Phonetic processes

In the flow of speech, sounds interact with each other, influencing each other with certain phonetic changes. Consonants can be influenced by other consonants or vowels by vowels, i.e. articulatory sounds of the same type interact. But interaction between different types of sounds is also possible, when consonants affect vowels or, conversely, vowels affect consonants.

Among the changes are combinatorial and positional changes.

Combinatorial(from Lat. combinare "combine", "connect") are called changes in phonemes under the influence of neighboring (or non-neighboring) phonemes. Most of these changes can be explained by the convenience of pronunciation. In some cases, it is easier to pronounce two identical or two similar sounds, for example, two deaf or two voiced consonants. In other cases, on the contrary, it is more difficult to pronounce two identical adjacent sounds, for example, two stops or two affricates. Therefore, depending on the properties of the interacting sounds, either convergence in pronunciation or divergence can occur between them.

Another type of phonetic change is positional changes(from Latin positio "position"). In this case, the change in phonemes is due to their relationship to stress, as well as their position at the absolute beginning or at the absolute end of the word, i.e. solely by their position and not influenced by other sounds.

The most common combinatorial changes include: assimilation, dissimilation, accommodation.

Let's consider them in more detail.

Assimilation(from Latin assimilatio "similarity") - a phonetic process, as a result of which interacting sounds approach completely or partially. In other words, these sounds become more similar or the same. Assimilation is characterized by the following features:

• 1. Contact(from lat. contactus "contact") - the interaction of two adjacent sounds and disconnected(from Latin dis "time" and tangere, tactum "touch") - the interaction of non-adjacent sounds separated by other sounds. An example of contact assimilation butlcd a [shk], an example of a disconnected ba da .
• 2. Complete- two different sounds turn into two identical ones, which usually merge and are pronounced as one long sound (for example, abouttd at[dd]. With complete assimilation, assimilation occurs according to all the signs characteristic of interacting sounds (by deafness - sonority, hardness - softness, by the type of articulation, etc.). H incomplete assimilation - two different sounds remain different, but approach each other on some basis, for example, a word sd both [zd]. With incomplete assimilation, assimilation occurs in terms of the named signs. In the word muffin, consonants are likened in sonority, otherwise these sounds remain different.
• 3. progressive(from lat. progressus "forward movement") - the influence of the previous sound on the next ( vanka) and regressive(Latin prefix indicates the opposite of the action) - the influence of the subsequent sound on the previous one, for example, tosb a[zb].

Variety progressive assimilation is synharmonism(from the Greek syn “together” and harmonia “connection”, “consonance”), vowel harmony in the Turkic languages, when the root vowel determines the corresponding vowel in the subsequent morpheme: Turkish. oda- room, odalar- rooms; ev- house, evler- house a.

Dissimilation(from Latin dissimilatio "dissimilarity") - a phonetic change, when two identical or two similar sounds form either different or less similar sounds. According to its results, it is a process, the reverse of assimilation. Therefore, dissimilation is characterized by the same concepts as assimilation. progressive(February from February), regressive (secretary from secretary),contact (who, dohtor), disconnected (February from February).

There are cases when the same sound is influenced by several factors, resulting in different phonetic changes. So, in the word easily (lehko) there is a regressive assimilation in terms of deafness and dissimilation in terms of the method of education.

Accommodation(from Latin accomodatio "adaptation") - a phonetic process in which different types of sounds interact - vowels and consonants. The influence of consonants on vowels is determined in two directions:

• 1. after soft consonants, the vowels a, o, y become more forward: small - crushed, ox - led, bow - hatch. In this case, we observe 1 progressive accommodation.
• 2. before soft consonants, the same vowels a, o, y become narrower, closed: gave - distance, year - goal, strings - jets. There is regressive accommodation here.

Vowels affect consonants in only one direction - regressively: before vowels and, uh, consonants also become more front - soft: book - book, books.

In addition to the above phonetic changes, other processes can occur in words:

• 1. Diareza(discard) (from the Greek Diairesis "gap", "separation"), for example: sun, neighborhood. A variety of dieresis are also processes: syncope(abbreviation), for example: pervyazhy(bandage) transfer(change clothes) siniceza(merge), for example: just do(generally), imagine(imagine) and haplology- throwing out a syllable, for example: standard-bearer(bearer).
• 2. Epenthesis(insert) (from the Greek. Epenthesis) the opposite phenomenon of diaeresis: nd equal(temper) for the sake ofin about(radio), spyand is he(spy).
• 3. Metathesis(permutation of phonemes) (from Greek metathesis) - witch from bear, plate(from German Teller), Frol(from lat. flor), palm from the valleys case(from German Futteral).
• 4. Fusion- fusion of consonants: myts I- my( c)a, wetc I- we( c)a.
• 5. substitution(adaptation) (from Greek Substitutio) - replacement of one phoneme with another: Nikolai - Mykola, Arina - Orina, Nikifor - Mikishka.

When determining phonetic changes, it is necessary to distinguish between the original (primary) form and the derivative (secondary). The correct definition of the type of phonetic change depends on this. Due to the fact that writing, as a rule, reflects a more ancient state of the language, its written form, its spelling, should be considered the original form of the spoken word; for a colloquial word - a form that is presented in the literary language; for a literary word - the word of the source language.

