For many people, "psychological intelligence" is a new concept. It just so happens that in Western culture, intelligence is more understood as the ability to think about something inanimate (how to drive a nail into a board or how to pave the way between points A and B). Since the Middle Ages, the business sector has developed mainly in this direction. A person was presented only as a variant of a cog in a complex mechanism, and at the same time, the presence of a soul in an employee was perceived by managers rather as a disadvantage. Only in the twentieth century, the human factor received a major role among other components of the business process.

The psychology of managing people and business relationships has become more and more occupied by people who want to reach the top of their professional careers.

Psychological education is clearly not keeping up with the changes in the needs of the business side of our lives. Psychology appeared in school curricula quite recently, and at first not at all in a professional version, since teachers preferred to talk more with children about the psychology of family relationships. As a result, a modern adult is faced with the need to form his own psychological intelligence almost independently and with a great delay. At the same time, many people make a fairly common mistake, the essence of which is that the nature of psychological intelligence is somewhat different from its natural-science version.

For the formation of psychological intelligence, it is not enough to study the relevant literature. In addition to being well-read, it is necessary to properly develop one's feelings, to develop observation to the nuances of human behavior, including one's own, as well as the ability to perceive and analyze the slightest movements and states of the soul. This rather serious and far from always habitual work on oneself requires completely different talents than the encyclopedic erudition of a crossword puzzler and winner of TV quizzes. The Eastern cult of self-observation and meditation has already become fashionable in our society, but has not yet become a daily habit.

Psychological intelligence in the business sphere has several main areas of application:

# personnel Management;

# professional interaction with colleagues;

# personalized interaction with business partners, clients;

# promotion of products to the market.

If everything is more or less clear with the first three directions, then with regard to the promotion of goods and services, it should be emphasized that marketing is inherently a synthesis of economics and psychology. It is difficult to say which component in this hybrid is more important, as it depends on the nature of the product and the strategy of the company's market behavior. It is important to understand that planning such types of systemic impact on potential consumers as advertising and PR campaigns is unthinkable without knowledge of the psychology of a potential consumer, the psychological mechanisms for making a decision to purchase, choosing one or another competing product.

Until now, there are such insolvent pseudo-marketers who believe that in order to sell products, it is enough to set an adequate price, inform the world about its existence - and buyers will resort to them themselves. Such a market position has long been defeated in the fight against competitors who are actively looking for a way to the heart and wallet of the consumer. Dry, rational behavior in the modern market is less and less successful, as consumers in their bulk prefer to receive additional emotions along with the purchased product or service. In principle, it can be argued that in recent years, the emotional packaging of products has become an increasingly important component of marketing.

In the process of work, psychological intelligence performs the following functions.

Studying the needs of each interaction partner. We have analyzed this aspect of professional activity in detail in previous publications devoted to the factors of career success.

Predicting the reaction of people to any impact on them from your side, or to one or another change in the situation that is beyond your control. Many managers or professionals whose work is dependent on other people fail in their professional activities due to the fact that they are no longer focused on achieving the desired result, but on carrying out the event intended for this. At first glance, the phrase you just read may seem silly if you do not understand that before you do something about other people, you need to carefully check their possible reaction. Otherwise, you run the risk of encountering a completely different effect than you expected during the action.

For example, in advertising, it is customary to first test advertising materials on a small group of people that adequately represent the target audience of the impact, and only after receiving the expected effect, launch advertising products for mass use. In principle, exactly the same work is useful for any professional whose activities are related to the impact on people. Before you do anything, you should ask yourself the question: “Will the reaction of people to my impact be exactly the way I planned?” The search for an answer can be done in different ways. Someone prefers live testing, when, for example, the boss, before signing an important order affecting the entire workforce, consults with one of his subordinates who is a typical representative of him. The other may make do with the power of his psychological intelligence, believing himself to be well aware of the psychology of his partners in interaction and able to mentally model the development of the situation.

Formation of an individual approach to a particular person. Recall one very important truth: all people are different. Meanwhile, most people in their work act as if they do not know. To some extent, they can be understood, since the application of one universal approach to all at once requires less economic costs, and is not so troublesome. But such a strategy of influencing people can seriously reduce the effectiveness of the measures taken. For example, there are people (and there are quite a lot of them) who perceive information very poorly by ear, preferring to see everything with their own eyes. If the company's management makes an important announcement only through corporate radio, then some part of the workforce simply will not pay attention to it. And there are also those to whom information reaches only if you contact them personally. And this should not be taken as a capricious show off - this is an individual feature of their psyche. There can be a great many such circumstances that prompt a professional in their business relations to resort to an individual approach. Therefore, first you need to identify these individual characteristics of partners in interaction, and then think about ways to behave adequately to them.

