Hello dear readers! Why are some people happier than others? Where does rage come from? Is it possible to learn to control oneself when it comes to spontaneous emotions and is it necessary to do this? Today we are going to talk about emotional intelligence. What is it, what does it mean for a person, is it possible to become happier, stop “exploding” over trifles, and also whether it will turn against you. Who wants to constantly and resignedly endure injustice?
Where do emotions come from
Perhaps some humanitarians will now be upset or even send me to hell, but love is not born in the soul, but in the amygdala, located in the human brain. In our country, it is better developed than in animals, but in plants it is completely absent. Contrary to popular belief, they don't get bored when they get ripped off.
All of you have probably heard about brain surgeries, after which people turn into a "vegetable". They destroy the amygdala. They no longer experience fear, love, other feelings, they even stop crying. They don't feel sorry for themselves. If you felt compassion now, it was because your amygdala was reacting to the information.
People periodically fall under the power of emotions, but most often they are led by the mind. We have time to cry, laugh or yell at another.
However, the "brain" does not always have time. You yourself can give a million examples of such behavior. A woman throwing away expensive gifts after being separated from her beloved. Unnecessary .
Emotional intelligence (EQ) is precisely the ability of a person to resist the “decisions” of the process, the ability to subordinate it to the voice of reason. I think that now it has become clearer to you why it means many times more to a person than some kind of IQ.
A little about childhood
What kind of psychologist would I be if I didn’t mention childhood now. It naturally has great emotional intelligence. The child is not yet able to use the mind, but the amygdala is already functioning perfectly. The kid remembers situations and reactions to them.
If a child in childhood has seen more than once how a grandfather slaughters a pig, then in adolescence, for this reason, he will no longer cry. If the whole family is upset by a pet, then this event will cause negative emotions later.
Childhood experiences can influence less obviously. Two women, who are in exactly the same conditions, react to life in different ways. One is always happy and the other is always sad.
Even as adults, we continue to laugh when we are hurt and laugh when someone is joking. However, a developed brain forces the amygdala to submit. We are no longer so easy to laugh or make to shed tears. We will think a hundred times before showing a reaction.
If you have a small child or you are, I strongly recommend that you buy " Emotional intelligence by Daniel Goleman, the book is very detailed about the child's psyche. It will also be useful for those adults who want to understand themselves in more detail. Awareness of the problem is the first step towards solving it.
In the public domain, "Emotional Intelligence" is not available. The book was recently published and copyright is still actively respected.
Emotional and rational mind
The emotional mind is many times faster than the rational mind and is distinguished by the confidence with which actions are performed. A person with a low level of emotional intelligence can easily hit a person, which he will later regret when the mind comes into play.
Exactly because of this reason, The best way get rid of - run away. Man is ruled by feelings. Every time he doesn't even have time to think before he reacts. It is impossible to do without the intervention of a psychologist.
The emotional mind rarely appeals to logic. The reaction is created categorically, due to unrelated elements. The person himself cannot explain what exactly pissed him off or.
When you see someone for the first time and without knowing anything categorically state that he is bad, the child with a low level of EQ speaks in you. Often memories from the past are superimposed on the reaction in the present: “I love bearded men, because my father was like that.” 
The development of emotional intelligence can make decisions more balanced, logical, and the person himself happier.
In my future articles, I will talk about some of the techniques that psychologists use to develop emotional intelligence in people, so subscribe to the mailing list so that you do not miss any useful publications.
That's all for today. See you again.
Appendix B. SIGNS OF AN EMOTIONAL MIND
Only in recent years has a scientific model of the emotional mind emerged to explain how so much of what we do can be done under the influence of emotions - how can we be so intelligent one moment and so unintelligent the next - and a sense in which emotions have their own common sense and their own logic. Perhaps the two best estimates of the emotional brain are independently proposed by Paul Ekman, head of the Human Interactions Laboratory at the University of California at San Francisco, and Seymour Epstein, a psychologist at the University of Massachusetts. Although both Ekman and Epstein carefully considered various scientific facts, together they offer a basic list of qualities that distinguish emotions from the rest of mental life.
