Social Studies Words 44

Truth is an objective reliable knowledge that reflects certain signs of the surrounding reality.

Absolute truth does not need to be supplemented, it is reliable knowledge that does not change over time.

The objectivity of truth lies in the fact that it does not depend on the cognizing object.

Social Studies Words 232

The meaning of Charles Montesquieu's statement is that the unfair condemnation of one person creates a precedent, on the basis of which injustice against other people can subsequently be allowed, which, according to the author, "is a threat."

From the course of social science, I know that legal responsibility is the use of state coercion measures against the offender for an offense.

Social Studies Words 247

This legal dictum corresponds to the theme of observance and violation of the rule of law in society. According to the author of the saying, any violation of the law or any established rules always entails a certain responsibility. No wrongful act can go unpunished.

Social Studies Words 240

In his statement, A. Smith discusses the mechanism of price setting by monopoly companies. According to the author, all the prices that the monopoly sets for its goods and services are not optimal and not even proportional to the quality, but exclusively maximum. In other words, the monopolists will raise the prices of their products as long as the buyer is able to pay the set amount.

Social Studies Words 240

In his statement, V.V. Kasyanov discusses the topic of an important social process - the socialization of the individual. The meaning of his words is that the process of socialization is impossible outside of society, since it is in the process of interaction with society that a person is able to become a full-fledged member of it.

Social Studies Words 356

In his statement, A. Einstein raises the problem of the essence of science. The author argues that science is basically the structuring and systematization of disordered results of sensory cognition.

Let us turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement.

Social Studies Words 266

In his statement, the author touches upon the problem of revolution as one of the primitive forms of social change. Zh. Zhores in his statement meant that this is a wild, ruthless event, inherent only in undeveloped countries with a traditional way of life. However, at the same time, he still refers the revolution to the forms of progress, and as you know, progress is a kind of development.

Social Studies Words 378

The Austrian economist and political scientist F. Hayek discusses democracy and its role in the organization of political power. According to the author, in order for a democratic regime to become an effective method of combating monopolization and dictatorship of power and guaranteeing the rights and interests of citizens, it is necessary to develop democratic institutions and mechanisms in society, as well as to promote the formation of a legal and political culture of the population, the assimilation of democratic values.

Secondary general education

Social science. Line UMK ed. G.A. Bordovsky (VENTANA-GRAF)

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (6-9)

Social science

Preparing for the Unified State Examination: an essay in social studies

This year, the criteria for assessing the Unified State Examination in social studies have changed. Olga Soboleva, one of our authors, Deputy Chairman of the Subject Committee of the Unified State Examination on Social Studies of St. Petersburg, talks about how the essay will now be evaluated, as well as about common mistakes made by students.

Changed evaluation criteria

This is not the first time that the Russian Textbook corporation has invited specialists to talk about assignment No. 29 from the Unified State Examination in social science. Relevant information is constantly being transformed and supplemented. For example, this year the wording of the task has changed. The word "problem" was replaced by the concept of "idea", and the student can work out not all the ideas of the statement, but one of them. The evaluation criteria have changed significantly:

• 29.1 Previously, the child could show his understanding of the topic in the general context of the composition. In 2018, for this it will be necessary to highlight and formulate the ideas of the statement. If the requirement is not met, 0 points are given for the entire essay.
• 29.2 A perfect score will not be obtained if the theoretical reasoning is unrelated. Since all statements are different, it is impossible to say exactly how many concepts should be disclosed. But for a good mark, of course, you need to highlight all the theses.
• 29.3 Previously, the point was deducted for the presence of errors, now it is awarded as a bonus for their absence.
• 29.4 It is still necessary to give two factual arguments from different sources, but now these examples need to be presented in detail and indicate how they relate to the statement.

Thus, the criteria became more. Maximum points for an essay in 2018: 6.

