On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia (the Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

Since September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education have been established in the Russian Federation:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education - bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, magistracy;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, the formation of the prerequisites for educational activities, the preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy image life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student's personality, the development of interest in learning and the student's creative abilities, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting a professional career. activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only a basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. The model regulation "On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)" gives the following definitions: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistantship-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study in master's programs, training programs for highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance examinations conducted by the educational organization independently.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which their qualification requirements provide for higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduating from a bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student to research activities in this area. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main objective of the Master's program is to prepare professionals for a successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and the defense of the final qualifying work - a master's thesis are provided.

Along with the new levels of higher education, there is a traditional type - specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

Any parent dreams of their child getting a quality education, not only becoming successful at school, but also being able to enter a prestigious higher educational institution on a budgetary basis, and get a good position after completing the training. Let's try to find out how a gymnasium differs from a school, to assess the level of teaching in a regular and specialized educational institution.

General and distinctive features of schools and gymnasiums

Arguing over that, we will reveal for a start their common features. They belong to general educational institutions where schoolchildren have the opportunity to receive state-recognized certificates. Discussing how a gymnasium differs from a school, we note the difference in the rules for admission to an educational institution.

Quite often, schoolchildren have serious problems with the assimilation of educational material due to the fact that the type of educational institution was chosen incorrectly.

Lyceums and gymnasiums: similar characteristics

Between the lyceum and the gymnasium, for example, there is a certain similarity. For example, in both educational institutions, the learning process is based on federal educational standards. Teachers in such institutions are invited on a competitive basis.

Each lyceum, gymnasium has a specific sponsor who helps the educational institution to resolve issues related to logistics. In addition, among the similar parameters, one can name the study of some subjects at the profile (in-depth) level.

Differences between gymnasiums and lyceums

You can get into the state lyceum only after completing seven or eight years of study at a basic school. Most of the lyceums that exist in our country have a technical focus. Each lyceum has a certain agreement with a higher educational institution on the admission of graduates, and it is for a particular university that training is carried out.

Discussing how gymnasiums and lyceums differ from ordinary schools, we note that the lyceum pays special attention to practical activities. A graduate of such an educational institution leaves it not only with a classical certificate of education, but also with a specific specialty.

Leading specialists of those higher educational institutions with which the lyceum has concluded an agreement on fruitful cooperation are involved in conducting classes.

Especially successful children have not only the opportunity of priority admission, but also the chance to immediately become second-year students of the university assigned to the lyceum.

Distinctive characteristics of the gymnasium

In order to answer the question of how a gymnasium differs from a general education school, we will identify the main parameters of this type of educational institution. Any talented child who has graduated from elementary school or progymnasium can enter mica.

What is the difference between a gymnasium and a high school, apart from the conditions of admission? Here you can get strong theoretical knowledge, prepare for successful admission to prestigious universities.

Unlike the lyceum, which specializes in practical skills, the gymnasium pays close attention to theoretical knowledge; for this, author's programs and pedagogical methods are used in the learning process.

Learning activities

What is the difference between a gymnasium and a regular school in terms of the organization of the educational process? Schoolchildren choose a profile in gymnasiums in the senior level. By this time, the guys are already determined with the sphere of their interests, future professional activities.

Both lyceums and gymnasiums have advantages over municipal budget-funded schools in terms of material and technical equipment, as well as in staffing with teaching staff.

Extracurricular work

How does a gymnasium differ from a school in organizing extracurricular activities? All activities carried out in gymnasiums are aimed at improving the knowledge and skills of gymnasium students.

For example, for a specialized chemical and biological group, in addition to a special curriculum, excursions related to chemistry and biology are organized as additional activities. Children under the guidance of experienced mentors create their own educational projects, present the results of their activities at scientific conferences.

Discussing how a gymnasium differs from a school, we also note the existence of scientific, patriotic, choreographic societies and clubs in gymnasiums.

Not every school, especially if it is located in a rural area, has a modern technical base that allows schoolchildren to conduct research and create school projects.

Pedagogical personnel

In order to work in lyceums and gymnasiums, teachers must have a high qualification category, take part in various competitions of pedagogical skills. When submitting documents to a lyceum or a gymnasium, teachers provide the results of their activities, and only on a competitive basis is the recruitment of the teaching staff of the gymnasium and lyceum.