Fast but inaccurate response
The emotional mind rushes into action much faster than the rational mind, never stopping for a moment or stopping to think about what it is actually doing. His agility interferes with the leisurely analytical thinking that is the mark of a thinking mind. In the process of evolution, this speed most likely concerned the most important decision - what to pay attention to and what to immediately be alert for, say, colliding with another animal and instantly making decisions like “Will I eat it, or will it eat me?”. Those organisms that had to think too long about the answers to these questions were unlikely to have numerous offspring to which they would pass on their slow genes.
Actions dictated by the emotional mind are marked by a particularly strong sense of certainty, a by-product of a finely tuned, simplistic way of looking at things that can be utterly bewildering to the rational mind. When the passions subside, or even in the middle of a backlash, we catch ourselves thinking, “Why did I do this (a)?”. This is a sign of the rational mind awakening to this point, though not as fast as the emotional mind.
Since the interval between the occurrence of what triggers an emotion and its outburst may be virtually instantaneous, the perceptual evaluation apparatus must be fast, even in terms of brain "fire" time, measured in thousandths of a second. The assessment of the need to act must be done automatically and so quickly that it never passes to the level of conscious awareness. This array of hastily "bungled" emotional responses takes over us before we actually fully understand what's going on.
This speed perception mode sacrifices accuracy for speed, relying on first impressions, the big picture, or the most impressive aspects. In it, things are perceived immediately as a whole, and the reaction does not require time for thoughtful analysis. Bright elements can define this impression, outweighing a careful appreciation of details. The great advantage is that the emotional mind reads the emotional reality (it's angry with me; it's lying; it upsets it) in an instant, making simple intuitive judgments that tell us who to be wary of, who to trust, who is suffering. The emotional mind is our radar for detecting danger; if we (or our evolutionary ancestors) waited for the rational mind to make some of these judgments, we would not only be wrong, we could be dead. The flip side of the coin is that these impressions and intuitive judgments, by virtue of being made in the blink of an eye, can be erroneous or misleading.
Paul Ekman believes that the speed with which emotions manage to take over us before we are fully aware that they are already in action is necessary for their high adaptability: they mobilize us to respond to events that require a response without wasting time to think. whether to respond, and if so, how. With the help of a system he developed for detecting emotions from subtle changes in facial expression, Ekman can trace micro-reactions that flash across the face in less than half a second. Ekman and his collaborators found that outward manifestations of emotion begin to reveal themselves as changes in facial muscles within a few thousandths of a second after the triggering event, and that the physiological changes typical of that emotion, such as rapid blood flow and rapid heartbeat, also take place. just a fraction of a second. Such speed is especially justified with a strong emotion, such as fear or sudden fright.
Ekman argues that, formally speaking, the full swing of emotions takes a very short time, lasting only seconds, not minutes, hours, or days. He argues as follows: if some kind of emotion took possession of the brain and body for a long time, regardless of changing circumstances, then we would already be talking about poor adaptation. If the emotions caused by a single event continue to possess us invariably after this event has passed, and regardless of what happens next around us, then feelings would serve us as bad advisers. For emotions to last longer, the trigger must be fired continuously, actually triggering the emotion over and over again, just like the loss of a loved one makes us mourn all the time. If feelings stubbornly do not leave us, as a rule, these are moods, a muffled form of emotions. Moods determine the affective tone, but they shape our perception and behavior to a lesser extent than the intensity of all emotions.
First feelings, then thoughts
Because the rational mind takes a little longer to register and respond than the emotional mind, the “first impulse” in a situation that arouses strong emotions does not come from the head, but from the heart. In addition, there is a second kind of emotional reaction, slower than a live response, which first “boils” and “boils” in our thoughts and only then leads to experience. This second path to triggering emotions is more measured, and we tend to be quite aware of the thoughts that lead to it. In this kind of emotional response, there is a longer evaluation; our thoughts - cognition - play a key role in deciding which emotions will be aroused. As soon as we make an assessment - "This taxi driver is cheating on me" or "This child is just adorable" - then the appropriate emotional reaction immediately follows. In this slower sequence of processes, a feeling is preceded by a more fully formulated thought. More complex emotions, like confusion or apprehension about an upcoming exam, follow this long route that takes seconds or minutes to unfold - those emotions that come from thoughts.