Let's take into account one more important change. Previously, a serious requirement was the correspondence of the content to one science. But since the boundaries of the sciences are arbitrary, now students can consider topics in different contexts, and this will not be a mistake. Let's take, for example, a statement from law: "Complete obedience to the law of kindness will eliminate the need for government and the state (O. Frontingham)" - it can also be attributed to politics, sociology, and philosophy.

Common Mistakes

Let's highlight the main difficulties that students face in task number 29.

• Topic selection

The student is offered 5 essay topics. How to make the right choice:

• Understand that the main criterion is the ability to fulfill all the requirements.
• Determine in advance for yourself the basic science. Be prepared for a change of choice: in the exam, a topic in this science may not be acceptable. When preparing, use the lists of topics presented on the Internet.
• Ceteris paribus, do not choose figurative themes. Every year there are formulations that even excellent students cannot cope with. For example: "The family is the crystal of society (V. Hugo)".
• Focus on your abilities and characteristics, and not on the recommendations of the teacher. The teacher may have a biased attitude towards certain topics. The opinions of experts about the “convenience” and “inconvenience” of topics differ.

• Focus on other items

Often students try to comply with the requirements for essays in other subjects in an essay on social science. This not only does not help, but also increases the likelihood of an error. In reality, the following are not taken into account:

• volume (the ability to express thoughts concisely is a plus),
• grammatical errors (but not in cases where they affect the meaning),
• structure,
• style (no longer an essay),
• correct problem statement
• knowledge about the author of the statement (can be entered, but this is not evaluated),
• moral / ideological position (however, one cannot violate the laws of the Russian Federation and it is not recommended to express sharp positions on any topic).

• Rewriting the theme

Unfortunately, even excellent students sometimes incorrectly rewrite the topic due to excitement. An error can be the omission of a word, the omission or addition of the “not” particle, the omission or replacement of a letter, the omission or addition of a return particle, the change of punctuation marks. All this changes the meaning of the topic and leads to 0 for the essay.

• Template phrases

Some of the wording often looks silly and irritates experts. For example, "a problem that is relevant at all times", "the topic opens up a huge scope for reflection" and others. This does not mean that they should definitely be avoided. The main thing is that everything in the text should be appropriate and logical.

• Wrong Examples

What doesn't count:

• Speculation (“what would have been”).
• Invented examples.
• Facts that are not facts.
• Examples are not specific.
• Examples that are more like theories.
• An example with actual errors.
• Examples outside the scope of the theory presented.
• Examples that refute the student's own theoretical positions.
• Model examples (but there may be exceptions).
• Examples from one kind of source.

• Homemade preparations

In many works there are redundant provisions. For example, the definition of society, the inappropriate use of the definition of science - in most cases, this spoils the work and causes dissatisfaction among experts.

Frequently asked Questions

Consider also common questions about the content of the text.

Do I need to agree with the author? Not necessary. Of course, there are statements about the relativity of phenomena, with which it is impossible not to agree, for example: "Society does not necessarily correspond to political boundaries (S. Turner)". But there are also provocative phrases that are very difficult to agree with. In any case, the attitude of the examinee to the topic should be traced in the argumentation.

How to formulate the meaning of the statement and how many ideas are better to reveal? It all depends on the specific statement. It is better to narrow the study of the aspect to one science.

Is it possible to isolate only part of the statement? Experts believe that it is impossible, since the statement carries a certain meaning. The student must show that he understood the whole statement, even if he wants to focus on one part of it.

How to learn theoretical positions? When you can’t understand and assimilate, you can use a simple trick: “Write correctly.” The student must in a short time find and write off theoretical justifications on a specific topic from the textbook - this will help to remember the provisions.

Preparation Methods

In the publications of the corporation "Russian Textbook" the system of preparation for writing an essay on social science is fully implemented. The authors present memos, examples, lists of topics, as well as algorithms for the phased formation of the necessary skills.