It is no secret that in many general education schools there is a shortage of teachers, and therefore they hire not only young professionals who do not have experience working with children, but also people who have not studied in specialized educational institutions, have neither a category nor a diploma ..

Of course, there is no question of any introduction of innovative pedagogical technologies in such situations. The main task that the director solves is to staff the school with employees, to ensure an uninterrupted educational process.

Far from every educational school pays attention to the development of talented and gifted children; education is focused on the “average” student. A child with an increased intellectual level will not be able to fulfill himself in such a school.

Conclusion

In order to create optimal conditions for the harmonious development of the younger generation, the formation of not only intellectual abilities, but also citizenship, patriotism, different types of educational institutions are offered in our country.

Thanks to numerous methods for identifying early giftedness, which are used in preschool educational institutions, child psychologists provide parents with real assistance in choosing the right direction of study, as well as in choosing a school, gymnasium, lyceum, taking into account the individual characteristics of the child.

It is not always possible to understand the main inclinations of the child by the age of 7-8, so many parents, judging by the reviews, prefer to send their children to an ordinary primary school, and after graduation they send the child to the gymnasium. With a high intellectual development of a student, excellent physical health, a child’s desire to receive a full-fledged education, as well as simultaneously engage in research and scientific activities, it is better to choose a lyceum.

Moreover, modern parents say that after the introduction of second-generation federal standards into Russian educational institutions, the situation with the educational process has changed for the better in ordinary schools. Increasing attention is paid to extracurricular activities, the introduction of design and research technologies in school education, not only in lyceums and gymnasiums, but also in ordinary educational institutions.

School education is a vivid example of the national tradition of education. School is the closest prospect of a preschooler. And here Russian parents prefer to remain silent about the main thing, the curiosity and initiative of children annoy us. We overwhelm children with our authority by not talking to them seriously and respectfully.

For a long time in Russia it was believed that education contains two essential and interacting elements: instruction (instruction) and upbringing (upbringing). In the USA, on the other hand, for a very long time there was a conviction that the purpose of the school was to provide the most general knowledge, to teach reading, writing, mathematics, to give the foundations of the natural and social sciences, and the education of future citizens should be shifted to the shoulders of parents. and churches. It is very difficult for American schools to take into account religious and cultural differences, to effectively teach what the world considers to be the fundamental preparation of a citizen and professional for adulthood or for family relationships.

A deep emotional attachment to a family or school, a sense of responsibility for others, keeps children from criminal acts. The school in the Soviet tradition is more like a house inhabited by class-families. Always strong in the class informal relationships, children are emotionally attached to each other. For ten years they live as a family, grow up, make friends outside of school.

Unlike the Soviet and post-Soviet schools, which unite children for many years of joint study by almost family ties, the American general education school is like a large factory in which the student moves according to his own plan.

The gigantic size of American schools, reminiscent of space hangars, is also impressive. The system of primary, secondary and higher schools is built so that children of different ages study in separate schools. About 2,000 teenagers can study in an American school, while in our country a school with a total number of 700-1000 students aged 6 to 17 is considered to be large and overloaded. In fact, schools in the United States reach gigantic sizes - up to 5 thousand people!

Each lesson the child spends in a new group. There is no continuity between the subjects, a unified approach to education typical of us, teaching the best, classic examples of domestic and world culture.

In Russia, the content of education tends to represent the universe of the best and most important aspects of culture. Subjects such as mathematics and natural sciences are taught deeply and systematically, and in the study of history and literature, the continuity of cultural traditions is observed, the value of the country's intellectual heritage, represented in bright events and achievements.

In the United States, the ability to choose the topics and methods of the curriculum significantly reduces the ability to perceive cultural achievements. Subjects like math are often taught differently in different grades, at different levels. And the natural sciences - on the principle of "all or nothing", in other words, the entire course of physics can be completed in one year, the next year - the course of chemistry, and so on. If a student does not have a clear understanding of a topic in the first class session, they are unlikely to have another chance to catch up. History and literature are sometimes presented as a chaotic collection of topics.

But at the same time, in our school, children are not prepared for life in a democratic state, they do not form proper self-control, individual initiative and self-government. Our children are not ready for life in a rapidly developing society, they do not develop the skills of critical thinking, group work, solving atypical problems, and so on.

American schools more or less cope with these tasks, but only because they do not follow rigid regulations and value individual initiative and independence. In the Western version, separate courses are read to children, and teachers can repeat each other. Instead of relationships of emotional intimacy and empathy (when the whole class is a family), the American school cultivates the values ​​of individualism, competition, and independence.