Formation of an average approach to the target group. Often we find ourselves in a situation where, with all our understanding of the effectiveness of an individual approach to people, it is very difficult to implement it, and even too expensive (for example, if this is an advertising campaign designed for a large audience). In this case, one must be able to choose just such a universal approach to interaction partners so that its effect is as maximum as possible.

Imagine the following situation: in the target group of influence there is one blind person, and all the rest are sighted, and many of them do not perceive information well by ear. The specialist is aware of the presence of a blind person in the target group and decides to choose an auditory method of influence for his action. How appropriate would such an approach be? A blind person can and will hear the message, but the tangible part of the group will simply not pay attention to the information provided. It is clear that this version of a professional solution will not be the most effective of all possible.

A good knowledge of the psychological nature of the people who make up the target group of influence often allows you to choose an intermediate approach between individual and universal options to increase the effectiveness of the campaign. If the target audience is clearly divided into several more or less homogeneous groups, then in relation to each of them it is possible to choose an adequate method of influence that gives the maximum effect. In the example discussed above, a visual method can be used to influence a group, and a blind person is not too lazy to communicate information individually in a sound version (for example, by phone or in person).

Having dealt with the fact that such a business variety of psychological intelligence, we will consider the ways of its formation and development. At the beginning of the article, a skeptical assessment was given to the book version of psychological education. However, it should be clarified that reading the relevant literature is extremely important for the formation of psychological intelligence, but this should by no means be limited. At the same time, it must be emphasized that both literature on scientific psychology and books of experts in worldly wisdom can be a good source of useful knowledge - everyone should make a choice based on the individual characteristics of their perception and personal preferences.

The next important source of psychological intelligence is practical classes in various educational centers of the corresponding profile. All kinds of trainings and other forms of group work of a psychological orientation will help in practice to perceive the phenomena and mechanisms described in the books, the individual characteristics of various types of people, and also in the training mode to master new behaviors for yourself in interaction with other people.

The third component of psychological education is individual work. Group forms of classes provide a huge amount of practical knowledge and impressions, which subsequently need to be carefully assimilated on your own. A lot of time in individual work is spent observing people, including oneself. An attempt to understand the peculiarities of the psyche of each person usually includes both the search for the causes of already committed actions and the prediction of further actions. Comparing the actual development of events with your forecasts provides rich food for working on mistakes. Moreover, such an everyday experiment for the purposes of psychological education can also contain active actions, when you, by your trial effects on certain people, provoke them to some kind of reaction and compare the resulting effect with your expectations.

Naturally, only self-digging makes it possible to penetrate into the most secret and hard-to-reach depths of the human soul, therefore psychological introspection should occupy an important place in self-education. But you should not limit yourself to one analysis of your own psyche, since the synthesis of the new in your behavior, in your feelings will give you important information about the possibilities (and limits of possibilities) of the human psyche in its development, in the formation of neoplasms. This will help you later be more adequate in your expectations and requirements in relation to other people. For example, if you have trained yourself for a long time to self-discipline in carrying out your own work plan for the day, then you will not require subordinates to develop this ability in themselves the very next day, and this will save you conflicts with them, since they, of course, would consider your demands unfair.

In the next publication, we will talk about such a manifestation of intelligence as continuous professional orientation throughout one's career, allowing a person to eventually get exactly where he planned.

When it comes to an intelligent person, the imagination imagines a mathematician who solves questions that are incomprehensible to the majority, who is able to solve a problem in his mind so quickly that an ordinary person does not even have time to write it down. This represents the traditional idea of ​​the mind as a unique skill associated with abstract thought.

In 1994, a psychologist proposed an idea that changed society's typical view of the mind: the theory of multiple intelligences. According to her, there is not one, but 8 types of intelligence that develop differently in each person. "This is the main challenge to education," says the psychologist.

Types of intelligence are divided into 8 categories:

1. Linguistic.
2. Logico-mathematical.
3. Visual-spatial.
4. Musical.
5. Body-kinesthetic.
6. Intrapersonal (existential).
7. Interpersonal (social).
8. Naturalistic.