Specialists are often asked how many essays should be written in preparation. Answer: as many as possible to "fill your hand", and up to 5 pieces for the highest score. In addition to training, it is useful for the student to keep a hoard of information on selected topics, view essay samples on thematic sites and check the work with the teacher according to trial criteria.

The manual is designed for independent or under the guidance of a teacher preparing schoolchildren and applicants for the exam. It fully includes the material of the course of social science, which is checked at the exam. The theoretical part of the manual is presented in a concise and accessible form. A large number of diagrams and tables makes it easy and quick to navigate the topic and find the information you need. Training tasks correspond to the modern format of the Unified State Examination, all changes in the content of the examination work made in recent years are taken into account.

An example of an essay on the topic:
A political party is a union of people who have united in order to
to get the laws they want. (Ilyin).

Political party - a public organization that fights for power or for participation in the exercise of power, the goal of which, ultimately, is to take seats in parliament and pass laws,
determining the policy of the country.
In addition to the struggle for power, any political party performs a number of other functions: expressing the interests of certain segments of the population, training and nominating political personnel, participating in election campaigns, educating loyal members, and shaping the political culture of citizens.
A characteristic feature of a democratic state is a multi-party system. There can be two parties, as in England or America, or many, as in Russia. This is determined by the traditions of the country. Parties can differ in organizational principle, in ideology, in relation to power, in the type of membership, in the mode of activity and in the scale of the political spectrum. The party is a union of like-minded people, which is the bearer of a certain ideology and which is aimed at gaining power. In order to express the interests of as many voters as possible, parties form factions. The backbone of the party is the electorate - voters who regularly cast their votes for this party in elections.
As a result of the elections, the party receives a certain number of seats in the country's parliament. The more seats in parliament, the more opportunity the party has to justify the trust of its voters and influence the adoption of laws in the country. An important role for voters is played by the personality of the party leader, because many voters, when voting, are guided not only by the party program, but also associate their expectations with the charisma of a certain leader. Representatives of political parties constitute the country's political elite - a group of people with influence, prestige, directly involved in decision-making related to political power.
With the collapse of the totalitarian regime in the USSR and the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution, a multi-party system began to take shape in the Russian Federation. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed ideological diversity.
The modern political parties in Russia are United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party, the Patriots of Russia, Just Russia, Just Cause, the RODP "Yabloko". The ruling party is United Russia, which for a number of years has been adopting laws in parliament that, in my opinion, contribute to the stabilization of the state and the consolidation of democratic social forces.
Extremist political parties are banned in our state.
I am not yet a member of any political party, but I like the program of the United Russia party, so I am going to support this organization in the elections.
A political party, having come to power, adopts the laws it needs, but ordinary voters help the party come to power, so everyone should take an active life position.

An example of an essay on the topic:
Progress is a movement in a circle, but faster and faster. L. Levinson.

Humanity is in constant motion. Science, technology, the human mind are developing, and if we compare the primitive and our days, it is clear that human society is progressing.
From the primitive herd we came to the state, from primitive tools to perfect technology, and if earlier a person could not explain such natural phenomena as a thunderstorm or a change of year, by now he has already mastered space. Based on these considerations, I cannot agree with L. Levinson's point of view on progress as a cyclical movement. In my opinion, such an understanding of history means marking time without moving forward, constant repetition.
Time will never turn back, no matter what factors contribute to the regression. Man will always solve any problem and will not allow his kind to die out.
Of course, there have always been ups and downs in history, and therefore I believe that the graph of human progress is an upward broken line, in which ups predominate in magnitude over downs, but not a straight line or a circle. This can be seen by recalling some historical or life facts.
In the first place, downturns in the progress graph create wars. For example, Russia began its history as a powerful state, able to outstrip any other in its development. But as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, it lagged behind for many years, there was a decline in culture, the development of the country's life. But, despite everything, Russia stood up and continued to move forward.
Secondly, the progress of society is hindered by such a form of organization of power as a dictatorship. In the absence of freedom, society cannot progress; a person turns from a thinking being into a tool in the hands of a dictator. This can be seen in the example of fascist Germany: Hitler's regime of power for decades slowed down political progress, the development of freedom and human rights, and democratic institutions of power.
Thirdly, oddly enough, but sometimes recessions in the development of society occur through the fault of the person himself, i.e. associated with scientific and technological progress. Many people now prefer communication with machines to human communication.
As a result, the level of humanity is falling. The invention of nuclear reactors is, of course, a great discovery that allows saving natural energy resources, but in addition to nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons were also created, which brought incalculable misfortunes to people and nature. An example of this is the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the explosion in Chernobyl. Nevertheless, humanity has come to its senses, realizing the real threat of such weapons: many countries now have a moratorium on the production of nuclear weapons.
Thus, the progress of the human mind and society as a whole and the predominance in history of the positive actions of people over their mistakes are obvious. It is also obvious that social progress is not an endless movement in a circle, which, in principle, cannot be considered progress,
but moving forward and only forward.

