all evenings staring at it gray spot. (8) Time passes, it seems to everyone that everyone is busy with business, or at least skillfully uses leisure. (9) But then the gray spot goes out - and that's it. (10) Emptiness. (11) Nothing has been added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride ...

(12) Considering that televisions do not play the first role in shaping future generations, I nevertheless once wrote an article “Creator or Spectator?” in the sense that if earlier in the village they sang themselves, now they only listen to how they sing, if before they danced themselves, now they only watch how they dance, and so on, that is, a consumer attitude towards art is gradually developed instead of active, lively, creative.

(13) Now it was necessary to ask how they consume, what they consume and what are the wishes in the field of consumption. (14) With such and such data and with a questionnaire in my pocket, I looked around, standing in the middle of our village. (15) It now has thirty-three houses. (16) Antennas rise above eleven roofs. (17) The first TV set was bought in 1959, the last one a week ago.

(18) It turned out that cinema ranks first in terms of interest. (19) 3themes of productions, that is, performances. (20) In third place - football, "Club of Travelers", singing, concerts, "Spark".

(21) It is interesting that, so to speak, the smallest number of points, namely round zero, was received, on the one hand, by symphonic and any orchestral music and even opera, and on the other hand, conversations on agricultural technology and generally special agricultural programs. (22) This is worth thinking about. (23) Imagine a program about the basics of versification. (24) Do you think poets would listen and watch it? (25) Not at all. (26) It would be more interesting to all non-poets who want to touch on the secrets of someone else's profession. (27) So the story of harvesting tea or cultivating the soil is more interesting to a city person.

Assignments to the text 2

1. What question is out of sight of the author of the article?

a) How does television influence the formation of a person's attitude to life?

b) What is the difference between a creative perception of life and a passive one?

d) What TV programs are interesting to the viewer?

2. Determine the style and leading speech type of the text.

a) Scientific, reasoning.

b) Publicistic, reasoning.

c) Artistic, storytelling.

d) Artistic, description.

3. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

a) Leisure- free time from work;

b) coming- real;

in) passivity- lethargy, indifference;

G) symphonic- orchestral.

4. From sentence 12 write out all pairs of contextual antonyms and contextual synonyms.

5. From sentence 6, write out a word in which there are fewer sounds than letters.

6. From sentence 12, write out words with alternating vowels in the root.

7. Write out all the verbs of the 1st conjugation from sentences 23–24.

8. From sentence 27 write out the grammatical basis.

9. Among sentences 13–20, find a non-union complex sentence, one of the parts of which is an incomplete sentence. Write down his number.

10. Among sentences 6-12, find a simple one-part nominative sentence. Write down his number.

11. Determine the way of subordination of the subordinate clauses in sentence 13.

12. Indicate the number of grammatical bases in the sentence 18.

13. Indicate the type of predicate in sentence 22.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the colon in sentence 11.

Nothing has been added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride a horse ...

a) A simple sentence, a generalizing word, is in front of a number of homogeneous members.

b) Asyndetic complex sentence, the second sentence reveals the meaning of the first.

c) Associative compound sentence, the second sentence indicates the reason.

d) Associative compound sentence, the first sentence indicates a condition.

15. From sentence 27 write out a phrase with the type of connection agreement. Replace this phrase with a synonym for the type of connection control.

16. Write out a stable phrase (idiom) from sentence 12.

17. From sentence 8, write out a noun with a different declension.

18. Among sentences 9–15, find sentences with isolated circumstances. Write down their numbers.

19. Among sentences 15-23, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a demonstrative pronoun that has turned into a noun. Write down his number.

20. Match the means of expression with the sentences of the text:

a) rows of homogeneous members;

b) question-answer form of presentation;

c) lexical repetition;

d) metaphor.

Suggestions: 9, 12, 13, 24–26.

Work on an essay-reasoning on the proposed text

I. Write an introduction to the essay. In the introduction, try to think about the role television plays in our lives, what programs are of interest to the viewer.

We all watch from time to time...

Different people are attracted by different ...: some people like ..., others ..., third ...

II. Formulate the problems posed by the author of the text.

What attitude to art and to life develops ...?

What TV programs are interesting...? Thinking about these questions...

III. Comment on the problems posed by the author of the text, formulate the author's position (for each problem), considering the following questions:

2. What language tool helps to express the idea that the TV absorbs a person's time and energy?

Metaphor... expresses the idea of meaninglessness...

