Sentences containing both the subject and the predicate are much more familiar to disassemble, since their meaning is absolutely transparent. However, the syntax of the Russian language is very mobile, so definitely personal sentences are gaining more and more popularity in it, examples of which from fiction will be analyzed below.
What are these offers? Our article gives a complete idea of this type of syntactic constructions.
Definitely personal sentences are a kind of predicative speech statement with the subject omitted, but it is still implied by the speaker. The predicate goes in the form of 1, 2 persons singular. and many others. hours and is expressed in the verb form.
According to the rules, such units of text are a reflection of the conversation or the subjective thoughts of the speakers.
The emphasis is on a specific action, and not on who will perform this action.
These complete statements are very similar to two-part incomplete statements with the subject omitted, because although there is no subject, it is guessed from the context.
Note! These statements are used in dialogues with vivid emotions and implying the energy or dynamics of speech activity.
Definitely personal proposals are being studied in the program in the 8th grade of high school. It was then that teachers begin to draw the attention of schoolchildren to a definitely personal form of a unit of text, which has long been encountered in works of art, as well as in dictations and expositions.
For example, the teacher’s phrase: “Open notebooks!” - this is a similar statement, where the predicate has the form of 1 person plural. h. The teacher omits the subject “we” in the conversation, but from the context it is already clear who is being discussed. Indeed, the main thing here is the action, and any class is meant by the subject.
Definitely personal suggestions
Next example: "Write down the task!". In this case, the predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, since apart from the pronoun "you" no other subject can be put here.
1 person unit hours and more hours:
- I've been thinking about buying a moped for a long time.
- I'll do this work before lunch.
- I will see how to dress tomorrow for the weather.
- face unit and many others. numbers:
- Help open the door!
- Come see me after the meeting!
Simple and complex sentences
Naturally, all complete statements can be either simple or complex.
A simple sentence implies the presence of one stem in the syntactic construction. This term refers to the presence of at least one main member. Complexity combines several foundations.
For example:
Simple definitely personal - We can come to you tomorrow.
Difficult - I know, in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in fresh shocks under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin)
There are three basics here - “I know, you will go out and sit down.” Moreover, all three predicates are in the form of a different person and number:
- I know - 1 person unit. h.
- You will go out - 2 person unit. h.
- Let's sit down - 1 person pl. h.
If the statement has more than one grammatical basis, then this is called a complex syntactic unit of text. And it contains three simple ones.
One-part common sentences
In addition to the number of grammatical foundations, such statements are common and not common due to the presence of secondary members.
Note! Secondary members in syntactic units are definitions, circumstances and additions. The subject and the predicate are the main terms.
Syntax constructs are considered common, where there are these secondary elements in addition to the main ones.
Examples of Definitely Personal Offers
For example:
I look at the future - with fear ... (). After parsing, that is, decomposing this syntactic unit of text according to the member of the sentence, it can be noted that it contains not only the predicate “I look” in the form of 1 l. units h., but also two secondary members - “for the future”, which is an addition and answers the question of the accusative case: “To whom? For what?" and the circumstance of the mode of action "with fear", answering the question: "How?".
Examples from the literature
In the texts of works of art by famous writers, such syntactic constructions are found in dialogues, as well as in a certain type of “I”-narrative (that is, the story of heroes told in the first person).
To better understand the structure of such units of text, you need to parse.
For example:
- Greetings, desert corner! (). The basis includes one predicate in the form of 1 l. units h. (that is, the pronoun “I” will approach it). This construction is exclamatory, simple (only one basis), one-part (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definitely personal (predicate in the form of 1 l unit). In addition, it is common (in addition to the stem, there is “you” - an addition expressed by a personal pronoun, and an appeal - “corner”, as well as its definition “desert”, expressed by a relative adjective). Further abbreviations will be used in the analysis.
