Many people know about the Gulf Stream, which, carrying huge masses of water from the equatorial latitudes to the polar ones, literally warms the north of Western Europe and Scandinavia. But few people know that there are other warm and cold currents of the Atlantic Ocean. How do they affect the climate of coastal areas? Our article will tell about it. In fact, there are a lot of currents in the Atlantic. We briefly list them for general development. These are the West Greenland, Angola, Antilles, Benguela, Guinea, Lomonosov, Brazilian, Guiana, Azores, Gulf Stream, Irminger, Canary, East Icelandic, Labrador, Portuguese, North Atlantic, Florida, Falkland, North Equatorial, South Equatorial, and also the Equatorial countercurrent . Not all of them have a big impact on the climate. Some of them are generally part or fragments of the main, larger currents. That's about them and will be discussed in our article.

Why do currents form?

In the World Ocean, large invisible "rivers without banks" are constantly circulating. Water in general is a very dynamic element. But everything is clear with rivers: they flow from the source to the mouth due to the difference in heights between these points. But what makes huge masses of water move within the ocean? Of the many reasons, two are the main ones: trade winds and changes in atmospheric pressure. Because of this, the currents are divided into drift and barogradient. The first are formed by trade winds - winds constantly blowing in one direction. Most of these currents Mighty rivers carry into the seas a large amount of water, different from sea water in density and temperature. Such currents are called stock, gravity and friction. Consideration should also be given to the great north-south extent of the Atlantic Ocean. The currents in this water area are therefore more meridional than latitudinal.

What are trade winds

Winds are the main reason for the movement of huge masses of water in the oceans. But what are the trade winds? The answer is to be found in the equatorial regions. The air warms up there more than in other latitudes. It rises and spreads along the upper layers of the troposphere towards the two poles. But already at a latitude of 30 degrees, having cooled thoroughly, it descends. Thus, a circulation of air masses is created. In the equatorial region, a zone of low pressure arises, and in tropical latitudes, a zone of high pressure. And here the rotation of the Earth around its axis manifests itself. If not for it, the trade winds would blow from the tropics of both hemispheres to the equator. But, as our planet rotates, the winds are deflected, becoming westerly. This is how the trade winds form the main currents of the Atlantic Ocean. In the Northern Hemisphere, they move clockwise, and in the Southern Hemisphere, they move counterclockwise. This is because in the first case, the trade winds blow from the northeast, and in the second - from the southeast.

Climate impact

Based on the fact that the main currents originate in the equatorial and tropical regions, it would be reasonable to assume that they are all warm. But this does not always happen. The warm current in the Atlantic Ocean, having reached the polar latitudes, does not fade away, but, having made a smooth circle, reverses, but has already cooled down considerably. This can be seen in the example of the Gulf Stream. It carries warm masses of water from the Sargasso Sea to northern Europe. Then, under the influence of the rotation of the Earth, it deviates to the west. Under the name of the Labrador Current, it descends along the coast of the North American continent to the south, cooling the coastal regions of Canada. It should be said that these masses of water are conventionally called warm and cold - relative to the ambient temperature. For example, in the North Cape current in winter the temperature is only +2 °С, and in summer - maximum +8 °С. But it is called warm because the water in the Barents Sea is even colder.

Major currents of the Atlantic in the Northern Hemisphere

Here, of course, one cannot fail to mention the Gulf Stream. But other currents passing through the Atlantic Ocean also have an important influence on the climate of nearby territories. Near Cape Verde (Africa), the northeast trade wind is born. It drives huge warm masses of water to the west. Crossing the Atlantic Ocean, they connect with the Antilles and Guiana currents. This enhanced jet moves towards the Caribbean Sea. After that, the waters rush to the north. This continuous clockwise movement is called the warm North Atlantic Current. Its edge at high latitudes is indefinite, blurred, and at the equator it is more distinct.