Phenomenon prostheses(gr. prothesis - substitution), or superpositions of the beginning of a word, can be observed in the following words: in eight(out of eight) e roplan(airplane), in spicy(spicy)

Reduction- shortening of the longitude of the phoneme (Latin reductio "drawing back"). Reduction is also understood as a weakening of the articulation of a sound and a change in its sound (this mainly applies to vowels in an unstressed position). Reduction is both qualitative and quantitative.

Quality reduction- weakening and changing the sound of vowels in an unstressed syllable, accompanied by the loss of certain signs of their timbre, for example, Gabout fishing[b].

Reduction quantitative- a decrease in the length and strength of the sound of a vowel in an unstressed syllable while maintaining a characteristic timbre. For example, the reduction of the vowel [y] in the first and second unstressed syllables (cf. at bottom, with at yes, with at dovoy).

Sounds do not exist in isolation from each other. They are in constant interaction and influence each other, causing various sound changes.

In the flow of speech, sounds are combined with each other, forming words, speech measures, phrases. The ability of sounds to combine with each other is called syntagmatics, and the combinations of sounds themselves are called syntagmas.

Speaking in combination with each other, sounds in some conditions retain their qualities, in others they change them. The ability of sound units to vary is called paradigmatics, and the totality of variants of one sound is called a paradigm: / s"n"ieg"i?r" / c"n"bg?v"i?k.

The concepts of the position of sounds are connected with the doctrine of syntagmatics and paradigmatics.

Position is the position of the sound in the word. There are strong and weak positions of sounds.

Strong positions are called such positions of sounds in which the largest number of sounds differ: ro?m / l "e? s // ?.

In weak positions, one of the correlative sounds is not distinguished: ?tu?t / sa?t / s?dy? /sd?vo?t//?.

Changing consonants

For consonants, strong and weak positions are distinguished: 1) by deafness and sonority; 2) hardness and softness.

I. Strong and weak positions in voiced and deafness

• 1. Strong positions in voicing and deafness are for paired sounds:
  • a) the position of voiced and deaf consonants before vowels:
  • b) the position of voiced and deaf in front of sonorants: ?bl "e? sk - pl" e? / bend?t -knu?t?;
  • c) the position of voiced and voiceless consonants before the labial-tooth sounds? in?,? in "?:
  • d) unpaired sounds are always in a strong position, because they can have only one sound - either deaf or voiced.
• 2. Weak positions in terms of sonority and deafness are:
  • a) position at the absolute end of a word. In Russian, the law of the end of the word operates, the essence of which is that paired voiced consonants are stunned: ?lo?p / but?sh / sa?t / s"n"e?k?;
  • b) position before voiceless consonants, where voiced consonants are stunned: ?lo?tk / no?shk / propk?;
  • c) position before voiced consonants, where voiceless consonants are voiced: ? pro?

When voiced consonants are stunned and voiceless consonants are voiced, there is an assimilation (assimilation) of the previous consonant to the next.

II. Strong and weak positions in hardness and softness

• 1. Strong positions in hardness and softness are:
  • a) before vowels: ?sa?t - s "a? t" / lu? k - lu? k / s?
  • b) position at the absolute end of the word:
  • c) in front of the posterior lingual: ?ba? nk - ba? n "k / go? rk - go? r" k / d "e? tk" and - d "a? t" k "and ?;
  • d) unpaired sounds are always in a strong position in terms of hardness and softness.
• 2. A weak position in terms of hardness and softness is:
  • a) the position of hard teeth in front of soft teeth:
  • b) the position of hard teeth in front of soft noisy anterior palates: "ba? n" sh?
  • c) the position of hard teeth before? j ?: ? with "je? l / druz" ja? / in "ju? gъ ?;
  • d) the position of hard teeth in front of soft labials: ?b?m "b" and? t " / s" m "e?
  • (In modern Russian, the softening of the consonant before the soft fluctuates)
  • e) soft consonants in rare cases can harden before hard ones: m "uh? dyb?.

Some consonants are pronounced longer than other consonants. Such consonants are called long.

For example, in Russian, the sound usually denoted by the letter u - [sh?"], Can only be a long sound: pike - [sh?" U? ka], goodbye - [pr? w?"a?i], etc.

In orthographic writing, the longitude of a consonant is most often conveyed by placing two identical letters next to each other, denoting a given consonant: cash (cf.: scythe), score (cf.: ball), colossus (cf.: ear).

Long consonants can be found in the roots of words: Russia, buzz, yeast, etc.

In addition, long consonants can appear at the junction of a preposition and the word following it, a prefix and a root or a root and a suffix, when two identical adjacent consonants merge into one long consonant: [?t?"eeb"a?] - from you , [r?s?"v"e?t] - dawn, [v??z"i?t"] - to import, [h"uh?n?i] - cast iron, etc.

It often happens that the placement of two identical letters side by side in a spelling letter is observed where there is no long consonant in pronunciation.

For example, in the following words, we usually pronounce short rather than long consonants, although their longitude is indicated on the letter: alley - [al "e? Ib], art - [art? Stv], artillery - [? r "iii", barricade - [bar" ika? db], grammar - [gr? ma? t" ik], collection - [k? l "ektsyi], etc.