According to the types of intelligence according to Gardner, a person has an innate propensity for certain actions. This determines what type a particular person should be attributed to.

Therefore, some people are very smart in mathematics, but may not be so good when it comes to interpersonal relationships. An exceptional musician may not be as gifted at expressing himself through words.

Teachers must understand students: strengths, weaknesses, vulnerable areas, adaptability, and also take into account which type of intelligence each of them belongs to and build learning on this basis.

Gardner believes that the human mind consists of a set of skills that allow you to overcome personal problems and cope with difficulties. To solve various issues, it is necessary to understand that the human mind is diverse and it is important to choose the path of development that suits a certain type of personality.

Linguistic type of intelligence

These are people who love and know how to "juggle with words." They learn to speak, read and write early. They easily understand complex text and are very good when it comes to expressing their own thoughts.

For example, it is easier for people with linguistic intelligence to follow instructions when assembling furniture if it is presented in text form rather than in the form of a diagram. They are easily given any foreign language, therefore, among polyglots, linguistic predominates from all types of intelligence.

In order to develop, they need to read a lot and express their own thoughts on paper. It can be anything: diary, blog, twitter, art and play word games such as crosswords and word maker. Learning a foreign language will be an excellent training.

Logical-mathematical intelligence

People with a predominant logical-mathematical type of intelligence tend to solve abstract problems, make calculations, and easily count the number of objects.

For example, when it is necessary to divide the sum of the check for lunch, there is always a person in the company who can accurately do this in his mind. It is very likely that this is the owner of just this type of intelligence.

To develop, the logical-mathematical type of intelligence can solve sudoku, play games, chess, and deal with everyday math problems in the mind.

Career: accountant, engineer, detective, analyst, financier, programmer.

Visual-spatial type of intelligence

Its owners are able to navigate the terrain very well, easily understand drawings and instructions in the form of diagrams.

They are aware of visual details in their environment that other people are not paying attention to. This is especially true of the structure of buildings and their location.

To develop a visual-spatial type of intelligence, it is necessary to make a new route every day (for example, to work) or try to find your way in unfamiliar terrain using a map, play puzzles and create models.

Career: Graphic design artist, aeronautical specialist, architect and surgeon.

Musical type of intelligence

People with a musical type of intelligence are easily recognizable by the habit of constantly tapping a melody out of their head with their fingers. They easily master musical instruments, memorize and reproduce music.

For development, they need to listen to music, and the more diverse it is, the better. And, of course, you should learn to play a musical instrument.

Bodily-kinesthetic type of intelligence

People of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence have never been accused of clumsiness. They are very accurately aware of their own body, therefore they have good coordination of movement and are very mobile.

This can be observed in dancers and some athletes, such as gymnasts.

To develop this type, you need to dance a lot, study dance, which helps to train coordination or do yoga.

Career: Physical Therapist, Circus, Surgeon, Personal Fitness Trainer.

Intrapersonal type of intelligence

A high degree of awareness, emotional restraint and the ability to reason rationally characterize such people. Owners of the intrapersonal type of intelligence (which also means the existential type) are distinguished by the ability to deeply perceive their own self. They perfectly understand and control their own emotions, thoughts and motives for actions. Individuals with a pronounced intrapersonal type of intelligence see personal flaws and virtues, which allows them to work on their emotional life, make decisions and set goals in accordance with their own personality.

You need to focus on expressing your own thoughts to people with an intrapersonal type of intelligence, which means reflecting and writing down your thoughts in a diary, blogging, practicing meditation, reading articles on psychology and about human intelligence.

Career: coaching, spirituality, ethics, entrepreneurship, politics, philosophy, psychology, psychiatry.

social intelligence

The interpersonal type of intelligence, otherwise called social, endows its owners with excellent communication skills. These people are good at understanding others: their emotions, needs, intentions and goals.

They are always in the spotlight, often become leaders and the soul of the company.

For self-development, people with interpersonal intelligence need to take part in group activities that encourage cooperation, such as team sports.

Career: education, human resources, social services, consulting, psychiatry, management, politics, mentoring.

Naturalistic type of intelligence

People with this type of intelligence love and are able to understand nature well, to distinguish, classify, recognize patterns between plant and animal species.

Such qualities are usually inherent in biologists and people who love gardening.