American teachers encourage individual initiative of students, originality in solving educational problems. They do not insist on high discipline and unquestioning obedience, but they do not worry if one of the students does not show interest in their subject. The cornerstone of the American approach is that parents are responsible for the education of children. In the Soviet tradition, the school was responsible for both upbringing and education. The teacher was endowed with great authority, his instructions were in the nature of an order and were not discussed. Violation of regulations, failure to do homework served as a pretext for severe punishments and calling parents to school. A feature of American teachers is their “friendliness” (friendly), friendliness towards students. In this sense, they are role models, bearers of the norms of behavior of the average American. They do not have special privileges over students, but students cannot count on indulgence either. Relationships are of a partnership nature, built “in an adult way”.

The main differences in educational practices are reflected in Table. one.

Tab. 1. Comparison of educational practices

Turning to the relationship between parents and schools, it should be noted that volunteering, voluntary and free participation of parents in the organization of school life, is developed in American schools. Once or twice a week, parents come to the school to help teachers conduct an extracurricular activity, check schoolchildren's assignments, clean the classroom, plant flowers, etc. Russian emigrants are shocked by this practice, because in their homeland, calling a parent to school is an extraordinary event, fraught with troubles. In Russian practice, parents act as advocates for the interests of their children, if they are called to school, they themselves try not to interfere in school affairs, even if they are critical of some teachers. The main differences in parental behavior are reflected in Table. 2.

At the family level, the relationship between parents and children also differs. The typical American family, like the school, encourages the initiative of the child. A very common system of loans for help around the house: children are paid small cash rewards for their participation in household chores. Both father and mother should pay attention to children. The family is the same team as those who work in commercial firms. American parents are ready to discuss a variety of issues (including sexual ones) with their children. At the same time, according to press publications and analytical reports, the American family is going through its own crisis. Although the divorce rate has dropped, the number of people who want to get married has also dropped dramatically. The family is aging, marriages are made after the age of forty, and the resource for the upbringing and emotional support of children decreases accordingly. In case of divorce, the children can stay with the father. “American children have practically no grandparents,” notes one Russian teenage immigrant. “Americans never swear, but our parents love each other more than Americans” (echoes of the norms “He beats, it means he loves”, “Lovely ones scold - they only amuse themselves”) (Table 2).

Tab. 2. Comparison of parental behavior

Relations with peers are built differently in America. Teenagers, the children of our emigrants, complain that their American peers "do not know how to make friends." "They never invite you to their birthday party." "They never make friends after school." “If you meet an American guy on the street during the summer holidays, he will only say hello coldly and will not throw himself on your neck.”

When asked about differences in the ideals of love, our children say: “They can have sexual relationships without love.

Sex separately, love separately", "They love much more calmly than Russians", "If their girlfriend and boyfriend sleep with each other, this does not mean at all that they love each other." The main differences in the relationship of adolescents with classmates, identified on the basis of interviews with adolescents, are reflected in Table 3.

Tab. 3. Comparison of teenagers' relationships with classmates

The fundamental question is who should be responsible for the upbringing of a person - the school or the parents? In Soviet times, when the system of out-of-school upbringing and education was still working, our educational institutions were engaged in both the upbringing and education of children. An attempt to turn the arrows on the family in post-perestroika times is still turning into a sad fact: no one is responsible for the children.

The American school is more like a factory, where everyone moves according to their own plan, that is, they can spend one lesson in one group, the next in another team. The team is easily consolidated for a while around the solution of a problem, but its members do not care about how John's relationship with his girlfriend develops.

Our children have every reason to surpass children from America in formal intelligence, but as far as social skills are concerned, we systematically and deliberately deprive our children of autonomy and independence in decision-making. Letting them go to today's school, we can no longer count on the fact that the school will teach them how to live.

At the present time, young people have access to higher two-level education. Every student who in the future wants to become an excellent specialist in their chosen profile must clearly understand what bachelor's and master's programs are and how these degrees differ from each other. The difference between them is significant, each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Find out what are the features of these academic degrees.

What is a bachelor's degree

This is the first, basic stage of academic education. The conditions for accessing it are simple. You need to get a secondary, secondary special or vocational education. You can enter after graduating from the 11th grade of a school, a specialized college, a technical school, a college. There is a misconception that a bachelor's degree is an incomplete higher education. This is not true. A bachelor's degree is the first full-fledged stage of higher education, in the presence of which a person has the right to get a job in his specialty.