The mysterious "Current from the Gulf" (Golf-Stream)

This is the name of the course of the Atlantic Ocean, without which Scandinavia and Iceland would turn, based on their proximity to the pole, into the land of eternal snows. It used to be thought that the Gulf Stream was born in the Gulf of Mexico. Hence the name. In fact, only a small part of the Gulf Stream flows out of the Gulf of Mexico. The main flow comes from the Sargasso Sea. What is the mystery of the Gulf Stream? The fact that, contrary to the rotation of the Earth, it does not flow from west to east, but in the opposite direction. Its capacity exceeds the discharge of all the rivers of the planet. The speed of the Gulf Stream is impressive - two and a half meters per second on the surface. The current can be traced at a depth of 800 meters. And the width of the stream is 110-120 kilometers. Due to the high speed of the current, the water from the equatorial latitudes does not have time to cool. The surface layer has a temperature of +25 degrees, which, of course, plays a paramount role in shaping the climate of Western Europe. The mystery of the Gulf Stream is also that it does not wash the continents anywhere. There is always a strip of colder water between it and the shore.

Atlantic Ocean: Currents of the Southern Hemisphere

From the African continent to the American continent, the trade wind drives a jet, which, due to low pressure in the equatorial region, begins to deviate to the south. Thus begins a similar northern cycle. However, the South Equatorial Current moves counterclockwise. It also runs across the entire Atlantic Ocean. Currents Guiana, Brazilian (warm), Falkland, Benguela (cold) are part of this cycle.

Lesson summary

7th grade

"Scheme of surface currents of the World Ocean"

The purpose of the lesson:

get acquainted with the scheme of surface currents, the reasons that affect their origin and direction; find out the role of ocean currents in the redistribution of heat on the Earth and their importance in shaping the nature of the entire Earth.

Tasks:

Educational:deepen, expand, concretize and systematize knowledge about the currents of the World Ocean, get acquainted with the scheme of surface currents, the reasons that affect their origin and direction; find out the role of ocean currents in the redistribution of heat on the Earth and their importance in shaping the nature of the entire Earth.

Educational: formation of communicative competencies through work in groups; formation of correct social behavior, humane attitude towards people; formation of ecological and aesthetic culture; to form public speaking skills, the ability to defend and argue their point of view.

Developing: develop interdisciplinary connections;apply theoretical knowledge in practice; continue the formation of the ability to work with the map;to promote the development of students' worldview (identification of cause-and-effect relationships); to develop the emotions of students, creating during the lesson a state of surprise, joy and entertainment; contribute to the development of the child's attention, memory, thinking, speech, imagination, observation.

Lesson type: lesson learning a new topic using ICT.

Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, tape recorder, physical map of the world, two flasks (empty, with water), funnel.

During the classes.

1. Psychological preparation for the study of new material.

Reading an excerpt from the novel by J. Verne "Children of Captain Grant" and listening to the overture to the film "Children of Captain Grant" by composer I. Dunayevsky.

“... At sea, every trifle is an event. Those around the table were silent in concentration. Everyone looked inquiringly at the bottle. Did it contain the news of a terrible catastrophe, or only the absurd writings of some bored sailor, thrown to the will of the waves?

... Glenarvan began to carefully clean the neck of the bottle from growths. Soon a cork appeared, badly damaged by sea water. … If documents are stored in the bottle, they are likely to be soaked! ... it’s good that the shark swallowed the bottle in time and delivered it aboard the Duncan: with such a bad condition of the cork, the bottle would soon inevitably go to the bottom.

... And yet it is a pity that we did not find it just in the sea. Then, having determined the latitude, longitude and having studied the sea currents, it would be possible to draw a conclusion about the path she had traveled. And now, with such a postman who swims against the wind and currents, one can assume anything. ... "

Questions for the class:

What was written in the message?

Describe the further actions of the Duncan crew.

Why did they do so?

What do travelers need to know to help people in need?

"The Bottle Mail Game".

Today in the lesson you will have the same task as the heroes of the novel, to find people who have fallen into a shipwreck.

The class is divided into three teams.

Introduction by the teacher.The time of the game is the beginning of the 19th century, which means that there are no modern means of communication. Imagine your teams are rescue expeditions. The first rescue expedition is located on the Scandinavian Peninsula, the second on the southernmost of the islands of the New Zealand archipelago, the third on the southeast coast of North America near the Florida peninsula.

All rescue expeditions received messages from shipwrecked travelers who came in bottles. You need to answer two questions:

1) On which island should you look for shipwrecked travelers?;

2) Why did the message end up on your shores? (indicate the route of the bottles).

