Year of writing:

1877

Reading time:

Description of the work:

The widely known poem Who Lives Well in Russia was written in 1877 by the Russian writer Nikolai Nekrasov. It took many years to create it - Nekrasov worked on the poem from 1863-1877. It is interesting that some ideas and thoughts arose from Nekrasov back in the 50s. He thought to capture in the poem Whom in Russia to live well as much as possible everything that he knew about the people and heard from the lips of people.

Below, read a summary of the poem Who lives well in Russia.

One day, seven men converge on the high road - recent serfs, and now temporarily liable "from adjacent villages - Zaplatova, Dyryavin, Razutov, Znobishina, Gorelova, Neyolova, Neurozhayka, too." Instead of going their own way, the peasants start a dispute about who in Russia lives happily and freely. Each of them judges in his own way who is the main lucky man in Russia: a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a noble boyar, a minister of sovereigns or a tsar.

During the argument, they do not notice that they gave a detour of thirty miles. Seeing that it is too late to return home, the men make a fire and continue to argue over vodka - which, of course, little by little turns into a fight. But even a fight does not help to resolve the issue that worries the men.

The solution is found unexpectedly: one of the peasants, Pahom, catches a warbler chick, and in order to free the chick, the warbler tells the peasants where they can find a self-assembled tablecloth. Now the peasants are provided with bread, vodka, cucumbers, kvass, tea - in a word, everything they need for a long journey. And besides, the self-assembled tablecloth will repair and wash their clothes! Having received all these benefits, the peasants give a vow to find out "who lives happily, freely in Russia."

The first possible "lucky man" they met along the way is a priest. (It was not for the oncoming soldiers and beggars to ask about happiness!) But the priest's answer to the question of whether his life is sweet disappoints the peasants. They agree with the priest that happiness lies in peace, wealth and honor. But the pop does not possess any of these benefits. In haymaking, in stubble, in a dead autumn night, in severe frost, he must go where there are sick, dying and being born. And every time his soul hurts at the sight of grave sobs and orphan sorrow - so that his hand does not rise to take copper nickels - a miserable reward for the demand. The landlords, who formerly lived in family estates and got married here, baptized children, buried the dead, are now scattered not only in Russia, but also in distant foreign land; there is no hope for their reward. Well, the peasants themselves know what honor the priest is: they feel embarrassed when the priest blames obscene songs and insults against priests.

Realizing that the Russian pop is not among the lucky ones, the peasants go to the festive fair in the trading village of Kuzminskoye to ask the people about happiness there. In a rich and dirty village there are two churches, a tightly boarded-up house with the inscription "school", a paramedic's hut, a dirty hotel. But most of all in the village of drinking establishments, in each of which they barely manage to cope with the thirsty. Old man Vavila cannot buy his granddaughter goat's shoes, because he drank himself to a penny. It’s good that Pavlusha Veretennikov, a lover of Russian songs, whom everyone calls “master” for some reason, buys a treasured gift for him.

Wandering peasants watch the farcical Petrushka, watch how the officers pick up book goods - but by no means Belinsky and Gogol, but portraits of fat generals unknown to anyone and works about "my lord stupid." They also see how a busy trading day ends: rampant drunkenness, fights on the way home. However, the peasants are indignant at Pavlusha Veretennikov's attempt to measure the peasant by the master's measure. In their opinion, it is impossible for a sober person to live in Russia: he will not endure either overwork or peasant misfortune; without drinking, bloody rain would have poured out of the angry peasant soul. These words are confirmed by Yakim Nagoi from the village of Bosovo - one of those who "work to death, drink half to death." Yakim believes that only pigs walk the earth and do not see the sky for a century. During a fire, he himself did not save money accumulated over a lifetime, but useless and beloved pictures that hung in the hut; he is sure that with the cessation of drunkenness, great sadness will come to Russia.

Wandering men do not lose hope of finding people who live well in Russia. But even for the promise to give water to the lucky ones for free, they fail to find those. For the sake of a gratuitous drink, both an overworked worker, and a former courtyard stricken with paralysis, who for forty years licked the master's plates with the best French truffle, and even ragged beggars are ready to declare themselves lucky.

Finally, someone tells them the story of Ermil Girin, a steward in the estate of Prince Yurlov, who has earned universal respect for his justice and honesty. When Girin needed money to buy the mill, the peasants lent it to him without even asking for a receipt. But Yermil is now unhappy: after the peasant revolt, he is in jail.

About the misfortune that befell the nobles after the peasant reform, the ruddy sixty-year-old landowner Gavrila Obolt-Obolduev tells the peasant wanderers. He recalls how in the old days everything amused the master: villages, forests, fields, serf actors, musicians, hunters, who belonged undividedly to him. Obolt-Obolduev tells with tenderness how, on the twelfth holidays, he invited his serfs to pray in the manor's house - despite the fact that after that they had to drive women from all over the estate to wash the floors.

And although the peasants themselves know that life in serf times was far from the idyll drawn by Obolduev, they nevertheless understand: the great chain of serfdom, having broken, hit both the master, who at once lost his usual way of life, and the peasant.

Desperate to find a happy man among the men, the wanderers decide to ask the women. The surrounding peasants remember that Matrena Timofeevna Korchagina lives in the village of Klin, whom everyone considers lucky. But Matrona herself thinks otherwise. In confirmation, she tells the wanderers the story of her life.

Before her marriage, Matryona lived in a non-drinking and prosperous peasant family. She married Philip Korchagin, a stove-maker from a foreign village. But the only happy night for her was that night when the groom persuaded Matryona to marry him; then the usual hopeless life of a village woman began. True, her husband loved her and beat her only once, but soon he went to work in St. Petersburg, and Matryona was forced to endure insults in her father-in-law's family. The only one who felt sorry for Matryona was grandfather Saveliy, who lived out his life in the family after hard labor, where he ended up for the murder of the hated German manager. Savely told Matryona what Russian heroism is: a peasant cannot be defeated, because he "bends, but does not break."

The birth of the first-born Demushka brightened up the life of Matryona. But soon her mother-in-law forbade her to take the child into the field, and old grandfather Savely did not follow the baby and fed him to the pigs. In front of Matryona, the judges who arrived from the city performed an autopsy on her child. Matryona could not forget her first child, although after she had five sons. One of them, the shepherd Fedot, once allowed a she-wolf to carry away a sheep. Matrena took upon herself the punishment assigned to her son. Then, being pregnant with her son Liodor, she was forced to go to the city to seek justice: her husband, bypassing the laws, was taken to the soldiers. Matryona was then helped by the governor Elena Alexandrovna, for whom the whole family is now praying.

By all peasant standards, the life of Matryona Korchagina can be considered happy. But it is impossible to tell about the invisible spiritual storm that passed through this woman - just like about unrequited mortal insults, and about the blood of the firstborn. Matrena Timofeevna is convinced that a Russian peasant woman cannot be happy at all, because the keys to her happiness and free will are lost from God himself.

In the midst of haymaking, wanderers come to the Volga. Here they witness a strange scene. A noble family swims up to the shore in three boats. The mowers, who have just sat down to rest, immediately jump up to show the old master their zeal. It turns out that the peasants of the village of Vakhlachina help the heirs to hide the abolition of serfdom from the landowner Utyatin, who has lost his mind. For this, the relatives of the Last Duck-Duck promise the peasants floodplain meadows. But after the long-awaited death of the Afterlife, the heirs forget their promises, and the whole peasant performance turns out to be in vain.

Here, near the village of Vakhlachin, wanderers listen to peasant songs - corvée, hungry, soldier's, salty - and stories about serf times. One of these stories is about the serf of the exemplary Jacob the faithful. Yakov's only joy was to please his master, the petty landowner Polivanov. Samodur Polivanov, in gratitude, beat Yakov in the teeth with his heel, which aroused even greater love in the lackey's soul. By old age, Polivanov lost his legs, and Yakov began to follow him as if he were a child. But when Yakov's nephew, Grisha, decided to marry the serf beauty Arisha, out of jealousy, Polivanov sent the guy to the recruits. Yakov began to drink, but soon returned to the master. And yet he managed to take revenge on Polivanov - the only way available to him, in a lackey way. Having brought the master into the forest, Yakov hanged himself right above him on a pine tree. Polivanov spent the night under the corpse of his faithful serf, driving away birds and wolves with groans of horror.