In contrast, in a succession of rapid reaction processes, feeling seems to precede thought or occur simultaneously with it. Such hasty emotional reaction triumphs in situations associated with the need for primitive survival. The positive side of such quick decisions is that they mobilize us in the blink of an eye so that we can deal with extraordinary circumstances. Our strongest feelings are involuntary reactions, and we have no way of knowing when they will break through. “Love,” Stendhal wrote, “is like a fever that arises and disappears independently of the will.” Not only love, but also all our annoyances and fears seize us, not at all being our choice. Therefore, they can serve as some kind of alibi for us. “The thing is, we don’t choose the emotions we have,” Ekman notes, which allows people to justify their actions by saying that they were at the mercy of emotions.
Just as there are two pathways for emotions to arise - fast and slow - one through direct perception, the other through comprehension - there are also emotions that arise on demand. An example of this is acting techniques with the deliberate evoking of feelings, such as tears, which well up in the eyes when sad memories are called to help to achieve this effect. However, actors are simply more adept than most people at deliberately using the second path to emotion, feeling through thought. While we can't choose which emotions a thought will trigger, we can very often, and do, choose what to think about. Just as some sexual fantasy can lead to the experience of sexual feelings, so happy memories put us in a good mood, and sad thoughts plunge us into thoughtfulness.
But the rational mind usually doesn't decide which emotions we "should" experience. Instead, feelings tend to come to us as fait accompli. What the rational mind usually controls is the course of these reactions. With a few exceptions, we don't decide when to get angry, sad, etc.
Conditional, childishly innocent reality
The emotional mind has an associative logic; he perceives elements that symbolize reality or evoke a memory of it to be the same as that reality. That's why similes, metaphors and images speak directly to the emotional mind, just like art - novels, films, poetry, songs, theater, opera. Great spiritual teachers like Buddha and Jesus touched the hearts of their disciples by speaking the language of emotions, teaching them through parables, legends and fairy tales. Indeed, religious symbol and ritual make little sense from a rational point of view; they are expressed in the language of the heart.
This logic of the heart - the emotional mind - is well stated by Freud in his conception of "primary process" thinking; the logic of religion and poetry, psychosis and children, sleep and myth (as Joseph Campbell put it, "dreams are personal myths; myths are shared dreams"). The primary process is the key to understanding the meaning of works such as James Joyce's Ulysses: in primary process thinking, free associations determine the flow of the narrative; one object symbolizes another; one feeling displaces another and represents it; the whole condenses into parts. Time does not exist, there are no laws of cause and effect. In the primary process there is not even such a thing as "No"; everything is possible. In part, the psychoanalytic method is the art of deciphering and deciphering the meaning of these substitutes.
If the emotional mind follows this logic and its rules, substituting one element for another, then it is not at all necessary to define things by their objective features: what does it matter how they are perceived; things are what they seem. What something reminds us of can be much more important than what it "really is." In emotional life, features can actually be like a hologram in the sense that a single detail brings to mind the whole. As Seymour Epstein pointed out, while the rational mind makes logical connections between cause and effect, the emotional mind makes no distinction, connecting things that simply have similar, attention-grabbing features.
The emotional mind is much like a child's mind in its simplicity, and the stronger the emotions, the greater the similarity. One similar feature is categorical thinking, where everything is either black or white and there is no room for halftones; someone frustrated by faux pas probably has an instant thought: "I always say something wrong." Another sign of this childish way of thinking is personalized thinking, where events are perceived with a self-related error, like a driver who explained after an accident that "a telephone pole was heading straight for me."
This childishly spontaneous course of action is self-affirmation, suppressing or ignoring memories or facts that destroy beliefs and trapping those that support it. The beliefs of the rational mind are indicative; a new fact can refute some belief and replace it with a new one - he thinks in objective data. And the emotional mind considers its beliefs to be absolutely true and therefore does not take into account any evidence to the contrary. This is why it is so difficult to convince an emotionally disturbed person of anything: the soundness of your arguments from a logical point of view does not matter to him, they have no influence if they do not coincide with his current emotional conviction. Feelings justify themselves with the help of a set of ideas and "proofs" entirely of their own "production".
Past imposed on the present
If any feature of an event seems like an emotionally charged memory of the past, the emotional mind responds by including the feelings that arose with the recalled event. The emotional mind reacts to the present as if it were the past. The trouble is that - especially when evaluation is done quickly and automatically - we may not realize that the state of affairs that once was is no longer there. One who has learned to respond to an angry look with intense fear and disgust will retain this reaction to some extent even into adulthood, when an angry look no longer carries any threat.