This circumstance creates certain difficulties in mastering the spelling of these words by students.

Loss of consonants

In some cases, when several consonants come together, one of them may not be pronounced. However, in other forms of the word or in related words, it is pronounced.

For example: charming - [pr "l" e? snyi], but charm - [pr "e? l" ls "t"], late - [po? zn], but late - [? p? zda? l], to whistle - [from "to" and? snut "], but to whistle - [from" to "is" t "et? t"].

Falling out consonant sounds according to the rules of Russian spelling in writing are indicated by the corresponding letters.

Changing the vowel sounds of the Russian language

For vowels, the strong position is their stressed position:

So?m / ma?k / m "and? r / dy? m / lu? k / xl" e? p ?.

If the vowels are in an unstressed position, then the position is weak: ?tr?va? / other?va? / m "iesta ??.

The degree of change of vowels in an unstressed position depends on what place they occupy in relation to the stressed one. So, in the word garden?d, both unstressed vowels [o] are pronounced like [?]; what about milk? the first [o] is in the second pre-stressed position and is pronounced like [ъ] (sound close to [s]): [small? ko?].

The change in vowel sounds in an unstressed position also depends on which consonants (hard or soft) they are after. For example: the vowel [and] after solid consonants is pronounced as [s]: circus - [tsy? rk], life - [zhy? zn "], expanse - [shy? r"].

Changing vowel sounds in weak positions is called reduction (from Latin reductio - to bring, back).

Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative reduction.

The weakening and change in the sound of vowels in an unstressed syllable, accompanied by the loss of certain signs of their timbre, is called a qualitative reduction: [h "a? s / h" iesy? / h "bs? fsh?" and? k]; [go?lva / g?lo?f / gl?va?]; [Water?dy / in?Yes? / vd? in? s].

Reducing both the length and strength of the sound of a vowel in an unstressed syllable while maintaining the timbre is called a quantitative reduction: [lu?k / meadows? / meadow? in? i], [cheese? r / cheeses? ].

Paired deaf-voiced noisy consonants consist of 12 pairs of phonemes: lt;пgt; - lt; bgt ;, lt; p'gt; - lt;b’gt;, lt;fgt; - lt;vgt;, lt;f'gt; - lt; in’gt ;, lt; tgt; - lt;dgt;, lt;t’gt; - lt; d’gt ;, lt; cgt; - lt;зgt;, lt;с’gt; - lt; s’gt ;, lt; shgt; - lt;zhgt;, lt;w’gt; - lt; w’gt ;, lt; kgt; - lt;гgt;, lt;к'gt; - lt;g‘gt;.
Within each correlative series, strong and weak positions are distinguished and, consequently, strong and weak phonemes appear.
Strong positions are:

1. before vowels: [there], [you], [body], [spit];
2. before sonorants: [layer] - [evil], [cr'iv] - [gr'iv];
3. before the phonemes lt; вgt;, lt; в'gt;: [tvkr'e'ts] - [dvAr'ets]:
4. before lt;jgt;: - .

The fact that consonant phonemes on the basis of deafness-voicedness differ not only before vowels and sonorant consonants close to them in acoustic-phonological terms, but also before lt;vgt; and lt;]gt;, is explained historically.
Weak positions in deafness-voicedness are:

1. position at the end of the word: ponds - [rod], rods - [rod]; I can - [mock], get wet - [mock]:
2. noisy consonants before noisy ones (except [v]): cork - [propk], spoon - [loshk], bunch - [sv'ask], summary - [svotk], shop - [lafk], mowing - [kkz'ba] , threshing - [mlkd'ba] (that is, if there is assimilation in deafness or sonority, then this is always a weak position).

The procedure for determining the main variant of the consonant phoneme:

1. determine the position of the consonant sound in the word;
2. if the position is weak, then it is necessary to choose a word or its form in which the consonant sound in this morpheme will be in a strong position. For example: e[w] - hedgehog: [w] = lt; ra [sp ’] isat - ra [zm] yt: [s] = lt; zgt;.

Consonant phonemes, correlative in softness-hardness, can be in strong and weak positions.
Strong positions in softness-hardness for all consonants are as follows:

1. at the end of the word: [dan] - [dan '], [say] - [say '], [coal] - [coal '], [heat] - [heat '], [vz'at] - [vz'at ']:
2. position before strong vowels lt;agt; and lt;оgt;: - [s’at ’], [say] - [m’ol]: before strong and weak phonemes lt;уgt; and lt; and gt ;: [court] - [s'uda], [bow] - [l'uk], [soap] - [m'il], [pytit '] - [p'itat ']: before the weak vowel phoneme lt; agt;, which in the first pre-stressed syllable sounds like [l] after hard consonants and [ie] after soft ones, and in other pre-stressed and stressed ones like [b] and [b]: glass - [stlkan], pull - [t'ien'y]: pamper - [bblvat '], issued - [vydl'i], stretched out - [vyt'nu]:
3. phoneme lt;lgt;, lt;l'gt; before any consonant phoneme: [pAln'by] - [val'n'ey]; [kolk] - [skdl'k]; [bolt] - [volt];
4. anterior lingual before posterior lingual and hard labials: [gbrk] - [gdr'k]; [wash away] - [p'is'mo];
5. all unpaired in softness-hardness lt;

