What did you understand Prince Andrei on the field of Austerlitz? No, he did not come to God, as his sister, Princess Marya, dreamed of, putting on him a small icon, taken away, and now, after a conversation with Napoleon, returned by French soldiers. The faith of Princess Marya seems to Prince Andrei too clear and simple, everything is actually more complicated. But he understood one thing under the high and kind sky: the former aspirations for glory, for the love of human vanity, and therefore insignificant. A person should look for something else in life, but what? Life meanwhile, the real life of people with their own essential interests of health, illness, work, recreation, with their own interests of thought, science, poetry, music, love, friendship, hatred, passions, went on, as always, independently and outside of political closeness or enmity. with Napoleon Bonaparte and beyond all possible transformations.
And on the right On the flank, Bagration does at this time what Kutuzov failed to do near the tsar - he delays time in order to save his detachment. He sends Rostov to find Kutuzov (and Nikolai dreams of a tsar) and ask if it is time to join the battle on the right flank. Bagration hoped that the messenger would not return until evening...
Towards him cavalrymen are galloping - to attack the French, and Boris Drubetskoy meets him, happily animated by participation in the attack ... And Berg stops Rostov with a fantastically absurd story about how he, wounded in his right hand, took a sword in his left: “In our breed, von Berg, count, they were all knights ... ". “Rostov thought about it and went exactly along the stump where he was told that they would kill him.” He feels sorry for himself - how sorry he was for his mother, remembers her last letter and feels sorry for himself for her ... But all this is different, not like it was under Shengraben, because he learned, hearing his fear, not to obey him. He still rides forward, “no longer hoping to find anyone, but only to clear his conscience before himself,” and suddenly he sees his adored emperor - alone, in the middle of an empty field, and does not dare to drive up, turn, help, show your devotion. And indeed, what is there to ask now, when the day is coming to evening, the army is defeated, and only Bagration's detachment is saved thanks to the reasonable cunning of his commander.
“Prince Andrei understood that this was said about him and that Napoleon was talking ... He knew that it was Napoleon - his hero, but at that moment Napoleon seemed to him such a small, insignificant person in comparison with what was happening between his soul and this high endless sky with clouds running across it ... "
Still; we saw the battle through the eyes of Prince Andrei, who bitterly understood what was happening before him. Now Tolstoy passes on an observant position to the uncomprehending, enthusiastic Rostov. Going to look for Kutuzov "in that state of mind in which everything seems easy, fun and possible," he could not even imagine that everyone was running on the left flank. He “could neither understand nor make out anything of what was being done,” and kept up his vigor with one thought, very characteristic of him: “I don’t know how it will be there, but everything will be fine!”
There are two very similar concepts - morality and morality. Morality is the observance of certain rules that exist in society, and morality is the basis of morality. For many people, understanding the correctness of their actions and thoughts is based on kindness, spirituality, honesty, respect for themselves and others, these are the very concepts of morality on which the morality of society is based. Throughout the story, as life circumstances change, the moral quest of Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel "War and Peace" reflects his views on the world and the events around him at a given, specific moment in time.
But under any circumstances, Andrei Bolkonsky retains his main core of life - he always remains an honest and decent person. For him, the main principles always remain, based on respect for worthy, from his point of view, people.
Changing views on the life of Andrei Bolkonsky
At the beginning of the novel, Prince Andrei suffers from the life he lives, it seems to him that everything that surrounds him is false and false through and through. He is eager for war, dreams of exploits, of his Toulon. About the glory and love of people. And here it is all sickening and disgusting. “Living rooms, gossip, balls, vanity, insignificance - this is a vicious circle from which I cannot get out,” Bolkonsky says to Pierre, answering the question why he goes to war.
The fact that his young wife is expecting a child not only does not stop him, on the contrary, the princess annoys him with her coquetry, her habitual chatter in living rooms. “Of all the faces that bored him, the face of his pretty wife seemed to bother him the most,” Tolstoy writes about Bolkonsky at the beginning of the novel.
The path of spiritual quest of Andrei Bolkonsky begins with the thought that real life is in war, the main thing in this world is not family quiet comfort, but military exploits in the name of glory, for the sake of people's love, for the sake of the Fatherland.
Once in the war, he gladly serves as an adjutant to Kutuzov. “In the expression of his face, in his movements, in his gait, there was almost no noticeable former pretense, fatigue and laziness; he had the appearance of a man who has no time to think about the impression he makes on others, and is busy with pleasant and interesting business. His face expressed more satisfaction with himself and those around him; his smile and look were more cheerful and attractive.