An example of an essay on the topic:
Religion is one, but in a hundred guises. B. Show.

Among the proposed statements, I drew attention to the words of B. Shaw that "Religion is one, but in a hundred guises." In understanding this issue, I agree with the author.
It is impossible to give a precise definition of religion. There are many such formulations in science.
They depend on the worldview (representation of the world) of the scientists who form them.
If you ask any person what religion is, then in most cases he will answer: "faith in God."
The word "religion" literally means binding, re-addressing (to something). Religion can be viewed from different angles: from the side of human psychology, historical, social, but the definition of this concept depends to a decisive extent on the recognition of the existence or non-existence of higher forces,
i.e. God and Gods.
Man is a spiritual being, therefore, era occupies a very important place in his life. Since ancient times, man has deified the forces of nature, plants and animals around him, believing that through them the higher forces influence his life. The magical attitude to the word and movement forced a person to strive for the development of his aesthetic (sensual) perception.
Over time, human society developed, and paganism (heterogeneity) was replaced by more developed forms of beliefs. There are many religions in the world. The question arises: why are there so many of them? And in whom to believe?
The answer to this question is obvious: people are different, they live in different conditions and different parts of the planet, they perceive the environment differently. So different are their ideas about God or Gods, about what a cult (religious veneration of any objects) should be like; many provisions of different beliefs, moral standards and rules of worship among different peoples are somewhat similar. I think this is caused by borrowing the cultures of peoples from each other.
If we consider the historical path of mankind, then religions can be classified into: tribal ancient beliefs, national-state (they form the basis of the religious life of individual peoples and nations) and world (that have gone beyond nations and states, but having a huge number of followers in the world).
These are the three religions: Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Also, beliefs can be divided into monotheistic (belief in one God) and polytheistic (worship of many gods).
Drawing a conclusion from the foregoing, a person has always needed faith as that spiritual principle that allowed him to rise above the ordinary. The choice of faith should be free and conscious for each person, because, no matter how different religions are, they are all just different forms of one thing - the elevation of the human soul.

In this article, you will learn how to write an essay on social studies. Examples are attached.

First of all, it is necessary to understand that in order to learn how to write an essay on social studies, it takes quite a long time. It is impossible to write an essay without preliminary preparation, which would be rated by experts for a high score. Sustainable skills, good results appear after 2-3 months of work (about 15-20 written essays). It is systematic studies, purposefulness that bring high performance. You need to hone your skills in practice with the direct help and careful supervision of a teacher.

Video - how to write an essay on social studies

If you have not yet encountered writing an essay, watch the video.

Unlike an essay on literature or the Russian language, where the minimum amount of work is clearly stipulated and general reflection (“philosophizing” without specification is allowed), in an essay on social science the volume is not limited, but its structure and content are fundamentally different. An essay on social science is actually the answer to the question: “Do I agree with this statement and why?”. That is why a strict argumentation, scientific character and concretization must be present in an essay on social science. At the same time, it should be noted that very paradoxical, unusual statements are often used as the topic of an essay, requiring figurative thinking, a non-standard approach to disclosing the problem. This inevitably leaves its mark on the style of the essay, requires maximum concentration of effort and attention.