Contextual antonyms… emphasize the contrast between active and passive…

V. Write about your attitude to the author's position. Think about whether watching a feature film or play is a waste of time. In what cases does watching TV only take a person's time and give him nothing? Are, in your opinion, interesting programs that tell about what a person does not encounter in his life and work, about the secrets of other professions?

However, if the TV program is of poor quality…

Each person is probably interested in learning about something new ... therefore ...

Keys to tasks in the text 2

4) contextual antonyms: creator - spectator, before - now, they sing - they listen, they dance - they look; consumer - active, lively, creative; contextual synonyms - active, lively, creative;

5) passivity;

6) believing, creator, creative;

7) think, steel, listen;

8) the story is more interesting;

11) homogeneous subordination;

13) compound verb;

15) city man- agreement, man from the city– management;

16) play the role;

20) a – 12, b – 24–26, c – 13, d – 9.

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 2

We all watch TV from time to time, and we are all attracted to different things: one gravitates towards watching feature films, another is interested in political programs, and the third is interested in popular science programs.

What attitude to art does watching TV develop and what is interesting for viewers? The author of the article reflects on these questions.

Recalling a conversation with an English farmer who considered TV a disaster, V. Soloukhin tries to convince the reader that TV develops in a person a consumer attitude towards art; contextual antonyms (singing - listening, dancing - watching) emphasize the contrast between active and passive perception of reality.

What does the viewer need? After analyzing the results of a survey conducted among the villagers, the author comes to interesting conclusions: of all TV programs, viewers are especially interested in feature films, theatrical performances, sports and popular science programs, concerts, and it seemed unexpected to the author that villagers are not at all interested in programs, dedicated to agriculture.

Thinking about this result of the survey, V. Soloukhin asks the question: would poets watch a program about the basics of versification? Being a writer, a poet, the author answers this question with a categorical refusal: "Not at all." Thus, according to the author of the article, it is more interesting for a person to “touch the secrets of someone else's profession” than to look at what has long been known and well known.

The author's idea that the TV develops a consumer attitude towards art seems somewhat categorical, because if a person watches a good film, performance, he thinks about what he sees on the screen, worries about the characters, compares his ideas about the book (if he has a film adaptation literary work) with the vision of the director, and thus the inner world of a person is enriched. It’s another matter if watching programs of not the best quality takes up all the viewer’s free time, then TV really is a gray spot for a person, absorbing time that could be spent on more interesting and useful activities.

I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary lyceum
at MSTU im. Nosova

(7) Of course, it is senseless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. (10) It is precisely on the basis of new results that we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements." (11) Even if the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling “space saucers”, skin vision are not confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, on one condition... (15) It is known that quite a few prominent natural scientists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was strongly cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists were involved in it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication came to the attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) Thus the great scientists were caught in the thrall of great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(A. Sukhotin)

About the author: Anatoly Konstantinovich Sukhotin is a famous scientist, philosopher of the 20th century, author of the popular science books Paradoxes of Science, Rhythms and Algorithms.

vocabulary work

telepaths- People with telepathy.

Telepathy- a scientifically unexplained phenomenon of transmitting at a distance information about the state of one living being to another or the thoughts of one person to another.

spiritists- people involved in spiritualism.

Spiritualism- a mystical movement associated with the belief in the afterlife of the souls of the dead and is characterized by a special practice of "communication" with them.

Demarcation- the line dividing the warring parties at the time of the truce.

Occult- related to the occult.

Occultism- the general name of the teachings that recognize the existence of hidden forces in man and the cosmos, accessible only to the "initiated".

parascience- near-scientific knowledge ( pair- Greek. "near, outside").

Decree- subject to decree.

Decree- a decision of the supreme power, having the force of law.

Assignments to the text 1

a) Many great scientists were interested in the paranormal.

b) The study of the occult sciences should be banned.

c) A scientist must be honest and objective.

d) The study of mystical phenomena will help to expand a person's ideas about the world.

2. From sentence 23 write out a word in which there are more letters than sounds.

3. From sentence 25, write out a word in which there are more letters than sounds.

4. From sentences 5–6 write out a phrase with a connection agreement.

5. From sentences 21–25 write out the number of the sentence where there is a phraseological unit.

6. From sentences 11–12, write out a colloquial word, replace it with a commonly used one.

7. Write a short participle from sentences 4–5.

13. Write down the grammatical basis from sentence 13.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the colon in sentence 5.

Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “inspection”, declare one thing a lie and the other a truth..

b) Associative compound sentence, the second sentence complements the first.