Another story - about two great sinners - is told to the peasants by God's wanderer Iona Lyapushkin. The Lord awakened the conscience of the ataman of the robbers Kudeyar. The robber prayed for sins for a long time, but all of them were released to him only after he killed the cruel Pan Glukhovsky in a surge of anger.

Wandering men also listen to the story of another sinner - Gleb the elder, who hid the last will of the late widower admiral for money, who decided to free his peasants.

But not only wandering peasants think about the happiness of the people. The son of a sacristan, seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, lives in Vakhlachin. In his heart, love for the deceased mother merged with love for the whole of Vahlachina. For fifteen years, Grisha knew for sure whom he was ready to give his life, for whom he was ready to die. He thinks of all mysterious Russia as a miserable, abundant, powerful and powerless mother, and expects that the indestructible strength that he feels in his own soul will still be reflected in her. Such strong souls, like those of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the angel of mercy himself calls for an honest path. Fate prepares Grisha "a glorious path, a loud name of the people's intercessor, consumption and Siberia."

If the wandering men knew what was happening in the soul of Grisha Dobrosklonov, they would surely understand that they could already return to their native roof, because the goal of their journey had been achieved.

Everyone left the house on business, but during the argument they did not notice how evening had come. They had already gone far from their homes, thirty versts, decided to rest until the sun. They kindled a fire, sat down to feast. They argued again, defending their point of view, and got into a fight.

Prologue

In what year - count

In what land - guess

On the pillar path

Seven men came together:

Seven temporarily liable,

tightened province,

County Terpigorev,

empty parish,

From adjacent villages:

Zaplatova, Dyryavina,

Razutova, Znobishina,

Gorelova, Neelova -

Also crop failure

Agreed - and argued:

Who has fun

Feel free in Russia?

Roman said: to the landowner,

Demyan said: to the official,

Luke said: ass.

Fat-bellied merchant! -

Gubin brothers said

Ivan and Mitrodor.

Old man Pahom pushed

And he said, looking at the ground:

noble boyar,

Minister of the State.

And Prov said: to the king...

Man what a bull: vtemyashitsya

In the head what a whim -

Stake her from there

You won’t knock out: they rest,

Everyone is on their own!

Everyone left the house on business, but during the argument they did not notice how evening had come. They had already gone far from their homes, thirty versts, decided to rest until the sun. They kindled a fire, sat down to feast. They argued again, defending their point of view, and got into a fight. The tired peasants decided to go to bed, but then Pakhomushka caught a chick and dreamed: if only he could fly around Russia on wings and find out; who lives “fun, at ease in Russia?” And every peasant adds that wings are not needed, but if there was food, they would bypass Russia with their own feet and find out the truth. The chiffchaff that has flown in asks to let her chick go, and for this she promises a “large ransom”: she will give a self-assembled tablecloth that will feed them on the way, and she will also give clothes with shoes.

The peasants sat down by the tablecloth and vowed not to return home until they “find a solution” to their dispute.

Part one

Chapter I

The men are walking along the road, and all around is “uncomfortable”, “abandoned land”, everything is flooded with water, not without reason “it snowed every day”. They meet the same peasants along the way, only in the evening they met the priest. The peasants took off their hats and blocked his way, the priest was frightened, but they told him about their dispute. They ask the priest "without laughter and without cunning" to answer them. Pop says:

“What is happiness, in your opinion?

Peace, wealth, honor?

Isn't that right, dear ones?"

"Now let's see, brethren,

What is the rest of the ass?

From birth, the teaching of a priest is difficult:

Our roads are difficult

We have a large income.

Sick, dying

Born into the world

Do not choose time:

In stubble and haymaking,

In the dead of autumn night

In winter, in severe frosts,

And in the spring flood -

Go where you are called!

You go unconditionally.

And let only the bones

One broke,

Not! Every time it gets dirty

The soul will hurt.

Do not believe, Orthodox,

There is a limit to habit.

No heart enduring

Without some trepidation

death rattle,

grave sob,

Orphan sorrow!

Then the priest tells how they mock the priestly tribe, mocking the priests and priests. Thus, there is no peace, no honor, no money, the parishes are poor, the landowners live in cities, and the peasants abandoned by them are in poverty. Not that they, but the pop sometimes gives them money, because. they are dying of hunger. Having told his sad story, the priest went, and the peasants scolded Luka, who shouted out the priest. Luke stood silent,

I was afraid would not have laid

Comrades on the side.

Chapter II

VILLAGE FAIR

No wonder the peasants scold the spring: there is water all around, there is no greenery, the cattle must be driven out into the field, but there is still no grass. They walk past empty villages, wondering where all the people have gone. The “child” who met him explains that everyone went to the village of Kuzminskoye for the fair. The men also decide to go there to look for a happy one. A trading village is described, rather dirty, with two churches: Old Believer and Orthodox, there is a school and a hotel. There is a rich fair nearby. People drink, walk, have fun and cry. The Old Believers are angry at the dressed-up peasants, they say that in the red chintz they wear, “dog's blood”, so be hungry! Wanderers

walk around the fair and admire different goods. A crying old man comes across: he drank away the money and there is nothing to buy shoes for his granddaughter, but he promised, and the granddaughter is waiting. Pavlusha Veretennikov, the “master”, rescued Vavila, bought shoes for his granddaughter. The old man for joy even forgot to thank his benefactor. There is also a bookstore that sells all sorts of nonsense. Nekrasov bitterly exclaims:

Eh! eh! will the time come

When (come, welcome! ..)

Let the peasant understand

What is a portrait of a portrait,

What is a book a book?

When a man is not Blucher

And not my lord stupid -

Belinsky and Gogol

Will you carry it from the market?

Oh, people, Russian people!

Orthodox peasants!

Have you ever heard

Are you these names?

Those are great names

They wore them glorified

Protectors of the people!

Here you would have their portraits

Hang in your boots,

The wanderers went to the farce “...Listen, take a look. // A comedy with Petrushka, .. // To a hozhal, quarterly // Not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye!” Wanderers “left the bustling village” by evening

Chapter III

DRUNK NIGHT

Everywhere the peasants see returning, sleeping drunks. Fragmentary phrases, fragments of conversations and songs rush from all sides. A drunk guy buries a zipun in the middle of the road and is sure that he is burying his mother; there the men are fighting, the drunken women are scolding in the ditch, in whose house is the worst - The road is crowded

What later is uglier:

More and more often come across

Beaten, crawling

Lying in a layer.

At the tavern, the peasants met Pavlusha Veretennikov, who bought the peasant's shoes for his granddaughter. Pavlusha wrote down peasant songs and said, what

“Smart Russian peasants,

One is not good

That they drink to the point of stupefaction, .. "

But one drunk shouted out: “And we work more, .. // And more sober us.”

Sweet peasant food

All century saw iron

Chews, but does not eat!

You work alone

And a little work is over,

Look, there are three equity holders:

God, king and lord!

There is no measure for Russian hops.

Did they measure our grief?

Is there a measure for work?

A man does not measure trouble,

Copes with everything

Whatever come.

A man, working, does not think,

What forces will break

So really over the glass

to think what's with the excess

Will you fall into a ditch?

Regret - sorry skillfully,

To the master's measure

Don't kill the peasant!

Not white women are tender,

And we are great people.

At work and in the party!

“Write: In the village of Bosov

Yakim Nagoi lives

He works to death

Drinks half to death!..”

Yakim lived in St. Petersburg, but he decided to compete with the "merchant", so he ended up in prison. Since then, thirty years "fried on a strip under the sun." Once he bought pictures for his son, hung them on the walls of the hut. Yakim had accumulated "thirty-five rubles". There was a fire, he would save money, and he began to collect pictures. Rubles have merged into a lump, now they give eleven rubles for them.

The peasants agree with Yakim:

“We drink - it means we feel the power!

Great sadness will come

How to stop drinking!

Work would not fail

Trouble would not prevail

Hops will not overcome us!”

Then a daring Russian song “about the Volga-mother”, “about girlish beauty” burst out.

The wandering peasants refreshed themselves at the self-collection tablecloth, left Roman on guard by the bucket, and themselves went to look for the lucky one.

Chapter IV

HAPPY

In the noisy crowd festive

Strangers wandered around

Called the call:

"Hey! is there no happy place?

Appear! When it turns out

that you live happily

We have a bucket ready:

Drink as much as you like -

We will treat you to glory!..”

Many “hunters to sip free wine” gathered.