I would also like to add that the exam essays are evaluated by specific people. In order for an expert who checks from 50 to 80 works a day to mark some essay as worthy of attention, this essay must not only meet all the requirements below, but also be distinguished by a certain originality, originality and originality - this is implied by the essay genre itself. Therefore, it is necessary not only to present scientific and factual material on the topic, but also to pleasantly surprise with the originality and flexibility of one's thinking.

Algorithm for writing an essay during the exam

1. First of all, during the exam it is necessary to correctly allocate time. Practice shows that to write an essay, it is necessary to allocate at least 1-1.5 hours out of 3.5 hours allotted for the exam in social studies. It is best to start writing an essay after all the other tasks of KIM have been solved, because. this type of work requires maximum concentration of the graduate's efforts.
2. Carefully read all the proposed topics to choose from.
3. Choose those topics that are understandable, i.e. - the student must clearly understand what this statement is about, what the author wanted to say with this phrase. In order to remove doubts about whether he understands the topic correctly, the graduate must reformulate the phrase in his own words, defining the main idea. The student can do this orally or on a draft.
4. From the selected understandable statements, it is necessary to choose one topic - the one that the student knows best. It should be noted that often examinees choose topics that are easy, in their opinion, but which turn out to be difficult when revealing the topic due to the limited scientific and factual material on this issue (in other words, everything is said in the phrase itself, nothing can be added). In such cases, the essay is reduced to a simple statement of the meaning of the statement in different versions and is assessed by experts because of the poor evidence base low. Therefore, you need to choose the topic of the essay so that the student, when writing it, can fully show the completeness of his knowledge and the depth of his thoughts (i.e., the topic should be winning).
5. When choosing an essay topic, it is necessary to pay attention to which social science this statement is related to. Practice shows that a number of phrases can refer to several sciences at once. For example, I. Goethe's statement "Man is determined not only by natural qualities, but also by acquired ones" can belong to philosophy, social psychology, and sociology. Accordingly, the content of the essay should differ depending on this, i.e. must be in accordance with the specified basic science.
6. The essay does not need to be completely written on a draft. Firstly, because of the limited time, and secondly, because at the time of writing an essay, some thoughts come, and at the time of rewriting, others, and it is much more difficult to remake a finished text than to create a new one. On the draft, the graduate makes only a plan of his essay, approximate brief outlines of the meaning of the phrase, his argumentation, points of view of scientists, concepts and theoretical positions that he is going to cite in his work, as well as the approximate order of their arrangement one after another, taking into account the semantic logic of the essay.
7. Without fail, the student must express his personal attitude to the chosen topic in a clearly expressed formulation (“I agree”, “I disagree”, “I do not completely agree”, “I agree, but partially” or similar in meaning and meaning of the phrase) . The presence of a personal relationship is one of the criteria on the basis of which the essay is evaluated by experts.
8. Without fail, the graduate must state his understanding of the meaning of the statement. Those. the high school student explains in his own words what the author wanted to say with this phrase. It is more expedient to do this at the very beginning of the essay. And if we combine the requirements of this paragraph with the provisions of the previous one, then this is how, for example, the beginning of an essay on philosophy will look like “Before talking about the good of satisfying needs, you need to decide what needs are good”: “I fully agree with the statement of the great Russian writer of the second halfXIX- earlyXXcenturies L.N. Tolstoy, in which he speaks of real and imaginary needs.
9. You need to be very careful when choosing arguments to support your point of view. Arguments must be convincing and substantiated. As arguments, data from relevant sciences, historical facts, and facts from public life are used. Arguments of a personal nature (examples from personal life) are rated the lowest, so their use as an evidence base is undesirable. It should be remembered that any personal example can be easily “turned” into an example from public life, from social practice, if you write about it in a third person (for example, not “The saleswoman in the store got nasty to me, thereby violating my consumer rights”, a “Let's assume that the saleswoman was rude to citizen S.. Thus, she violated his rights as a consumer.” The number of arguments in an essay is not limited, but 3-5 arguments are the most optimal for revealing the topic. It should also be remembered that examples from history are most appropriate in political science, partly in legal and sociological topics, as well as in philosophical topics related to the theory of social progress. Examples from social practice (public life) - in sociological, economic, legal topics. The data of the relevant sciences must be necessarily used when choosing any of the topics.
10. The use of terms, concepts, definitions in the essay must be competent, appropriate, in relation to the chosen topic and science. The essay should not be overloaded with terminology, especially if these concepts are not related to the chosen problem. Unfortunately, some graduates try to insert as many terms as possible into their work, violating the principle of expediency and reasonable sufficiency. Thus, they show that they have not learned how to correctly use scientific terminology. The term should be mentioned to the place, such a mention should indicate its correct understanding.
11. It is very welcome if the graduate in his essay indicates the points of view of other researchers on the issues under consideration, gives a link to various interpretations of the problem and various ways to solve it (if possible). Indication of other points of view can be direct (for example: "Lenin thought so: ..., and Trotsky - otherwise: ..., and Stalin - did not agree with both of them: ... "), but can be indirect, non-specified, non-personalized: "A number of researchers think this way: ..., others - differently: ..., and some - offer a completely different: ... ".
12. It is very welcome if the essay indicates who the author of this statement was. The indication should be short but precise (see the example in paragraph 8). If it is appropriate to mention the views of the author of the phrase when arguing one's position on this issue, this must be done.
13. Arguments must be presented in strict sequence, the internal logic of the presentation in the essay must be clearly traced. The student should not jump from one to another and again return to the first without explanation and internal connection, docking of individual provisions of his work.
14. It is necessary to complete the essay with a conclusion, which briefly summarizes the reflections and reasoning: "Thus, on the basis of all of the above, it can be argued that the author was right in his statement."