Weak positions, in which hard and soft paired consonants do not differ, are:

1. position before lt;egt;, where all consonants are soft and therefore their softness is positionally determined: [s'et'], [p'et'], [b'eliy], [v'er], [d'el] , [l'es\,
2. before consonants, unpaired in hardness-softness, i.e. lt; - [false people], article -, friends - [druz'ia], weeds - [bur] an]. In this position, paired hard and soft consonants are not distinguished. The hard ones are in front of the hard ones, the soft ones are in front of the soft ones;
3. in front of all pairs in softness, except for lt; lgt ;. Before labial and dental consonants, dental and labial consonants do not differ in softness-hardness. Hard ones are pronounced before hard ones, dental ones sound softly before soft ones, and labial ones sound hard: [moan], [rope], [yard], [provt], [s't'ep "], [z'v'er'], [pr'is], [vb'irat '].

In addition to strong and weak positions identified within each of the correlative rows, there are positions that are simultaneously strong both for deaf-voiced and hard-soft consonant phonemes. Such a strong position for all consonants at the same time is the position before the vowel phonemes lt; agt;, lt; ogt;, lt; ygt;, lt; and gt;. Such a position is called absolutely strong, and the phonemes appearing in it are called absolutely strong.
There is also an absolutely weak position, in which consonants do not differ either in hardness-softness or in deafness-voicedness. Such a position, for example, is the position in front of the phoneme lt;цgt;, where, apart from the phoneme lt;lgt;, neither deafness-voicedness, nor hardness-softness is distinguished: catchers - [laftsy], incisors - [r'ie stsy], mowers -
[KASTS].
The positions in which absolutely weak phonemes appear are primarily those before lt;цgt;, lt;h'gt;, lt;sh'gt;.
Phoneme lt;]gt; is defined as a sonorant fricative (fricative), midlingual soft consonant phoneme. She appears in the Russian literary language in two allophones - in the consonant allophone and in the non-syllable vowel allophone [th]. The consonant allophone of this phoneme is observed in the position before the stressed vowels: pit - ym], apple - Tsablek], mine -, yours - [tpvluo].
Allophone [th] appears in the position: before unstressed vowels - my - [myu]; after an unstressed vowel - war - [vayna]; before consonants - like - [like], washing - [moyk]; at the end of the word: my - [my].

The composition of vowel phonemes in the system of the Russian language is determined on the basis of their meaningful role in a strong position. For the vowel phonemes of the Russian language, the position under stress not between soft consonants is absolutely strong (both perceptually and significatively). However, in a perceptually weak position, a phoneme does not enter into neutralization with other phonemes; therefore, to determine the composition of vowel phonemes, it is sufficient to take into account which position is significatively strong. For the vowel phonemes of the Russian language, this is the position under stress. In this position, six vowels are distinguished: [a] - [o] - [i] - [s] - [e] - [y]. But two vowels positionally alternate: [and] / [s]. Positionally alternating sounds are representatives of one phoneme. In a perceptually strong position - after and between solid consonants [s] appears, however, only [s] occurs at the beginning of a word, therefore it is considered to be the main version of the phoneme, and [s] only a variation of the phoneme<и>. So, the composition of the vowel phonemes of the Russian language is as follows:<а>– <о>–< and> –< e> –< y> (she – [ʌn a ], it – [ʌn about], they [ʌn’ and ], those - [t ' uh ], here at ]).

Significatively weak for Russian phonemes is the position not under stress. However, for each phoneme it is individual. Yes, phoneme<у>does not enter into neutralization with any other phoneme. For<а>, <о>all unstressed positions are weak. In position, the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants, four vowel phonemes enter into neutralization<а> –< o> – < e> – < and>: h [and e] sy, m [and e] doc, r [and e] ka, l [and e] sa. Perceptually weak for Russian vowels are positions: after soft consonants mint[m'ˑat], before soft consonants mother[matˑt '] and between soft consonants knead [m'ät '].

STRONG AND WEAK POSITIONS OF CONSONANTS AND COMPOSITION OF CONSONANT PHONEMES OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The composition of voiced and voiceless consonant phonemes is determined by strong positions for voiced and voiceless consonants. Strong positions are:

1) Before vowels: ko[z]a - ko[s]a (<з> – <с>);

2) Before sonorant consonants: [z'l ']it - [s'l']it (<з’> – <’с>);

3) Before / in /, / in ’/: in [s’v ’] ut - [s’v ’] ut (<з’>– <’с>).

Weak positions for voiced and voiceless noisy consonants:

1) At the end of the word: ro [d] a-ro [t], r [t] a - ro [t] (<д>neutralized with<т>in option [t]);

2) Before a voiced consonant: ko[s']it - ko[z'b]a (<с’>neutralized with<з’>in the variant [h ']);

3) Before deaf consonants: lo [d] points - lo [tk] a (<д>neutralized with<т>option [t]).

Sonorant consonants do not neutralize with any other consonant phonemes on the basis of voiced/deafness, so all positions for them are strong on this basis.