If the feelings are strong, then the reaction that is triggered is obvious. However, when feelings are vague or subtle, we don't fully understand what kind of emotional reaction we are having, even if it slightly colors our current reaction. Thoughts and reactions at that moment will take on the color of the thoughts and reactions of that time, even if it seems that the reaction is due solely to the current situation. Our emotional mind will use the rational mind for its own purposes, so we will come up with explanations - rationalizations - for our feelings and reactions, justifying them in terms of the present time and not realizing the influence of emotional memory. In this sense, we can have no idea what is really happening, although we may be absolutely convinced that we know exactly what is happening. At such times, the emotional mind has already tuned the rational mind, using it to its advantage.
Reality characteristic of the state
The functioning of the emotional mind is largely specific to the state of being dictated by the particular feeling that is prevalent at the moment. The way we think and act when we are romantically feeling is completely different from how we act when we are depressed or angry; in the mechanics of emotion, each feeling has its own repertoire of thoughts, reactions, and even memories. At times when we experience strong emotions, these state-specific repertoires begin to dominate.
One of the signs of activation of such a repertoire is selective memory. Part of the mind's response to an emotional situation is to shuffle the memories and choices of action so that the most needed are at the top of the hierarchy and can be easily played out. And as we already know, each basic emotion has its own biological "signature" - a seal, a pattern of radical changes that tune the body as this emotion becomes dominant, and a one-of-a-kind set of signals that the body automatically transmits when it is in her power.
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Victoria Shimanskaya is a psychologist, a leading specialist in the field of research on emotional intelligence (EQ) in Russia, the author of the Monsiki methodology for developing the EQ of children, partner of the EQ-factor Laboratory, a leader of master classes and trainings on the subject of EQ - about the intellectual-emotional profile of a personality and its role in organizing and running a business.
Key Factors in Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is talked about a lot these days. The need to develop emotional intelligence has been repeatedly proven by scientists and various examples from life and business.
Obviously, a person with a higher level of emotional intelligence perceives reality more adequately and reacts to it and interacts with it much more effectively. This applies to almost all communications - both interpersonal and social; subjective and objective experiences; abstract and concrete concepts. Thus, emotional intelligence has become one of the new tools for business management, building effective communications and management.
The perception of information occurs through sensory systems. In this case, key areas of the brain act first, and then the reactions of the autonomic nervous, muscular and other systems take place. Interaction with information, with oneself and the outside world is built depending on the degree of development of the key drivers of emotional intelligence: awareness, self-esteem, motivation, adaptability.
Drivers actually contain basic personality traits, but they are not immutable and can evolve.
Each driver can be unlocked through four skills:
- awareness through awareness of one's thoughts and emotions, one's body and behavior;
- self-esteem through a positive perception of the world and determination, as well as through acceptance and assertiveness (a person’s ability not to depend on external influences and assessments, to independently regulate their own behavior and be responsible for it);
- motivation through the desire for self-actualization and determination, as well as through open perception of the new, strong goal-setting and objective experience of failures;
- adaptability through conscious empathy with another person - empathy, stress resistance, decision making and sociability.
Emotional quote
It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that emotional intelligence does not exist separately from the intellect. Over the past three decades, science has advanced significantly, studying the interaction of the emotional and intellectual spheres (IQ and EQ) in terms of brain activity, psychology and business.
“It is very important to understand that emotional intelligence is not the opposite of intelligence, it is not the triumph of the heart over the head - this is the only way for the intersection of both,” David R. Caruso, a psychologist, professor in the Department of Psychology at Yale University (USA), once said management and co-author of the concept of emotional intelligence.
Along with the well-known abbreviation IQ (Eng. Intelligence Quotient - intelligence quotient or intelligence quotient), there is the concept of emotional EQ ( English. Emotional Quotient), which was introduced by clinical physiologist Reuven Bar-On back in 1985. In 1996, at a meeting of the American Psychological Association in Toronto, he presented his EQ-i (Emotional Quotient Inventory) test, which contained a list of questions to determine the coefficient of emotional intelligence, from which the now famous Bar-On model of emotional intelligence was born.