- We are sailing on the deserted Ladoga, // Under the bright arch-rainbow ... (V.Ya. Bryusov). The basis includes one predicate in the form of 1 l. pl. h. (that is, the pronoun "we" is suitable for it). This complete speech statement is a narrative. (at the end there is an ellipsis), unexcited, simple. (only one grammatical basis), odnosost. (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definite-person. (predicate in the form of 1l. plural), dist. (besides the base, there is the addition “Ladoga”, expressed by its own noun, the definition of “desert”, expressed by the relative adj., as well as the addition “rainbow arch”, expressed by the noun, and the definition of “bright”, expressed by the adj.).
- Did you go to Vorobyovka, for birch trees? (I.S. Shmelev). The grammatical basis here consists of one predicate in the form of 2 l. pl. h. (that is, the pronoun "you" is suitable for it). This speech statement is a question, non-exclamation, simple. (only one grammatical basis), odnosost. (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definite-person. (predicate in the form of 2 l. pl.), dist. (besides the stem, there is the circumstance of the place “on Vorobyovka”, expressed by the noun proper, as well as the clarifying addition “behind the birches”, expressed by the noun).
- Take your time, take your time, let's wait.//Let's forget the urgent matter for a moment.//Look: the grass came to life in the rain, //And the old tree became younger. (K. Simonov). The last quatrain by Konstantin Simonov is a rather interesting and original example of the introduction of definite personal syntactic constructions to enhance the atmosphere of the poem. It is clear that the lyrical hero addresses his girlfriend, drawing her attention to such "insignificant things" as grass shining with dew after rain, to an old tree that suddenly became young after saving moisture. Only the lyrical hero is the first to notice all this, and the main thing here is not a specific appeal, but actions - do not rush, do not rush, wait, etc.
Considering this poem, it is worth stopping at the very first line, which is a complete statement.
Definition and examples of definite-personal sentences
At first glance, it seems simple, however, turning to the syntactic analysis, one can understand that the reader is faced with: narrative (at the end there is a dot), non-exclamatory, complex (the first grammatical basis is the homogeneous predicates “do not hurry, do not rush” in the form 2 l singular, since you can substitute the pronoun “you”, and the second is the predicate “wait” in the form of 1 l plural, since “we” is easily “embedded”).
Then it turns out that the first and second sentences are definitely personal, not widespread (due to the absence of secondary members).
The second syntactic unit of the quatrain, by analogy with the previous ones, will be narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, one-part, definite-personal, distribution.
And the third is even more difficult than the first - narrative, non-exclamatory, complex (it contains three whole sentences):
- One-part, definite-personal, non-distributive
- Double-acting, dist.
- Double-acting, dist.
Important! All proverbs, for example, “If you like to ride, love to carry sleds” do not belong to definitely personal syntactic constructions. These are generalized personal speech statements, since the pronoun “you” does not mean a specific person participating in the conversation, but any person.
Table of Definitely Personal Offers
To make remembering this rule easier, you can create a small hint table:
Useful video
Summing up
Thus, such complete speech utterances are a special type of one-component constructions of the Russian language, where the subject is omitted, and the predicate is in the form of 1, 2 person units. and many others. h.
They begin to study this rule according to the school curriculum in the 8th grade. Proverbs and sayings do not belong to this type of syntactic constructions.
One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is enough for a complete verbal expression of thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete".
Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone constitutes the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in its meaning and ways of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except nominal) approaches the predicate, and the main member of nominal sentences - with the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes nominal sentences.
Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.
Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely personal suggestions - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (the main member) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal offers can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin); What are you laughing at? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); Keep proud patience in the depths of Siberian ores (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, including the subject in the sentence. me, you, we or you.
The sufficiency of one main member is due here to the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd person, with their endings, unambiguously indicate a well-defined person. Subject I, you, we, you turn out to be informatively redundant.
We use one-component sentences more often when it is necessary to pay attention to the action, and not to the person who performs this action.
Indefinitely personal sentences
- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such proposals is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.
For example: They say in the village that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol); An elephant was led through the streets ... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It's nothing that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing (L. Oshanin).