The deacon who came said that happiness is in "complacency", but he was driven away. The “old old woman” came and said that she was happy: in the fall, she had born up to a thousand turnips on a small ridge. They laughed at her, but they did not give vodka. A soldier came and said that he is happy

“...What in twenty battles

I was, not killed!

Walked neither full nor hungry,

And death did not give!

Mercilessly I beat with sticks,

And at least feel it - it's alive!

The soldier was given a drink:

You are happy - no words!

“The Stonemason from Olonchan” came to boast of his strength. They brought it to him too. A muzhik came with shortness of breath and advised the Olon resident not to show off his strength. He was also strong, but overstrained himself, lifting fourteen pounds to the second floor. A “yard man” came and boasted that the boyar Peremetyev had a favorite slave and was ill with a noble disease - “according to her, I am a nobleman.” “Po-da-groy is called!” But the peasants did not bring him a drink. The “yellow-haired Belarusian” came and said that he was happy that he was eating enough rye bread. A man came "with a folded cheekbone." Three of his comrades were broken by bears, but he is alive. They brought it to him. The beggars came and boasted of their happiness that they were served everywhere.

Our wanderers have realized

That they were wasting vodka for nothing.

By the way, and a bucket,

End. “Well, it will be with you!

Hey, happiness man!

Leaky with patches

Humpbacked with calluses

Get off home!”

They advise the peasants to look for Ermil Girin - that's who is happy. Yermila kept the mill. They decided to sell it, Yermila bargained, one rival was left - the merchant Altynnikov. But Yermil outbid the miller. It is only necessary to pay a third of the price, but Yermil did not have any money with him. He Interrogated a half-hour delay. The court was surprised that he would make it in half an hour, to drive home thirty-five miles, but they gave him half an hour. Yermil came to the marketplace, and that day there was a market. Yermil turned to the people to give him a loan:

"Shut up, listen,

I'll tell you a word!"

“For a long time the merchant Altynnikov

Wooed to the mill

I didn't make a mistake either

Five times I consulted in the city, ..”

Today I arrived “without a penny”, but they appointed a bargain and laugh, what

(outwitted:

“Cunning, strong clerks,

And their world is stronger, .. "

“If you know Yermila,

If you believe Yermil,

So help me out, eh! ..”

And a miracle happened

All over the marketplace

Every peasant has

Like the wind half left

It turned over suddenly!

The clerks were surprised,

Altynnikov turned green,

When he's full of a thousand

They put it on the table!

On the following Friday, Yermil “people were counting on the same square.” Although he did not write down how much he took from whom, “Yermil did not have to give a penny extra.” There was an extra ruble left, until the evening Yermil was looking for the owner, and in the evening he gave it to the blind, because the owner was not found. Wanderers are interested in how Yermil won such authority among the people. Twenty years ago he was a clerk, helping the peasants without extorting money from them. Then the whole patrimony chose Yermila as a steward. And Yermil served the people honestly for seven years, and then, instead of his brother Mitriy, he gave the widow's son as a soldier. From remorse, Yermil wanted to hang himself. They returned the boy to the widow so that Yermil would not do anything to himself. No matter how they asked him, he resigned from his post, rented a mill and ground everyone without deceit. The wanderers want to find Yermila, but the priest said that he was in prison. There was a peasant revolt in the province, nothing helped, they called Yermila. The peasants believed him, but, without finishing the story, the narrator hurried home, promising to finish it later. Suddenly a bell was heard. The peasants rushed to the road, seeing the landowner.

Chapter V

landlord

It was the landowner Gavrila Afanasyevich Obolt-Obolduev. He was frightened when he saw “seven tall men” in front of the troika, and, drawing a pistol, began to threaten the men, but they told him that they were not robbers, but wanted to know if he was a happy person?

“Tell us Godly

Is the landowner's life sweet?

You are like - at ease, happily,

Landowner, do you live?”

“Having laughed his fill,” the landowner began to say that he was of an ancient family. His family originates two hundred and fifty years ago through his father and three hundred years ago through his mother. There was a time, says the landowner, when everyone showed them respect, everything around was the property of the family. It used to be that holidays were arranged for a month. What luxurious hunts there were in the autumn! And he speaks poetically about it. Then he remembers that he punished the peasants, but lovingly. But on Christ's resurrection he kissed everyone, did not disdain anyone. The peasants heard the funeral bells. And the landowner said:

“They are not calling for a peasant!

Through life according to the landowner's

They call! .. Oh, life is wide!

Sorry, goodbye forever!

Farewell to landlord Russia!

Now Russia is not the same!”

According to the landowner, his estate was transferred, the estates are dying, forests are cut down, the land is not cultivated. The people are drinking.

Literates shout that they need to work, but the landlords are not used to:

“I will tell you, without boasting,

I live almost without a break

Forty years in the village

And from a rye ear

I can’t distinguish barley,

And they sing to me: “Work hard!”

The landowner is crying, because the free life has ended: “The great chain has broken,

Torn - jumped:

One end on the master,

Another man! ..”

Part two

PEASANT WOMAN

Prologue

“Not everything between men

look for happy

Let's touch the women!” -

Our wanderers decided

And they began to question the women.

They said how they cut it off:

“We don’t have such

And there is in the village of Klin:

Holmogory cow

Not a woman! wiser

And more ironically - there is no woman.

Ask Korchagina

Matryona Timofeevna,

She is the Governor...

Wanderers go and admire the bread, flax:

All garden vegetables

Ripe: children run around

Some with turnips, some with carrots,

sunflower peeling,

And the women are pulling beets,

Such a good beet!

Just like red boots

They lie on the strip.

Wanderers came across the estate. The gentlemen live abroad, the clerk is dying, and the courtyards wander like restless, looking for what they can steal: They caught all the crucians in the pond.

The paths are so dirty

What a shame! with stone girls

Broken noses!

Missing fruits and berries

Lost swan geese

Have a lackey in the goiter!

Wanderers went from the manor to the village. The strangers sighed lightly:

Them after the yard aching

seemed beautiful

healthy, singing

A crowd of reapers and reapers,

They met with Matryona Timofeevna, for whose sake they had come a long way.

Matrena Timofeevna

stubborn woman,

Wide and dense

Thirty-eight years old.

Beautiful; gray hair,

The eyes are large, stern,

Eyelashes are the richest

Stern and swarthy

She has a white shirt on

Yes, the sundress is short,

Yes, a sickle over the shoulder.

“What do you guys need?”

Wanderers persuade a peasant woman to tell about her life. Matrena Timofeevna refuses:

“Our ears are already shedding,

Hands are missing, dear"

And what are we, godfather?

Come on sickles! All seven

How will we become tomorrow - By the evening

We will harvest all your rye!

Then she agreed:

“I won’t hide anything!”

While Matryona Timofeevna was in charge of the household, the peasants sat down near the self-assembled tablecloth.

The stars have set

Through the dark blue sky

The month has become high,

When the hostess came

And became our wanderers

“Open your whole soul...”

Chapter I

BEFORE MARRIAGE

I was lucky in the girls:

We had a good

Non-drinking family.

Parents did not live their daughter, but not for long. At the age of five, they began to accustom them to cattle, and from the age of seven she herself went after the cow, brought lunch to her father in the field, grazed ducklings, went for mushrooms and berries, ted the hay ... There was enough work. She was a master of singing and dancing. Filipp Korchagin, a “Petersburg worker”, a stove-maker, got married.

Grieved, wept bitterly,

And the girl did the work:

On the betrothed sideways

Looked at.

Pretty-ruddy, broad-powerful,

Rus hair, quiet conversation -

Fell on the heart of Philip!

Matrena Timofeevna sings an old song, recalls her wedding.

Chapter II

SONGS

The wanderers sing along to Matryona Timofeevna.

The family was big

Grumpy... I sniffed

From girlish holi to hell!

The husband went to work, and she ordered her sister-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law to endure. The husband returned and Matryona cheered up.

Philip on the Annunciation

Gone, and to Kazanskaya

I gave birth to a son.

What a handsome son! And then the master's manager tortured me with his courtship. Matryona rushed to Grandfather Savely.

What to do! Teach!

Of all her husband's relatives, one grandfather felt sorry for her.

Well, that's it! special speech

It's a sin to keep silent about grandfather.

Lucky was also...

Chapter III

SAVELY, BOGATYR SVYATORUSSKY

Saveliy, Holy Russian hero.

With a huge gray mane,

Tea, twenty years uncut,

With a big beard

Grandpa looked like a bear

Especially as in the forest,

Bending down, he left.