Despite the fact that the interaction of IQ and EQ is recognized by many researchers, the first model that clearly showed the interaction of these two coefficients was developed by Russian scientists at the EQ-factor Emotional Intelligence Laboratory under the leadership of N. Koro and V. Shimanskaya.
Intellectual-emotional profile of the leader's personality
This model is an integral part of the intellectual-emotional profile of the IEPP personality. According to this model, emotional intelligence EQ is a kind of base of the personality pyramid in the coordinate system. The vectors of this system are EQ drivers and form different strategies of behavior in various spheres of life:
- awareness - the "strategy of philosophers";
- self-esteem - the "strategy of the stars";
- motivation - "strategy of heroes";
- adaptability - the "strategy of leaders".
When emotional intelligence connects with the IQ intelligence vector, the “strategy of creators” is formed - a strategy that is key in all areas of life, and even more so in business.
It is the “strategy of the creators” that makes it possible to realize the potential of a person to such an extent that in the end he reaches the highest level of self-realization. Therefore, the larger this pyramid has (due to the development of EQ drivers and IQ itself), the more opportunities a person will have to influence his own life, the lives of other people and the world as a whole.
In today's world, any leader and entrepreneur must be a creator - to create not just a product or service, but the best product, the best service, the best service and the best experience. And this is almost impossible without the ability to manage your emotions.
How to develop EQ?
As already noted in this article, the development of EQ occurs through the development of its main factors - drivers. Therefore, it is necessary first of all to develop them.
1. Exercise for the development of "mindfulness"
- Close your ears and concentrate on the surroundings, try to see all the details. How the picture will become "brighter" and you will notice something that you did not pay attention to before.
- Then close your eyes and concentrate on the sounds. In a normal situation, we subconsciously concentrate on a zone of no more than 1.5 meters around us. “Expanding” our hearing, we begin to notice the nuances of natural and mechanical.
- Close your eyes and ears together. Feel how your body interacts with the world around you - for example, the touch of wind or grass on it, if you are ready to take off your shoes.
It is enough to do this exercise once a week so that the ability to recognize the voice intonations of interlocutors, the nuances of facial expressions become much higher. This will allow you to more accurately determine the explicit and hidden messages of the interlocutors and, most importantly, your own reaction to certain processes, as well as understand how your body reacts to information, how it experiences emotions.
2. For the development of “adaptability”, a simple training on “emotion cards” is suitable
You depict anger, joy, sadness or interest - depending on which card you draw. This is a simple and effective way to "work out" your emotional expression. At the same time, your efficiency as a negotiator increases several times.
3. To develop “self-esteem”, you should first master the poses of power
Power poses are postures of the human body that "start" the production of dopamine: a straight back, arms raised up, head held high. The production of this hormone contributes to a better memorization of material and information.
One minute of this exercise before negotiations will make you feel much more confident.
4. To develop "motivation" do the following right now
Write down ten things you enjoy doing. Then reformulate them so that only the verbs remain. Find exactly the verb that best conveys this or that occupation.
Use these verbs to create a plan for the month. And during this month you will need to live ten days under the motto of this word. Traveling or laughing, tasting and learning new things, jumping or counting - there are many options.
For example, under the motto of the verb "tasting", you can go to a specialty restaurant or wine boutique - or maybe have a party at home. And it can also become a concept for the presentation of goods and services of your company.
Just live each of these days 200% with the ten words of action that really make up your essence of growth - what you can give to the world.
By doing these exercises, you are sure to move closer to your true goals than you have in the past few years, because you will be engaged in the most important business of a successful businessman or leader - the implementation of the “creator strategy”.
The essence of the concept and the main theories of emotional intelligence.
Today, the concept of "emotional intelligence" (Emotional Intelligence) is interpreted in different ways. There are more and less popular theories of emotional intelligence that describe the structure of EI and explain the essence of the concept. The phrase itself originally appeared at the end of the 20th century on the pages of academic psychological foreign literature. Today, we already freely use this concept, because. it has become an integral part of modern life.
Scientists are developing new theoretical constructs, methods for diagnosing the level of emotional intelligence, practical psychologists are developing various trainings aimed at increasing the level of EI for people of different ages. In order to talk about EI, its significance in human life, how to train it and what methods exist for studying the level of EI development, it is necessary to first understand what this concept includes, what known models of EI exist. what are their similarities and differences from each other.