The specific meaning of the figure in indefinite personal sentences in that it actually exists, but is not named in the grammatical basis.
The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively solving the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: This book was brought to me; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.
Indefinitely personal sentences most often have minor members in their composition, i.e. indefinite sentences are usually widespread.
As part of indefinite personal sentences two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: hall sang. In the next class make noise. Often in youth strive someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: Us invited into the room; him here glad; Now hiswill lead here (M. Gorky).
When these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences are incomplete two-part with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late in the evening.
Generalized personal offers
Generalized personal offers occupy a special place among single-component sentences. This is explained by generalized personal sentences do not have their own forms, and thus, the main criterion for their selection is a semantic attribute.
The meaning of generalization can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what rus sky does not love fast driving (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Looking for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal offer); You can't command the heart (proverb)(definitely personal proposal).
Generalized-personal only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the generalizing characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have- we do not store, having lost- crying (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); Having removed their heads, they do not cry over their hair (proverb).
The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You surrender involuntarily to the power of the surrounding cheerful nature (N. Nekrasov); ... In a rare girl you will meet such simplicity and natural freedom of sight, word, deed (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth (proverb).
In contrast to the outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the form of the 2nd person, in sentences of generalized personal never talks about the specific actions of the interlocutor, the subject of the action is thought in such sentences in a generalized way, like any person.
impersonal proposals
impersonal proposals - These are one-component sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal proposals is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases, when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn't sleep; He's cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; Pulls with freshness);"the state of affairs" (Bad with shots; Experiments should not be postponed) etc.
The main term can be expressed:
1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It's dawning!.. Ah, how soon the night has passed / (A. Griboedov); It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);
2) shape neuter: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);
3) word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form It was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you, obedient, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no beast stronger than a cat (I. Krylov);
5) a combination of the word category state(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know not to laugh, then- then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);
6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); At I have not been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
7) infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); Long sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin)
Name sentences
denominations (nominative) suggestions - these are single-component sentences in which the existence, being of objects or phenomena is affirmed. Grammatical basis nominal proposals consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member nominal proposals expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).
Meaning nominal proposals consists in the assertion of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. That's why nominal sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods, they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate It was or will be: autumn(name offer). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).
There are three main varieties nominal proposals.
1. Being: Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).
2. Index; they include pointing particles here, here, there, there, there: Here is the place where their house stands; Here is a willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).
3. Estimated existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, well: Siege! Attack! Evil waves, like thieves climb through the windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! Frost is crackling ... (A. Pushkin).
feature nominal proposals is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the situation or events being described.
Most often nominal sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in remarks of dramatic works: Rocks blackened from sunburn ... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and in the middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).
In the Russian language, according to the well-known Dahl dictionary, there are about two hundred thousand words, but even knowing all of them by heart does not at all mean that a person will be able to freely express his thoughts. Indeed, for coherent speech, even a rich vocabulary is not enough - you need to be able to correctly arrange the words in a sentence and at the same time use them in the right form. After all, it is the interconnected vocabulary units that make up statements with meaning, which in Russian are called sentences.
Sentence construction
Each statement must have a grammatical basis, which consists of a subject, expressed by a noun in the nominative case and being the subject of an action, and a predicate - a verb denoting the action it performs. However, there are also such constructions where there is only one main member (predicate). Such proposals are called one-part proposals. They also have a complete meaning and are not empty at all, and sometimes the subject in them seems completely out of place. All one-component constructions are divided into several types, among which linguists note generalized-personal, impersonal, nominative, indefinitely-personal and definitely-personal sentences. Each of them has its own characteristics in the form of the main member and the way of expressing the general meaning. Further in the article, a definitely personal proposal, the nuances of its design and application options will be considered.