At first, she was afraid of him that if he straightened up, he would break through the ceiling with his head. But he could not straighten up; he was said to be a hundred years old. Grandfather lived in a special room

Didn't like family...

He didn’t let anyone in, and the family called him “branded, convict”. To which the grandfather cheerfully replied:

“Branded, but not a slave!”

Grandfather often played evil tricks on relatives. In summer, he hunted mushrooms and berries, birds and small animals in the forest, and in winter he talked to himself on the stove. Once Matrena Timofeevna asked why he was called a branded convict? “I was a convict,” he replied.

For the fact that the German Vogel, the offender of the peasant, was buried alive in the ground. He said that they lived freely among dense forests. Only the bears bothered them, but they coped with the bears. He, having lifted a bear on a horn, tore his back. In her youth, she was sick, and in old age she bent, that she could not unbend. The landowner called them to his city and forced them to pay dues. Under the rods, the peasants agreed to pay something. Every year the master called them that, tore mercilessly with rods, but had little. When the old landowner was killed near Varna, his heir sent a German steward to the peasants. The German was quiet at first. If you can’t pay, don’t pay, but work, for example, dig a swamp with a ditch, cut a clearing. The German brought his family, and ruined the peasants to the bone. For eighteen years they endured the steward. The German built a factory and ordered to dig a well. He came to dinner to scold the peasants, and they pushed him into a dug well and buried him. For this, Saveliy went to hard labor, fled; he was returned and beaten mercilessly. I was in hard labor for twenty years and twenty years in a settlement, I saved up money there. Came back home. When there was money, his relatives loved, and now they spit in the eyes.

Chapter IV

DEMUSHKA

It is described how the tree burned, and with it the chicks in the nest. Birds yae was to save the chicks. When she arrived, everything had already burned down. One sobbed little bird,

Yes, the dead did not call

Until the white morning! ..

Matrena Timofeevna says that she carried her son to work, but her mother-in-law scolded her and ordered to leave her with his grandfather. While working in the field, she heard groans and saw her grandfather crawling:

Oh, poor young woman!

The daughter-in-law is the last in the house,

Last slave!

Endure the great storm

Take extra beatings

And from the eye of the unreasonable

Don't let the baby go!

The old man fell asleep in the sun

Feed the pigs Demidushka

Stupid grandfather!

My mother almost died of grief. Then the judges arrived and began to interrogate the attesting witnesses and Matryona, whether she was in connection with Savely:

I answered in a whisper:

It's a shame, sir, joke!

I am an honest wife to my husband,

And old man Savely

One hundred years... Tea, you know.

They accused Matryona of having killed her son in collusion with the old man, and Matryona only asked that her son's body not be opened! Led without reproach

Honest burial

betray the child!

Going into the upper room, she saw her son Savely at the tomb, reciting prayers, and drove him away, calling him a murderer. He also loved the baby. Grandfather reassured her that no matter how long a peasant lives, he suffers, and Demush her - in paradise.

“...Easy for him, light for him...”

Chapter V

THE WOLF

Twenty years have passed since then. For a long time, the inconsolable mother suffered. Grandfather went to repentance in the monastery. Time passed, every year children were born, and three years later a new misfortune crept up - her parents died. Grandfather returned all white from repentance, and soon he died.

As ordered - performed:

Buried next to Demo...

He lived one hundred and seven years.

Her son Fedot was eight years old, they gave him as a shepherd. The shepherd left, and the she-wolf dragged the sheep away, Fedot first took the sheep from the weakened she-wolf, and then he saw that the sheep had already died, threw it again to the she-wolf. He came to the village and told everything himself. For this, they wanted to flog Fedot, but his mother did not give it back. Instead of a young son, they flogged her. After seeing off her son with the herd, Matryona cries, calls out to her dead parents, but she has no intercessors.

Chapter VI

HARD YEAR

There was hunger. The mother-in-law told the neighbors that she, Matryona, was to blame for everything. put on a clean shirt for Christmas.

For a husband, for an intercessor,

I got off cheap;

And one woman

Not for the same

Killed to death with stakes.

Don't mess with the hungry!

A little coped with lack of bread, recruitment came. But Matryona Timofeevna was not very afraid, a recruit had already been taken from the family. She was sitting at home, because. was pregnant and nursing her last days. An upset father-in-law came and said that Philip was being recruited. Matrena Timofeevna realized that if her husband was taken as a soldier, she and her children would disappear. I got up from the stove and went into the night.

Chapter VII

GOVERNOR

On a frosty night, Matryona Timofeevna prays and goes to the city. Arriving at the governor's house, she asks the porter when she can come. The porter promises to help her. Learning that the governor's wife was coming, Matrena Timofeevna threw herself at her feet and told her misfortune.

I didn't know what did

(Yes, apparently thought up

mistress!..) How do I throw

At her feet: “Stand up!

deceit not godly

Provider and parent

They take from children!”

The peasant woman lost consciousness, and when she woke up, she saw herself in rich chambers, next to the “pissed off child”.

Thank you Governor

Elena Alexandrovna,

I am so grateful to her

Like a mother!

She baptized the boy

And name: Liodorushka

Chose the baby...

Everything was found out, the husband was returned.

Chapter VIII

Glorified by the lucky one

Nicknamed the governor

Matryona since then.

Now she rules the house, raises children: she has five sons, one has already been recruited ... And then the peasant woman added: what did you do

It's not a matter - between women

Happy looking!

What else do you want?

Isn't it right to tell you

That we burned twice

That god anthrax

Visited us three times?

Horse pushes

We carried; I took a walk

Like a gelding in a harrow!..

My feet are not trampled,

Not tied with ropes

Not pierced with needles...

What else do you want?

For a mother that has been scolded,

Like a trampled snake,

The blood of the firstborn is gone,

And you - for happiness stuck your head!

It's a shame, well done!

Don't touch women

Here is God! pass with nothing

To the grave!

One pilgrim-wanderer said:

“The keys to female happiness,

From our free will

Abandoned lost

God himself!”

Part Three

LATER

Chapters 1-III

On Peter's Day (29/VI), after passing through the villages, wanderers came to the Volga. And here there are huge expanses of hay, and all the people are mowing.

Along the low shore

On the Volga the grasses are tall,

Merry mowing.

The strangers could not stand it:

“We haven’t worked for a long time,

Let's mow!"

Fed up, tired,

Sat down for breakfast...

Landowners sailed in three boats with their retinue, children, and dogs. Everyone walked around the mowing, ordered to sweep a huge haystack, supposedly damp. (The strangers tried:

Dry senzo!)

Wanderers are surprised why the landowner behaves this way, because the order is already new, but he is fooling around in the old way. The peasants explain that the hay is not his,

and "fiefdoms".

Wanderers, having unrolled a self-assembled tablecloth, talk with old Vla-sushka, ask to explain why the peasants appease the landowner, and find out: “Our landowner is special,

Wealth is immeasurable

An important rank, a noble family,

All the century he was weird, fooled ... "

And when he learned about the “will”, he had a stroke. Now the left half is paralyzed. Having somehow recovered from the blow, the old man believed that the peasants had been returned to the landlords. He is deceived by his heirs so that he does not deprive them of their rich inheritance in their hearts. The heirs persuaded the peasants to “amuse” the master, but there is no need to persuade the serf Ipat, he loves the master for mercy and serves not for fear, but for conscience. What “merces” Ipat recalls: “How small I was, our princeling

me with my own hand

Harnessed to the cart;

I reached a frisky youth:

The prince came on vacation

And, walking redeemed

Me, the last slave,

In the winter in the hole!..”

And then, in a snowstorm, he forced Prov, who was riding a horse, to play the violin, and when he fell, the prince ran over his sleigh:

“...Suppressed chest”

With the patrimony, the heirs agreed as follows:

"Be quiet, bow down

Don't cross the sick

We will reward you:

For extra labor, for corvee,

For a word even abusive -

We will pay you for everything.

Not long to live the heart,

Probably two or three months

Dokhtur himself announced!

Respect us, listen

We are floodplain meadows for you

We will give along the Volga; ..”

Things didn't work out a bit. Vlas, being a steward, did not want to bow to the old man, and resigned from his post. A volunteer was immediately found - Klimka Lavin - but he is such a thieving and empty person that they left Vlas as a steward, and Klimka Lavin turns and bows before the master.

Every day the landowner drives around the village, finds fault with the peasants, and they:

“Let's get together - laughter! Everyone has it

His tale about the holy fool...”

