Emotions are the movement of energies, it is a way to express yourself in life.
Emotions of people can be divided into two large groups - negative and positive. Moreover, these names are not evaluative, it is not a division into “bad” and “good”. Of course, we can oppose them to each other, but we can talk about the existence of a transition when one type of emotion is transformed into other types of emotions.

The group of negative emotions reflects "exclusion". For example, the destruction of what is regarded as a threat; or avoiding embarrassing situations; self-assertion at the expense of others. The sources of negative emotions are various fears: before the new and unknown, before the unpredictable actions of other people, before the need to control or stop something in order to avoid damage.

The group of positive emotions reflects "turning on". For example, take into account the opinion of many, interact with a large number of people, improve something and enjoy it. The source of positive emotions is sometimes unconscious desire to have fun.
In each group there iscertain setvarious emotions.

Examples of negative emotions: grief, apathy, fear, anger, hatred, envy, shame, resentment, guilt, aggression, regret, hostility.

Examples of positive emotions: interest, action, enthusiasm, curiosity, empathy, laughter.

We might think that some emotions are more positive or negative than others. But it is practically impossible to place them in a linear sequence, since each is a collection of different moments.

It happens that emotions masquerade as positive or negative, but in reality they are the opposite of what they pretend to be.There is pity, which manifests itself as a sincere concern for others, but is itself consoled by the fact that someone is worse off than her.There is a hidden hostility that looks like friendliness and is not recognizable at first sight. Sometimes anger or tears may look negative, but in fact, sincere participation and a desire to help are expressed in this way.Here the basic mechanism and motivation are important, rather than the external manifestation.

It may seem that negative emotions are something that you need to quickly get rid of. However, it's not all that simple. They perform important functions. Basically, they reveal the hidden problems of a person that he does not know about or knows about, but ignores. If this becomes a motivation to study the problem and find a solution, then such an emotion is useful. Since if a person is constantly having fun, he may miss some wrong things.

Positive and negative emotions are like two sides of the same coin. We cannot get rid of some of them and just stick with others. Ideally, they should be integrated.Negative emotions are good as a motivation for giving up something that a person does not need. Positive emotions are useful for moving towards what a person really needs.

People throw out emotions in a variety of combinations. It happens that people get stuck in negative emotions, such as grief. Others may get stuck in positive ones, such as contentment with everything, and will not be able to experience negative emotions even when necessary.In the subconscious of a person, fear or sadness can be hidden, which emerge under certain conditions. Random words can provoke pent-up anger.

People need to learn to be more flexible in expressing their emotions. One must be able to express every kind of emotion and be able to use them to their full extent as needed.

Most likely, people who are dynamic and flexible will want to live in a mostly positive mood. But the main goal in the perspective of personal growth is integration, going beyond the positive/negative in general.

What do you think about this? What experience do you have with the transition from one emotion to another? Please write in the comments below.

And human emotions? It is to this issue that we decided to devote today's article. Indeed, without these components, we would not be people, but machines that do not live, but simply exist.

What are the sense organs?

As you know, a person learns all the information about the world around him through his own. These include the following:

• eyes;
• language;
• leather.

Thanks to these organs, people feel and see the objects around them, as well as hear sounds and taste. It should be noted that this is not a complete list. Although it is customary to call it the main one. So what are the feelings and sensations of a person who has not only the above, but also other organs? Let's consider the answer to the question in more detail.

Eyes

The sensations of vision, or rather of color and light, are the most numerous and varied. Thanks to the presented organ, people receive about 70% of information about the environment. Scientists have found that the number of visual sensations (various qualities) of an adult, on average, reaches 35 thousand. It should also be noted that it is vision that plays a significant role in the perception of space. As for the sensation of color, it completely depends on the length of the light wave that irritates the retina of the eye, and the intensity depends on its amplitude or the so-called span.

Ears

Hearing (tones and noises) gives a person about 20 thousand different states of consciousness. This sensation is caused by air waves that come from the sounding body. Its quality depends entirely on the magnitude of the wave, its strength on its amplitude, and its timbre (or sound coloring) on ​​its shape.