A person is constantly in one or another emotional state, which has a significant impact on his thoughts and actions. Of course, emotions are very important and represent a special type of knowledge about oneself and about the world in which a person lives. It is on this basis - the understanding of emotions, as a special type of knowledge, that the concept of "EI" was put forward.
Over the past 20 years, psychologists have conducted a lot of research, the purpose of which is to create the most complete model of EI and explore its potential. To date, there are several definitions of EI, because it is not for nothing that they say: how many scientists, so many opinions. Scientists will argue for a long time about what EI is, what it includes, and how scientific this concept is. However, initially the term "EI" included the ability to 1) process information contained in emotions, 2) determine the meaning and connection between different emotions, 3) use the received emotional information as a basis for thinking and making decisions.
In the first half of the 20th century, David Wexler (1943) proposed the classical concept of intelligence as the global ability of an individual to act purposefully, think rationally, and interact with the environment in an efficient manner. D. Veksler singled out "intellectual" (rational abilities) and "non-intellectual" elements of the intellect (social, communication skills). And despite the fact that Wexler suggested that "non-intellectual" abilities are of paramount importance for determining the ability of an individual to achieve success, this group of factors remained practically unattended, in contrast to the cognitive component. This led to the fact that for a long time the intellect was presented as a kind of constructor for solving logical and mathematical problems.
Back in the late 30s of the last century, Robert Thorndike put forward the concept of "social intelligence". However, the works of these authors were not developed for a long time. And only in 1983, Howard Gardner (the author of one of the modern concepts of intelligence) announced "multiple intelligences". H. Gardner identified seven forms of intelligence:
- Logico-mathematical;
- Verbal (linguistic);
- visual-spatial;
- Bodily-kinesthetic;
- Musical;
- Interpersonal (emotional);
- Spiritual (existential).
H. Gardner's concept of intelligence became the basis for the creation by John Mayer from the University of New Hampshire and Peter Salovey from Yale University of the concept of a, and later the first model of emotional intelligence.
The first model of emotional intelligence, developed by John Mayer, Peter Salovey, and David Caruso in 1990, defined emotional intelligence as the ability to recognize one's own emotions, as well as those of others, and use that information to make decisions. The authors of the concept presented emotional intelligence as a construct, the components of which were the abilities of 3 types:
- ability to identify and express emotions;
- ability to regulate emotions;
- ability to use emotional information in thinking and activity.
1.
Focuses on one's own emotions (it includes verbal and non-verbal subcomponents);
2.
Directed at the emotions of other people (it includes subcomponents of non-verbal perception and empathy).
Second type abilities are also divided into 2 components:
1.
Focused on regulating their emotions;
2.
It is aimed at regulating the emotions of other people.
Third type abilities are divided into the following components:
1.
Flexible planning;
2.
Creative thinking;
3.
redirected attention;
4.
Motivation.
The above structure of emotional intelligence was later finalized by the authors. The basis for an improved version of the EI model was the idea that emotions carry information about a person's connections with objects or other people. In the case of a change in connections with objects or other people, there is a change in the emotions that are experienced about this.
The Enhanced Emotional Intelligence Model has 4 components:
1.
Identification of emotions (perception of one's emotions and emotions of other people, adequate expression of emotions, discrimination of the authenticity of emotions);
2.
Comprehension of emotions (understanding of complexes of emotions, connections between emotions, causes of emotions, verbal information about emotions);
3.
Assimilation of emotions in thinking (using emotions to direct attention to important events, the ability to evoke emotions that contribute to solving problems);
4.
Emotion management (reducing the intensity of negative emotions, solving emotionally loaded tasks without suppressing the negative emotions associated with them).
Since the works of John Mayer, Peter Salovey, and David Caruso were published only in academic publications, the general public knew little about them. Daniel Goleman appreciated the ideas about emotional intelligence, expanded on them, and in 1995 wrote a book on emotional intelligence that became a bestseller in the United States. This was the impetus for extensive study and development of this topic. In his book, D. Goleman paid special attention to the practical application of the EI theory in life and at work. He suggested introducing EI training programs in schools and businesses, stating that emotional intelligence is more significant than academic intelligence.