Pay attention to the slide, here is a list of islands on which it makes sense to search for the missing. (Madagascar, Greenland, Tasmania, Greater Sunda, Greater Antilles, Sakhalin, Bahamas, Tierra del Fuego, New Zealand archipelago, New Guinea.)

Guys who can show all these islands on the map? (You have 4 minutes to complete the task.) Turning on the background support "Call of the Sea". The natural sounds of nature are aimed at relaxation, which leads to the removal of tension, stiffness.

Message text:

1. We are located on the coast of the island. It is covered with ice in many places. Apparently, he is somewhere in the North. The island seems to be very large. Help us!
2. We ended up on the coast of an island that we assume is not far from the coast of South America, but close to Antarctica. We are waiting for help!
3. We ended up on a small island located in the Atlantic Ocean near North America. Find us soon!

After the time allotted for discussion, representatives of the rescue teams report in turn on their assumptions, on the whereabouts of the missing expeditions, show on the map the proposed route of bottles with notes.

1. Learning new material.

2.1. Answer the 2nd question of the game: why did the message end up on your shores?

Formulate the topic of the lesson.

Scheme of surface currents of the World Ocean.

2.2 The purpose of the lesson: " get acquainted with the scheme of surface currents, the reasons that affect their origin and direction; find out the role of ocean currents in the redistribution of heat on the Earth and their importance in shaping the nature of the entire Earth».

2.3 Updating the knowledge of students.

• What are currents?
• What are temperature currents?
• In which direction do warm currents move, and in which cold ones?

• In the sea current, the water temperature was measured, it turned out to be +10 0 C. Is this current warm or cold?
• The Peruvian current moves towards the equator. Can you tell if it is cold or warm without looking at the map?
• Recall the constant winds: trade winds, western, southeast, northeast. Find these winds on a map. Compare a climate map and an ocean current map. (The direction of the current depends on the direction of the winds)

Wind-driven currents are called wind. Let's find them on the map: the currents of the Western winds, the trade winds.

Have we named all the currents?(Not )

The flow of water at a meeting with any object is divided, bending around an obstacle from different sides. So in the ocean: a current, meeting an obstacle, most often divides into two sewage currents. Thus, the Peruvian current was formed.

Look carefully at the map and name the waste streams. (California, Alaska, East Australian, Intertrade, Kuroshio, Somali, Mozambique).

Find the patterns of circulation of these currents.

Compare the direction of currents in the northern and southern hemispheres. (watch video)

(In the northern hemisphere, the currents circulate clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere counterclockwise.) Coriolis force.

Let's do an experiment. If you pour water into a funnel in the northern hemisphere, the water will always twist to the right, and in the southern hemisphere to the left.

Students work in pairs.

Equipment: two flasks, one empty, the second with water, funnel.

Progress of work: pour water from one flask into another.

Questions. In which direction is the water moving?

Why?

Scheme of surface currents in the World Ocean.

Fixing.

1. The famous climatologist Voeikov called the currents of the World Ocean "the heating system of the planet." Explain how you understand this fact.
2. Do you agree with the statement "Strictly speaking, there are no 'national waters' in the ocean"?
3. This statement belongs to the American oceanographer Maury: “There is a river in the ocean. It does not dry out even during the most severe droughts and does not overflow its banks even during the most severe floods. Its shores and bed are made of cold water, and its rapids are made of warm… nowhere in the world is there a more majestic stream of water. It is faster than the Amazon, faster than the Mississippi, and the mass of both rivers taken together is not a thousandth of the volume of water that it carries. What "river" are we talking about? Is M.F. right in everything? Maury, and why?
4. What do you know about the most powerful current in the oceans?
5. Geographic task

Introductory speech of the teacher: knowledge of geography helped the heroes of the novel to find Captain Grant. Let's put our knowledge into practice.

The yacht lost control at the point with coordinates 45 0 S and 160 0 z.d. The yacht is drifting according to the “will of the waves”. Where will she be in 10 days? Specify the coordinates.

• Given:

t= 10 days

υ= 3.5 km/h

45 0 S and 160 0 w.d.

• To find:

Geographic

yacht coordinates

after 10 days.