15. From sentences 7–15 write out the number of a complex sentence with a subordinate clause.

16. Among sentences 19–25, find sentences with separate definitions. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

17. Among sentences 1-6, find sentences with separate circumstances. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

18. Among sentences 11–17, find a complex sentence, part of which is a one-part indefinite personal sentence.

19. Write out introductory words from sentences 10–14.

20. Match the means of expression with the sentence numbers:

a) rows of homogeneous members;

b) metaphor;

c) contextual synonyms;

Offer numbers: 3, 5, 23, 24.

I. Write an introduction to the essay, reflecting on the relevance of the problem of the text.

Since ancient times, people have been attracted to...

The unusual abilities of man, the mysteries of life and death, other worlds - that's ...

II. State the problem of the text.

So how do you deal with...?

III. Comment on the problem of the text, considering the following questions:

1. What points of view on the attitude of people to the occult sciences does the author of the article give?

3. What image does the metaphor create in the reader fencing it off with concrete prohibitions?

In order to understand the problem, A. Sukhotin cites opposite points of view:

Some scientists consider occult knowledge..., others say...

Rumors and conjectures breed near mystical phenomena due to insufficient ...

The metaphor of "enclosing it with concrete prohibitions" helps to imagine...

Everything mysterious is necessary ..., but at the same time, a scientist who studies ... must be ...

The honesty and objectivity of a scientist is a guarantee ...

The metaphor "caught in captivity of great occult passions" emphasizes the attraction ...

To the rhetorical question "Can these scientists be called pseudoscientists?" The reader will answer in the negative because...

Keys to tasks in the text 1

2) moral and ethical;

3) famous;

4) any topics;

6) shun- avoid;

7) connected;

8) prefixed-suffixal;

9) b ( hypothesis- a hypothetical proposition put forward to explain a phenomenon);

10) grows, warms;

12) elected;

13) need to study(predicate);

19) say, means;

20) a – 3, b – 23, c – 24, d – 5.

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 1

How to relate to the occult sciences? The author of the article reflects on this question.

The author is convinced that the ban on the study of any mystical phenomena is meaningless and even harmful: it is precisely because of the insufficient study of these phenomena that rumors and conjectures breed around them. According to A. Sukhotin, one should not fence oneself off from the mysterious "concrete of prohibitions." This metaphor helps the reader imagine a wall behind which there is something forbidden and through which one wants to get over in order to find out what is really there.

(1) In the editorial office they told me: since you are going to the village anyway and will live there for some time, please take an interest in the TV. (2) I promised. (Z) Of course, I also had some attitude towards TV. (4) I immediately remembered my conversation with an English farmer, whose hospitality I once took advantage of. (5) He then called television a disaster, especially for his young daughters.

(12) Considering that televisions do not play the first role in shaping future generations, I nevertheless once wrote an article “Creator or viewer?” in the sense that if earlier in the village they sang themselves, now they only listen to how they sing, if before they danced themselves, now they only watch how they dance, and so on, that is, a consumer attitude towards art is gradually developed instead of active, lively, creative.

(18) It turned out that cinema ranks first in terms of interest. (19) 3themes of productions, that is, performances. (20) In third place - football, "Club of Travelers", singing, concerts, "Spark".

Assignments to the text 2

1. What question is out of sight of the author of the article?

a) How does television influence the formation of a person's attitude to life?

b) What is the difference between a creative perception of life and a passive one?

d) What TV programs are interesting to the viewer?

2. Determine the style and leading speech type of the text.

a) Scientific, reasoning.

b) Publicistic, reasoning.

c) Artistic, storytelling.

d) Artistic, description.

3. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

a) Leisure- free time from work;

b) coming- real;

in) passivity- lethargy, indifference;

G) symphonic- orchestral.

4. From sentence 12 write out all pairs of contextual antonyms and contextual synonyms.

5. From sentence 6, write out a word in which there are fewer sounds than letters.

6. From sentence 12, write out words with alternating vowels in the root.

7. Write out all the verbs of the 1st conjugation from sentences 23–24.

8. From sentence 27 write out the grammatical basis.

9. Among sentences 13–20, find a non-union complex sentence, one of the parts of which is an incomplete sentence. Write down his number.

10. Among sentences 6-12, find a simple one-part nominative sentence. Write down his number.

11. Determine the way of subordination of the subordinate clauses in sentence 13.

12. Indicate the number of grammatical bases in the sentence 18.

13. Indicate the type of predicate in sentence 22.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the colon in sentence 11.

Nothing has been added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride a horse ...

a) A simple sentence, a generalizing word, is in front of a number of homogeneous members.

b) Asyndetic complex sentence, the second sentence reveals the meaning of the first.

c) Associative compound sentence, the second sentence indicates the reason.

d) Associative compound sentence, the first sentence indicates a condition.