In terms of hardness-softness, strong positions for consonant phonemes of the Russian language are:

1) Before vowels<а>, <о>, <и>, <у>, <э>: garden - sit down (<д> – <д’>), nose - carried (<н> – <н’>), bow - hatch (<л> – <л’>), soap - mil (<м> – <м’>), pole - slot (<ш> –<ш’:>);

2) At the end of the word: horse - horse (<н> – <н’>), angle – coal (<л> – <л’>);

3) Before back-lingual consonants: hill - bitterly (<р> – <р’>), shelf - polka (<л> – <л’>).

However, weak positions in terms of hardness-softness are “individual”:

1) For dental consonants - before soft dental consonants: evil - anger (<з>neutralized with<з’>in the variant [h ’]), chant - song (<с>neutralized with<с’>in the variant [c']);

2) For dental consonants - before soft labial consonants: story - dawn (<с>neutralized with<с’>in the variant [c']);

3) For labial consonants - before soft labial consonants: again - together (<в>neutralized with<в’>in the variant [in ']);

4) For dental<н>- in front of the anterior<ч’>and<ш’:>: boar - boar (<н>neutralized with<н’>in the variant [n ']), deception is a deceiver (<н’>neutralized with<н’>in the variant [n ']).

Requires special comment position before a vowel<э>. For centuries, the Russian language had a law: a consonant, falling into a position before<э>, softened. Indeed, in native Russian words before<э>the consonant is always soft: forest, river, light, summer, wind. The exception is hard hissing (rustling, gesture), but they were originally soft. Therefore, the position before<э>for consonants it was weak in hardness-softness. In 20-30 years. XX century there have been changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language. On the one hand, abbreviations are actively formed, which become common words: NEP, DNEPROGES, power lines. On the other hand, many borrowings, passing into the category of mastered ones, bypass the stage of phonetic adaptation. So, the words in common use, without a doubt, include the words: antenna, atelier, stand, tennis, muffler. consonant before<э>these words are pronounced firmly. Thus before<э>in modern Russian, hard and soft consonants are possible. This means that the position has changed from weak to strong.

In fact, all positions are strong in hardness-softness, except for the weak ones listed above. The range of weak positions in terms of hardness-softness has narrowed over the past 50-80 years. The "destroyed" positional patterns include:

1) Softening consonants before : family [s’i e m’ja], blizzard [v’jug], nightingales [slʌv’ji], but entrance [pʌdjest];

2) Softening of the labials in front of the soft posterior lingual: paws [lap'k'i], rags [tr'ap'k'i].

In fact, the positional patterns of softening of the labials before the soft labials and the teeth before the soft labials are also in the stage of destruction. The Russian Grammar indicates possible pronunciation options in these positions: [s'v'et] and [sv'et], [v'm'es't'] and [vm'es't']. The reasons for such changes in the phonetic system of the Russian language will be discussed in the next paragraph.

A special position in the system for back-lingual consonants. Hard and soft back lingual consonants alternate positionally: soft back lingual consonants are possible only before front vowels<и>, <э>. In these positions, there are no hard back-lingual ones: ru [k] a - ru [k '] and, ru [k '] e; but [g] a - but [g '] and, but [g '] e; sti [x] a - sti [x '] and, o sti [x '] e. Consequently, hard and soft posterior linguals are representatives of the same phonemes. Since hard backlinguals are possible in most positions, they are considered the main variants of consonant phonemes -<г>, <к>, <х..

Thus, the composition of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language is as follows:<б> – <б’> – <п> – <п’> –<в> – <в’> – <ф> – <ф’> – <д> – <д’> – <т> – <т’> – <з> – <з’> – <с> – <с’> – <м> –<м’> – <н> – <н’> – <л> – <л’> – <р> – <р’> – <ж> – <ж’:> – <ш> – <ш’:> – <ч’> – <ц> – – <г> – <к> – <х>(pipe - [true b a], trumpeting - [true b' a], stupid - [tu P a], stupid - [that P' a], grass - [trʌ in a], grass - [trʌ in' a], graph - [grʌ f a], count - [grʌ f' a], water - [vʌ d a], leading [inʌ d' a], cool - [kru t a], twisting - [kru t' a], thunderstorm - [grʌ h a], threatening [grʌ h' a], braid - [kʌ with a], mowing [kʌ with' a], volumes - [tʌ m a], tomya - [tʌ m' a], wine - [v'i e n a], blame - [v'i e n' a], white - [b'i e l a], white - [b’i e l' a], mountain - [gʌ R a], grief - [gʌ R' a], trembling - [drʌ well a], buzzing - [zhu w' : a], hurrying - [s'p'i e w a], cracking - [tr'i e sh' : a], candle - [s'v'i e h' a], mine - [mʌ j a], hand - [ru to a], leg - [nʌ G a], verse - [s't'i e X a]).

PHONEMATIC TRANSCRIPTION

Phonetic transcription is used to accurately capture sounding speech. Phonemic transcription reflects the composition of phonemes. It is a record of abstract units of the language, not meant to be read.

The procedure for performing phonemic transcription:

1) Perform phonetic transcription;

2) Perform a morphemic analysis of the word (to determine which morpheme a particular phoneme belongs to);

3) Determine the nature of the position for each sound unit (strong position is indicated by "+", weak position - "-");

4) Select checks for all phonemes in weak positions: a) for phonemes in the root of a word - cognate words; b) for phonemes in prefixes - words of any part of speech with the same prefix (with the same meaning); c) for phonemes in suffixes - words with the same suffixes (checks "automatically" will belong to the same part of speech and the same grammatical category); d) for phonemes in endings - words of the same part of speech, the same grammatical category, in the same grammatical form.