The solution of the problem:

1. At the point with the indicated geographical coordinates, the most powerful Western wind current in the world operates. The yacht moves under the influence of the current along parallel 45 0 S to the East.
2. Let's translate the day into hours: t= 10 24=240 hours.
3. S=υ t S=240 3.5=840 km
4. The extent of 1 degree at latitude 45 0 S is 78.6 km.

840: 78.6=11 0

5) The yacht is sailing east. 160°- 11°= 149°W

Answer : coordinates of the yacht in 10 days 45° S, 149° W

6.Show current on the map

1. North Equatorial Current
2. Gulfstream
3. North Atlantic
4. Canarian
5. Kuroshio
6. Bengal
7. Humboldt (Peruvian)

Findings.

• The general pattern of currents coincides with the pattern of constant winds, but the force of the Earth's rotation around its axis deflects these waters to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The currents form huge circular motions.

• Ocean currents contribute to the formation of the unity of the waters of the oceans.
• Warm currents raise the temperature, cold currents lower the temperature.

The overture to the film "Children of Captain Grant" by composer I. Dunaevsky and an excerpt fromJ. Verne's novel Children of Captain Grant.

“... On the shore, next to two others, stood a tall and strong man, whose kind and courageous face was surprisingly similar to the faces of Mary and Robert Grant.

Indeed, this was the same person that children so often described to their friends. Premonitions did not deceive them.

It was their father, it was Captain Grant!”

In conclusion, I would like to wish you to meet only kind, brave and sympathetic people on your life path, like the heroes of J. Verne's novel "Children of Captain Grant" and not to remain indifferent and indifferent to the troubles of other people.

Homework §10, be able to show the currents highlighted in the textbook on the map.

Geography Grade 7

Lesson topic:Waters of the World Ocean. Scheme of surface currents.

The date of the…………….

Target: revealing the causes of the circular motion of surface waters, to give an idea of ​​the general scheme of surface currents in the World Ocean.

Tasks:

· To form an idea about ocean currents, the reason for their occurrence, the types of currents and their use.

· Continue learning how to work with contour maps, form the ability to select the main and essential from the text, compare the information received, identify patterns, read atlas maps.

· To educate the aesthetic perception of geographical objects (multimedia).

Means of education: physical map of the hemispheres, map of the oceans, atlas maps, computer, presentation "Ocean Journey"

Lesson type: geographical workshop

During the classes

I. Organizational moment

1. Introductory speech of the teacher

We know a lot about discoveries and research in our geography subject. Today I wish you to make your own discoveries during the lesson, which depend on your knowledge and skills, because learning consists of constant searches and discoveries. So let's move forward together and success will come. Let the motto of our lesson be the words of Chinese wisdom: "Do not be afraid that you do not know, be afraid that you will not learn."

II. New topic. Slide - the topic of the lesson

1. Explanation by the teacher of the purpose of the lesson, its tasks

2. Acquaintance with the algorithmic card of practical work

III. Motivation of educational and cognitive activity of students Reception "Zapev":

Who among you has been to the sea in summer?

Who has ever been to the river?

Who likes walking in the rain?

· Who likes to walk when it snows?

Who ever drank water from a spring?

Who loves mineral water?

Who loves lemonade?

What substance are all these questions related to? (Water)

It is water - the water of the oceans - that is the heroine of our today's lesson.

Compilation of a comprehensive comparative characteristic of the two oceans

Target: Using the skills and knowledge gained in previous lessons, give a comprehensive comparative description of the two oceans.

Equipment: physical map of the hemispheres, map of the oceans, map of the atlas, map-algorithm of practical work, sources of information.

Ocean- the largest area, part of the oceans, limited by the continents.

Complex characteristic- identification and evaluation of various features of the object in order to fully describe it.

Exercise 1. Using the physical map of the world, atlas maps and additional sources of information, fill in the table (for each student):

Task 2. Make a conclusion. Specify traits similarities and differences in the geographical position and nature of the compared oceans. Explain what caused them.

IV. Knowledge check. Brainstorm

1. Where did the word "Ocean" come from?

(It comes from the name of the mythical Ocean River, which, according to the Babylonians and Egyptians, washed a flat disk of land. Translated from ancient Greek, it means “a big river that washes the Earth.”) Slide

The ocean is the largest part of the World Ocean, bounded by continents.