Nose

The senses of smell are quite diverse and very difficult to classify. They occur when the upper part of the nasal cavity is irritated, as well as the mucous membrane of the palate. This effect occurs due to the dissolution of the smallest odorous substances.

Language

Thanks to this organ, a person can distinguish different tastes, namely sweet, salty, sour and bitter.

Leather

Tactile sensations break down into feelings of pressure, pain, temperature, and so on. They occur during irritation of the nerve endings located in the tissues, which have a special structure.

What are the feelings of a person? In addition to all of the above, people also have feelings such as:

• Static (position of the body in space and a sense of its balance). This feeling occurs during irritation of the nerve endings that are located in the semicircular canals of the ear.
• Muscular, articular and tendon. They are very difficult to observe, but they are in the nature of internal pressure, stress, and even slip.
• organic or somatic. These feelings include hunger, nausea, sensations of breathing, and so on.

What are feelings and emotions?

Emotions and inner feelings of a person reflect his attitude to any event or situation in life. Moreover, the two named states are quite different from each other. Thus, emotions are a direct reaction to something. It happens at the animal level. As for feelings, this is a product of thinking, accumulated experience, experiences, etc.

What feelings does a person have? It is rather difficult to answer the question unequivocally. After all, people have a lot of feelings and emotions. They give a person information about needs, as well as feedback on what is happening. Thanks to this, people can understand what they are doing right and what they are doing wrong. After realizing the feelings that have arisen, a person gives himself the right to any emotion, and thus he begins to understand what is happening in reality.

List of basic emotions and feelings

What are the feelings and emotions of a person? It is simply impossible to list them all. In this regard, we decided to name only a few. Moreover, they are divided into three different groups.

Positive:

• pleasure;
• exultation;
• joy;
• pride;
• delight;
• confidence;
• confidence;
• Delight;
• sympathy;
• love (or affection);
• love (sexual attraction to a partner);
• respect;
• gratitude (or gratitude);
• tenderness;
• complacency;
• tenderness;
• gloat;
• bliss;
• feeling of satisfied revenge;
• feeling of self-satisfaction;
• feeling of relief;
• anticipation;
• a sense of security.

Negative:

Neutral:

• astonishment;
• curiosity;
• amazement;
• calm and contemplative mood;
• indifference.

Now you know what a person's feelings are. Some to a greater extent, some to a lesser extent, but each of us has experienced them at least once in our lives. Negative emotions that are ignored and not realized by us do not just disappear. After all, the body and soul are one, and if the latter suffers for a long time, then the body takes on some part of its heavy burden. And it is not in vain that they say that all diseases are from nerves. The impact of negative emotions on human well-being and health has long been a scientific fact. As for positive feelings, the benefits of them are clear to everyone. After all, experiencing joy, happiness and other emotions, a person literally fixes the desired types of behavior in his memory (feelings of success, well-being, trust in the world, people around him, etc.).

Neutral feelings also help people express their attitude to what they see, hear, and so on. By the way, such emotions can act as a kind of springboard to further positive or negative manifestations.

Thus, by analyzing his behavior and attitude to current events, a person can become better, worse or remain the same. It is these properties that distinguish humans from animals.

In life, concepts such as emotions and feelings are often confused, but these phenomena are different and reflect different meanings.

Emotions are not always recognized

Sometimes a person cannot clearly articulate what emotions he is experiencing, for example, people say “everything boils in me”, what does this mean? What emotions? Anger? Fear? Despair? Anxiety? Annoyance? It is not always possible for a person to determine a momentary emotion, but a person is almost always aware of a feeling: friendship, love, envy, hostility, happiness, pride.

Experts make a distinction between emotion"and concepts" feeling», « affect», « mood" and " experience».

Unlike feelings, emotions do not have an object attachment: they arise not in relation to someone or something, but in relation to the situation as a whole. " I'm scared" is an emotion, and " I'm afraid of this person" - this feeling.