Essay examples on the topic:

Philosophy "Revolution is a barbaric way of progress" (J. Jaurès)

For the highest score

I fully agree with the statement of the famous French socialist, historian and politician of the first half of the 20th century, Jean Jaurès, in which he speaks about the peculiarities of the revolutionary path of social progress, about the distinctive features of the revolution. Indeed, revolution is one of the ways of progress, moving forward towards better and more complex forms of social organization. But since a revolution is a radical breakdown of the entire existing system, a transformation of all or most aspects of social life that takes place in a short period of time, this form of progress is always accompanied by a large number of victims and violence.

If we recall the revolutionary year of 1917 in Russia, we will see that both revolutions led to the most severe confrontation in society and the country, which resulted in a terrible Civil War, accompanied by unprecedented bitterness, millions of dead and injured, unprecedented devastation in the national economy until then.

If we remember the Great French Revolution, we will also see the rampant Jacobin terror, the guillotine "working" seven days a week and a series of incessant revolutionary wars.

If we remember the English bourgeois revolution, we will also see a civil war, repressions against dissidents.

And when we look at the history of the United States, we will see that both bourgeois revolutions that took place in this country took the form of war: first - the war for independence, and then - the Civil War.

The list of examples from history can go on and on, but wherever there is a revolution - in China, in Iran, in the Netherlands, etc. - everywhere it was accompanied by violence, i.e. barbarism from the standpoint of a civilized person.

And even if other thinkers exalted the revolution (as, for example, Karl Marx, who argued that revolutions are the locomotives of history), even if reactionaries and conservatives denied the role of revolutions in social progress, the point of view of J. Jaurès is closer to me: yes, revolution is a way of progress, a movement for the better, but carried out by barbaric methods, that is, with the use of cruelty, blood and violence. Violence cannot create happiness!