2. Let's remember what area of ​​the Earth is occupied by the oceans and land.

After the students answer - refer to the "cheat sheet"

3. How many oceans are there on Earth?

Mapping the oceans and student response.

There are four oceans on our Earth:

Indian - the most salty in the world,

The Atlantic Ocean is famous for herrings,

The arctic sleeps all the time under the ice,

And Quiet, of course, is not quiet at all -

And violent, deep and the greatest!

3. Problematic issue:

On the maps of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, there is a special symbol in red. What does it mean?

(These are coral reefs. In tropical and equatorial latitudes, they are rich in life forms. These reefs are a shoal formed as a result of the vital activity of coral polyps - marine organisms with a hard calcareous skeleton. Corals feel best at a depth of up to 50 m at a temperature of + 23 ... 25 ° С and average salinity 35 ‰.)

Teacher: About the bizarre strange creatures living in coral reefs, you should not only learn from the mysterious letter that came to us by sea mail, but also tell

4. Reception "Guess"

Slide "Mysterious Letter":

Student responses:

( the teacher demonstrates natural objects from the collection of the geography classroom and slides with illustrations, the student reads the comments):

1. zebra fish. It can not be touched - sharp spines with poison are hidden in the bright fin on the back.

2. Gurnard and really looks like a rooster: all motley, and the fins, like a cock's tail, bristle. The "language" of the gurnard is similar to grunting, grunting or snoring.

3. stargazer fish. The fish is notable for its way of hunting. Burrows in the sand, only the eyes and the flag on the tongue stick out. The red flag moves like a worm. But whoever wants to swallow this "worm" will find himself in the teeth of an astrologer.

4. They live above coral thickets ball fish and hedgehog fish. In a calm state, fish are like fish. But as soon as a predator appears, they, swallowing water, swell to enormous sizes, turning into balls bristling with needles.

5. On a coral reef, in clear water pierced by the sun's rays, strange fish live, festively bright and multi-colored, like moths. That's what they call it - butterfly fish.

They are "painted" with such bright stripes and spots that the very contour of the body of the fish disappears from sight. Butterfly fish are extremely nimble and mobile creatures.

6. doggy fish. She can be recognized by the horns on her head. The blenny lives off the coast among rocks and stones.

7. parrot fish. She was nicknamed so for her bright color and "bird" mouth. With strong teeth that have grown like a beak, a parrot fish bites coral twigs, feeding on algae growing on them. But the most amazing thing is that at night the parrot fish sinks to the bottom and builds a house-cocoon of mucus around itself. This is how it camouflages itself from predators.

8. goby fish gets along very well in one small sandy mink with a shrimp. They live without quarreling, and share duties equally. The shrimp cleans the mink like a small bulldozer, moving a pile of sand in front of him, and the goby guards the mink and gets food for two.

9. Sea Horses change their color so as not to differ from plants. They, like kangaroos, carry their fry in a bag on their stomach. When everything is calm, the fry swim up for a walk.

10. Coral caves are full of marine life. Among them there are red, striped, with huge eyes. squirrel fish. Some of them swim on their side, while others are generally upside down. Perhaps, such poses of the fish are chosen so that their light belly does not attract the attention of predators. Sometimes they even rest in this position on the ceiling of the cave.

11. Predatory starfish acanthaster. All bristled with thorns, for this she was nicknamed the crown of thorns. Acanthaster feeds on coral polyps. Where the star crawls, the corals turn into white skeletons with no signs of life. The inhabitants of the reef die or go to other places.

5. Reception - "Photo Riddle":

Find out the inhabitants of the ocean from photographs (screen)

Slide – Completion of task No. 2 of practical work:

Indicate similarities and differences in the geographical location and nature of the compared oceans. Explain the reasons.

Scheme of surface currents

2. Repetition of what has been learned(slide 1)

What is called water masses?

What types of water masses do you know?

What are the properties of water masses?

· What are the patterns in the distribution of temperature, salinity of water in the ocean?