Bolkonsky, before the decisive battle, reflects on the future: “Yes, it may very well be that tomorrow they will be killed,” he thought. And suddenly, at this thought of death, a whole series of recollections, the most distant and most sincere, rose in his imagination; he remembered the last farewell to his father and wife; he remembered the first days of his love for her; remembered her pregnancy, and he felt sorry for both her and himself ... “Yes, tomorrow, tomorrow!
He thought. “Tomorrow, perhaps, everything will be over for me, all these memories will no longer exist, all these memories will no longer have any meaning for me. Tomorrow, maybe - even probably tomorrow, I foresee it, for the first time I will finally have to show everything that I can do.
He strives for fame, for fame: “... I want fame, I want to be known to people, I want to be loved by them, then it’s not my fault that I want this, that I want this alone, I live for this alone. Yes, for this one! I will never tell this to anyone, but my God! what am I to do if I love nothing but glory, human love. Death, wounds, loss of family, nothing scares me. And no matter how dear or dear to me are many people - my father, sister, wife - the people dearest to me - but, no matter how terrible and unnatural it seems, I will give them all now for a moment of glory, triumph over people, for love. to myself people whom I do not know and will not know, for the love of these people”
As if in mockery, in response to lofty arguments about what at the moment seems to Andrei the most important thing in life, Tolstoy immediately inserts a stupid joke of soldiers who are not at all interested in the high thoughts of the prince:
"Titus, and Titus?"
"Well," replied the old man.
“Titus, go thresh,” said the joker.
“Pah, well, to hell with them,” a voice was heard, covered with the laughter of batmen and servants.
But even this does not knock Bolkonsky out of his heroic mood: “And yet I love and cherish only the triumph over all of them, I cherish this mysterious power and glory, which is hovering over me in this fog!” he thinks.
Bolkonsky dreams of exploits, and, unlike Nikolai Rostov, does not run away from the battlefield, on the contrary, the prince raises the retreating troops to attack. And gets seriously injured.
This is where the first turning point occurs in Bolkonsky's mind, suddenly what seemed absolutely right becomes completely unnecessary and even superfluous in his life. Lying wounded under the sky of Austerlitz, Prince Andrei is clearly aware that the main thing is not to die heroically in the war, in order to earn the love of completely strangers who don’t care about you at all! “How could I not have seen this lofty sky before? And how happy I am that I finally got to know him. Yes! everything is empty, everything is a lie, except for this endless sky. Nothing, nothing but him. But even that is not even there, there is nothing but silence, calmness. And thank God!.."
Even at the moment when “Napoleon, his hero” approached him… at that moment Napoleon seemed to him such a small, insignificant person in comparison with what was happening now between his soul and this high, endless sky with clouds running across it. It was absolutely indifferent to him at that moment, no matter who was standing over him, no matter what they said about him; he was glad ... that these people would help him and bring him back to life, which seemed to him so beautiful, because he understood it differently now.
And now Napoleon, with his ambitious plans, seems to the prince an insignificant creature who does not understand the true meaning of life. “All the interests that occupied Napoleon seemed so insignificant to him at that moment, his hero himself seemed so petty to him, with this petty vanity and joy of victory, in comparison with that high, fair and kind sky that he saw and understood ... Looking into his eyes Napoleon, Prince Andrew thought about the insignificance of greatness, the insignificance of life, which no one could understand the meaning of, and the even greater insignificance of death, the meaning of which no one could understand and explain from the living.
In delirium, not realizing, Bolkonsky dreams of a family, a father, a sister, and even a wife and a small child who should soon be born - it was these "dreams ... that formed the main basis of his feverish ideas." For him, suddenly became the main "Quiet life and calm family happiness in the Bald Mountains ...".
And when he returned to the family estate, having managed to catch his wife in the last minutes of his life, "... something came off in his soul that he was guilty of guilt, which he could not correct and not forget." The birth of a son, the death of his wife, all the events that happened to Prince Andrei in the war turned his attitude to life upside down. Bolkonsky even decided never to serve in the army again, the main thing for him now is taking care of his little son, who needs him. “Yes, this is the only thing left for me now,” the prince thinks.
The moral quest of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov
Everything that concerns the turbulent social life that the father leads, what happens in the army seems boring and uninteresting, all this only irritates Bolkonsky. Even the fact that while reading a letter from Bilibin, Prince Andrei suddenly awakens interest in what he wrote, even this interest makes him angry, because he does not want to take part in this alien, "there" life.