15. From sentence 27 write out a phrase with the type of connection agreement. Replace this phrase with a synonym for the type of connection control.

16. Write out a stable phrase (idiom) from sentence 12.

17. From sentence 8, write out a noun with a different declension.

18. Among sentences 9–15, find sentences with isolated circumstances. Write down their numbers.

19. Among sentences 15–23, find one that is related to the previous one with the help of a demonstrative pronoun that has turned into a noun. Write down his number.

20. Match the means of expression with the sentences of the text:

a) rows of homogeneous members;

b) question-answer form of presentation;

c) lexical repetition;

d) metaphor.

Suggestions: 9, 12, 13, 24–26.

Work on an essay-reasoning on the proposed text

I. Write an introduction to the essay. In the introduction, try to think about the role television plays in our lives, what programs are of interest to the viewer.

We all watch from time to time...

Different people are attracted by different ...: some people like ..., others ..., third ...

II. Formulate the problems posed by the author of the text.

What attitude to art and to life develops ...?

What TV programs are interesting...? Thinking about these questions...

III. Comment on the problems posed by the author of the text, formulate the author's position (for each problem), considering the following questions:

2. What language tool helps to express the idea that the TV absorbs a person's time and energy?

Metaphor... expresses the idea of meaninglessness...

Contextual antonyms… emphasize the contrast between active and passive…

However, if the TV program is of poor quality…

Each person is probably interested in learning about something new ... therefore ...

Keys to tasks in the text 2

4) contextual antonyms: creator - spectator, before - now, they sing - they listen, they dance - they look; consumer - active, lively, creative; contextual synonyms - active, lively, creative;

5) passivity;

6) believing, creator, creative;

7) think, steel, listen;

8) the story is more interesting;

11) homogeneous subordination;

13) compound verb;

15) city man- agreement, man from the city– management;

16) play the role;

20) a – 12, b – 24–26, c – 13, d – 9.

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 2

What attitude to art does watching TV develop and what is interesting for viewers? The author of the article reflects on these questions.

The author's idea that the TV develops a consumer attitude towards art seems somewhat categorical, because if a person watches a good film, performance, he thinks about what he sees on the screen, worries about the characters, compares his ideas about the book (if he has a film adaptation literary work) with the director's vision, and thus the inner world of a person is enriched. It’s another matter if watching programs of not the best quality takes up all the viewer’s free time, then TV really is a gray spot for a person, absorbing time that could be spent on more interesting and useful activities.

I. A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary lyceum
at MSTU im. Nosova

Text#25

Task number 1. Read the text by A. Sukhotin, answer the questions and fill in the table:

Pseudoscience is closely connected with the so-called occult science. Occult science admits the existence of hidden forces in the cosmos or in man himself, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

Some scientists, without wasting long words, take out the named series of classes and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies, in the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for them to tightly block access to science. Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing a lie and the other a truth. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. Based on the new results, we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements." Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, which means to deepen our understanding of the world. Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. Everything mysterious needs to be explored. However, on one condition: ... It is known that many prominent naturalists at different times brought tribute to occult affairs. For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists were involved in it. From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. The idea of telepathic communication came to the attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. Thus, great scientists found themselves in captivity of great occult passions. But will the tongue turn to call them pseudoscientists?

None of them went to deceit or fabrication of facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism, capable of leading to the path of pseudoscientific claims. "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains integrity in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. He lacks the well-known qualities for this, but he has an abundance of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

(A. Sukhotin)

1. What is the topic of the text?

2. What are the main problems of the text can you identify?

3. How can you characterize the problem of the text (select the one you need):

· moral;

ecological;

· social;

· psychological;

· philosophical;

socio-psychological;

socio-philosophical;

· socially significant;

social and moral ...

Task number 2. Restore the entry in the table ("Subject"); independently formulate the problems of the text and identify the author's position, based on the material of the table:

Task number 3. Read the text of the student essay and answer the questions:

A. Sukhotin's text raises the problem of the difficult relationship between true science and the so-called occult sciences, whose content is "understandable only by the elite."

The problem of "difficult, sometimes tragic connection" of science and pseudoscientific knowledge, theories" is important. Many of us young people will soon have to make a choice: which path to follow in our professional development - based on science, verified, or to succumb to the temptation to embark on a thorny, unclear, possibly false path ...