5) Transfer the entry to phonemic transcription.

Note. Remember that it is necessary to check the positions of consonants by two parameters - by sonority-deafness and by hardness-softness.

Sample.

1) correspondence [p'yr'i e p'isk];

2) [p'yr'i e -p'is-k-b];

3) [p 'b r 'and e -p 'and s-k-b];

+ - + - + + - + - (for consonants by voicedness / deafness)

+ + + + + (for hardness/softness consonants)

4) Check for vowels in the prefix: P e rewriting, transˈ e abusive; for the root consonant [s], which is in a weak position in voicedness / deafness: rewrite; for an unstressed vowel [ъ] at the end: Spring(the ending of a feminine noun in the singular, nominative case).

5) After checks, we transfer the record to phonemic transcription:<п’эр’эп’иска>.

Performing phonemic transcription of different words, memorize checks for various prefixes, suffixes, endings of different parts of speech in different grammatical forms.

Since it is the phonemic principle that is the basis of Russian graphics and spelling, the recording of a word in phonemic transcription largely coincides with the spelling appearance of the word.

1) What does phonology study? Why is it also called functional phonetics?

2) Define a phoneme. Explain why the phoneme is considered the smallest sound unit of a language. What is the function of the phoneme? Illustrate your answer with examples.

3) What alternations are classified as phonetic positional? Give examples of phonetic positional alternations of vowels and consonants. What are the differences between phonetic non-positional (grammatical positional) alternations? In which case are the alternating sounds representative of one phoneme, in which case are they representative of different phonemes? How can a phoneme be defined in terms of positional alternations?

4) Give a definition of the strong and weak position of phonemes from the perceptual and significative points of view. In which case is the phoneme represented by its main variant? With your variations? Options? What are allophones?

5) Define a hyperphoneme and illustrate your answer with examples.

6) Name strong and weak positions for Russian vowels. What is the composition of the vowel phonemes of the Russian language?

7) Name the strong and weak positions of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language in terms of voicedness - deafness.

8) Name the strong and weak positions of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language in terms of hardness-softness.

9) What is the composition of the consonant phonemes of the Russian language?

Practical tasks

№1 . Write down the definition of the phoneme in your workbook. Justify each word in this definition.

№2 . Pick up rows of words in which vowels, voiced and deaf consonants, hard and soft consonants perform a semantic function. Prove that a semantic function can be performed by the order of sound units in a word.

№3. Determine what alternations are observed in the following cases: a) house - house a- domovik; b) traces - trace; c) play along - signature d) graze - pasture; e) evil - to anger; f) honor - honest; g) walk - I walk; h) frost - freeze; i) table - about the table. Which of these alternations are phonetic positional? Pick up similar examples of phonetic positional and phonetic non-positional alternations.

№4. Transcribe the text. Set possible phonetic positional and non-positional alternations: Snow fell until midnight, darkness fell over the gorges, and then it became quiet, and a young moon rose ... This world, it is driven and alive from time immemorial by transformations, sometimes invisible, sometimes obvious, countless of them(Yu. Levitansky).

№6 . Prove that for alternations [s’]/[w] and [d‘]/[w] in pairs wear - wear, walk - walk there are exceptions and, therefore, these alternations are phonetic non-positional.

№7 . Show what different sounds the phoneme /з/ can be represented (in the preposition without). Indicate the main variant of this phoneme, its variations, options.

№8. Transcribe the words and determine which row of positionally alternating sounds are represented by Phonemes<э>, <о>, <а>: running, running, running; walk, walked, walkers; thunderstorms, thunderstorm, thunderstorm; anger, wisdom; record, record, record.

№9. What phonemes and in what positions are neutralized in the examples of task 3?

№10. Select examples illustrating the neutralization of phonemes:<б> – <п>; <и> – <э>; <э> – <о>; <д> – <д’>.

№11. Transcribe the words. Designate strong and weak positions for vowel phonemes: domovik, honey plant, golden, groovy, subscription, story, kindness, youth, copier, cotton wool, field, strict. Pick up checks for vowels in weak position. Which vowel phonemes do they represent?

№12 . Transcribe the words. Indicate the strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes according to voiced-deafness. Pick up phonemic checks: crab, trace, thunderstorm, long, hawk, braid (short adjective), dexterous, cat, piece of wood, mowing, carving, interspersed, signature, echo, jump, heartless, soundless, laugh, break.

№13 . Write down the words in phonetic transcription, indicating strong and weak positions for consonant phonemes in terms of hardness-softness: elephant, horse, hill, bitterly, goat, song, together, with Vitya, racer, boar, cog, difference, removable, branching. Pick up checks for phonemes in a weak position.

№14 . What are the hyperphonemes in the following words: watercolor, crimson, left-handed, turquoise, wife, lean, suddenly, wax, becoming, light, everywhere?

№15. Give examples of words that have hyperphonemes:<а/о>; <и/э>; <а/о/э>; <а/о/э/и>; <с/з>; <г/к>; <с’/з’>; <т’/д’>; <с/c’/з/з’>.