For a small score

In his quote, the author speaks of revolution and progress. Revolution is a way of transforming reality in a short time, and progress is a movement forward. Revolution is not progress. After all, progress is reform. It cannot be said that the revolution does not give positive results - for example, the Russian revolution allowed the workers and peasants to get rid of a difficult situation. But by definition, revolution is not progress, because progress is all good, and revolution is all bad. I do not agree with the author who classifies revolution as progress.

Essay plan

Introduction
1) A clear indication of the problem of utterance:
“The statement I have chosen concerns the problem….”
“The problem with this statement is….”
2) Explanation of the choice of topic (what is the significance or relevance of this topic)
“Everyone is concerned about…”
"THE RELEVANCE OF THIS TOPIC IS IN..."
3) Reveal the meaning of the statement from the point of view of social science, 1-2 sentences
4) Introduction of the author and his point of view
“The author argued (spoke, thought) from this point of view ...”
5) Your interpretation of this phrase, YOUR POINT OF VIEW (DO YOU AGREE OR NOT)
“I think…” “I agree with the author of the statement…”
6) Statement of one's position, transition to the main part of the essay

P.S. it will be a plus if in the introduction you give information about the author of the statement and insert a definition of the chosen field of the essay (philosophy, politics, economics, jurisprudence, etc.)

Argumentation:
1) Theoretical argumentation of the problem. At least 3 aspects of the theoretical disclosure of the topic should be presented.
For example: to reveal the concept itself, give examples, analyze features, functions, classifications, properties.
2) Practical argumentation or an example from public life

If you are determined to take the exam in social studies, then this article is for you. Today we will figure out how to complete one of the most difficult tasks of the KIM USE in social studies - an essay.

How to write an essay in social studies? First you need to familiarize yourself with the criteria for evaluating your work on the exam. Essays in social studies are evaluated according to three main criteria.

Criterion 1 - Finding the Problem

This is the most important criterion. This is where your ability to understand what the author is talking about in his statement is manifested. There are several risks in this part of the assignment:

Risk #1: keywords

After reading the selected statement, the examinees are likely to see familiar words in its composition and consider it necessary to include these words in their definition of the problem. So, for example, a statement like "Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other." (I. Sherr.) can mislead the examinee. It would seem that everything is obvious: the author uses the term inequality, which means we can write that he raises the “problem of inequality” ... But no, no, no!

If you re-read the above statement several times (by the way, Scherr's quote is not the most difficult topic to recognize the problem), you will see that the author argues about how natural inequality is, whether it is something inherent in the human community by nature.

Maybe at this stage the difference will not seem obvious to someone, but in the future your terms and (!!) arguments will give errors in interpretation. You will need to tell not about inequality as an economic or social phenomenon, but about its inevitability for a person, or, on the contrary, its original unusualness (in case you disagree with the author).

Risk #2: imprecise wording

Over the years of teaching in social studies preparation courses for the Unified State Examination, I often heard statements from students in the spirit of “I understand what is at stake, but it is difficult for me to formulate and write it down.” So, on the exam, this circumstance is not a good reason.

At the very beginning of your essay on social studies, the problem of the statement should be formulated clearly and clearly. Do not force experts to look for a problem in your text, point it out to him by expressing the whole essence in one or two capacious sentences.

The risk is not only that the lack of a clear wording can lead to the fact that the expert simply does not find the problem of speech in your essay. Having described the problem in an ambiguous and unclear way, you yourself become an object of risk, because you can stray to another problem in the course of writing an essay. And there are many such examples.

Risk #3: unnecessarily complication

Some guys are too scared of the exam. This is a normal reaction, but when writing an exam, it will not only not help you, but will most likely harm you.

If you decide to impress the reviewers by choosing a philosophical statement, be sure that you have correctly understood its meaning. Having prepared for the fact that philosophy is a story about complex meanings, abstract ideas and incomprehensible words, the guys complicate the original statement, build too long logical chains. Remember that the exam is an exam for schoolchildren, no one expects you to repeat the exploits of Nietzsche or Kant.