A. Sukhotin draws the reader's attention to the fact that at one time astrology and parapsychology were among the pseudosciences, and now they have proven their worth. In addition, the author of the text asks the reader not to rush to pass judgment, to “tightly block access to science” for new scientific thoughts that have just entered the path of their formation. He calls to be "cautious" those zealots of truth who are trying to inflict a special "examination" of the fledgling sciences.

The dramatic consequences of blindly following erroneous theories are discussed in the works of many Russian writers, critics, and journalists. So, tragically in the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”, the life of Yevgeny Bazarov ends, who found himself in the grip of his own theory of “vulgar materialism”. His nihilistic convictions, based on the denial of everything intangible (love for neighbors, respect for elders, worship of nature ...) led the hero to a dead end, made Yevgeny Bazarov unhappy.

It is noteworthy that the entire course of the development of the history of science is proof of the complex relationship of various theories and pseudo-theories - disputes, clashes, open rejection of their theoretical provisions. Many of the discoveries in astronomy made by N. Copernicus, J. Bruno, G. Galileo in the 13th-15th centuries were not accepted by their contemporaries. Some of these pioneers paid with their lives for ideas that, according to their opponents, were heresy, "demonic words."

So, after reading the text of A. Sukhotin, I came to the conclusion that it is very important, although very difficult, to determine “where is the lie and where is the truth” in science. But this must be done in order to enable it to develop, and the pioneers to go forward. The main thing is not to succumb on this path to pseudoscientific theories that can lead the researcher, scientist, thinker to bitter disappointment.

2. Is the topic of the text transformed into a problematic question? /(highlight the design with colored paste, put the symbol on the margins Fri**)

3. What, according to the student's work, is the main (main) idea of A. Sukhotin's text?

4. With what constructions in his work does the student draw up a comment on the problem stated by the author of this text A. Sukhotin? (Highlight these designs with colored paste, put the symbol on the margins KP***)

5. With what constructions in his essay does the student draw up the position of the author (A. Sukhotin), who discusses the relationship between science and pseudoscientific theories? (Highlight these designs with colored paste, put the symbol on the margins PA****);

6. With what constructions in his essay does the student formulate his opinion on the problem of the text? Is a part of the text a reasoning, or is it a statement: a statement-agreement with the position of the author of the text A. Sukhotin? (Highlight these designs with colored paste, put the symbol on the margins CM*****);

7. Have students been given evidence of their own opinion on the problem identified by the author of the text? Does the evidence contain illustrations of the argument put forward? (Highlight in the evidence with colored paste the argument itself and the illustration to the argument, put the symbols ****** in the margins D1, A1, Il1; D2, A2, Il2).

Option 4

When completing the tasks of this part, in the answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A30), put a sign "X" in the cell, the number of which corresponds to the number of the answer you have chosen.

A1. Which of the words is given in the correct pronunciation?

1) snow [s "n" eh] 3) cream [cream]

2) God [boh] 4) mashed potatoes [p "ur" e]

A2. Give an example without violating the norms of lexical compatibility.

1) This is an unprecedented thing.

2) The overwhelming majority of speakers were in favor of introducing new traffic rules.

3) The text is written in a very understandable language.

4) We tried carefully to avoid talking about yesterday's incident.

A3. Indicate the sentence without grammatical (morphological) errors.

1) The appeal to the governments of the world was signed by more than seven hundred famous scientists.

3) The lieutenant stated that there were no explanations and comments on the order.

4) It is important that children at an early age learn to put things in their place.

A4. Indicate the sentence without grammatical (syntactic) errors.

1) To the right of the steering wheel was a compass with a circle of pointer covered with cracked and partly chipped enamel, on which numerous divisions were applied.

2) Finding myself in the icy water, at first I was trembling, but energetic hand movements helped to warm up.

3) Modern cars are much easier to drive than cars made in the 20s and 30s of the last century.

4) More than half of the townspeople have summer cottages.

A5. Indicate a possible (grammatically correct) option for

missing part of the phrase: In chess, as in life, ........., only realizing your mistakes and shortcomings.

1) Success can be achieved by...

2) you can achieve success, ...

3) success is achieved, ...

4) success is possible...

Read the text and complete tasks A6-A11.

A. Some linguists believe that writing appeared before sound speech by a whole archaeological epoch, but such a theory has no real basis.

B. And the data of history, anthropology, ethnography refute the position about the emergence of writing before the appearance of sounding speech.

B. History does not know a single human society, be it the most backward, which would not have its own sound language.

G. Moreover, neither history nor ethnography is known of a human society that would use writing without having speech.

A6. What question can be put at the beginning of the text?

1) How many years ago did writing begin?

2) How did language originate?