The feelings and emotions listed here do not exhaust the whole palette, the whole variety of emotional states of a person. A comparison with the colors of the solar spectrum is appropriate here. There are 7 main tones, but how many more intermediate colors do we know and how many shades can be obtained by mixing them!

It is difficult to say how many different emotional states there can be - but, in any case, there are immeasurably more than 70. Emotional states are highly specific, even if they have the same name with modern rough methods of evaluation. There are apparently many shades of anger, joy, sadness, and other feelings.

Love for an older brother and love for a younger sister are similar, but far from the same feelings. The first is colored with admiration, pride, sometimes envy; the second is a sense of superiority, a desire to provide patronage, sometimes pity and tenderness. A completely different feeling is love for parents, love for children. But for the designation of all these feelings, we use one name.

The division of feelings into positive and negative is by no means done on ethical grounds, but solely on the basis of the pleasure or displeasure delivered. Therefore, gloating turned out to be in the column of positive feelings, and sympathy - negative feelings. The negatives seem to outnumber the positives. Why? Several explanations can be offered.

Sometimes it is suggested that there are simply many more words expressing unpleasant feelings in the language, because in a good mood a person is generally less inclined to introspection. We find this explanation unsatisfactory.

The initial biological role of emotions is signaling, according to the type "pleasant - unpleasant", "safe - dangerous". Apparently, the “dangerous” and “unpleasant” signaling is more essential for an animal, it is vitally important, more relevant, because it directs its behavior in critical situations.

It is clear that such information in the process of evolution should receive priority over information that signals "comfort".

But what has historically developed can change historically. When a person masters the laws of social development, this will also change his emotional life, shifting the center of gravity towards positive, pleasant feelings.

Let's go back to the list of feelings. If you carefully read all 70 items, you will notice that some of the listed feelings coincide in content and differ only in intensity. For example, surprise and amazement differ only in strength, that is, in degree of expression. The same anger and rage, pleasure and bliss, etc. Therefore, some clarifications need to be made to the list.

Feelings usually come in five main forms:

The definition of feeling is given by us above.

Affect- this is a very strong short-term feeling associated with a motor reaction (or with complete immobility - numbness. But numbness is also a motor reaction).

Passion called a strong and lasting feeling.

Mood- the resultant of many feelings. This state is distinguished by a certain duration, stability and serves as a background against which all other elements of mental activity proceed.

Under experiences they usually understand the exclusively subjective-psychic side of emotional processes, not including physiological components.

Thus, if we consider surprise to be a feeling, then amazement is the same feeling in content, but brought to the degree of affect (recall the final silent scene of The Inspector General).

Likewise, we call anger when it has become an affect, bliss is the affect of pleasure, rapture is the affect of joy, despair is the affect of grief, horror is the affect of fear, adoration is love, which in duration and strength has become passion, etc.

Manifestations of emotions

Emotional reactions are associated with nervous processes, they are also manifested in external movements, called `` expressive movements. Expressive movements are an important component of emotions, the external form of their existence. Expressions of emotions are universal, similar for all people, sets of expressive signs that reflect certain emotional states.

To expressive forms of emotions include the following:

Gestures (hand movements),

Facial expressions (movements of facial muscles),

Pantomime (movements of the whole body) - see,

Emotional components of speech (strength and timbre, voice intonation),

Vegetative changes (redness, blanching, sweating).

Read more about how emotions are expressed.

The face of a person has the greatest ability to express various emotional shades (see). And, of course, the eyes are often the mirror of emotions (see)

Emotions and feelings are peculiar states of the psyche that leave an imprint on the life, activities, actions and behavior of a person. If emotional states mainly determine the external side of behavior and mental activity, then feelings affect the content and inner essence of experiences due to the spiritual needs of a person.
Sourced from openemo.com

What are emotions? As practice shows, not everyone can answer this question. That is, we all, to one degree or another, understand what this concept includes, but for some reason it is impossible to make a definition in most cases. What's the matter? Psychologists say that a person in general is difficult to explain intangible concepts, and here also the term is far from simple.