To develop a naturalistic type of intelligence, you need to read a lot of books on biology, grow plants and take care of animals.

Career: veterinary medicine, archeology, ecology, tourism, forestry, farming, geology, biology.

There are 4 main points of Gardner's theory of types of intelligence:

1. Each person has all the listed types of intelligence. But only one is dominant.
2. Most people have the potential to develop in each type of intelligence.
3. Intelligence works together.
4. There are many ways to interpret intelligence in each category.

Despite the fact that a person has a dominant certain type of intelligence, everyone has a tendency to others to varying degrees. Skills can be developed even if you are born with talent for other skills. Gardner's theory also points to the flexibility of intelligence types, which means the ability to change over time for each person.

In everyday life, a person uses his mental abilities as an element of cognition of the world around him. It is difficult to imagine modern reality without intellect, without the very ability to analyze and compare objects and phenomena with each other. Thanks to his mental activity, a person discovers in himself great opportunities for self-development and self-improvement. If there were no intellect, a person could not make scientific discoveries, such an activity as art would not exist at all.

Intelligence(from the Latin “mind, mind”) is a highly organized system of thinking of the individual, in which new products of activity appear. Intelligence necessarily affects mental abilities and all cognitive processes.

The concept of intelligence was introduced by the English scientist F. Galton at the end of the 19th century. Based on the scientific works of Charles Darwin on evolution. The characteristics of intelligence were studied by such scientists as A. Binet, C. Spearman, S. Colvin, E. Thorne - Dyke, J. Peterson, J. Piaget. All of them considered the intellect as a field of limitless human possibilities. The task of each specific individual is to realize his intellect competently, for the benefit of himself and those around him. In fact, only a few understand their true purpose and are ready to invest in the development of abilities.

Essence of intelligence

Ability to learn

A person cannot be imagined without mental activity. For especially developed people, development becomes an integral part of life: it leads them forward to new achievements, helps them make the necessary discoveries. The desire for learning in this case is dictated by the internal need of a person for self-realization. When the desire to express one's own individuality becomes brighter than the opinions of others, a person is able to use all the power of his mind in order to achieve tangible success.

In fact, the ability to learn lies in each of us. It’s just that some people use the resource given to them by nature to the maximum, while others find reasons to reduce this process to the level necessary for survival.

Ability to work with abstractions

Scientists, thinkers, philosophers use scientific concepts and definitions in their activities. And not only them: students must also learn to understand the language of abstractions and operate freely with it. The ability to competently express one's thoughts, share discoveries in a particular area necessarily implies mastering the language at a high level. The intellect here is a necessary link, a tool for scientific activity.

Ability to adapt to environmental conditions

The environment in which a modern person lives is constantly changing. Unforeseen circumstances arise that negatively affect work, mix plans and disrupt deals. But a truly intelligent person is always able to analyze the situation that has arisen and see the benefit in it for himself. So the intellect helps the individual to endure in difficult circumstances, to fight in the name of a bright idea, to predict the desired result and strive to achieve it.

Structure of the intellect

Scientists with different approaches and different views on this problem identify concepts that make it possible to determine what intelligence consists of.

Spearman spoke about the presence of each individual, the so-called general intelligence, which helps to adapt to the environment in which he lives, to develop existing inclinations and talents. This scientist considered individual features as hidden opportunities for achieving certain goals.

Thurstone characterized the facets of general intelligence and identified seven directions through which the mental realization of a person occurs.

1. The ability to easily operate with numbers, perform calculations and mathematical operations in the mind.
2. The ability to coherently express one's thoughts, to clothe them in verbal form. The scientist explained what determines the degree of mastery of the word and singled out the connection between mental activity and the development of speech.
3. The ability to assimilate the written and spoken language of another person. As a rule, the more a person reads, the more he learns about the world around him. Self-awareness develops, memory capacity expands, other (personal) possibilities appear. The individual most often receives information through thoughtful reading. This is how the assimilation of new material, analysis and systematization of existing knowledge takes place.
4. The ability to imagine, build artistic images in the head, develop and improve creative activity. It must be admitted that it is in the products of a creative orientation that the high potential of the individual is manifested, the essence of his capabilities is revealed.
5. The ability to increase the amount of memory and train the speed of memorization. Modern man needs to constantly work on his resource.
6. The ability to build logical chains, reason, analyze the realities of life.
7. The ability to analyze, identify significant and significant differences between objects and phenomena.