3) What form of speech arose earlier: oral or written?

4) Why was writing invented?

A7. Which sentence should be followed by the following sentence?

Archeology, which is often referred to by supporters of the hypothesis of the early origin of writing, is not able to provide any evidence of the existence or absence of sounding speech in the pre-literate period.

1) between A and B 3) between C and D

2) between B and C 4) after D

A8. Indicate the correct statement about sentence B.

1) consists of 3 parts; not common

2) consists of 2 parts; both common

3) consists of 3 parts; one of them is an uncommon offer

4) consists of 4 -x parts; two of them are uncommon

A9. What characteristic corresponds to sentence G?

1 ) complex subordinate

2) complex with non-union, subordinating and coordinating connection

3) complex with an allied and subordinating relationship

4) complex with coordinating and subordinating connection

A10. In what case are the nouns HISTORIES and ETHNOGRAPHIES in sentence D?

1) in the nominative

2) in parent

3) in the dative

4) in the accusative

All. Indicate the meaning of the word SOCIETY in sentences C and D.

1) organization, association of people who set themselves common goals,

2) a certain stratum of the population, which differs from other strata in living conditions, education, etc.; class, estate

3) a set of people living in certain specific historical conditions

4) state, country

A12. In place of which numbers is NN written?

In museums, you probably saw old (1) drawings, under which you wrote (2) about: “Lead pencil”. Three hundred years ago, there were no modern (3) pencils with a lead in a wooden (4) shirt.

2) 2,3,4 4) 1,3,4

A13. In which row are all the words with an alternating vowel in the root?

1) por..sl, company..n, g..hot

2) r..sten, cr..beer, p..sat

3) wipe .. ret, nat. .army, k..sleep

4) r..get lost, k..speech, r..ret

A14. In which row is the letter I missing in both words?

1) pr .. branch, pr .. form

2) pr..two, pr..decorate

3) without..initiative, counter..gra

4) trans..ransky, super..initiative

A15. In which row is the letter A missing in both words?

1) breathable..shchy, (they) jump out..t

2) crying..shchy, (they) study..t

3) servant..sch, (they) jump..t

4) dir..sch, (they) endure..t

A16. In which row in all words at the place of the gap is written b?

1) help .., help .. nickname, rags ..

2) hide..tes, achieves..sya, creates..sya

3) eight .. ten, men .. majority, wide open ..

4) in..moving, breaking down, out of..yan

A17. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which NOT is written?

The baron n (1) spared n (2) time, n (3) money to find the culprit of his disgrace, and already n (4) what, except for revenge, n (5) could think of.

1) 1,4 2) 2,3,4 3) 1 ,5 4) 4

A18. In which line are both underlined words spelled together?

1) One must be a patriot, and (not) a nationalist. There is no need to (not) hate other nations because you are a patriot.

2) (B) soon the swimmers found themselves under the very ship, which lifted (above) them their bare sides, covered with resin blackened from time to time.

3) Poets clothe (in) flesh and blood (not) bold refinement of the feelings of the crowd.

4) (C) to the left of the road we saw a pit, (to) the top filled with water.

A19. Indicate the correct explanation of punctuation in the sentence:

In the famous play by Schwartz, the shadow of a scientist begins to live its own life () and it is not so easy to put it in its place.

1) The comma in place of the brackets is needed because the union And connects parts of a complex sentence.

2) A comma in place of brackets is not needed, because AND connects homogeneous members of a sentence.

3) A comma in place of the brackets is needed because the union And is part of the introductory sentence.

4) Taken in place of brackets is not needed, because AND connects parts of a complex sentence that have a common minor member.

A20. Point out the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) In the room, in addition to the entrance, there was one more door.

2) The caught fish was placed in a hollow filled with water in a stone, and the boy, watching with interest how the body of the fish changes color, and gently stroking it, suggested that we touch the cool scales.

3) The storm subsided, replaced by a light breeze, and the sailboat could continue its journey.

4) Curving my whole body and pushing off with my fins, I surfaced to catch my breath.

A21.Which digit(s) should be replaced by commas in sentences?

AT that day the white moon is standing in the sky, in the morning (I) at last(2) frost hit, and the trees were covered with brittle hoarfrost. Thank God it seems(3) winter came.

A22. Specify the sentence in which you need to put two commas. (No punctuation marks.)

1) The brother was smart and dexterous, he easily solved problems and easily learned to do tricks.

2) The black hole of the tunnel was either clearly visible or disappeared in the haze rising from the hot stones.

3) The square itself and the leaves gilded by the sun and the monument seemed somehow foreign.