This article will try to reveal the very essence of emotions. The reader will learn exactly how they arise, why and what is their role in our mental state. Separately, such an important point as the development of emotions will be touched upon. In general, everyone who is interested will receive answers to all questions that arise.

What are emotions? General definition of the concept

Experts from the field of psychology argue that any emotion is an information process that reflects a subjective evaluative attitude to situations that really exist or are possible.

Both positive and negative emotions are, of course, distinct from affects, feelings, and moods. But, unfortunately, today they have been studied very poorly, so this definition cannot be considered accurate enough, and it is quite easy to challenge it.

The role and nature of their occurrence

It has been established that a person needs emotions in order to assess the events taking place around and inside him. Interestingly, such a "language" is the same for all living beings. For example, a dog perfectly understands what is happening to people, simply by observing and "reading" their facial expressions and gestures.

Likewise, a child without special knowledge, vast life experience is able not only to understand, but often to adopt both negative and positive emotions of his parents, brothers and sisters, grandparents. Moreover, this trend is observed in all corners of the globe.

True, today it has not yet been clarified exactly how this process occurs, because it is impossible to fully investigate it.

Types of emotions

These states are completely different and, as a rule, do not have a limit of the so-called tonality of manifestation. However, based on the question of what emotions are, experts distinguish their main types. It turns out that the most common are joy and anger. They can be experienced by all living beings of our planet.

The main types are determined mainly by the facial expression or behavior of a person or animal. But the extent to which emotion is experienced is unknown, for example, joy can be tinged with hope or tenderness, etc.

Neutral, positive, negative emotions. What are they?

Conventionally, these states are divided into positive, neutral and negative. Joy, love, delight, tenderness, confidence and pleasure belong to the former. The second category includes anger, anxiety, grief, fear, malevolence, revenge, anguish, fear and despair. And finally, the last ones can be called indifference, curiosity and amazement.

There is also a special kind of emotion called affect. It is connected with the so-called switching off of rational thinking. In this state, a kind of “emergency program” is activated in a person, and reactions such as numbness, aggression, and flight occur.

Scientists believe that the higher the creature on the evolutionary ladder, the richer is its range of emotional experiences.

External expression

All, both negative and positive emotions, are characterized by bright bodily expressions specific to them, manifested in vascular reactions, changes in breathing and blood circulation (this, in turn, makes the face turn pale or red), in a kind of facial expressions, gestures, intonations, etc.

A person has a rather complex facial musculature, which basically performs only the function of facial movements, which is fully consistent with the nature of the emotional states experienced. With the help of coordinated movements of the eyebrows, lips, cheeks, eyes, a person expresses different types of mood.

By the way, not everyone knows that, for example, Charles Darwin believed that these expressive movements helped our ancestors in the struggle for existence. For example, baring teeth and growling greatly intimidated the enemy.

However, mimic movements associated with moral, intellectual emotions cannot be considered innate. They are acquired by each individual by imitation in the process of communicating with other people.

What is joy?

Joy is a positive emotional state. It is directly related to the ability to fully satisfy any urgent need at the moment.

In addition, according to experts, joy is characterized by a feeling of special significance, love and confidence both personally and in one's future. All this gives a person a sense of the ability to overcome any difficulties and really enjoy every day, living, as they say, to the fullest.

In addition, joy is accompanied by satisfaction in relation to the environment and the world as a whole. Of course, due to external circumstances, people cannot always remain in this state.

To date, scientists have decided to divide joy into two types, namely, active and passive. Their difference lies in the levels of intensity of experiencing a given emotion. In fact, joy is never completely passive or completely active. In any case, this is a state of nervous excitement.

It actively interacts with other emotions, as well as with human perception and knowledge of the surrounding reality. In addition, joy cannot but promote intuition and creativity.

Let's talk about depression

Depression is a state in which a person experiences a complex set of emotions, including suffering, various combinations of anger, disgust, guilt, neglect, hostility, fear, shyness. In general, quite negative emotions.

However, at the same time, it must be taken into account that depression can be caused by neurophysiological and even biochemical factors. In fact, in scientific circles there is still no unity in the interpretation of the term "depression".