№16. Perform phonemic transcription of words: young, flew, show, prose writer, stay, riddle, quiet, armchair, sea, play along, wash, kerosene, blind, furnish, closet, delight, asphalt, here.

№19. Using the materials of the paragraph and the completed exercises, write in a notebook and remember the checks for morphemes: a) prefixes on-, for-, under-, re-, roses-; b) suffixes

-ost-, -chik-, -from-, -out-; c) endings of nouns of different types of declension, adjectives, personal endings of verbs; d) infinitive suffix -th and postfix -ss reflexive verbs.

In the classroom, various forms of multi-level education of schoolchildren are used. The students work in three groups. The first group includes children with high learning abilities and high and average working capacity. The second group is the average and low level of learning abilities and average working capacity. The third group of students with low and average learning abilities and low working capacity.

In this lesson, work is underway to open a new position of paired consonants and its further application in teaching schoolchildren.

Topic: Strong and weak positions of consonants.

Objectives: to teach to distinguish signs of strong and weak positions of paired consonants; acquaintance with the “weak” position of consonants in front of consonants, which is new for children; to work out the way of writing with gaps in spelling of weak positions.

During the classes:

1. Organizational moment.

Check readiness for the lesson. Teach children to be kind to each other. on cultural dialogue when working in groups.

2. Knowledge update.

- Change the words: meadows, sides so that they name one object. Record both changes of each word in sounds. Write down the changes next to it.

For group 3, task No. 1 is performed according to the model. Task number 2 in groups is different, taking into account their learning abilities.

For group 1: write down schemes of strong and weak positions of consonants.

Group 2: indicate the strong and weak positions of consonants next to the diagrams.

Group 3: connect the strong and weak positions with the diagrams with a line.

3. Checking the work of the group at the blackboard:

Children from group 1 start so that the rest of the students listen to the explanation again.

1 Gr. 2 Gr. 3 Gr.

[MEASOWINGS] [G] O Meadows

[LUG] [K]. Lu_

[TANK][K] O B_

[BOK] [K]. Bo_

From the schemes written on the board, choose a more complete one or answer the teacher's questions.

4. Statement of the problem:

- Do the consonants have any other weak positions? (Listen to the opinion of the children).

- Write down the name of the objects beep, skating rink with sounds. Change each word so that it names many things, and record the word changes with sounds. Circle the penultimate consonants in the changes.

Group 1 students work independently and observe the changes in each word.

Students of groups 2 and 3 work together with the teacher.

[BEEP] [Y]

[GUTK'I] [T]

[RINK] [T]

[KATK'I] [T]

– In vowels, strong and weak positions are determined by stress. And what determines the positions of paired consonants? (neighbor on the right, that is, Oh, no).

- Highlight and write down the penultimate consonant sounds.

Are there any vowel sounds in weak position? Mark them.

Are there any consonant sounds in strong positions? Explain.

Have you noted the positions of all consonants?

- In what position are both sounds from a pair possible? (In the strong). Write them out.

- And in what position does only 1 consonant sound out of a pair come to work? (In the weak).

- What is that sound? (consonant, deaf).

- Show with arrows which sound appeared instead of the sounds [Д] and [Т] before the consonants.

Children opening a new position.

– Compare and discuss in pairs the weak position of consonants with the one you learned earlier. (Group 1 independently concludes a new weak position). You made another discovery today. How many weak positions of consonants do you now know? Is it possible to designate sounds in weak positions with letters? (No, because spelling, put a dash).

Write a letter next to it. Who has a different letter entry, without gaps?

- What helped to write words without gaps? (the law of Russian writing).

6. Primary fastening:

Writing words, sentences with missing spellings of weak positions.

The first group works independently;
The second - according to the model;
The third group with the teacher.

If the groups have questions, they show a card with a question mark. Children from group 1 come to the rescue.

7. Reflection of activity:

What discovery has each made for himself?

8. Homework:

For the first group: write down a few words where paired consonants come before other consonants.

The second and third group task according to the textbook.

The next lesson of the Russian language begins with determining the positions of consonants in words written by group 1.

Phonemes fall into different pronunciation conditions (positions). Position is the conditions for the realization of a phoneme in speech. These conditions include: direct phonetic environment (sound combinations), place in the word (beginning, end, inside a morpheme, at the junction of morphemes), position in relation to stress. In some pronunciation conditions, phonemes do not change their sound, while in others they do. Depending on the position in which the phonemes are located, he differentiates the forms to varying degrees. For example, the phonemes /a/, /o/, being stressed, distinguish words: ladies, house, and, being in an unstressed position, they lose the following ability: Houses[dΛma] (cf. lady[lady]) .

There are positions of maximum differentiation (strong positions) and positions of minimal differentiation (weak positions). These positions of phonemes are differentiated depending on whether the phoneme "retains" or "loses" its "face". A strong position is a position favorable for the phoneme to perform its functions, a position in which the largest number of phonemes is distinguished (opposed) and forms are differentiated to the greatest extent. The phoneme appears here in its basic appearance, retains its difference from all other phonemes, which allows it to perform its functions in the best possible way. In this position, there is no coincidence of phonemes, which leads to indistinguishability of forms.