Cattell discovered the enormous potential of opportunities that a person possesses. He defined intelligence as the ability for abstract thinking and abstraction.

Types of intelligence

Traditionally, in psychology, there are several types of mental activity. All of them correspond to one or another direction of life or affect the way of life of a person.

Verbal intelligence

With the help of this type, a person always has the opportunity to communicate with other people. Written activity perfectly develops the intellect, allows you to master foreign languages, study classical literature. Participation in discussions and disputes on various topics helps to focus on the essence of the issue, determine one's own values, and learn something important and valuable from opponents.

Verbal intelligence is necessary for acquiring basic knowledge about the world, so that a person has the opportunity to accumulate the necessary experience for his development. Communication with successful people who were able to reach a new level of life, achieve a state of complete independence, has a positive effect on the worldview of the individual, the ability to accept and think about information.

logical intelligence

It is necessary for performing logical operations, solving mathematical problems. To improve the level of logic, it is recommended to solve crossword puzzles, read intellectual, useful books, engage in self-development, attend thematic seminars and trainings.

Logical intelligence needs constant work. To freely operate with numbers, you need to constantly perform complex calculations in your mind, solve problems.

Spatial intelligence

It is based on the visual perception of any activity with the ability to repeat it from one's own experience. So music lessons, clay modeling can become wonderful guides to self-development.

• physical intelligence. The ability to stay in great physical shape is the key to good health and longevity. Physical intelligence implies a strong connection with the body, an attentive attitude to one's well-being. The absence of disease is not yet an indicator of physical health. In order for the body to be strong and vigorous, you need to give it enough strength and attention: if possible, do exercises, any sports. It is important to give yourself daily the degree of stress that a person is able to withstand. Of course, in order to manage this process, you need to have great motivation and a desire to change something for the better.
• Social intelligence. This includes the ability to communicate. Man is a social being and cannot live outside society. In order to adequately build relationships with other people and learn to understand them correctly, you need to train your will and ability to hear others daily. Understanding between people consists of several components, an important component of which is mutually beneficial cooperation. This is the basis of any business, to understand the needs of the client, to be able to convey the necessary information to the audience.
• Emotional intellect. It involves the development of a sufficiently high level of reflection in a person. The ability to think analytically, be aware of your individual needs and strive to achieve your own goals will undoubtedly help you achieve a high level of emotional intelligence. Another important component is the ability to communicate with people, understand their moods and feelings, build models of effective interaction with them.
• Spiritual intelligence. It implies a conscious desire of the individual to know himself, to engage in self-improvement. An intellectually developed person never lingers for a long time at one stage of development, he wants to progress, motivate himself for further actions. For the development of this type of intelligence, individual reflections on life, the essence of being, meditation, and prayer are perfect.
• Creative intelligence. It assumes that the individual has a certain artistic talent: literary, musical, pictorial. The need to focus on the task at hand, to concentrate on the artistic image and embody it on paper, canvas or notes is inherent in true creators. But it should be remembered that any abilities need development, they need to be given a lot of effort and attention.

So, for the formation of literary talent, it is necessary to learn to understand the essence and meaning of what is written, to study the works of great masters, to master artistic techniques and means of expression.

Peculiarities

The human brain is designed in such a way that the more often we train it, the better it lends itself to training. In other words, the more attention, time, effort a person is ready to invest in their own development, the sooner the opportunities for self-realization increase and expand.

For example, if the mind is capable of concentrating on certain things, then it is necessary for a long period of time to give it the opportunity to expand the field of activity, and then visible changes will be noticeable.

Intelligence Capabilities

The truth is that the possibilities of the human mind are inexhaustible. We have such a potential that if everyone were closely engaged in solving individual problems, the results would very soon be very impressive. Unfortunately, a person throughout his life uses no more than 4 - 5% of the potential inherent in him and forgets that his possibilities are endless. How to develop intelligence to a high level? Only the personality itself determines in what framework to put itself, only we manage ourselves.

How to increase intelligence?

Many people on the path of personal development, one way or another, ask this question. Few understand that the increase in intelligence is connected, first of all, with being an active person, being able to accept new things in your life, striving to achieve individual goals. Read more books related to self-realization or quality literature. Ironic detective stories or romance novels will not work.

Thus, the concept of intelligence is closely related to the person himself. It is important to understand that our mind cannot exist apart from us. It is necessary to regularly "feed" him with fresh ideas, to allow him to do bold deeds, to make discoveries. And then you will be able to maintain a high level of intelligence for many years, and not just use it in your youth.