Some scientists believe that the systematic effects of pain or threat lead to depression, fear and suffering. Some supporters of behaviorism believe that people in this state lose absolutely all types of adaptive behavior, which means that their life turns into an absolute nightmare, which they cannot resist.

Psychoanalysts point out that a possible cause of depression may be a decrease in self-esteem, a sense of dignity, self-confidence and an increase in fatigue.

The key emotion in this state is suffering.

How emotions affect a person

What are emotions, we have already more or less figured out. But what role do they play in our lives?

Experts are sure that the same emotion can be experienced in completely different ways by different people or even by the same individual in each individual situation.

Emotions primarily affect the perception of the world, namely, life will develop in a pessimistic or optimistic direction. They also depend on memory, thinking and imagination.

Complexes associated with emotions affect the study, play and work of each person. For example, when an individual feels disgust for some object, he tries in any way to avoid it.

Psychologists are also sure that special states of consciousness that arise due to interest or joy in every possible way affect a person’s intuitive and non-verbal knowledge of the surrounding reality.

1. Psychological characteristics of the atmosphere of society

(and related human states)

2. List of basic emotions and feelings

Positive

1. Pleasure

2. Joy.

3. Rejoicing.

4. Delight.

5. Pride.

6. Confidence.

7. Trust.

8. Sympathy.

9. Admiration.

10. Love (sexual).

11. Love (affection).

12. Respect.

13. Tenderness.

14. Gratitude (gratitude).

15. Tenderness.

16. Complacency.

17. Bliss

18. Schadenfreude.

19. Feeling of satisfied revenge.

20. Good conscience.

21. Feeling of relief.

22. Feeling of self-satisfaction.

23. Feeling safe.

24. Anticipation.

Neutral

25. Curiosity.

26. Surprise.

27. Amazement.

28. Indifference.

29. Calm and contemplative mood.

Negative

30. Displeasure.

31. Woe (sorrow).

33. Sadness (sadness).

34. Despair.

35. Grief.

36. Anxiety.

38. Fear.

41. Pity.

42. Sympathy (compassion).

43. Regret.

44. Annoyance.

46. ​​Feeling insulted.

47. Indignation (indignation).

48. Hatred.

49. Dislike.

50. Envy.

52. Anger.

53. Despondency.

55. Jealousy.

57. Uncertainty (doubt).

58. Distrust.

60. Confusion.

61. Fury.

62. Contempt.

63. Disgust.

64. Disappointment.

65. Disgust.

66. Dissatisfaction with oneself.

67. Repentance.

68. Remorse of conscience.

69. Impatience.

70. Bitterness.

The feelings we have listed do not exhaust the whole palette, the whole variety of emotional states of a person. A comparison with the colors of the solar spectrum is appropriate here. There are 7 main tones, but how many more intermediate colors do we know and how many shades can be obtained by mixing them!

It is difficult to say how many different emotional states there can be - but, in any case, there are immeasurably more than 70. Emotional states are highly specific, even if they have the same name with modern rough methods of evaluation. There are apparently many shades of anger, joy, sadness, and other feelings.

Love for an older brother and love for a younger sister are similar, but far from the same feelings. The first is colored with admiration, pride, sometimes envy; the second is a sense of superiority, a desire to provide patronage, sometimes pity and tenderness. A completely different feeling is love for parents, love for children. But for the designation of all these feelings, we use one name.

The division of feelings into positive and negative is by no means done by us on ethical grounds, but solely on the basis of the pleasure or displeasure delivered. Therefore, gloating turned out to be in the column of positive, and sympathy - negative feelings. As you can see, there are more negative ones than positive ones. Why? Several explanations can be offered.

Sometimes it is suggested that there are simply many more words expressing unpleasant feelings in the language, because in a good mood a person is generally less inclined to introspection. We find this explanation unsatisfactory.