Orders come from the master, one more stupid than the other: to marry Terentyeva's widow Gavrila Zhokhov: the bride is seventy, and the groom is six years old. A herd of cows passing in the morning woke up the master, so he ordered the shepherds "to continue to calm the cows." Only the peasant Agap did not agree to indulge the master, and “then in the middle of the day he got caught with the master’s log. Agap was tired of listening to the master’s abuse, he answered. The landowner ordered Agap to be punished in front of everyone.

“Neither give nor take under the rods

Agap shouted, fooled around,

Until I finished the damask:

How they carried it out of the stable

his dead drunk

Four men

So the master even took pity:

"It's your own fault, Agapushka!" -

He kindly said…”

To which Vlas the narrator remarked:

“Praise the grass in a haystack,

And the master is in a coffin!

“Get out of the master

The ambassador is coming: have a bite!

He must be calling the elder,

I'll go look at the gum!”

The landowner asked the steward whether the haymaking would soon be finished, he replied that in two or three days all the master's hay would be harvested. “And ours will wait!” The landowner said for an hour that the peasants would be landowners for a century: “I’ll be squeezed in a handful! ..” The steward utters loyal speeches that pleased the landowner, for which Klim was offered a glass of “overseas wine”. Then the Last wanted his sons and daughters-in-law to dance, ordered the blond lady: “Sing, Lyuba!” The lady sang well. Under the song, the last one fell asleep, he was carried away sleepily into the boat, and the gentlemen sailed away. In the evening the peasants learned that the old prince had died,

But their joy is Vakhlatskaya

Was short lived.

With the death of the Last

The caress of the lord was gone:

Didn't get a hangover

Vahlakam Guards!

And behind the meadows

Heirs with peasants

Struggling to this day.

Vlas intercedes for the peasants,

Lives in Moscow... was in St. Petersburg...

And there is no point!

Part four

PIR - WORLDWIDE

Dedicated

Sergei Petrovich Botkin

Introduction

On the outskirts of the village "There was a feast, a great feast" With the deacon Tryphon came his sons, seminarians: Savvushka and Grisha.

...Gregory

The face is thin pale

And the hair is thin, curly,

With a hint of red

Simple guys, kind.

Mowed, sorry sowed

And drank vodka on holidays

equal to the peasantry.

The men sit and think:

Its meadows are flooded

Hand over to the elder - on a tribute.

The men ask Grisha to sing. He sings "merry".

Chapter I

BITTER TIME - BITTER SONGS

Cheerful

The landowner brought a cow from the peasant yard, took the chickens and ate the Zemstvo court. The guys will grow up a little: “The king will take the boys, // Master -

daughters!”

Then they all sang a song together

Corvee

A beaten peasant seeks solace in a tavern. A man who was driving by said that they were beaten for swearing until silence was achieved. Then Vikenty Alexandrovich, a courtyard man, told his story.

About an exemplary lackey - Jacob the faithful

He lived for thirty years in the village of Polivanov, who bought the village with bribes, did not know his neighbors, but only with his sister. With relatives, not only with peasants, he was cruel. He married his daughter, and then, after beating him, he and his hubby kicked him out without anything. He beat his Yakov's serf in the teeth with his heel.

People of the servile rank -

Real dogs sometimes:

The more severe the punishment

So dear to them, gentlemen.

Jacob showed up like this from his youth,

Only Jacob had joy:

Groom the master, take care, please

Yes, the nephew is a youngster to download.

All his life, Yakov was under the master, they grew old together. The master's legs refused to walk.

Yakov himself will carry him out, lay him down,

Himself on duty will take to his sister,

He himself will help to get to the old woman.

So they lived together - for the time being.

Yakov's nephew, Grisha, grew up and threw himself at the master's feet, asking to marry Irisha. And the master himself looked after her for himself. He handed over Grisha to the recruits. Yakov was offended - he fooled. “The dead washed down ...” Whoever does not approach the master, but they cannot please him. Two weeks later, Yakov returned, allegedly taking pity on the landowner. Everything went the same way. We were going to go to the master's sister. Yakov turned off-road, into the Devil's ravine, unharnessed his horses, and the master was afraid for his life and began to beg Yakov to spare him, he replied:

“I found a murderer!

I will dirty my hands with murder,

No, you don't have to die!"

Yakov himself hanged himself in front of the master. All night the master toiled, in the morning the hunter found him. The master returned home, repentant:

“I am sinful, I am sinful! Execute me!”

After telling a couple of scary stories, the men argued: who is more sinful - tavern owners, landowners, or peasants? We got to the point of a fight. And then Ionushka, who had been silent all evening, said:

And so I will reconcile you!”

Chapter II

Wanderers and Pilgrims

Many beggars in Russia, whole villages, went in the autumn "for alms", there are many rogues among them who know how to get along with the landowners. But there are also believing pilgrims, whose labors raise money for churches. They remembered the holy fool Fomushka, who lives like a god, there was also the Old Believer Kropilnikov:

Old man, whose whole life

That will, then prison.

And there was also Evfrosinyushka, the townsman's widow; she appeared in the cholera years. The peasants accept everyone, listen to the stories of wanderers on long winter evenings.

Soil is good

The soul of the Russian people...

O sower! come!..

Jonah, the venerable wanderer, told the story.

About two great sinners

He heard this story in Solovki from Father Pitirtma. There were twelve robbers, their chieftain was Kudeyar. Many robbers robbed and killed people

Suddenly at the fierce robber

The Lord awakened the conscience.

The conscience of the villain mastered

Disbanded his band

Distributed property to the church,

Buried the knife under the willow.

He went on a pilgrimage, but did not repent of sins, he lived in the forest under an oak tree. The messenger of God showed him the way to salvation - with the knife that killed people,

he must cut the oak:

“... The tree will just collapse -

The chains of sin will fall."

Pan Glukhovsky rode past, taunted the old man, saying:

“You have to live, old man, in my opinion:

How many slaves I destroy

I torture, I torture and hang,

And I would like to see how I sleep!”

The enraged hermit stuck his knife in Glukhovsky's heart, fell

pan, and the tree collapsed.

The tree collapsed rolled down

From a monk the burden of sins! ..

Let us pray to the Lord God:

Have mercy on us, dark slaves!

Chapter III

BOTH OLD AND NEW

Peasant sin

There was an “ammiral-widower”, for his faithful service the empress awarded him eight thousand souls. Dying, the “ammiral” handed over to the headman Gleb a chest with freedom for all eight thousand souls. But the heir seduced the headman, giving him freedom. The will was burned. And until the last time there were eight thousand

souls of serfs.

“So here it is, the sin of the peasant!

Indeed, a terrible sin!”

The poor fell again

To the bottom of a bottomless abyss

Shut up, snuggle up

They lay down on their stomachs;

lay, thought thought

And suddenly they sang. Slowly,

As the cloud moves

The words flowed viscous.

hungry

About the eternal hunger, work and lack of sleep of a man. The peasants are convinced that “serfdom” is to blame for everything. It multiplies the sins of the landlords and the misfortunes of the slaves. Grisha said:

“I don’t need any silver,

No gold, but God forbid

So that my countrymen

And every peasant

Lived freely and cheerfully

All over holy Russia!”

They saw the sleepy Yegorka Shutov and began to beat him, for which they themselves do not know. Ordered to "peace" to beat, so they beat. An old soldier is riding on a cart. Stops and sings.

Soldier's

Toshen light,

There is no truth

Life is boring

The pain is strong.

Klim sings along with him about the bitter life.

Chapter IV

GOOD TIME - GOOD SONGS

The “great feast” ended only in the morning. Who went home, and the wanderers went to bed right there on the shore. Returning home, Grisha and Savva sang:

The share of the people

his happiness,

Light and freedom

Primarily!

They lived poorer than a poor peasant, they did not even have cattle. In the seminary, Grisha was starving, only in the Vakhlat region he ate. The deacon boasted of his sons, but did not think what they ate. Yes, I was always hungry. The wife was much more caring than him, and therefore died early. She always thought about salt and sang a song.

salty

Son Grishenka does not want to eat unsalted food. The Lord advised to “salt” the flour. The mother pours flour, and the food is salted with her abundant tears. In the seminary often Grisha

I remembered my mother and her song.

And soon in the heart of a boy

With love to the poor mother

Love for all vakhlatchina

Merged - and fifteen years old

Gregory already knew for sure

What will live for happiness

Wretched and dark.

native corner.