Pierre's arrival, conversations and disputes about what is better: to do good to people, according to Bezukhov, or not to do evil, according to Bolkonsky, these events seem to awaken the prince from sleep. This philosophical dispute reflects the moral quest of Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov in a difficult period of life for both of them.
They are both, each in their own way, right. Each of them is looking for his place in life, and each wants to understand for himself how to live in accordance with the concepts of honor and dignity. This dispute becomes another turning point in the life of Prince Andrei. Unexpectedly for him, "a date with Pierre was ... an epoch from which, although in appearance it is the same, but in the inner world, his new life began."
During this period of his life, Bolkonsky compares himself with an old, gnarled oak that does not want to obey the spring and bloom, “Spring, and love, and happiness!” - this oak seemed to be saying, - “and how you don’t get tired of the same stupid and senseless deceit. Everything is the same, and everything is a lie!”
Looking at this tree, Prince Andrei convinces himself “that he didn’t need to start anything, that he should live out his life without doing evil, without worrying and not wanting anything.”
But that's the whole point, that he has to convince himself of this, in the depths of his soul, not yet fully realizing, he is ready for new metamorphoses. To the fact that it will turn his soul upside down and stir up in it the dormant expectation of joy and love.
Just at that moment he meets Natasha Rostova, falls in love with her and suddenly discovers that in fact he can be happy and can love, and even the old oak confirms his thoughts: “The old oak, all transformed, spread out like a tent of juicy, dark greenery, shimmering, slightly swaying in the rays of the evening sun. No clumsy fingers, no sores, no old mistrust and grief - nothing was visible.
Everything that was good in his life comes to his mind, and these thoughts lead him to the conclusion that in fact: "life is not over at 31." Love, not yet fully realized, finally returns Bolkonsky to activity.
But everything always changes in life, and the relationship between Prince Andrei and Natasha will also change. Her fatal mistake will lead to a break with Bolkonsky and to the fact that he will again lose faith in life.
Not wanting to understand and forgive Natasha, the prince will go to war, and there, having come under fire and already mortally wounded, Bolkonsky will nevertheless come to understand that the main thing in life is love and forgiveness.
Conclusion
So what is morality in the understanding of Prince Bolkonsky in the novel "War and Peace"? This is honor and dignity, this is love for the family, for a woman, for people.
But, often, in order to realize and bring out the final verdict for himself, a person goes through serious trials. Thanks to these trials, thinking people develop and grow spiritually and morally. In my essay on the theme “The Moral Quests of Andrei Bolkonsky”, I wanted to show that for Prince Andrei the concept of morality is the basis of life, the very core on which his inner world rests.
Artwork test
Andrei Bolkonsky is an image that embodies the best features of the representatives of the advanced noble society of his time. This image is in multiple connections with other characters in the novel. Andrei inherited a lot from the old prince Bolkonsky, being the true son of his father. He is related in spirit to his sister Marya. He is given in a complex comparison with Pierre Bezukhov, from whom he differs in greater realism and will.
The younger Bolkonsky comes into contact with the commander Kutuzov, serves as his adjutant. Andrei sharply opposes secular society and staff officers, being their antipode. He loves Natasha Rostova, he aspires to the poetic world of her soul. The hero of Tolstoy moves - as a result of stubborn ideological and moral quest - towards the people and towards the worldview of the author himself.
For the first time we meet Andrei Bolkonsky in the Sherer salon. Much in his behavior and appearance expresses deep disappointment in secular society, boredom from visiting living rooms, fatigue from empty and deceitful conversations. This is evidenced by his tired, bored look, the grimacing that spoiled his handsome face, the manner of squinting when looking at people. Gathering in the cabin, he contemptuously calls "stupid society."
It is not joyful for Andrei to realize that his wife Liza cannot do without this idle circle of people. At the same time, he himself is here in the position of a stranger and stands "on the same level as the court footman and idiot." I remember Andrei's words: "Living rooms, gossip, balls, vanity, insignificance - this is a vicious circle from which I cannot get out."
Only with his friend Pierre he is simple, natural, full of friendly participation and cordial affection. Only to Pierre can he confess with all frankness and seriousness: "This life that I lead here, this life is not for me." He has an irresistible thirst for real life. His sharp, analytical mind is attracted to her, broad requests push him to great achievements. According to Andrey, the army and participation in military campaigns open up great opportunities for him. Although he can easily stay in St. Petersburg, serve as an aide-de-camp here, he goes to where the hostilities are going on. The battles of 1805 were for Bolkonsky a way out of the impasse.