4) The half-flooded ship had bare sides covered with mold and blackened with time.

A23. Which sentence should not include a dash? (No punctuation marks.)

1) The Netherlands is a state in the north-west of Europe often called Holland.

2) In the east the country borders with Germany in the south with Belgium.

3) In the Middle Ages, it was believed that Bordeaux steel was the most reliable in the world.

4) One of the most striking signs of our estrangement from the people is that we almost completely stopped singing in chorus.

A24. Point out the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) There are great ones, next to whom everyone seems small, but truly great is the one with whom everyone feels great.

2) The Colonel opened the case and took out two identical swords, the blades of which flashed in the sun with rays of white fire.

3) The sandy bottom is entirely strewn with small fragments of stones, between which tangled algae weakly swayed in time with the barely noticeable movements of the sea.

4) None of us knew which way to go, so we decided to wait for dawn, when it would be possible to orient ourselves on the map.

A25. Which answer option shows the correct placement of commas in the sentence:

District (1) where we lived (2) was far from the river (3) and (4) to get to the beach (5) we had to drag ourselves through the city in a crowded tram.

1) 1,2,3,4,5 2) 2,4,5 3) 1,3,4 4) 1,2,3,5

A26. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a synonymous participial phrase?

1) People who lived 20 years ago could create works of art of the highest level.

2) It would be unfair to blame only science and technology for the damage done to the environment.

3) The coming third technological revolution, which will change the very nature of work, will be based on the power of human mental activity.

4) Aristotle believed that comets, like a rainbow, are formed due to evaporation that rises from the surface of the Earth.

A27.Read the text.

Natural science, being the basis of all knowledge, has always had a significant impact on the development of the humanities with its methods, methodological and ideological attitudes.

mi and representations, images and ideas. Such an impact is especially powerful in our Epoch. Now it is obvious to everyone that the fundamental training of specialists in the humanities is already unthinkable without familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

1) In our time, the impact of natural science on all sciences is especially powerful.

2) Natural science plays an increasingly important role in the development of all sciences, including the humanities, and the fundamental training of specialists in the humanities requires familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

3) Natural science is the basis of all knowledge. It plays a major role in our era, so the fundamental training of specialists in the fields of knowledge is unthinkable without familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

4) The methods of natural science are used in all sciences, including the humanities.

Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30, B1-B8, C1.

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of hidden forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. (H) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The desire to experiment, to observe, to search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and conjectures. (10) It is precisely on the basis of new results that we are trying to "control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements." (11) Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our ideas about the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with concrete prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, under one condition: It is known that many major naturalists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists joined it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication was in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) So great scientists were captured by great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains decency in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists. (25) She lacks well-known qualities for this, but there are plenty of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

(A. Sukhotin)

A28.Find a continuation of sentence 14 that matches the content of the text and the position of the author?

1) ...do not attach serious importance to this study.

2) ... to adhere to the rules of the game, that is, to remain honest.

3) ... to abandon the conclusions made by classical science.

4) ...be sure to put the discovery into practice.

A29.Determine the style and type of speech.

1) artistic style; description

2) scientific style; description

3) journalistic style; reasoning

4) conversational style; reasoning

AZO.What word or phrase is explained through the context?

1) occult spider

2) palmistry

4) telepathic communication

When completing the tasks of this part, write down your answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the task number (B1-B8), starting from the first cell. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. Words or numbers when transferring separate with commas. Put each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.

Answers to tasks B1-B3 write down in words.

81. From sentences 17-19 write out the noun formed by the prefix-suffix method.

82. From sentences 2-3 write out all animate nouns.

83. From sentences 7-10, write out a phrase with the connection MANAGEMENT, with an adjective as the main word.

Write down the answers to tasks B4-B8 in numbers.

84. Among sentences 10-17, find a complex sentence that includes a one-part indefinitely personal. Write the number of this offer.

85. Which of sentences 7-18 has homogeneous isolated definitions? Write the number of this offer.

86. Among sentences 15-25, find a complex sentence with a concession clause. Write the number of this offer.

87. Which of sentences 15-22 is related to the previous one with the help of a pronominal adverb? Write the number of this offer.

88. Read the fragments of the review, which analyze the linguistic features of this text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write the sequence of numbers in the answer in the answer sheet No. 1 to the right of the number of task B8, starting from the first cell.

(sentences 18, 19, 20, 21, etc.), _ (for example, in sentences 8, 9,

12, 17), colloquial grammatical means are used (_ in sentences 8, 9, 10, 11) and book syntactic constructions (_ in sentences 3, 8, 9, 11).