Definition
In order to understand the essence of the construction under consideration, you should first familiarize yourself with the definition of this type of proposal. In the school course of the Russian language, it sounds like this: “Definitely personal sentences are a combination of words related in meaning with one main member - a predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of the first or second person plural or singular in the imperative or indicative mood used in the present or future tense. As a rule, the person performing the action, not indicated in this one-component sentence, can be called one of the personal pronouns of the first or second person. For example: "I love the chime"; "Let's go camping"; "Sit here and don't get up." Definitely personal sentences cannot have a verb in the past tense as a predicate, since it by itself does not reveal a particular person. In such cases, the statement requires an indication of the subject by which the action is performed.
Types of definitely personal offers
Depending on which verb the predicate is expressed, the sentences under consideration are divided into two types:
- A complete statement with a predicate in the form of a verb of the first and second person in the indicative mood ( Let's go to the park tomorrow).
- A complete statement with a predicate expressed by a verb of the second person in the imperative mood ( Submit your report today).
How to distinguish definitely personal offers from others
Knowing the features of such sentences, it is not difficult to single them out of context. So, first you need to identify single-component sentences in the text and highlight the grammatical basis in them. After that, you need to analyze the predicate, for which the verb will need to be parsed as a part of speech. This is how it will be possible to determine its inclination, number and time. And, based on the results of the analysis, determine whether the statement is one-part, complete and definitely personal.
Design features
Such one-part sentences may well exist as independent statements. However, they are easy enough to combine with other sentences that are related in meaning. Another feature of this type of structures is that they are almost always common. If a definite personal sentence is not distributed by secondary members, it is often incomplete and requires the presence of a subject. An example of such a connection can be seen in the following example: Yesterday we walked along the promenade. We looked at various sights and returned home late in the evening. Or: Yesterday we walked along the embankment, looked at various sights and returned home. th. In this example, the one-part sentence is closely related to the previous one, and therefore they can be combined. For this purpose, the form of the verb should be changed from "looked" to "watched". The most important feature that a definite personal sentence has is the special ending of the verb by which the predicate is expressed. It is thanks to the ending that the object from which the action emanates is traced, which makes it possible not to use the subject in the statement.
The meaning of one-part sentences
Most schoolchildren, when studying this topic, have questions regarding the need for this type of sentence in the Russian language. Many people ask questions about the role and significance of such structures. The answer to these questions is quite simple. The use of one-component sentences gives speech expression, conciseness, creates simple colloquial intonations, without which it would be impossible to focus on a particular segment of the statement. Such conciseness in spoken and written speech facilitates the perception of the author's thoughts, which, in turn, does not have to overload the text with numerous pronouns.
Exercises to reinforce the topic
No theory can be assimilated without practical exercises, especially if the learning process is aimed at children. Therefore, in the school curriculum, along with numerous rules, students are given a lot of exercises in which they can apply all the knowledge gained on this topic. So, to consolidate the material, teachers give the following tasks:
- Children are offered options for sentences in which they should find definitely personal and analyze the predicate that is included in its construction. In this case, the mood and person of the verb should be indicated. For example: We want to go on vacation at sea for at least a couple of weeks. “We want” is a predicate expressed by the first person plural verb with the ending -im. It follows that the main member in a one-part sentence clearly indicates the possible subject "we", and therefore the statement is definitely personal.
- The students are given a text in which they should determine which sentence is one-part and which is two-part. Next, you need to indicate which statements are definitely personal, and explain why. As a rule, in the case of simple one-part sentences, there are no difficulties, and children easily cope with the task. But when it is necessary to single out a definitely personal sentence as part of a complex one, many people get lost here. But in order to cope with this task, each compound statement should be divided into simple ones and the grammatical foundations should be distinguished in them. After that, analyze a single predicate used without a subject.
- Often, students are encouraged to make definite personal sentences on their own. To do this, you just need to take the necessary form of the verb and supplement the resulting predicate with secondary members.
Instead of an afterword
So we briefly analyzed what are definitely personal proposals. As you can see, there is nothing complicated in this material. But in order to fully assimilate it, you need to practice. We have given examples of definitely personal sentences, so there should not be any difficulties in finding such constructions in the text. Good luck!