Army service becomes one of the important stages in the search for Tolstoy's hero. Here he sharply separates himself from the numerous seekers of fast careers and high awards that could be found at the headquarters. Unlike Zherkov and Drubetskoy, Prince Andrei organically cannot be a lackey. He is not looking for reasons to rise in ranks and awards, and he consciously begins his service in the army from the lower ranks in the ranks of Kutuzov's adjutants.
Bolkonsky keenly feels his responsibility for the fate of Russia. The Ulm defeat of the Austrians and the appearance of the defeated General Mack gives rise to disturbing thoughts in his soul about what obstacles stand in the way of the Russian army. I drew attention to the fact that Andrei changed dramatically in army conditions. He has no pretense, fatigue, the grimace of boredom has disappeared from his face, energy is felt in his gait and movements. According to Tolstoy, Andrei "looked like a man who did not have time to think about the impression he makes on others and was busy with something pleasant and interesting. His face expressed great satisfaction with himself and those around him." It is noteworthy that Prince Andrei insists that he be sent to where it is especially difficult - to Bagration's detachment, of which only one tenth can return after the battle. Another thing is noteworthy. Bolkonsky's actions are highly appreciated by the commander Kutuzov, who singled him out as one of his best officers.
Prince Andrei is unusually ambitious. The hero of Tolstoy dreams of such a personal feat that would glorify him and oblige people to render him enthusiastic respect. He cherishes the idea of fame, similar to the one that Napoleon got in the French city of Toulon, which would lead him out of the ranks of unknown officers. One can forgive Andrei for his ambition, realizing that he is driven by "a thirst for such a feat that is necessary for a military man." The battle of Shengraben already to some extent allowed Bolkonsky to show his courage. He boldly goes around the positions under the bullets of the enemy. He alone dared to go to Tushin's battery and did not leave it until the guns were removed. Here, in the battle of Shengraben, Bolkonsky was lucky enough to witness the heroism and courage shown by the gunners of Captain Tushin. In addition, he himself showed military restraint and courage here, and then one of all the officers came to the defense of the little captain. Shengraben, however, has not yet become Bolkonsky's Toulon.
The battle of Austerlitz, as Prince Andrei believed, was a chance to find his dream. It will certainly be a battle that will end in a glorious victory, carried out according to his plan and under his leadership. He will indeed accomplish a feat in the battle of Austerlitz. As soon as the lieutenant, who was carrying the banner of the regiment, fell on the battlefield, Prince Andrei raised this banner and shouted "Guys, forward!" led the battalion into the attack. Having been wounded in the head, Prince Andrei falls, and now Kutuzov writes to his father that the son of the old Prince Bolkonsky "fell a hero."
It was not possible to reach Toulon. Moreover, they had to endure the tragedy of Austerlitz, where the Russian army suffered a heavy defeat. At the same time, the illusion of Bolkonsky, associated with the glory of the great hero, dissipated, disappeared. The writer turned here to the landscape and painted a huge, bottomless sky, at the contemplation of which Bolkonsky, lying on his back, experiences a decisive mental break. Bolkonsky’s internal monologue allows us to penetrate into his experiences: “How quiet, calm and solemn, not at all the way I ran ... not the way we ran, shouted and fought ... Not at all like the clouds crawling along this high, endless sky." The cruel struggle between people now came into sharp conflict with the generous, calm, peaceful and eternal nature.
From that moment on, the attitude of Prince Andrei towards Napoleon Bonaparte, whom he revered so much, changes dramatically. Disappointment arises in him, which was especially aggravated at the moment when the French emperor rode past him, Andrei, with his retinue and theatrically exclaimed: "What a beautiful death!" At that moment, “all the interests that occupied Napoleon seemed so insignificant to Prince Andrei, his hero himself seemed so petty to him, with this petty vanity and joy of victory,” in comparison with the high, just and kind sky. And during the subsequent illness, “little Napoleon with his indifferent, limited and happy look from the misfortunes of others” began to appear to him. Now Prince Andrei severely condemns his ambitious aspirations of the Napoleonic warehouse, and this becomes an important stage in the spiritual search for the hero.
Here Prince Andrei arrives in the Bald Mountains, where he is destined to survive new shocks: the birth of a son, the torment and death of his wife. At the same time, it seemed to him that it was he who was to blame for what had happened, that something had come off in his soul. That change in his views, which arose at Austerlitz, was now combined with a mental crisis. The hero of Tolstoy decides never to serve in the army again, and a little later he decides to completely abandon social activities. He fences himself off from life, in Bogucharovo is engaged only in housekeeping and his son, suggesting to himself that this is all that is left to him. He intends now to live only for himself, "without interfering with anyone, to live to death."