In everyday communication, the concepts of "ability" and "intelligence" are often used as synonyms. This is not surprising, since it is difficult to imagine a capable, gifted or brilliant person with low intelligence. In this regard, it is advisable to consider intelligence within the framework of the problem of abilities.

Intelligence is one of the most complex mental abilities of a person.. In understanding its essence, the opinions of psychologists differ. Difficulties arise even in the very definition of intelligence. Here are some of the definitions.

Intelligence is the ability to think.
Intelligence is a kind of adaptive behavior aimed at achieving a goal.
Intelligence is a characteristic of the rational mental functions of the human psyche.
Intelligence is a holistic characteristic of human cognitive processes.
Intelligence is the ability of a person to adapt to the environment.
Intelligence is a concept designed to explain the reasons for the differences between people in solving complex problems.
Intelligence is the global ability of a person to act intelligently, think rationally and cope well with life circumstances.
Intelligence is a relatively stable structure of the mental abilities of an individual.

There is a crisis of the concept of "intelligence". In this regard, there are proposals to abandon this concept altogether (D. Carroll, S. Maxwell) or replace it with others, for example, “adaptability” or “mental structure” (D. Meller and others).

A generalized definition can look like this: intelligence is a system of mental processes that allow a person to use his abilities to assess the situation, make rational decisions and organize appropriate behavior in a changing environment.

In the problem of intellect, there is no clear boundary between the concepts of "intelligence", "mind" and "thinking", which consider different, but interconnected aspects of the personality. An attempt to correlate these concepts within the framework of the general problem of human abilities leads to the following scheme.

Intelligence can be thought of as the ability to think. At the same time, intelligence is not linked with morality, empathy, philanthropy, profession, and even with elite education. Obviously, this is exactly what A. Einstein had in mind: “You should not deify the intellect. He has powerful muscles, but no face."

Thinking is a process through which the intellect is manifested, realized. Mind is a generalized characteristic of the cognitive capabilities of a person, the process of thinking. The mind is a whole complex of qualities so closely related that, taken separately, they manifest themselves in a different way. When a person is called smart, this assessment refers simultaneously to many of his qualities.

As for the structure of the intellect, at present, due to the complexity of both the phenomenon itself and the imperfection of its formulation, it is difficult to offer a full-fledged model of it. There is an accumulation of information on this unique mental education. In the meantime, the available results are largely due to the specifics of the scientific positions of scientists. The concept of intelligence includes from several to dozens of factors. Naturally, this makes it difficult to assess intelligence as a holistic phenomenon.

In the structure of intelligence, various researchers distinguish several components.:

General intelligence(factor G, from English general - general) - a set of mental properties of a person that predetermine the success of any activity, adaptation to the environment and a high rate of information processing. General intelligence is provided by general abilities. For example, human communication skills are in demand by many types of activities: managerial, pedagogical, artistic, diplomatic.

Special intelligence(factor S, from English spesial - special) - a set of mental properties that are necessary to solve narrow problems in a particular type of activity. This type of intelligence is provided by the special abilities of a person. Examples of special intelligence are:
- professional intellect, focused on the specialization of activities (musical, mathematical);
- social intelligence focused on the problems of interpersonal relationships, the interaction of business partners.

Potential Intelligence- determines the ability of a person to think, abstract and reason. The name is due to the fact that this intellect "matures" by about 20 years (according to R. Kettell).

Crystalline Intelligence- "crystallized" in a person in the process of accumulating knowledge, skills and abilities while adapting to the environment and assimilating the values ​​of society.

Intellect A is an innate part of the intellect, its "humus".

Intelligence B is the result of the interaction of intelligence A with the human environment in the course of his life.

There are other approaches to understanding the structure of human intelligence. So, L. Thurstone singled out a set of 12 independent abilities that determine intelligence, calling them primary mental potencies (speed of perception, associative memory, verbal flexibility, etc.). D. Gilford's "cubic" model of intellect includes 120 components that characterize the content of mental activity (what an individual's thoughts are occupied with), its operations (how it is implemented) and the result of mental activity (what form the processed information takes).

Thus, with all the differences in views on the problem, what is common is the multicomponent nature of the “intelligence” phenomenon, its close connection with cognitive mental processes, innate and social factors.