How many study

As a rule, the educational process lasts four years, although there are exceptions. A student receives an academic bachelor's degree after passing exams. It is worth noting that there are a number of specialties that even at the basic level cannot be mastered in 4 courses, especially in the medical and technical fields. Education at such faculties is divided into other stages that do not fit into the general concept of the European educational standard.

Undergraduate program

The plan is focused on giving the student practical knowledge in their chosen specialty. There are practically no narrowly focused disciplines in the educational program. If they are included, then with a minimum number of hours, and give only basic knowledge. The bachelor's degree was originally conceived for the student to choose a narrow specialty and consciously continue his studies in it at the magistracy. In Russian practice, this stage has become relatively independent.

Bachelor's degree programs have recently been divided into two categories according to a number of characteristics and tasks assigned to students, although this innovation is not yet practiced everywhere. Types of the first stage of academic education:

1. Applied. For students who plan to get a job immediately after graduation. Practical training is underway. The form of study at the applied bachelor's degree is only full-time.
2. Academic. Professional training of bachelors who plan to enroll in the future for a master's degree. The emphasis is on research work, many theoretical courses. You can study both full-time and part-time.

Bachelor in Russia

The program began to be introduced into the practice of our country after the signing of the Bologna Convention. The reform implies the gradual creation of a single educational space of the European standard. Higher education in all countries should be two-stage: undergraduate and graduate. Previously, students received a specialist diploma after studying for 5-6 years. Now this practice is gradually being abandoned, but so far the “specialist” level has not been completely abolished, because not all professions can be mastered in 4 years, even at the basic level.

What is a master's degree

This is the second stage of higher education, but in order to gain access to it, it is necessary to obtain the first. A person is considered a master after he completely completes the educational process. Bachelors and persons who received a specialty before the introduction of the Bologna system can enter the master's program free of charge. The course of subjects is chosen so that the student is maximally immersed in practical and scientific activities.

The programs are led by teachers of the highest qualification, doctors of sciences. From the very first semester, each student is assigned a mentor from among them. Under the guidance of a teacher, a person chooses the direction of scientific research and defends a master's thesis. During the training, the student receives pedagogical skills and at the end of the program can work as a teacher.

Why do you need

Many people do not understand why attend lectures for some more time, if after a bachelor's degree you can immediately get a job. A master's degree is necessary for a person in order for him to have the right to occupy leadership positions. To get a job in a number of specialties, you also need to get a second stage of higher education. In addition, a master's degree can be completed in order to get an education not in the initially chosen one, but in another specialty.

What gives

Education is not easy, but it brings many benefits. After graduating from the master's program, you will receive the following opportunities:

1. You will be able to hold leadership positions, work in professions that require both levels of higher education.
2. Professional growth will be rapid even under conditions of high competition.
3. You will receive a lot of useful and in-depth theoretical knowledge and practical skills.
4. If you realize that you have chosen a specialization by mistake, then the master's program gives you the right to change it.
5. The scholarship and other social guarantees (a place in a hostel, etc.) will be extended for a certain number of years.
6. You will have an open road to graduate school and teaching.

Is it necessary to go to a master's program after a bachelor's degree?

This decision is made by each individual. It would be objectively unfair to argue that a bachelor's degree is an inferior education. However, before making a decision about whether to go to a master's program, consider the following opportunities that it provides to a university graduate:

• the diploma is recognized internationally;
• experience of working with foreign teachers;
• conducting research and development for PhD work;
• the equivalence of foreign scientific PhD qualifications.

How to apply for a master's degree

Obtaining the second stage of higher education is possible only after completing a bachelor's degree. It will be necessary to pass an oral comprehensive interdisciplinary exam in the field of study. Its content and procedure are determined by each university, so they differ everywhere. The results are evaluated on a 100-point scale in accordance with the requirements of the Bologna system. The training lasts two years. It is not necessary to act immediately, first you can work in your specialty for several years.

Who can apply

To submit documents, you must have a higher professional education. A bachelor's degree, a specialist's degree, a master's degree will do. Of the additional documents, you need an application, an identity card, a medical certificate and several photographs. To enter on a budgetary basis, you need to have either a bachelor's degree or a specialist obtained before the Bologna process. Master's education may not be connected with the direction of fundamental training chosen last time.