Pierre arrives in Bogucharovo, and an important conversation takes place between friends on the ferry. Pierre hears from the lips of Prince Andrei words full of deep disappointment in everything, disbelief in the high purpose of a person, in the opportunity to receive joy from life. Bezukhov adheres to a different point of view: "We must live, we must love, we must believe." This conversation left a deep imprint on the soul of Prince Andrei. Under her influence, his spiritual revival begins again, albeit slowly. For the first time after Austerlitz, he saw the high and eternal sky, and "something long asleep, something better that was in it, suddenly woke up joyfully and young in his soul."
Having settled in the countryside, Prince Andrei carried out noticeable transformations in his estates. He lists three hundred souls of peasants as "free cultivators", in a number of estates he replaces corvée with dues. He writes out a learned grandmother in Bogucharovo to help women in childbirth, and the priest teaches peasant children to read and write for a salary. As we can see, he did much more for the peasants than Pierre, although he tried mainly "for himself", for his own peace of mind.
The spiritual recovery of Andrei Bolkonsky was also manifested in the fact that he began to perceive nature in a new way. On the way to the Rostovs, he saw an old oak tree, which "alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring", did not want to see the sun. Prince Andrei feels the rightness of this oak, which was in harmony with his own moods, full of despair. But in Otradnoye he was lucky enough to meet Natasha.
And now he was deeply imbued with the power of life, spiritual wealth, spontaneity and sincerity that emanated from her. The meeting with Natasha truly transformed him, aroused in him an interest in life and gave birth to a thirst for active work in his soul. When, returning home, he met the old oak again, he noticed how it had changed - spreading its juicy greenery like a tent, swaying in the rays of the evening sun, It turns out that "life does not end at thirty-one years ... It is necessary ... that my life was not for me alone, he thought, so that it would be reflected on all and that they all live with me together.
Prince Andrei returns to social activities. He goes to St. Petersburg, where he begins to work in the Speransky commission, drawing up state laws. He admires Speransky himself, "seeing in him a man of great intelligence." It seems to him that "the future on which the fate of millions depends" is being prepared here. However, Bolkonsky soon had to be disappointed in this statesman with his sentimentality and false artificiality. Then the prince doubted the usefulness of the work that he had to do. A new crisis is coming. It becomes obvious that everything in this commission is based on bureaucratic routine, hypocrisy and bureaucracy. All this activity is not at all necessary for the Ryazan peasants.
And here he is at the ball, where he meets Natasha again. From this girl he breathed purity and freshness. He understood the richness of her soul, incompatible with artificiality and falseness. It is already clear to him that he is carried away by Natasha, and during the dance with her "the wine of her charms hit him in the head." Further, we follow with enthusiasm how the love story of Andrei and Natasha develops. Dreams of family happiness have already appeared, but Prince Andrei is destined to experience disappointment again. At first, Natasha was disliked in his family. The old prince insulted the girl, and then she herself, carried away by Anatole Kuragin, refused Andrei. Bolkonsky's pride was offended. Natasha's betrayal swept away dreams of family happiness, and "the sky began to crush again with a heavy vault."
The War of 1812 came. Prince Andrei again goes to the army, although he once promised himself not to return there. All petty concerns faded into the background, in particular, the desire to challenge Anatole to a duel. Napoleon approached Moscow. On the way of his army were the Bald Mountains. It was an enemy, and Andrei could not be indifferent to him.
The prince refuses to serve in the headquarters and is sent to serve in the "ranks": According to L. Tolstoy, Prince Andrei "was completely dedicated to the Affairs of his regiment", took care of his people, was simple and kind in dealing with them. In the regiment they called him "our prince", they were proud of him and loved him. This is the most important stage in the formation of Andrei Bolkonsky as a person. On the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei is firmly convinced of victory. He tells Pierre: "We will win the battle tomorrow. Tomorrow, whatever it is, we will win the battle!"
Bolkonsky is moving closer to ordinary soldiers. His aversion to the higher circle, where greed, careerism and complete indifference to the fate of the country and people reign, is growing stronger. By the will of the writer, Andrei Bolkonsky becomes the spokesman for his own views, revering the people as the most important force in history and attaching special importance to the spirit of the army.