Russia has two paths: one road is “enmity-war”, “the other is an honest road. Only the “strong” and “loving” go along it.

To fight, to work.

Grisha Dobrosklonov

Fate prepared for him

glorious path, big name

people's protector,

Consumption and Siberia.

Grisha sings:

“In moments of despondency, O Motherland!

I am thinking ahead.

You are destined to suffer a lot,

But you won't die, I know.

She was both in slavery and under the Tatars:

“... You are also in the family - a slave;

But the mother is already a free son.”

Grigory goes to the Volga, sees barge haulers.

Burlak

Gregory talks about the hard lot of a barge hauler, and then his thoughts pass to all of Russia.

Russia

You are poor

You are abundant

You are powerful

You are powerless

Mother Russia!

The strength of the people

mighty force -

Conscience is calm

The truth is alive!

You are poor

You are abundant

You are beaten

You are almighty

Would our wanderers be under their native roof,

If only they could know what happened to Grisha.

"To whom it is good to live in Russia": a summary. Parts one and two

It should be understood that the summary of the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” by N. Nekrasov will not give such an idea of ​​​​the work as reading it in its entirety. The poem was written shortly after serfdom was abolished, and has a sharp social character. It consists of four parts. The first one does not have a name: seven men from different villages meet on the road, whose names speak of the situation of the peasants in them - Dyryavino, Zaplatovo, Neyolovo, etc. They argue who lives well in Russia.

The men offer different options: priests, landowners, officials, merchants, ministers, the king. Not having come to a consensus, they go to look for someone in Russia to live well. The summary will not allow us to reveal all the events and dialogues, but it is worth saying that on the way they meet representatives of different classes - a priest, a soldier, a merchant, peasants, but none of them can say that they live wonderfully. Everyone has their own sorrows. Also in this part, the eternal question of drunkenness in Russia is considered: one of the men he met argues that people do not drink from a good life. In the second part, called "The Last Child", the peasants meet the landowner Utyatin: the old man could not believe that serfdom had been abolished. This stripped him of all privileges. The landowner's relatives ask the local peasants to behave respectfully as before, take off their hats and bow, promising them land after the master's death. However, people remain deceived and receive nothing for their efforts.

"To whom in Russia to live well". "Peasant Woman": a summary

In the second part, the peasants go to seek happiness among the female population of Russia. Rumor leads them to Matryona Timofeevna, who tells the peasants the story of her life, which began in serf times. She completely dissuades them of the possibility of the happiness of a Russian woman: after hearing her story, is it worth asking at all about who in Russia has a good life? The summary of the history of Matryona is as follows. She was given in marriage against her will to a hard-working man, but beating his wife.

She also survived the harassment of her master's manager, from whom there was no salvation. And when her first child was born, disaster struck. The mother-in-law strictly forbade Matryona to carry the child with her to the mowing, as he interfered with her work, ordered to leave the decrepit grandfather under the supervision. Grandfather did not look after the little one - the pigs ate the child. And the grieving mother had to endure not only the loss of her son, but also accusations of complicity. Matryona later gave birth to other children, but she missed her first child very much. After some time, she lost her parents and was left completely alone, without protection. Then the husband was taken into recruits out of turn, and Matryona remained in her husband's family, who did not love her, with a bunch of children and the only worker - the rest literally sat on her neck. Once she had to watch how her young son was punished for an insignificant offense - they were punished cruelly and mercilessly. Unable to bear such a life, she went to the governor's wife to ask for the return of the breadwinner. There she lost consciousness, and when she came to, she found out that she had given birth to a son, whom the governor's wife had baptized. Matryona's husband was returned, but she never saw happiness in her life, and everyone began to tease her as a governor.

"To whom it is good to live in Russia": a summary. Part 4: "A feast for the whole world"

The plot of the fourth part is a continuation of the second: the landowner Utyatin dies, and the peasants throw a feast, where they discuss plans for the land promised to them earlier by the owner's relatives. In this part, Grisha Dobrosklonov appears: a young man at fifteen is deeply convinced that he will, without any doubt, sacrifice himself for the sake of his homeland. However, he does not shy away from simple labor: he mows and reaps together with the peasants, to which they respond to him with kindness and help. Grisha, being a democratic intellectual, eventually becomes the one who lives well. Dobrolyubov was recognized as its prototype: here is the consonance of surnames, and one disease for two - consumption, which will overtake the hero of the poem before Russia comes to a brighter future. In the image of Grisha, Nekrasov sees a man of the future, in whom the intelligentsia and the peasantry will unite, and such people, by joining forces, will lead their country to prosperity. The summary does not make it possible to understand that this is an unfinished work - the author originally planned eight parts, not four. For what reason Nekrasov finished the poem in this way is unknown: he probably felt that he might not have time to finish it, so he led to the finale earlier. Despite the incompleteness, the poem became a hymn of love for the people, which Nekrasov was full of. Contemporaries noted that this love became the source of Nekrasov's poetry, its basis and content. The defining feature of the poet's character was the willingness to live for others - relatives, people, homeland. It was these ideas that he put into the actions and actions of his heroes.

All works of the school curriculum in literature in a summary. 5-11 class Panteleeva E.V.

"To whom in Russia it is good to live" (Poem) Retelling

"Who in Russia to live well"

(Poem)

retelling

In a fairy-tale form, the author depicts the dispute of seven peasants about "who lives happily, freely in Russia." The dispute develops into a fight, then the peasants reconcile and decide among themselves to ask the tsar, the merchant and the priest who is happier, without receiving an answer, they go across Russian land in search of the lucky one.

The first peasants meet a priest who assures them that the “priestly life” is very difficult. He says that peasants and landlords are equally poor and have ceased to carry money to church. The peasants sincerely sympathize with the priest.

The author draws many interesting faces in this chapter, where he depicts a fair, where seven peasants ended up in search of the happy. The attention of the peasants is attracted by the bargaining of pictures: here the author expresses the hope that sooner or later the time will come when the peasant "will not carry my lord stupid - Belinsky and Gogol from the market."

After the fair, festivities begin, the “bad night”. Many peasants get drunk, except for seven travelers and a certain gentleman who writes down folk songs and his observations of peasant life in a book, the author himself probably embodied in this image in the poem. One of the peasants - Yakim Nagoi - blames the master, does not order to portray Russian people as drunkards without exception. Yakim claims that in Russia there is a non-drinking family for one drinker, but it is easier for those who drink, because all workers suffer the same way from life. Both in work and in revelry, the Russian peasant loves scope, he cannot live without it. The seven travelers already wanted to go home, and they decided to look for the lucky one in the large crowd.

Travelers began to invite other peasants to a bucket of vodka, promising treats to those who prove that they are lucky. There are a lot of “lucky ones”: the soldier is glad that he survived both foreign bullets and Russian sticks; the young stonecutter boasts of strength; the old stonecutter is happy that the sick man managed to get from Petersburg to his native village and did not die on the way; the bear hunter is glad to be alive. When the bucket was empty, "our wanderers realized that they were wasting vodka for nothing." Someone suggested that Yermila Girin should be recognized as happy. He is happy with his own truthfulness and people's love. More than once he helped people, and people repaid him with kindness when they helped buy a mill that a clever merchant wanted to intercept. But, as it turned out, Yermil is in jail: apparently, he suffered for his truth.

The next person the seven peasants met was the landowner Gavrilo Afanasyevich. He assures them that his life is not easy either. Under serfdom, he was the sovereign owner of rich estates, “loving” he inflicted judgment and reprisal on the peasants here. After the abolition of the "fortress", order disappeared and the manor estates fell into disrepair. The landowners lost their former income. “Idle hacks” tell the landowners to study and work, but this is impossible, since the nobleman was created for another life - “smoking the sky of God” and “littering the people’s treasury”, since this allows him to be noble: among the ancestors of Gavrila Afanasyevich there was also a leader with a bear, Obolduev, and Prince Shchepin, who tried to set fire to Moscow for the sake of robbery. The landlord ends his speech with a sob, and the peasants were ready to cry with him, but then changed their minds.

Last

The wanderers end up in the village of Vakhlaki, where they see strange orders: the local peasants voluntarily became "not human beings with God" - they retained their serfdom from the wild landowner who survived the mind of Prince Utyatin. Travelers begin to ask one of the locals - Vlas, where such orders come from in the village.