Master's degree in another specialty

In the process of obtaining higher education, you can change its direction. You can take any specialty, but practice shows that it is preferable to choose an adjacent one. However, if you are sure that you have the necessary knowledge to pass the entrance exam for a completely different profession, there are no obstacles. A master's degree after a bachelor's degree in another specialty is available at any Russian university and even outside the country.

Paid by the employer

The labor legislation lists compensations and guarantees for employees who combine professional activities with training. For example, master's programs in a number of specialties, especially narrow scientific ones, are financed by the employer, to whom the funds will be transferred by the state. If the admission is a personal initiative of the employee, then he will have paid training, the company can only provide leave at its own expense.

If the second scientific stage is necessary for an employee for career growth in a particular organization, they do not have the right to dismiss him. In this situation, two scenarios are possible:

1. The employer pays all expenses related to education. This is done if the company is very interested in the employee.
2. The company gives days of paid leave to attend preparatory courses, lectures, and pass exams.

What is the difference between a bachelor's degree and a master's degree

The difference between these levels of education is not only in the number of job opportunities. What is the difference between a bachelor's degree and a master's degree? A few examples:

1. Only a bachelor's degree can enter the master's program.
2. Only a student who has an academic master's degree has the right to study in graduate school.
3. Undergraduate studies last four years. Master's degree - two.
4. The second stage of higher education can be obtained not in the specialty that you acquired at the bachelor's degree.
5. Who is a bachelor? It is focused on labor activity, practical use of acquired knowledge. In the magistracy, they prepare for work in the research field.
6. The second stage of higher education is not available in all educational institutions.

Bachelor's degree

This document confirming that a person has the first qualification stage of higher education provides him with the right to employment in the specialty he has received, as a rule, in the social and economic spheres. Its owner has the full right to continue education and enter the magistracy. In foreign practice, most people after receiving a bachelor's degree immediately get a job. Only those who plan to engage in science and research continue to study.

Master's degree

With such a document, a wide range of jobs is available to a person. A master's degree significantly increases your chances of finding a job in your specialty in analytical and research centers, large corporations. This diploma is a must-have for persons who plan to continue to enter graduate school or engage in teaching activities.

Levels of higher professional education

On September 1, 2013, a new law "On Education" comes into force. All information in this section is given in accordance with the new law.

The following levels of vocational education are established in the Russian Federation:

• - secondary vocational education
• - and levels of higher professional education:
  • - higher education - bachelor's degree;
  • - higher education - specialty, magistracy;
  • - higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Timing mastering the educational program of higher professional education in full-time education is established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The terms of study for part-time (evening) and part-time forms, as well as in the case of a combination of various forms of education in the implementation of undergraduate programs and specialist training programs, can be increased by 1 year, and master's programs - by 5 months compared to the terms of full-time study form based on the decision of the Academic Council of the higher educational institution.

Persons with secondary vocational education of the relevant profile can receive higher vocational education in shortened or accelerated bachelor's programs.

Educational programs of different levels are mastered in a higher educational institution in various forms, differing in the volume of compulsory classes of a teacher with a student (full-time, part-time (evening), part-time, in the form of an external student).

It is possible to combine various forms of education, including full-time education with work at an enterprise, institution, or organization.

For all forms of education, including in the case of their combination within a specific educational program, there are uniform state educational standards.

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Education in Russia

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Is a bachelor's degree a complete higher education or not? Levels of higher education

The modern system of higher education with its levels and options can confuse applicants and their parents. They often ask the representatives of the university administration whether a bachelor's degree is a complete higher education or not? Let's look at the modern education system, its nuances and features.

Features of modern higher education

Modern society is characterized by high mobility and steadily increasing information flow. To successfully fit into the new world, young people must have certain qualities. First of all it is:

• the ability to quickly switch between tasks;
• the ability to receive and filter out information;
• the ability to mobile use knowledge, and, if necessary, to acquire new ones.

Unfortunately, the system of higher education lagged behind the progress for quite a long time. Once having received a diploma of a specialist, a graduate became a professional in a rather narrow field. However, this does not imply a change in occupational activity.

To overcome the problem of low mobility, a system of graduated higher education was developed. And immediately a problem arose: is it considered that a bachelor's degree is a complete higher education or not? After all, the training time was reduced by a year, but at the same time, a master's degree was added as the next step.