In the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei is mortally wounded. Together with other wounded, he is evacuated from Moscow. Again he is experiencing a deep spiritual crisis. He comes to the conclusion that relations between people should be built on mercy and love, which should be addressed even to enemies. It is necessary, according to Andrei, universal forgiveness and firm faith in the wisdom of the Creator. And one more experience is experienced by the hero of Tolstoy. In Mytishchi, Natasha unexpectedly appears to him and asks his forgiveness on her knees. Love for her flares up again. This feeling warms the last days of Prince Andrei. He managed to rise above his own resentment, to understand Natasha's suffering, to feel the power of her love. He is visited by spiritual enlightenment, a new understanding of happiness and the meaning of life.
The main thing that Tolstoy revealed in his hero continued after his death in his son, Nikolenka. This is discussed in the epilogue of the novel. The boy is carried away by the Decembrist ideas of Uncle Pierre and, turning mentally to his father, he says: "Yes, I will do what even he would be pleased with." Perhaps Tolstoy intended to connect the image of Nikolenka with the emerging Decembrism.
This is the result of the difficult life path of the remarkable hero of Tolstoy's novel - Andrei Bolkonsky.
Plan.
Depiction of the war 1805-1807
1. Historical concreteness in Tolstoy's portrayal of the war.
2. The versatility of the image of the war.
3. Tolstoy's demonstration of the uselessness and unpreparedness of this war. The attitude of Kutuzov and the soldiers towards her. Review scene in Braunau.
4. Tolstoy's attitude to the war. His assertion of the senselessness and inhumanity of war. Her image is "in blood, in suffering, in death." The storyline of Nikolai Rostov.
5. Description of the Shengraben battle:
a) Tolstoy's depiction of the cowardice of Zherkov and the staff officer, the ostentatious courage of Dolokhov, the true heroism of Timokhin and Tushin;
b) the behavior of Prince Andrei, dreams of Toulon.
6. Description of the Battle of Austerlitz:
a) by whom and how it was conceived; Tolstoy's ironic attitude towards "dispositions";
b) how nature affects the course of the battle;
c) Kutuzov and Emperor Alexander; flight of the Russians;
d) the feat of Prince Andrei and his disappointment in "Napoleonic" dreams.
7. Austerlitz - the era of shame and disappointment for all of Russia and individuals. Austerlitz by Nikolai Rostov, Pierre Bezukhov and others.
1-2 . "In July 1805" collected her evening A.P. Scherer. “In October 1805, Russian troops occupied the villages and cities of the Archduchy of Austria. The historical genre of the novel required authenticity. The narrative is transferred to the battlefields in Austria, many heroes appear: Alexander 1, the Austrian emperor Franz, Napoleon, army commanders Kutuzov and Mack, commanders Bagration, Weyrother, ordinary commanders, staff officers, soldiers.
WHAT WAS THE PURPOSE OF THE WAR?
3. The Russian government entered the war out of fear of the spread of revolutionary ideas and a desire to prevent Napoleon's aggressive policy. Tolstoy successfully chose the scene of the review in Braunau for the initial chapters on the war. There is a review of people and battle. What will he show? Is the Russian army ready for war?
CONCLUSION. Appointing a review in the presence of the Austrian generals, Kutuzov wanted to convince the latter that the Russian army was not ready for the campaign and should not join the army of General Mack. For Kutuzov, this war was not a sacred and necessary matter. Therefore, his goal is to keep the army from fighting.
4. The author's attitude to the war can be traced through the storyline of Nikolai Rostov. He has not yet managed to become a military man, for the first time he will take part in the war. Tolstoy deliberately shows the war not in a heroic way, but focuses on "blood, suffering, death." N. Rostov at first sought to get into the war, but became disillusioned with it: romantic ideas about the war collided with its real cruelty, inhumanity, and wounded, he thinks, “Why did I come here?”
5. The battle of Shengraben, undertaken on the initiative of Kutuzov, gave the Russian army the opportunity to join forces with its units marching from Russia. Kutuzov still considers the war unnecessary, but here it was about saving the army. Tolstoy once again shows the experience and wisdom of Kutuzov, his ability to find a way out in a difficult historical situation.
BATTLE OF SHENGRABEN. The behavior of a warrior in battle: cowardice and heroism, feat and military duty can be traced in the episodes of this battle.
Timokhin's company, in conditions of confusion, when the troops taken by surprise fled, "one in the forest was kept in order and then unexpectedly attacked the French." After the battle, one Dolokhov boasted of his merits and injury. His courage is ostentatious, he is characterized by self-confidence and protruding himself to the fore. Real heroism is accomplished without calculation and without sticking out one's exploits.