3. Updating knowledge

I will read you a letter that came to me quite by accident. This is a letter from sea captain Khristofor Banifatievich Vrungel. I think all of you are familiar with it. You all know that he is a great traveler and navigator and many very interesting stories happened to him. And he writes about one of them in this letter. Listen to him.

Once, my assistant Lom and I decided to set sail on our "Trouble". They went out to sea. And yet I must say: it's good in the sea! No wonder, you know, the ancient Greeks used to say that the sea washes away all adversity from the human soul.
Let's go. Silence, only the waves rustle along the sides, the mast creaks, and the shore leaves, melts astern. The weather is getting fresher, the squirrels have gone on the waves, the petrels have flown in from somewhere, the breeze has become stronger. It works, the real sea, salty wind whistles in gear. So the last lighthouse was left behind, the coast was gone, only the sea around; wherever you look, the sea is everywhere.

He went down, drank a glass of rum at bedtime, lay down on the bed and fell asleep like a log. And two hours later, vigorous and fresh, I go up on deck. I looked around, looked ahead ... and my eyes darkened.

At first glance, nothing special, of course: the same sea is all around, the same seagulls, and Lom is in perfect order, holding the helm, but he is not going in the direction we intended. We have a terrible scandal! We argued for a very long time and did not notice in the argument how we agreed on a bet in which it was said that we could make a journey across the ocean without hoisting the sail again and without resorting to the power of the engine. And to you guys, I make the following request. Help me explain to my ignorant assistant if this can be done and how. And I will be very grateful to you for that.

sea ​​captain
Vrungel Christopher Bonifatievich.

I would very much like you and I to help Captain Vrungel with his problem.

· In your opinion, guys, how would the ship be able to move in the ocean and on what route? Students: offer various options for transportation.

The topic of our lesson today is ocean currents. (slide 2)
A good way to get around is to move with the help of ocean currents. And in order to use it, you need to get acquainted with the currents. In your opinion, what questions can be asked to learn about the flow? (Students ask questions.)
Teacher(slide 3): This is how I formulated the questions that you proposed. And now we will look for answers to them, thereby trying to help Captain Vrungel.

What is an ocean current?

What causes currents?

· What is the pattern of distribution of currents on the surface of the globe?

What are the types of currents?

Currents are one of the types of ocean water movement.

In your opinion, what is an ocean current? How do you understand this concept? (Student answers).

ocean currents- this is the horizontal movement of water in the ocean over long distances (slide 4)

Look at the map of the atlas (pp. 2-3) and tell me how the currents are indicated on the map? What does red and blue mean?

What causes currents to form? (Constant winds)

What are the main causes of wind formation? (slide 4)

constant winds

bottom topography

outlines of the continents

The deflecting force of the Earth's rotation around its axis.

Wind currents are called wind.(slide 5) Now let's start working on the contour map (p. 1-2):

1. Plot two warm and two cold wind currents on the contour map.

Are all currents driven by wind? (Not)

The flow of water, when meeting with an object, is divided, bending around an obstacle from different sides. So it is in the ocean: the current, encountering an obstacle, is most often divided into two sewage currents. (slide 5)

The teacher and students are working on a contour map, showing the formation of the Peru runoff current. Further, the formation of the Angolan current is shown by one of the students.

When the current of the West winds, which is a wind current, collides, one waste current is formed, and the current of the West winds continues to move on. But there are cases when the wind current ceases to exist as a result of a collision with the mainland, and two sewage currents are formed instead. Find examples on the map. (California and Alaska, East Australian and Intertrade, Kuroshio and Intertrade.)

2. Plot two waste streams on the contour maps with thicker arrows.

Now find the patterns of circulation of currents. If the students do not see such patterns, the teacher gives a hint:

Look at the Pacific Ocean. (Fig. 29, p. 78) Compare the directions of currents in the northern and southern hemispheres.

In notebooks, a diagram of wind circulation in the ocean is filled out. (slide 6)

Just the direction of currents clockwise and counterclockwise is influenced by the rotation of the Earth around its axis. This law was deduced by the scientist Cariolis. This is a law of physics and you will study it in high school.