Differences of bachelor's and master's qualifications from the specialist and from each other

With the advent of new names of specialties, many questions arise, primarily about how the bachelor's and master's programs differ. What was wrong with the specialist? And the most important question: is a bachelor's degree a complete higher education or not? The new is often scary, but progress cannot be stopped.

The main difference between a bachelor's qualification and a master's degree is the level. Both are full qualifications. Despite the questions of some employers that a bachelor's degree is a higher education or an incomplete higher education, the first option will be correct. However, there are significant differences:

• Bachelor's degree is the first stage of education. The diploma most often has an applied character and is aimed at practical activities;
• magistracy is the second stage of education. It can continue the direction of the bachelor's degree, or it can differ significantly;
• magistracy involves a deep study of the theoretical program and subsequent scientific or leadership activities;
• the standard study time for a bachelor's degree is four years, for a master's degree two years.

A little aside in modern higher education is the specialist. The list of professions that do not involve gradual education is very small. First of all, these are all medical specialties, as well as some engineering ones. The training program for these professions has not changed.

Incomplete higher education with a bachelor's degree

According to the Bologna system, there are two levels of education - master and bachelor. Complete or incomplete higher education? It depends on the timing and availability of supporting documents.

A student who has studied more than half, but has not received a diploma of completed higher education, is considered to have an incomplete higher education. For a bachelor's degree, this period is two years, provided that at least four consecutive sessions are closed with positive marks.

To confirm incomplete higher education, a student can request an academic certificate from the dean's office. This is an official document of strict accounting. It indicates the number and results of the disciplines studied. This certificate can be presented to the employer for obtaining a job that requires a certain qualification.

An academic certificate of incomplete higher education of a bachelor is required for transfer to another educational institution or to another faculty. This will save the student from re-studying the disciplines passed and allows you to put the Bologna system into practice.

Is modern complete higher education a bachelor's and a master's?

In today's world it is difficult to get a good job without education. This hackneyed truth pushes young people into universities. Often, admission to a particular specialty is dictated by the desire to simply get a diploma, reassure parents, and do something.

Some are lucky, and they find the work of a lifetime, while others realize that they are in the wrong place at all. Such situations often lead to the fact that the student stops learning, loses interest in learning new things, and begins to look for other options for activity.

In the system of step education, this problem is solved very simply. The studied disciplines involve the formation of certain competencies, which is very easy to transfer to any related specialty. In addition, in the first two years there is extensive theoretical preparation at the beginning of training. It allows you to change direction in senior courses. The modern education system assumes mobility and interchangeability within the framework of the stage.

Master's degree as a stage of higher education

If a bachelor's degree is obtained, but there is an urgent need to have a different education, knowledge and other specialty, a master's degree will come to the rescue as the second stage of education. If the question (a bachelor's degree is a complete higher education or not) puzzles some, then everything is clear regarding the second stage.

Master's degree is the second stage of higher education. The corresponding degree can only be obtained on the basis of an initial (bachelor's) or specialist degree. However, not all students who have studied for four years at the first stage can study further. The magistracy assumes a strong basic knowledge, good preparation in all subjects and a desire to engage in scientific activities.

• the opportunity to change the direction of education according to their priorities;
• the opportunity to continue education after a few years;
• in-depth study of disciplines allows subsequently to occupy leadership positions and conduct scientific activities.

Employer Benefits of Graduated Education

Employers still doubt the advantage of a bachelor's degree. And this despite the fact that at present he makes up the vast majority of graduates of universities, academies and institutes.

Do not be afraid to hire a graduate with an entry in the Bachelor's degree. This is a complete higher education. An employee with such a diploma has undergone comprehensive theoretical and practical training and is ready for work.

What is the difference between higher education and higher education

On the territory of the Russian Federation, the following levels of higher professional education are generally accepted:

1. Bachelor (at least four years of study)
2. Certified Specialist (at least five years of study)
3. Master (study period of at least six years)

The multilevel system of higher education has been mastered since 1992. Such a system is popular in many civilized countries of the world. Previously, the program was one-stage, that is, everyone studied for five or six years and graduated as graduates. Now the program is multi-stage. Not complete higher is two years of education. After four years of study in the chosen field, you get a bachelor's degree. Then another two years of specialized training and already a master's degree. With all this, in parallel with a bachelor's and master's degree, a specialist studies for five or six years.

Despite the specific features, the applicant should think in advance which path he will choose.