The extravagant Utyatin could not believe in the abolition of serfdom, so that “arrogance cut him off”: the prince had a stroke from anger. The heirs of the prince, whom he blamed for the loss of the peasants, were afraid that the old man would deprive them of their property before his imminent death. Then they persuaded the peasants to play the role of serfs, promising to give up the flooded meadows. The Wahlaks agreed, partly because they were accustomed to the life of a slave and even found pleasure in it.

Wanderers become witnesses of how the local steward praises the prince, how the villagers pray for the health of Utyatin and sincerely cry with joy that they have such a benefactor. Suddenly, the prince had a second blow, and the old man died. Since then, the peasants have really lost their peace: between the Vakhlaks and the heirs, an endless dispute has begun over flood meadows.

Feast - for the whole world

Introduction

The author describes a feast arranged by one of the Vakhlaks, the restless Klim Yakovlevich, on the occasion of the death of Prince Utyatin. Travelers, along with Vlas, joined the feasting. Seven wanderers are interested in listening to Vahlat songs.

The author translates many folk songs into literary language. First, he cites "bitter", that is, sad, about peasant grief, about poor life. The bitter songs are opened by a lamentation with an ironic saying “It is glorious for the people to live in Holy Russia!” The sub-chapter concludes with a song about the “servant of the exemplary Jacob the faithful”, who punished his master for bullying. The author concludes that the people are able to stand up for themselves and punish the landlords.

At the feast, travelers learn about pilgrims who feed on the fact that they hang on the people's neck. These loafers take advantage of the credulity of the peasant, over whom they are not averse to rising above the opportunity. But there were those among them who faithfully served the people: he treated the sick, helped bury the dead, fought for justice.

The peasants at the feast are discussing whose sin is greater - the landowner's or the peasant's. Ignatius Prokhorov claims that the peasant one is bigger. As an example, he cites a song about a widower admiral. Before his death, the admiral ordered the headman to release all the peasants, but the headman did not fulfill the last will of the dying man. That is the great sin of the Russian muzhik, that he can sell his muzhik brother for a pretty penny. Everyone agreed that this is a great sin, and for this sin all the peasants in Russia will forever suffer in slavery.

By morning the feast was over. One of the Vakhlaks composes a cheerful song, in which he puts his hope for a brighter future. In this song, the author describes Russia "wretched and plentiful" as a country where the great power of the people lives. The poet foresees that the time will come and the “hidden spark” will flare up:

The army rises Innumerable!

The power in it will be indestructible!

These are the words of Grishka, the only lucky man in the poem.

peasant woman

The wanderers thought that they should abandon the search for happy men among the men, and it would be better to check the women. Right on the way, the peasants have an abandoned estate. The author paints a depressing picture of the desolation of the once rich economy, which turned out to be unnecessary for the master and which the peasants themselves cannot manage. Here they were advised to look for Matryona Timofeevna, "she is the governor's wife," whom everyone considers happy. Travelers met her in a crowd of reapers and persuaded her to talk about her, woman's "happiness".

The woman admits that she was happy as a girl while her parents cherished her. For parental affection and all the chores around the house seemed easy fun: the girl sang for yarn until midnight, danced while working in the field. But then she found a betrothed - a stove-maker Philip Korchagin. Matryona got married, and her life changed dramatically.

The author sprinkles his story with folk songs in his own literary adaptation. These songs sing about the difficult fate of a married woman who ended up in a strange family, about the bullying of her husband's relatives. Matryona found support only from grandfather Savely.

In the native family, grandfather was disliked, "stigmatized as a convict." At first, Matryona was afraid of him, frightened by his terrible, “bearish” appearance, but soon she saw in him a kind, warm-hearted person and began to ask for advice in everything. Once Savely told Matryona his story. This Russian hero ended up in hard labor for killing a German steward who mocked the peasants.

A peasant woman talks about her great grief: how, through the fault of her mother-in-law, she lost her beloved son Dyomushka. The mother-in-law insisted that Matryona not take the child with her to the stubble. The daughter-in-law obeyed and with a heavy heart left the boy with Savely. The old man did not keep track of the baby, and the pigs ate him. The “chief” arrived and carried out an investigation. Having not received a bribe, he ordered the child to be autopsied in front of his mother, suspecting her of “conspiracy” with Savely.

The woman was ready to hate the old man, but then she recovered. And the grandfather, out of remorse, went into the woods. Matrena met him four years later at the grave of Dyomushka, where she came to mourn a new grief - the death of her parents. The peasant woman again brought the old man into the house, but Savely soon died, continuing to joke and instruct people until his death. Years passed, other children grew up with Matryona. The peasant woman fought for them, wished them happiness, was ready to please her father-in-law and mother-in-law, if only the children lived well. The father-in-law gave his son Fedot eight years as a shepherd, and trouble happened. Fedot chased after a she-wolf who stole a sheep, and then took pity on her, as she was feeding her cubs. The headman decided to punish the boy, but the mother stood up and accepted the punishment for her son. She herself was like a she-wolf, ready to lay down her life for her children.

The “year of the comet” has come, foreshadowing crop failure. Bad forebodings came true: "the lack of bread came." The peasants, mad with hunger, were ready to kill each other. The trouble does not come alone: ​​the husband-breadwinner "by deceit, not in a divine way" was shaved into soldiers. The husband's relatives, more than ever, began to mock Matryona, who was then pregnant with Liodorushka, and the peasant woman decided to go to the governor for help.

Secretly, the peasant woman left her husband's house and went to the city. Here she managed to meet with the governor Elena Alexandrovna, to whom she turned with her request. In the governor's house, the peasant woman resolved herself with Liodorushka, and Elena Alexandrovna baptized the baby and insisted that her husband rescued Philip from recruitment.

Since then, in the village, Matrena has been denounced as a lucky woman and even nicknamed the "governor's wife." The peasant woman ends the story with a reproach that the travelers did not start a business - “to look for a happy one between the women.” God's companions are trying to find the keys to women's happiness, but they are lost somewhere far away, maybe swallowed by some fish: “In what seas that fish walks - God forgot! ..”

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Nekrasov's poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" was created over more than ten years. It so happened that the last, fourth, was the chapter "A Feast for the Whole World." In the finale, it acquires a certain completeness - it is known that the author failed to realize the plan in full. This was manifested in the fact that the author indirectly names himself in Russia. This is Grisha, who decided to devote his life to serving the people and his native country.

Introduction

In the chapter "A Feast for the Whole World" the action takes place on the banks of the Volga River, on the outskirts of the village of Vakhlachina. The most important events always took place here: both holidays and reprisals against the guilty. The great feast was organized by Klim, already familiar to the reader. Next to the Vakhlaks, among whom were the elder Vlas, the parish deacon Tryphon and his sons: the nineteen-year-old Savvushka and Grigory, with a thin, pale face and thin, curly hair, sat down and the seven main characters of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia." People who were waiting for the ferry also stopped here, beggars, among whom were a wanderer and a quiet praying mantis.

Local peasants gathered under the old willow not by chance. Nekrasov connects the chapter “A Feast for the Last World” with the plot of “Last Child”, which reports the death of the prince. The Vahlaks began to decide what to do with the meadows that they now hoped to get. Not often, but still it happened that blessed corners of the earth with meadows or woods fell to the peasants. Their owners felt independent of the headman who collected taxes. So the Vahlaks wanted to surrender the meadows to Vlas. Klim proclaimed that this would be more than enough to pay both taxes and dues, which means that you can feel free. This is the beginning of the chapter and its summary. “A feast for the whole world” Nekrasov continues with Vlas's response speech and his characterization.

Good soul man

That was the name of the headman of the Vakhlaks. He was distinguished by justice and tried to help the peasants, to protect them from the cruelties of the landowner. In his youth, Vlas kept hoping for the best, but any change brought only promises or trouble. From this, the headman became unbelieving and gloomy. And then all of a sudden the general merriment seized him. He could not believe that now, indeed, life would come without taxes, sticks and corvee. The author compares the kind smile of Vlas with a sunbeam that made everything around golden. And a new, previously unexplored feeling seized every man. To celebrate, they put another bucket, and the songs began. One of them, “funny”, was performed by Grisha - its summary will be given below.

"A Feast for the Whole World" includes several songs about the hard peasant life.

About the bitter lot

At the request of the audience, the seminarians remembered the folk song. It tells about how defenseless the people are in front of those on whom they depend. So the landowner stole the cow from the peasant, the judge took away the chickens. The fate of children is unenviable: the girls are waiting for the servants, and the boys - a long service. Against the background of these stories, the repeated refrain sounds bitterly: “It is glorious for the people to live in holy Russia!”.