Find on the map the largest wind current, in which direction do the waters carry their waters? (Current of the West Winds)

A student's story about the course of the West winds. (slide 7) (Appendix 3). The largest current is the current of the Western winds. It forms a ring around Antarctica. The length of this current is 30,000 km, its width is several thousand kilometers, and its speed is 3.5 km/h.
Now let's go back to the beginning of our lesson. Let's remember the questions we asked at the beginning of the lesson. (slide 8)

So, answers to all questions are found. Well, now we need to help Captain Vrungel explain to his assistant Lom how it is possible to make a sea voyage only with the help of currents.

To do this, you will need to complete the following table. And let's hope these records end up in the captain's hands.

Completing of the work.

5. Fixing: Enter the missing text. (slide 9)

1. Flow is……

2. The flow arises under the action of ...

3. Cold flow is indicated by an arrow (draw) ... Warm (draw) ...

4. Currents that have arisen under the influence of winds are called ...

5. Write down the names of the currents from the map (three examples each)

6. Homework(slide 10)

They play an important role in shaping the climate on planet Earth, and are also largely responsible for the diversity of flora and fauna. Today we will get acquainted with the types of currents, the reason for their occurrence, consider examples.

It's no secret that our planet is washed by four oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Arctic. Naturally, the water in them cannot be stagnant, as this would have led to an ecological disaster long ago. Due to the fact that it constantly circulates, we can fully live on Earth. Below is a map of ocean currents, it clearly shows all the movements of water flows.

What is ocean current?

The course of the World Ocean is nothing more than the continuous or periodic movement of large masses of water. Looking ahead, we will immediately say that there are many of them. They differ in temperature, direction, depth passage and other criteria. Ocean currents are often compared to rivers. But the movement of river flows occurs only downward under the influence of gravitational forces. But the circulation of water in the ocean occurs due to many different reasons. For example, wind, uneven density of water masses, temperature difference, the influence of the Moon and the Sun, pressure changes in the atmosphere.

Causes

I would like to start my story with the reasons that give rise to the natural circulation of water. There is practically no exact information even at the present time. This is explained quite simply: the ocean system has no clear boundaries and is in constant motion. Now the currents that are closer to the surface have been studied in more depth. To date, one thing is known for sure, that the factors affecting the circulation of water can be both chemical and physical.

So, consider the main causes of ocean currents. The first thing I want to highlight is the effect of air masses, that is, wind. It is thanks to him that surface and shallow currents function. Of course, the wind has nothing to do with the circulation of water at great depths. The second factor is also important, it is the impact of outer space. In this case, the currents arise due to the rotation of the planet. And finally, the third main factor that explains the causes of ocean currents is the different density of water. All streams of the World Ocean differ in temperature, salinity and other indicators.

Directional factor

Depending on the direction, the ocean water circulation flows are divided into zonal and meridional. The first move to the west or to the east. Meridional currents go south and north.

There are also other types that are caused. Such ocean currents are called tidal. They have the greatest strength in shallow waters in the coastal zone, at the mouths of rivers.

Currents that do not change strength and direction are called stable, or settled. These include such as the North trade wind and the South trade wind. If the movement of the water flow changes from time to time, then it is called unstable, or unsettled. This group is represented by surface currents.

surface currents

The most noticeable of all are the surface currents, which are formed due to the influence of the wind. Under the influence of the trade winds, constantly blowing in the tropics, huge streams of water are formed in the equator region. It is they who form the North and South equatorial (trade wind) currents. A small part of these turns back and forms a countercurrent. The main streams deviate to the north or south when they collide with the continents.

Warm and cold currents

Types of ocean currents play an important role in the distribution of climatic zones on Earth. It is customary to call warm streams of the water area that carry water with a temperature above zero. Their movement is characterized by the direction from the equator to high geographical latitudes. These are the Alaska Current, Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, El Niño, etc.

Cold streams carry water in the opposite direction compared to warm ones. Where a current with a positive temperature meets on their way, an upward movement of water occurs. The largest are the Californian, Peruvian, etc.

The division of currents into warm and cold is conditional. These definitions reflect the ratio of the water temperature in the surface layers to the ambient temperature. For example, if the flow is colder than the rest of the water mass, then such a flow can be called cold. Otherwise, it is considered

Ocean currents largely determine our planet. Constantly mixing the water in the World Ocean, they create conditions favorable for the life of its inhabitants. And our lives directly depend on it.