Definitely personal suggestions- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the verbs, singular or plural.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
- I don’t ask for honors or wealth for long journeys, but I take the small Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava);
- I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin);
- Keep proud patience in the depths of Siberian ores (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, the relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, substituting the subject I, you, we, or you into the sentence.
see also
- infinitive sentences
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See what "Definitely personal sentences" are in other dictionaries:
definitely personal suggestions
definitely personal suggestions- A variety of verbal one-component sentences in which an action (sign) is expressed, correlated with a certain agent (carrier of the attribute), which is not verbally indicated, but an indication of a specific agent is contained in the forms: 1) ... ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
verbal one-part sentences- Types of one-part sentences in which different verb forms are used as independent ones. The general property of G.O.P. - insubjectivity. The correlation of the subject and the sign is not presented; the action indicated in the main member, ... ... Syntax: Dictionary
Sentences that do not contain a separate grammatical expression for the subject and the predicate, represented by only one composition, that is, one main member, non-common or common, in form coinciding either with the predicate or with ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
simple sentence- , I. In syntactic style: a syntactic unit of a language that has all the features of a sentence, realizing one predicative connection. Functional styles are characterized by the selectivity of the use of complex sentences and p.p., ... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
§ 238 TYPES OF OFFERS- A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member. A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with the subject and predicate as necessary ... ... Russian spelling rules
One-part sentence- constructively syntactic type of sentence containing one independent ch. member; cf .: Silence; It's getting light; There is no one on the street. O. P. are opposed to a two-part sentence, which is based on a combination of two ch. member subject and predicate... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary
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§one. common data
Recall: sentences are divided into two-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of two main members - the subject and the predicate, and one-part sentences, the grammatical basis of which consists of only one main member: the subject or the predicate.
One-part sentences are divided into two groups:
- with main member - subject
- with the main member - predicate
The latter are divided into four types.
This means that there are five types of single-component sentences. Each has its own name:
- nominal
- definitely personal
- vaguely personal
- generalized-personal
- impersonal
Each type is discussed separately below.
§2. One-part sentences with the main member - subject
Name sentences- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the subject.
In denominative sentences, the existence of an object, phenomenon is reported or an emotional and evaluative attitude towards it is expressed. Examples:
Night.
Silence.
Night!
Raspberries are sweet!
What a beauty!
Nominative sentences with particles here, out have a demonstrative meaning: Out the village!
Nominative sentences can be non-common and consist of only one word - the main member or common, including other members of the sentence:
Blue sky above.
Blue sea at your feet.
Near the window is a small table covered with a tablecloth.
Most often, as a subject in denominative sentences, the following are used:
- nouns in I.p.: Heat!
- pronouns in I.p.: Here they are!
- numerals or combinations of numerals with nouns in I.p.: Twelve. First of January.
§3. One-part sentences with the main member - predicate
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate are not the same in the structure of the predicate. There are four types.
Classification of one-part sentences with the main member - predicate
1. Definitely personal offers
2. Indefinitely personal offers
3. Generalized personal sentences
4. Impersonal Offers
1. Definitely personal offers
Definitely personal suggestions- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the personal form of the verb in the form of 1 or 2 liters. or verb in the imperative mood. The face is defined: it is always either the speaker or the interlocutor. Examples:
I love meeting with friends.
the action referred to in the sentence is performed by the speaker, a verb in the form of 1 l. unit
Let's call each other tomorrow!
motivation for the joint action of the speaker and the interlocutor, the verb in the imperative mood)
How do you live?
the action about which information is obtained is performed by the interlocutor, a verb in the form of 2 l. plural
In declarative and interrogative sentences, the action of the speaker or interlocutor is expressed:
Tomorrow I'm leaving for a business trip. What do you prefer for dessert?
Motivating sentences express the motivation for action of the interlocutor:
Read! Write! Insert the missing letters.
Such sentences are independent, they do not need a subject, because the idea of a person can be expressed in the language by the personal endings of verbs.