The subtleties of obtaining higher professional education

What happens: a diploma of a practitioner - a specialist for five years (agronomist, mechanic, mechanic, economist), then work in the specialty. It takes five years for bachelors to obtain a diploma of higher education, then if there is a desire to study for a master, this is plus another two years. You can only apply for a master's degree if you have a bachelor's degree.

Admission to the magistracy is carried out on a competitive basis. Both bachelors and specialists have the same training program for the first two years. In the event that something does not suit you or for some other reason you do not want to continue to receive education, the diploma will be about incomplete higher professional education. Starting from the third year, the programs of study of bachelors and specialists differ.

Master and Specialist

The difference between a specialist and a master is the fact that masters are trained for scientific work, but specialists for activities in a particular area. If you have a bachelor's degree from one university, you can enroll in a master's degree at a completely different institution of higher education. At the same time, one should take into account the fact that there may not be great difficulties in the difference between curricula.

Unpreparedness of universities

As a rule, everything new takes time to get used to this new one and get used to it. Despite the fact that the system of obtaining higher professional education was changed back in 1992, some universities turned out to be unprepared for such reforms. Many state higher educational institutions both trained only specialists and continue to produce only specialists. Most universities do not separate directions and specialties in the first four years. In non-state universities, only bachelors are trained.

Differences

A clear difference between higher and higher vocational education is the very fact of training specialists. If earlier a specialist received specific knowledge in one area, then with a multi-level training program, knowledge is more in-depth and extensive.

Employment of a bachelor, master or specialist

The trend continues to be bachelor is reluctant to hire. The reason is that most of the current leadership received higher education in the Soviet era, when everyone was only specialists, and the word bachelor meant something foreign. Do not forget that specialists were trained in a narrow profile, while the bachelor's degree has a general scientific program (due to the fact that the bachelor studied for only four years, he receives fundamental knowledge, without studying a narrow profile). Under the law, a bachelor has every right to get a qualified job. But they are more willing to take masters and specialists.

Is a bachelor a higher education or not (how does it differ from a specialist)?

? Quite recently, this issue did not bother applicants entering the universities of our country. But the time has come, and the options for higher education have diversified: now there is a specialist, a master's degree, and a bachelor's degree. For an informed choice, you need to know how one option differs from another and how they are beneficial for the future life of yesterday's schoolchild.

Bachelor's and Master's programs - "foreigners"

Until 1996, domestic universities only trained specialists. With rare exceptions, the duration of the educational program in which students studied was 5 years. Thus, there was a single level of higher education - a specialist.

The foundations for the emergence of different formats of "tower" were laid in 1996, when the law "On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education" was adopted in Russia. It was then that the reform of the educational system began in order to bring it to the pan-European principles.

Degree appeared bachelor, relevant programs were developed and the admission of applicants began. Despite the fact that the bachelor's degree allows for a period of study from 4 to 6 years, the vast majority of Russian programs were focused on a four-year period of study.

The reduction in the terms of study looked both tempting and doubtful, therefore, a natural mistrust arose among those entering universities and the question: is a bachelor's degree or not? Although undergraduate programs were taught in higher education institutions, many students still considered this level of education to be something akin to the average professional. Naturally, the prestige of the "crusts" of the bachelor was incomparable with specialist diploma.

In 2003, the Russian Federation signed the Bologna Declaration of 06/19/1999, and domestic universities also opened a master's program. This step brought the domestic education system even closer to the European one, but the choice of students became more complicated.

European education system. What is the difference between a master's degree and a bachelor's degree?

In the European education system, such levels as bachelor's and master's degrees have existed for a long time - and both of these educations are higher. But what is the difference between a master's degree and a bachelor's degree? The difference, first of all, is in the training programs: more complex programs are being developed for the master's program - accordingly, the training period is lengthened.

If between qualifications master and bachelor difference consists in training programs, then what additional knowledge can a master expect? Basically, this is more in-depth knowledge in the direction of specialization chosen by the student. Under the master's program, the student will acquire knowledge that will allow him to continue theoretical scientific work in the chosen direction, and not just work in the specialty he has received. A bachelor, in the course of a shorter period of study, receives only the level of knowledge that is useful to him in his professional (rather than scientific) activities.

Thus, the European education program has a clear distinction between training: for those who will practice the acquired knowledge in the workplace ( bachelors), and those who, after graduation from the university, will continue their scientific activity ( masters).

Such a consistent system, adopted by domestic practice, has formed an opinion about the lower prestige of a bachelor's degree.