BATTERY TUSHIN. THEIR PARTICIPATION IN THE BATTLE.
In the hottest area, in the center of the battle, Tushin's battery was without cover. Tushin, to whom they owed the "success of the day", not only did not demand "glory and human love." But he did not even know how to stand up for himself in front of the unfair accusation of his superiors, and the feat generally remained unrewarded. It was about such a feat that Prince Andrei Bolkonsky dreamed of when he went to war. To achieve "his Toulon", in which he saw the meaning of life, which will lead him to glory. This was the original presentation of the book. Andrew about his place in battle and the nature of the feat. Participation in the battle of Shengraben makes him look at things differently. And the meeting with Tushin before the battle and on the battery, then after the battle in the hut at Bagration made him see real heroism and military feat. He did not give up his idea of a feat, but everything he experienced that day makes him think.
This is the composition center. All the threads of an inglorious and unnecessary war go to him.
- The idea of the battle and the mood of its participants, the author's attitude to the carefully thought-out plan of General Weyrother. Advice the day before. Kutuzov's behavior.
- Battle, confusion, fog.
CONCLUSION: the lack of a moral incentive for waging war, the incomprehensibility and alienness of its goals to the soldiers, distrust between the allies, confusion in the troops - all this was the reason for the defeat of the Russians. According to Tolstoy, it was in Austerlitz that the true end of the war of 1805-1807. “The era of our failures and our shame” - this is how Tolstoy himself defined the war.
Austerlitz became an era of shame and disappointment not only for the whole of Russia, but also for individual heroes. Not at all the way he would like, N. Rostov behaved. Even a meeting on the battlefield with the sovereign, whom Rostov adored, did not bring him joy.
On the eve of the Battle of Austerlitz, Prince Andrei thinks only of his future glorious deed.
And now the feat of Prince Andrei seems to be carried out exactly in that classical picture. As it seemed to him in his dreams: "with a banner in my hand, I will go forward." So, as he dreamed, he happened to "go ahead of the troops", and the whole battalion ran after him.
This, of course, is a glorious feat worthy of the Bolkonsky family honor. Honors of a Russian officer. But for Tolstoy, the inner essence, the very type of achievement, is important. After all, Napoleon also has unconditional personal courage and he is able to go ahead of the troops. But this feat is not poeticized in the novel. His feat adds another touch to his portrait of an impeccable soldier.
With a feeling of the greatest disappointment in Napoleon, who was his hero, Prince Andrey also lies on Pratsenskaya Hill. Napoleon introduced himself to him as a small, insignificant little man, "with an indifferent, limited and happy look from the misfortune of others." True, the wound to Prince Andrei brought not only disappointment in the futility and insignificance of feats in the name of personal glory, but also the discovery of a new world, a new meaning of life. The immeasurably high, eternal sky, the blue infinity opened a new line of thought in him, and he wished that people "helped him and return him to life, which seemed to him so beautiful, because he understood it differently now."
THE GENERAL RESULT is a feeling of disappointment in life as a result of realizing the mistakes made by the heroes. In this regard, it is remarkable. That next to the Austerlitz battle scenes are chapters telling about the marriage of Pierre to Helene. For Pierre, this is his Austerlitz, the era of his shame and disappointment.
GENERAL AUSTERLITS - this is the result of volume 1. The started war for the sake of glory, for the sake of the ambitious interests of the Russian court circles, it was incomprehensible and not needed by the people, and therefore ended with Austerlitz. Such an outcome was all the more shameful because the Russian army could be courageous and heroic when it had at least some understanding of the objectives of the battle, as was the case with Shengraben.
Goals and objectives of the lesson: to identify the ideological and artistic features of the image of the Battle of Austerlitz as the compositional center of the entire war of 1805-1807; to realize the role of Andrei Bolkonsky in this episode; be able to answer questions; build monologue speech; contribute to the development of patriotism.
Lesson form: group.
Features of the lesson: a differentiated approach.
Equipment: text of 1 volume of the novel "War and Peace", cards with questions, illustrations, computer, DVD.
During the classes.
- Repetition of the material covered. Questions session.
What are the causes of the war of 1805-1807? How does Tolstoy feel about this war? How did Timokhin's company and Tushin's battery prove themselves in the battle of Shengraben? What is cowardice and heroism? With what thoughts did Andrei B. leave for the war? What feelings did he experience while participating in this war?