The initial biological role of emotions is signaling, according to the “pleasant-unpleasant”, “safe-dangerous” type. Apparently, the signaling “dangerous” and “unpleasant” is more essential for an animal, it is vitally important, more relevant, because it directs its behavior in critical situations.

It is clear that such information in the process of evolution should receive priority over information that signals “comfort”.

But what has historically developed can change historically. When a person masters the laws of social development, this will also change his emotional life, shifting the center of gravity towards positive, pleasant feelings.

Let's go back to the list of feelings. If you carefully read all 70 items, you will notice that some of the listed feelings coincide in content and differ only in intensity. For example, surprise and amazement differ only in strength, that is, in degree of expression. The same anger and rage, pleasure and bliss, etc. Therefore, some clarifications need to be made to the list.

Feelings usually come in four main forms:

1. Actually feeling.

2. Affect.

3. Passion.

4. Mood.

Definition feelings given by us above.

Affect - this is a very strong short-term feeling associated with a motor reaction (or with complete immobility - numbness. But numbness is also a motor reaction).

Passion called a strong and lasting feeling.

Mood - the resultant of many feelings. This state is distinguished by a certain duration, stability and serves as a background against which all other elements of mental activity proceed.

Thus, if we consider surprise a feeling, then amazement is the same feeling in terms of maintenance, but brought to the degree of affect (recall the final silent scene of The Inspector General).

Likewise, we call anger, brought to the degree of affect, anger, bliss is the affect of pleasure, delight is the affect of joy, despair is the affect of grief, horror is the affect of fear, adoration is love, which in duration and strength has become passion, etc.

3. Option: List of basic emotions and feelings

There is no definitive list of emotions either in psychology or in physiology. You can count more 500 different emotional states . In conversational practice, people often use the same word to refer to different experiences, and their real nature becomes clear only from the context. At the same time, the same emotion can be denoted by different words.

АзартБезмятежностьБезразличиеБеспомощность БессилиеБлагодарность БодростьВдохновениеВинаВозмущениеВолнениеВоодушевлениеВосторгВосхищениеВысокомериеГневГордостьГордыняГореГрустьДовольствоДосада Драйв,Жалость, Забота, Зависть Заинтересованность Заискивание Замешательство ЗаносчивостьЗастенчивость ЗлорадствоЗлостьИзумлениеИнтересИронияИспуг Ликование Лукавство Любование ЛюбопытствоМольба МрачностьНадежда НадменностьНапряжение, Настороженность Невозмутимость НегодованиеНежность,Неловкость Нетерпение ОбескураженностьОбида, Обреченность Озабоченность Озорство ОмерзениеОскорбленность,Осторожность Отвращение Оторопь Отрешенность Отстраненность ОцепенениеПечальПлаксивость ПодавленностьПодозрительность Покорность Покровительственность Порыв Потерянность Превосходство ПредвкушениеПрезрениеПренебрежение ПытливостьРадостьРаздражение Рассеянность ,Confusion, Zealousness SarcasmGrievingBoredomLaughter EmbarrassmentConfusion ComposureRegretCalm ShySufferingFear DesireShameAnxiety Trembling EnthusiasmSurpriseSatisfactionPleasureDejection Emotion AppeasementDespondencyPersistenceFatigue Royal EuphoriaExaltationEcstasyEnergyEnthusiasmRage...

However, some researchers believe that there are few basic, elementary emotions, and the whole huge list of emotions is the construction of these building blocks, their combination. So, for example, anger is disgust plus aggression. And love is joy when a loved one is near and sadness when apart; aggression - in this case, this is the desire to be near; fear - fear of losing the object of love ... What emotions can be classified as elementary? The list of elementary emotions is controversial. Different lists of elementary emotions offer Izard,McDowell and other researchers.

AT gestalt therapy it is believed that the elementary emotions of all five : MAD - anger, aggression, disgust. SAD - sadness, sadness, suffering. GLAD - joy. SCARED - fear. SEXY - pleasure, bliss, tenderness.

All the diversity of emotions is not limited to elementary and composite emotions. Having a more complex and original structure - complex emotions. Bright sadness, tender gratitude, pride in success...