It is partly true, since, based on the provisions of Article 10 of the Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” No. 273-FZ of December 29, 2012, we can conclude that a bachelor’s degree is a higher education of level I out of 3 existing ones.

But in fact, the difference between a specialist, a bachelor and a master is not in the quality of education, but in order to receive it - the bachelor's degree is aimed at studying the basic disciplines exactly to the extent that is necessary for working in the specialty.

That is, the current education system allows the applicant to choose the format and term of study that will be more convenient for him. But why then does the specialty still exist and what is its difference?

What is the difference between a specialist's degree and a bachelor's and master's degree?

First, the deadline. A specialty is a traditional form of domestic education lasting from 5 to 6 years. A bachelor's degree is a form of education borrowed from the European system, in which the training course lasts, as a rule, 4 years. The training of masters lasts an average of 6 years. All these are types of higher education, although there are certain nuances.

Secondly, these are programs for future masters, bachelors and specialists. And most importantly What is the difference between a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree? in this regard, it is an orientation towards the practical side of education.

In the near future, due to the expected changes in the Bologna Declaration, the specialties will cease to exist, and the dilemma " specialist or bachelor' will cease to be relevant. However, on this moment specialty exists. Few universities retain it as one of the levels of education in some areas, and specialist graduates still retain the opportunity to continue their studies in graduate school.

And the opportunity to enter graduate school is what distinguishes a specialist from a bachelor. In order to continue education and scientific activity, a bachelor's degree is not enough for a student - you need to complete a master's degree or a specialist with advanced courses. Otherwise, a bachelor graduate will not be able to enter graduate school.

Therefore, if you do not delve into the details of reforming the domestic education system, a specialist can be considered simply a legacy of the past, a transitional form that should disappear after the final transition to a Europeanized two-level system.

Specialist, bachelor or master - which diploma is better?

The future student must answer this question for himself. The prestige of "crusts" about higher education in Russia is gradually giving way to the understanding that education should primarily be of practical use (and practicality is the main thing, What is the difference between a bachelor's degree and a master's degree).

Thus, the answer to the question Bachelor is higher education or not? will be unambiguously positive. Confirmation is the federal law "On Education in the Russian Federation", which lists 3 levels of higher education:

Their graduates receive, respectively, degrees specialist, bachelor and master, difference between which lies in the degree of specialization, and not in the prestige or level of education.

Man is a social being. And the world is so arranged that it is natural for a person to learn throughout his life, he constantly acquires new knowledge and skills. Let's see what levels of education are in the Russian education system. According to the Law of the Russian Federation on Education, the education system includes the following levels:

• preschool;
• General;
• Professional (secondary and higher);
• Post-graduate professional education;

Since preschool and general education have already passed the stage for us, let us dwell in more detail on the levels of vocational education.

What are the levels of education?

Vocational education in Russia is divided into:

1. Specialized secondary;
2. Higher, which, in turn, has 2 levels: undergraduate, as well as specialist and magistracy.

Secondary specialized education implies obtaining a specialty in educational institutions of the I-II level of accreditation (colleges, technical schools) on the basis of general basic or complete education. As a rule, secondary specialized educational institutions train mid-level specialists in almost all areas. The learning process lasts 2-3 years.

Higher education can be obtained in the country's universities (universities, institutes, academies) on the basis of complete general or secondary specialized education. The first level of higher education is a bachelor's degree. In fact, a bachelor's degree is a full-fledged higher education, in a shorter time (4 years). This level of higher education appeared in Russia after its accession to the Bologna process. After receiving a bachelor's degree, it is possible to continue studying with a narrower specialization in the master's program.

Training under the specialist's programs has been preserved in a few specialties approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, it implies training for 5 years or more. After completing the course of the specialist, the student becomes a certified specialist and can, if desired, continue his studies in the magistracy. However, having received the title of a specialist, it will not work to enter a master's program on a budget, since this will be equated with a second higher education.

Specialist and magistracy are at the same level of higher education, the only difference is that a specialist is considered a professional in a narrower field. A specialist diploma is highly valued in Russia (more than a bachelor's degree), but in Europe there may be problems with the recognition of a specialist diploma, since there are only bachelor's and master's degrees.

Unlike a specialist's degree, a master's degree involves a more in-depth specialization and the ability to solve complex problems. Professionals graduated from the master's program can engage in research and analytical work. A master's degree will require 2 years of study.

We hope that this material has helped you understand what levels of education are in our country and choose the best option for yourself.