A strong position is such a position in which all phonemes included in this opposition are possible. Thus, the position before a vowel is a strong position for consonant phonemes in Russian, since both voiced and deaf consonant phonemes are possible in this position: [t]om, [d]om. A weak position is a position in which not all phonemes included in this opposition are possible. So, in Russian, the end of the word is a weak position for the opposition voiced / deaf, since voiced consonants are impossible here: ko [t], code [cat].

A strong position for the vowels of the Russian language is the position under stress.

A strong position for consonants (on the basis of deafness / voicedness) in Russian is a position before vowels, sonorants and sound [v]: [t] ohm - [d] ohm; [p]ar - [b]ar; [n] right - [b] right; [h] loy - [s] loy; [T] believe - [d] believe etc.

For hard and soft consonants in Russian, a strong position is the position of the end of the word and the position before vowels (except [e]): es [t] - es [t ']; bra [t] - bra [t ']; ko [n] - ko [n ']; [m] al - [m '] yal; [n] os - [n ']`es etc.

Weak position – this is a position unfavorable for the phoneme to perform its functions, i.e. a position in which a smaller number of phonemes is distinguished (opposed) than in a strong position and forms differ to a lesser extent, since phonemes have limited capabilities to perform their distinctive function. In this position, the coincidence of phonemes occurs, which leads to indistinguishability of forms and to a violation of semantic discrimination. For vowels, the weak position is the position in an unstressed syllable. In this position, two or more phonemes coincide in one sound (either as a result of reduction or under the influence of neighboring sounds).

For voiceless/voiced consonants in Russian, the weak position is the position of the end of the word, where they do not differ, coinciding in one sound.

In a weak position, the elimination of differences between phonemes takes place - the neutralization of phonological oppositions. For example, the phonological opposition of the voiced phoneme /з/ and the voiceless phoneme /с/ is neutralized at the end of the word: cf. goats - goats[braid] and braids - braids[braid]. The phonemes /з/ and /с/ at the end of the word coincided in one sound [s]. A phoneme that appears in a weak position is proposed by some scholars to be called an "archiphoneme".

A weak position for voiceless/voiced consonants in Russian is also the position “before” noisy ones. In this position, assimilation occurs in deafness / sonority. Wed ask - request[proz'b]; tell a fairy tale .

For hard / soft consonants in Russian, a weak position is the position before [e], which excludes the possibility of using hard consonants that are paired in hardness / softness: window - in the window[in Λkn'e]. The position before [j] is also weak: raven - crow [varn'jo].

In Russian phonetics, several types of allophones are distinguished depending on the nature of the function they perform, their place in the word, proximity to other sounds, stress and unstress:

1) Variations (or shades of the phoneme, according to L.V. Shcherba), these are allophones that appear in a strong position under conditions of positional conditioning. For vowels, for example, this is the position under stress in the neighborhood of soft consonants. Wed /a/ phoneme variations in words fifth, five. Variations are such positional modifications of phonemes that do not lose their distinctive function and are practically identical to the main form of the phoneme, therefore they are sometimes called "sound synonyms" of the main form of the phoneme.

2) Variants that appear in a weak position of a phoneme under conditions of its positional conditioning. Variants are such modifications of a phoneme that coincide with another phoneme, coinciding with it in its quality. Acting as a substitute for two (or more) phonemes, the variant partially loses its ability to distinguish between the meanings of words, being a “sound homonym” of the matching phonemes. (See examples with matching /a/ and /o/ in unstressed position or /z/ and /s/ at the end of a word).

How to determine which phoneme the variant in the weak position belongs to? Some scientists believe that it is necessary to change the word so that in the same morpheme this variant appears in its main form, i.e. would be in a strong position. Wed Houses[dΛma] - house. It is concluded that the word Houses[dΛma] is represented by the phoneme /o/.

In the case when the variant appears only in a weak position, i.e. when it does not alternate with a sound in a strong position (when the stress is fixed or the word is unchanged), for example, in the word dog[sΛbak], it is believed that the sound (in this case [Λ]) is a variant of one of the phonemes included in the hyperphoneme, i.e. "over-one" of different phonemes (in this case, the phonemes /o/ and /a/). The hyperphoneme in the above case is denoted as o/a.

Phonemes perform a distinctive (distinctive) function. Distinctive function includes perceptual (recognition) and significative (semantic) functions. Perceptual (from lat. perception– ‘perception’) the function of a phoneme is the function of bringing the exponents of words and mophemes to perception. It makes it possible to identify words or morphemes. In the realm of perceptual function, sound elements are linked by contrast relationships.

Significative (from lat. Significare– ‘denoting’) phoneme function – it is a semantic function, i.e. function of distinguishing significant elements of the language. In the sphere of the significative function, sound elements are connected by the relation of opposition.

Performing these functions, phonemes can act in a strong and weak position. Distinguish:

1) perceptually strong positions;

2) perceptually weak positions;

3) significatively strong positions;

4) significatively weak positions;

1) In a perceptually strong position, the phoneme appears in its basic form (by which it is determined).

2) In a perceptually weak position, the phoneme appears in its allophones - in variations.

3) In a significatively strong position, the phoneme appears in its main form.

4) In a weak significative position, the phoneme appears in its allophones - in variants.