Criterion 2 - theoretical reasoning

The maximum score for this criterion is 2 points. It consists of two blocks: a reference to the theoretical material from the course of social science and an explanation of the main terms.

Let's deal with the first block. Approaching the finish line, you must demonstrate the maximum of your knowledge, and theoretical argumentation is the best opportunity to do this. Have you chosen an essay on economic inequality? Remember the theory of Karl Marx! Agree with him or criticize, most importantly, tell us about his contribution.

Remember the theory? No problem! In an essay about the problem of the truth or falsity of ideas, remember the criteria for determining truth, its types.

The second block is terms. You need to remember at least two terms that (!!) are DIRECTLY related to the problem. The terms democracy and political leadership are studied in one thematic block - politics, but if you come across a problem that affects electoral processes, "political leader" will not be the best choice.

The choice of terms for an essay should be based on the “golden” rule of writing any text: think, there is nothing else to add, but what you can’t do without. Therefore, in a conversation about elections, it is better to recall the already mentioned democracy, electoral qualifications, political representativeness and the very concept of “electoral processes”.

Criterion 3 - arguments in an ESSAY in social studies

The maximum score for this criterion is 2 points. And now, friends, remember the main rule: you need 2 arguments from 2 DIFFERENT sources. What does it mean? If you make brilliant arguments about Peter I and Alexander II in your essay on political reforms, don't expect 2 points, because both arguments were drawn from the history of Russia. Refer to current events (media), remember your favorite literary characters. In the end, you can turn to personal experience, confirming or refuting the thesis put forward.

That's all. 3 criteria, 5 points. However, the story with an essay on social studies does not end there.

FAQ`s (most frequently asked questions)

• Do I need to express my position?

Answer: need. And although the criteria do not clearly spell out the need for your view of the problem, but let's think logically. In order to argue some position (remember K3), you need to have this position. Therefore, friends, we present our position.

• Do I need to write down the opinion of the author?

Answer: need. In the part of the essay where you explain the essence of the problem that you want to talk about, you need to remember one very important thing. The position of the author is not identical to the problem. The author can say that the market economy is the worst form of economic relations, this is his subjective opinion. The problem of your statement is a question that cannot be subjective, but on the contrary, calls for discussion. Therefore, the position of the author should be voiced separately.

• I do not remember the exact wording of the terms, can I write in my own words?

Answer: You can, but it's very dangerous. Social science is a subject in which there are no unambiguous definitions; the same phenomenon can be considered from different positions. Expressing your author's position from this point of view is not forbidden, but remember that author's definitions are a task that even graduate students of leading universities do not always cope with. Therefore, the ideal way out of the situation would not be to invent new meanings, but to try to convey the key meaning of the term, using the exact vocabulary and making up a competent sentence.

• Which is better: choose one section and write an essay on it for a whole year, or write in all sections?

Answer: This is an individual matter. But as practice shows, it is better to choose not one, but 2 or 3 sections that you like more than others and write an essay on them every week (minimum). By choosing only one section, you run the risk of encountering an unexpectedly complex statement and not understanding the problem. Therefore, insure yourself in advance.

• What style should you write an essay in?

Answer: Social science is not literature (strictly speaking, nothing is social science but social science). Therefore, a literary style, epigraphs, 5-line sentences are more likely to harm your work. The purpose of your essay is to present the problem and talk about how it can be understood. Here we need accuracy, conciseness and clearly built logic. However, at the same time, an essay is not a dry text, but your reasoning. Therefore, everything should be in moderation.

• Do spelling and punctuation errors affect my grade?

Answer: No, there is no separate criterion for this, but such errors will affect the overall impression of your work.

And the most important rule: start preparing as early as possible. A successful essay is a matter of experience, so feel free to attack your teachers at school or at.

UC "Godograph" sincerely wishes you good luck in the exams!