Goleman's model of emotional intelligence is commonly referred to as a mixed model of EI. In his model of emotional intelligence, he combined cognitive abilities and personality characteristics and identified 5 main components of emotional intelligence:
self-awareness- the ability to name emotional states, the ability to understand the relationship between emotions, thinking and action, the ability to adequately assess their strengths and weaknesses;
Self-regulation- the ability to control emotions, the ability to change an undesirable emotional state, the ability to quickly recover from stress.
Motivation- the ability to enter into emotional states that contribute to the achievement of success, through the use of deep propensities to take the initiative.
social skills- the ability to enter into satisfying interpersonal relationships and maintain them.
Later, D. Goleman finalized the structure of emotional intelligence. Today it consists of four components:
- Self-awareness;
- Self-control;
- social understanding;
- Relationship management.
According to D. Goleman, the following components and skills associated with them are important in the development of the EI of leaders:
Personal Skills
1.
Self-awareness (Emotional self-awareness, accurate self-esteem, self-confidence);
2.
Self-control (control of emotions, openness, adaptability, will to win, initiative, optimism).
social skills
Social Awareness (Empathy, Business Awareness, Attentiveness)
Relationship management (inspire, influence, help improve yourself, promote change, resolve conflicts, strengthen personal relationships, teamwork and collaboration).
As can be seen, among the components of emotional intelligence that Goleman singles out, there are not only emotional abilities, but also social skills, volitional qualities of a person, as well as characteristics of self-awareness.
Another well-known interpretation of emotional intelligence is the model developed by Reuven Bar-On. It was Bar-On who introduced the designation EQ (emotional qujtinent) - the coefficient of emotionality. EQ is defined by the author as a set of all non-cognitive abilities, knowledge and competencies that allow a person to develop the ability to solve various life problems.
The structure of emotional intelligence according to Reuven Bar-On represents five selected areas of competence, which include 15 abilities.
Intrapersonal sphere
- introspection;
- assertiveness;
- Self-esteem;
- Self-actualization;
- Independence.
- empathy;
- Interpersonal relationships;
- Social responsibility;
- Flexibility
- Problem solving
- Validation of reality
- Stress tolerance
- Impulsivity control
- Satisfaction with life
- Optimism
Psychologist D.V. Lucin in 2004 proposed a new model of emotional intelligence. The author defines emotional intelligence as the ability (a set of abilities) to understand one's own and others' emotions and manage them.
The ability to understand emotions can be directed to their own emotions and to the emotions of other people and means that a person:
- Can recognize emotion;
- Can identify emotion and verbalize it;
- Understands the causes of this emotion, and the consequences to which it will lead.
- Can control the intensity of emotions;
- Can regulate outward expression of emotions;
- If necessary, it can arbitrarily cause this or that emotion.
In the concept of D.V. Lusina "emotional intelligence" is a property of the psyche, which is formed during life under the influence of various factors that determine its specific individual characteristics and level.
There are three groups of factors that determine specific individual characteristics and the level of emotional intelligence:
1.
Cognitive abilities (include the accuracy and speed of processing emotional information);
2.
Ideas about emotions (as a valuable and important source of information);
3.
Features of emotionality (emotional stability and emotional sensitivity).
Since D.V. Lusin does not introduce personal characteristics into the structure of emotional intelligence; this model has a fundamental difference from mixed models of emotional intelligence. The author allows only such personal characteristics that have a direct impact on individual characteristics and the level of emotional intelligence.
We have described some of the most famous models of emotional intelligence.
The first was the model of J. Mayer, P. Salovey and D. Caruso. It includes only the abilities that are associated with the processing of information (cognitive abilities), in this regard, this model was defined by the authors as a model of abilities. Their theory is called "The theory of emotional-intellectual abilities of Mayer J., Salovey P., Caruso D.". Then, in his theory of emotional competence, D. Goleman supplemented the model of abilities of Salovey and Mayer, he added personality characteristics to cognitive abilities.
Models of this kind, in which many non-emotional and non-intellectual traits are mixed, and the main idea of emotional intelligence is mixed with many other personality traits, have been called mixed models of emotional intelligence. Another mixed model of emotional intelligence is the Bar-On model of emotional intelligence in his non-cognitive theory of emotional intelligence. The model of emotional intelligence in the two-component theory of EI Lyusin D.V. has a fundamental difference between the above models (it does not belong to either the first or the second type).