One of the means emphasizing the author's ironic attitude both to pseudo-scientists and to too distrustful specialists is -_ (in sentences 4, 5, 7).

List of terms:

1) little-known terms

3) words with diminutive suffixes

4) phraseological units

5) particles

6) metaphor

7) expressive lexical repetition

8) comparative turnovers

9) rows of homogeneous members

10) violation of logical homogeneity

For the answer to the task of this part, use the answer sheet No. 2. First write down the number of the task C1, and then write an essay.

C1. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated.

If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated by zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Answers:

compatriots

(c) a man of the elect

3,4,7,8,9

(not) clear science

Text essay:

There are many things in our world that cannot be explained from the point of view of science. And the stronger the ban on the observation of paranormal phenomena, the more interest they cause. And when you still manage to get closer to the solution of what seemed impossible and unknown, the most important thing is not to violate the moral and ethical laws. The problem of their observance is mentioned in the text by A. Sukhotin. The author states: "An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains decency in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, be among the pseudoscientists."

I fully agree with the opinion of the publicist. In no case should one speculate on moral and ethical standards in the pursuit of cheap popularity, since this will not lead to anything good. And there is a lot of evidence for this in our literature.

M.A. Bulgakov in the story "Fatal Eggs" just describes the consequences of careless interference with the laws of nature. “Paper from the Kremlin” allowed the head of the “Red Luch” state farm A. Rokku “to raise chicken breeding in the country” to expropriate from Professor Persikov the “ray of life” invented by him in the form of three chambers to increase the cage. But instead of chickens, the Moscow region was flooded with giant pythons and crocodiles, accidentally bred by Rokk instead of chickens. Wanting not to lose the face of the head of the demonstrative state farm, Alexander Semyonovich violated all sorts of moral laws, for which he was severely punished. However, like the eccentric Professor Persikov. Salvation came from nature itself - in August the frost suddenly hit 18 degrees, and the reptiles died out. So M.A. Bulgakov once again says that nature is wise and everything in it is arranged correctly, even if we cannot describe everything from the point of view of science.

Of course, if we talk about the violation of moral and ethical standards by scientists, then one cannot but recall the novel by A. Belyaev “The Head of Professor Dowell”. In pursuit of his own fame, Kern, taking advantage of Dowell's asthma attack, deprived the head of the body, and then, passing an electric current through the professor's head, mixing irritants with nutrient solutions, forced Dowell to cooperate. Using someone else's knowledge, Kern sews the head of the singer Briquet to the body of Angelica Guy. However, this experiment ends in failure, and the exposed Kern commits suicide. The positive characters of this novel - the doctor Marie Laurent and Professor Douel - are those honest researchers about whom A. Sukhotin just said that they have qualities "which protect against the temptation of cheap fame."

Summing up the above, I would like to note only one thing: no matter what a person does, he must be morally stable and not chase after cheap fame, distorting scientific facts. Alas, this glory is groundless and fleeting, because it is easy to debunk it with the help of true scientific knowledge.

Text by A. Sukhotin:

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence in the cosmos or in man himself of hidden forces, accessible to the understanding of only the elect. (3) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without initiating a special “examination”, declare one thing to be a lie and the other to be true. (6) Moreover, to prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows up near strange phenomena, far from clear to science, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experiment, on observation, on search only warms up the situation, breeds rumors and speculation. (10) It is on the basis of new results that we are trying to “control” physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements. (11) Let the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling "space saucers", skin vision not be confirmed, their study will help not only to remove the hype, but also to explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shy away from the mysterious, fencing it off with concrete prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, under one condition ...

(15) It is known that many major naturalists brought tribute to occult affairs at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent occupation, and therefore many scientists joined it. (17) From the depths of history comes a passion for alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication was in the field of attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the Rebus magazine, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter. (20) So great scientists were captured by great occult passions. (21) But will the tongue turn to call them false scientists?

(22) None of them deceived or fabricated facts, none suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to pseudoscientific claims. (23) "Demarcation" runs along the edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) Honest researcher, just decent: a person,
who preserves decency in the affairs of science, cannot, no matter what he does, turn out to be in the ranks of pseudoscientists. (25) He lacks well-known qualities for this, but there are plenty of those that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.

(According to A. Sukhotin)

Portal for the student. Self-training

vocabulary work

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 1

Work on an essay-reasoning on the proposed text

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 2

vocabulary work

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 1

Work on an essay-reasoning on the proposed text

Exemplary essay-reasoning on the text 2

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