Then the Vakhlaks sang their own - about corvee. The same sad: the people's soul has not yet come up with merry ones.

"Corvee": a summary

“A Feast for the Whole World” tells about how the Vakhlaks and their neighbors live. The first story is about Kalinushka, whose back is "adorned" with scars - often and severely flogged - and her stomach is swollen from the chaff. Out of hopelessness, he goes to a tavern and drowns out his grief with wine - this will come back to haunt his wife on Saturday.

The following is a story about how the inhabitants of Vahlachin had suffered under the landowner. During the day they worked like hard labor, and at night they waited for the messengers sent for the girls. From shame, they stopped looking into each other's eyes and could not exchange a word.

A neighboring peasant reported how a landowner in their volost decided to flog everyone who would say a strong word. Namalyalis - after all, without him, the peasant does not. But having received freedom, they abused plenty ...

The chapter "A Feast for the Whole World" continues with a story about a new hero - Vikenty Alexandrovich. At first he served under the baron, then moved to the plowmen. He told his story.

About the faithful serf Jacob

Polivanov bought a village for bribes and lived there for 33 years. He became famous for his cruelty: having given his daughter in marriage, he immediately whipped the young and drove him away. He did not associate with other landowners, he was greedy, he drank a lot. Kholopa Yakov, who faithfully served him from an early age, would beat his teeth with his heel for nothing, and that gentleman in every possible way cherished and appeased. So both lived to old age. Polivanov's legs began to hurt, and no treatment helped. They had entertainment left: playing cards and visiting the landowner's sister. Yakov himself endured the master and took him to visit. For the time being, everything went peacefully. Yes, as soon as the servant's nephew Grisha grew up and wanted to get married. Hearing that the bride was Arisha, Polivanov became angry: he laid eyes on her himself. And he gave the groom to the recruits. Yakov was very offended and started to drink. And the master felt embarrassed without a faithful servant, whom he called his brother. This is the first part of the story and its summary.

“A Feast for the Whole World” Nekrasov continues with a story about how Jacob decided to avenge his nephew. After a while he returned to the master, repented and began to serve further. It just got gloomy. Somehow the master's serf took him to visit his sister. On the way, he suddenly turned to a ravine, where there was a forest slum, and stopped under pine trees. When he began to unharness the horses, the frightened landowner begged. But Yakov only laughed evilly and replied that he would not dirty his hands with murder. He fixed the reins on a tall pine tree and his head in a noose ... The master screams, rushes about, but no one hears him. And the serf hangs over his head, sways. Only the next morning did a hunter see Polivanov and take him home. The punished gentleman only lamented: “I am a sinner! Execute me!

Controversy about sinners

The narrator fell silent, and the men argued. Some felt sorry for Yakov, others for the master. And they began to decide who is the most sinful of all: tavern owners, landlords, peasants? The merchant Eremin named the robbers, which caused indignation in Klim. Their argument soon turned into a fight. The praying mantis Ionushka, who until then had been sitting quietly, decided to reconcile the merchant and the peasant. He told his story, which will continue the summary of the chapter "A Feast for the Whole World."

About wanderers and pilgrims

Ionushka began by saying that there are many homeless people in Russia. Sometimes, entire villages are begging. Such people do not plow and do not reap, but the settled peasants are called the hump of the granary. Of course, among them come across the wicked, such as a wanderer-thief or pilgrims who approached the mistress by deceit. The old man is also known, who undertook to teach the girls to sing, but only spoiled them all. But more often wanderers are harmless people, like Fomushka, who lives like a god, is girded with chains and eats only bread.

Ionushka also told about Kropilnikov, who came to Usolovo, accused the villagers of godlessness and urged them to go into the forest. They asked the Stranger to submit, then they took him to prison, and he kept saying that grief and even more difficult life awaited everyone ahead. The frightened residents were baptized, and in the morning soldiers came to the neighboring village, from whom the Usolovets also got it. So the prophecy of Kropilnikov came true.

In "A Feast for the Whole World" Nekrasov also includes a description of a peasant's hut in which a passing wanderer stopped. The whole family is busy with work and listens to measured speech. At some point, the old man drops the bast shoes that he was repairing, and the girl does not notice that she pricked her finger. Even the children freeze and listen with their heads hanging from the bedspreads. So the Russian soul has not yet been explored, it is waiting for a sower who will show the right path.

About two sinners

And then Ionushka told about the robber and the pan. He heard this story in Solovki from Father Pitirim.

12 robbers led by Kudeyar were outraged. Many were robbed and killed. But somehow the conscience woke up in the ataman, he began to see the shadows of the dead. Then Kudeyar spotted the captain, beheaded his mistress, dismissed the gang, buried the knife under an oak tree, and distributed the stolen wealth. And he began to forgive sins. He traveled a lot and repented, and after returning home, he settled under an oak tree. God took pity on him and proclaimed: he will receive forgiveness as soon as he cuts down a mighty tree with his knife. For several years the hermit cut an oak three times wide. And somehow a rich pan drove up to him. Glukhovsky chuckled and said that one should live according to his principles. And he added that he respects only women, loves wine, ruined many slaves, and sleeps peacefully. Anger seized Kudeyar, and he plunged his knife into the chest of the pan. At the same moment, a mighty oak collapsed. Thus, the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" shows how the former robber receives forgiveness after the punishment of evil.

About peasant sin

We listened to Ionushka and thought about it. And Ignatius again noted that the most serious sin is the peasant one. Klim was indignant, but then nevertheless said: "Tell me." Here is the story the men heard.

One admiral received eight thousand souls for his faithful service from the empress. And before his death, he handed over to the headman a casket, in which was his last wish: to release all the serfs into freedom. But a distant relative arrived, who, after the funeral, called the headman to him. Having learned about the casket, he promised Gleb freedom and gold. The greedy headman burned the will and doomed all eight thousand souls to eternal bondage.

Vahlaks made a noise: "It is indeed a great sin." And their whole past and future hard life appeared before them. Then they calmed down and suddenly started singing “Hungry” in unison. We offer its summary (“A Feast for the Whole World” by Nekrasov, it seems, fills with centuries of suffering of the people). A tortured peasant goes to a strip of rye and calls on her: “Rise, mother, eat a pile of carpet, I won’t give it to anyone.” As if in their guts, the Vakhlaks sang a song to the hungry and went to the bucket. And Grisha suddenly noticed that the cause of all sins is strength. Klim immediately exclaimed: “Down with the “Hungry”. And they began to talk about the support, praising Grisha.

"Soldier's"

It began to get light. Ignatius found a sleeping man near the logs and called Vlas. The rest of the men approached, and seeing the man lying on the ground, they began to beat him. To the question of the wanderers, for what, they answered: “We don’t know. But this is how it is punished from Tiskov. So it turns out - since the whole world is ordered, then there is guilt behind him. Here the hostesses brought out cheesecakes and goose, and everyone pounced on the food. The Vakhlaks were amused by the news that someone was coming.

Ovsyannikov, familiar to everyone, was on the cart - a soldier who earned money by playing on spoons. They asked him to sing. And again, a bitter story poured out about how the former warrior tried to achieve a well-deserved pension. However, all the wounds he received were measured in inches and rejected: second-rate. Klim sang along to the old man, and the people collected a ruble for a penny and a penny.

The end of the feast

Only in the morning the Vakhlaks began to disperse. They took home their father and Savvushka with Grisha. They walked and sang that the happiness of the people lies in freedom. Further, the author introduces a story about the life of Tryphon. He did not keep farms, they ate what others would share. The wife was caring, but died early. The sons studied at the seminary. This is its summary.

Nekrasov concludes "A Feast for the Whole World" with Grisha's song. Having brought the parent to the house, he went to the fields. He remembered in solitude the songs that his mother sang, especially "Salty". And not by chance. You could ask the Vakhlaks for bread, but you only bought salt. Forever sunk into the soul and study: the housekeeper underfed the seminarians, taking everything for himself. Knowing well the difficult peasant life, Grisha already at the age of fifteen decided to fight for the happiness of the miserable, but dear Vakhlachina. And now, under the influence of what he had heard, he thought about the fate of the people, and his thoughts poured into songs about the imminent reprisal against the landowner, about the difficult fate of a barge hauler (he saw three loaded barges on the Volga), about wretched and plentiful, mighty and powerless Russia, the salvation of which he saw in the strength of the people. A spark ignites, and a great army rises, containing indestructible power.