Based on the analysis of the above theories of emotional intelligence, it is possible to define EI as a set of emotional and cognitive abilities of an individual for its socio-psychological adaptation.
Emotionally intelligent people, due to their ability to understand and manage their own emotions and the emotions of others, are well adapted in the social sphere, effective in communication and successful in achieving their goals.
Emotional intelligence
Emotional intelligence(EI) is the ability of a person to operate with emotional information, that is, that which we receive or transmit with the help of emotions. The concept of emotional intelligence is relatively new and not generally accepted; an unambiguous understanding of what EI is has not yet developed. Emotions carry information. The emergence and change of emotions have logical patterns. Emotions appear and disappear, develop in space (from one to another), grow and disappear, have their own causes and consequences. Emotions influence our thinking and are involved in the decision-making process. Emotion is the body's reaction to any change in the external environment. The traditional view of emotions contrasts them with reason. Emotions are chaotic, uncontrollable and interfere with logical and informed decision making. Emotions lead to destruction. The foundations of a fundamentally different approach to understanding emotions are rooted in the works of Charles Darwin. He was the first to note that emotions ensure our survival due to the fact that they signal the importance of this or that information and provide the behavior necessary in a particular situation. For example, a slight uneasiness when you view a report may be due to the fact that you have not noticed an error somewhere. According to Salovey and Meyer, emotional intelligence is a combination of four skills:
Story
The first publications on the problem of EI belong to J. Meyer and P. Salovey. D. Goleman's book, very popular in the West, was published only in 1995. The main stages of the formation of EI:
- - Robert Thorndike wrote about social intelligence
- - David Wechsler wrote about intellectual and non-intellectual components (affective, personality and social factors)
- - Horvard Gardner wrote about multiple intelligences (intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences)
- - John Mayer and Peter Salovey coined the term EI, started a research program to measure EI.
- - Daniel Goleman published the book "Emotional Intelligence"
Criticism
In the West, the concept of EI is commercialized and popular, but from a scientific point of view, the concept has no content that is different from the concepts of communication skills and communication competence previously accepted in psychology.
EI Development Methods
- group training
- Individual training
- Training of children in family-public children's centers
- family education
Regarding the possibility of developing EI in psychology, there are two different opinions. A number of scientists (for example, J. Meyer) adhere to the position that it is impossible to increase the level of EI, since this is a relatively stable ability. However, it is quite possible to increase emotional competence through training. Their opponents (in particular, D. Goleman) believe that EI can be developed. An argument in favor of this position is the fact that the neural pathways of the brain continue to develop up to the middle of human life.
see also
Notes
Literature
- Aleshina A., Shabanov S. Nothing personal - just business. Emotional intelligence for success. St. Petersburg: Piter, 2012. ISBN 978-5-459-01580-5
- Andreeva I. N. Emotional intelligence: a study of the phenomenon // Questions of Psychology. 2006. No. 3. S. 78 - 86.
- Andreeva IN Prerequisites for the development of emotional intelligence // Questions of psychology. 2007. No. 5. S. 57 - 65.
- Kabachenko T. S. Psychology of management. - M .: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2000.
- Analoui F., Karami A. Strategic management. - M .: UNITA-DANA, 2005.
- Goleman D. Emotional intelligence M .: AST, 2008. ISBN 978-5-17-039134-9
- Goleman D. Emotional Leadership: The Art of Managing People Based on Emotional Intelligence = Primal Leadership: Learning to Lead with Emotional Intelligence. - M .: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - S. 301. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1646-6
- Manfred Kay de Vries Mystery of leadership. Development of emotional intelligence = The Leadership Mystique: A User's Manual for the Human Enterprise. - M .: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - S. 276. - ISBN 978-5-9614-1483-7
- Stephen J. Stein EQ Benefits. - M .: Balance Business Books, 2005. - S. 384. - ISBN 978-966-415-016-0
Links
- A selection of various materials on emotional intelligence: basic models of emotional intelligence, emotional intelligence in business, quotes about EQ
- Orel E. Emotional intelligence: the concept and methods of diagnosis
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