2. Indefinitely personal offers
Indefinitely personal sentences- these are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, which is expressed by the verb in the form of 3 l. plural in the present or future tense or in the plural form. in the past time. The person is indefinite: the action is performed by someone indefinite.
unknown, not determined by whom the action is performed
TV said that...
it is not determined who performed the action
Such sentences do not need a subject, since they express the idea of indeterminacy of the persons performing the action.
3. Generalized personal sentences
Generalized personal offers- these are one-part sentences with the main member - a predicate, standing in the form of 2 l. unit or 3 l. plural in the present or future tenses or in the form of 2 l. units or pl. imperative mood:
In generalized personal sentences, the person appears in a generalized form: all, many, and the action is presented as usual, always performed. Such sentences express the collective experience of the people as a whole, reflect stable, generally accepted concepts. Examples:
You love to ride, love to carry sleds.
You can't build your happiness on someone else's misfortune.
The action referred to is a common one, characteristic of all people, conveying the idea of a collective experience.)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
It doesn't matter who specifically performs the action, it is more important that it is performed usually, always, by everyone - the collective experience is reflected, while a specific person is not implied.
In generalized personal sentences, the idea of a generalized person is important, therefore they express generalizations characteristic of proverbs and sayings, aphorisms, and various kinds of maxims.
Note:
Not all textbooks single out generalized personal sentences as a special type. Many authors believe that certain-personal and indefinitely-personal sentences can have a generalized meaning. Examples:
You love to ride, love to carry sleds.
(considered as a definite personal sentence with a generalized meaning)
Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.
(considered as an indefinite personal sentence that has a generalized meaning)
What is the basis for different interpretations?
Authors who distinguish generalized personal sentences into a separate type pay more attention to the meaning of this group of sentences. And those who do not see sufficient grounds for this, put formal signs (forms of verbs) at the forefront.
4. Impersonal Offers
impersonal proposals- these are one-part sentences with the main member - a predicate, standing in the form of 3 l. unit present or future tense or in the form cf. past tense. Examples:
An action or state is expressed in them as involuntary, in no way dependent on any person or group of persons.
The predicate in impersonal sentences can be expressed in different ways:
1) with an impersonal verb: It was getting dark., It was getting dark.
2) a personal verb in impersonal use in the form of 3 l. unit present or future tense or cf. unit past tense. It's getting dark, it's getting dark.
3) a short passive participle in the form cf.: Already sent to the market for fresh products.
4) in the word of the state category: Are you cold?, I feel good.
In the present tense, the zero connective of the verb to be not used. In the past and future tense, the link to be is in the forms:
- past tense, singular, cf.: I felt good.
- future tense, singular, 3 lit.: I will be fine.
5) infinitive: To be a scandal., To be in trouble.
6) impersonal auxiliary verb with infinitive: I wanted to relax.
7) the word of the state category with the infinitive: Have a good rest!
8) negatives: no (no - colloquial), nor: There is no happiness in life!
Impersonal sentences are also diverse in terms of the meanings they express. They can convey the states of nature, the states of people, and the meaning of the absence of something or someone. In addition, they often convey the meanings of necessity, possibility, desirability, inevitability, and others like that.
test of strength
Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that sentences with one main member-predicate are called one-part sentences?
Is it true that one-part sentences are called with one main member - the subject?
What are sentences with one main member - subject called?
- incomplete
- nominal
What is the offer: What nonsense!?
- nominal
- definitely personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Protect the environment!?
- definitely personal
- indefinite personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: The newspaper printed the weather forecast for the week.?
- indefinite personal
- generalized-personal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: I'm shivering.?
- nominal
- impersonal
- definitely personal
What is the offer: It's getting light.?
- impersonal
- indefinite personal
- generalized-personal
What is the offer: He wanted to sleep.?
- definitely personal
- indefinite personal
- impersonal
What is the offer: Do you want some tea?
- definitely personal
- indefinite personal
- impersonal