Teacher. Summing up all that has been said, we conclude: the Russian government entered the war out of fear of the spread of revolutionary ideas and the desire to prevent Napoleon's aggressive policy. Tolstoy has a negative attitude towards war. She is cruel and senseless. After all, all people are brothers. But even here the soldiers showed miracles of heroism. Timokhin's company, in conditions of confusion, "one in the forest resisted and attacked the French." In the hottest area, in the center of the battle, Tushin's battery fought. Andrei Bolkonsky goes to war in order to accomplish a military feat, to win glory. At the initial stage of the war, he understands that heroes are not necessarily people of officer rank, but ordinary soldiers. He saw that a feat in the war is a common thing.
Yes, Prince Andrei went to war for feat and glory. Let's see if he managed to do it?
We are divided into three groups. Each group is given tasks and questions on cards.
Question: During the development of the disposition (plan of action) Kutuzov openly sleeps. Why?
The students are trying to find the answer. Because in any, even the most carefully developed plan, different circumstances can interfere. And any outcome of the case is decided by people. You can't predict how they will behave.
(Students from group 1 read an excerpt about the beginning of the battle)
Question: What happened? What accident has invaded the disposition?
Fog was not included.
Question: How did the soldiers behave when they saw the French in front of them? And the panic began.
Question: How else can one explain the flight of the soldiers?
The absence of a moral incentive for waging war, the foreignness of its goals for the people.
Question: How does Kutuzov behave in the decisive moments of the battle?
He is in the thick of the crowd of his soldiers. He does not try to escape from it, painfully trying to understand what is happening.
Question: How did Tolstoy reveal Kutuzov's state of mind?
Kutuzov is completely powerless before the flight of his soldiers, he is tormented by what he sees. He calls for help to Andrei Bolkonsky. He is ashamed and sad.
What is Prince Andrew doing?
(Students 2-1 gr. Read out an excerpt from the behavior of Prince Andrei in battle.)
Questions: What did Andrey B. feel when he saw the soldiers flee from the battlefield?
What prompted Prince Andrei to grab the banner and run forward?
What does Andrei B. see and hear when he runs against the enemy with a banner in his hands?
Prince Andrei was obsessed with one thought: we must stop this shame, stop the flight. Before Austerlitz, he thinks only about his feat. And then everything happened as he imagined: he happened to “go ahead of the troops” with a banner in his hands, and the whole battalion ran after him. He hears only the whistle of bullets and sees the banner dragging along the ground. Prince Andrei did not feel the beauty of the feat.
Question: Why is this feat not poetized in the novel?
This is a glorious feat worthy of the honor of a Russian officer. But for Tolstoy, the inner essence of a feat is important. After all, Napoleon can also go ahead of his troops. This inner essence of the feat of Andrei Bolkonsky is the reason why the feat is not poetized.
(Students in group 3 read out the final passage of the chapter).
Questions: How did Andrei B. feel about Napoleon before the war?
Why does Napoleon now seem small and insignificant to the wounded Prince Andrei?
Previously, Prince Andrei considered Napoleon a hero. And now he saw his true nature, learned how he got his glory by walking over the corpses of his soldiers. Andrei Bolkonsky was disappointed in Napoleon. Napoleon introduced himself to him as "a small, insignificant little man", "with an indifferent, limited and happy look from the misfortune of others."
What did Prince Andrei discover for himself, looking at the high sky?
What is the meaning of the "high sky" image in this episode?
In this image of the sky there is greatness, infinity of aspiration, coldness. The sky is absolute, fair, Prince Andrei is looking for justice and perfection in life. Life shouldn't be confusing. Prince Andrei sees the sky, looking over human life.
Question: What was Austerlitz for Prince Andrei and for Russia?
Austerlitz brought Prince Andrei the discovery of a new world, a new meaning of life. He wished that people would "help him and bring him back to life, which seemed to him so beautiful, because he understood it differently now." The world opened up to Andrei Bolkonsky in another dimension, where ambitious dreams, fame, honors - everything was insignificant compared to the endless sky.
Austerlitz became an era of shame and shame for Russia. Terrible, like any war, by the destruction of human life, this war, according to Tolstoy, did not have at least an explanation for its inevitability, started for the ambitious interests of the court circles, it was incomprehensible and not needed by the people. Therefore, it ended with Austerlitz. But the Russian army could be courageous and heroic when the goals of the battle were clear to it.
Homework. Choice:
- Write a mini essay “What, according to Tolstoy, is the inner essence of any human act, including heroic?”;
- Make a chapter plan;
- Draw up OSK "Austerlitz";
- Illustrate the chapter.
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