The article contains a description of the concept of "social interest". The authors define social interest as an integrative quality of a person, expressed in focusing attention on the needs and feelings of other people and creating conditions for their development and self-realization. Psychological correlates of social interest are revealed. Positive: social-perceptual attitude; emotional response, intuitive channel of empathy, emotional channel of empathy, identification, penetrating ability in empathy, altruism, help motivation. Negative: alienation, veiled rigidity towards people, justified negativism. Structural components of social interest and their content are proposed: cognitive, emotional-regulatory, communicative-behavioral, motivational-value. The authors have developed and implemented a program of socio-psychological training aimed at the formation of social interest among students - future psychologists. The results of the study indicate the need and possibility of forming social interest and the qualities that determine it among students - future psychologists in the process of specially organized classes.
social interest
social interest of a psychologist
alienation
altruism
1. Adler A. Understand the nature of man / trans. E.A. Tsypin. - St. Petersburg: Academic project, 1997. - 256 p.
2. Bondarenko O.R., Lukan U. Individual psychology and humanistic psychology. Consonances and discrepancies between the psychotherapeutic approaches of Alfred Adler and Carl Rogers // Counseling Psychology and Psychotherapy. - M., 2010. - S. 175-190.
3. Molokanov M.B. Two-dimensional space of models of communicative interaction // Questions of psychology. - 1995. - No. 5. - S. 51–60.
4. Sidorenko E.V. Therapy and training in the concept of Alfred Adler. - St. Petersburg: Speech, 2002. - 347 p.
5. Personnel management. Vocabulary. Empathy [Electronic resource]. – Access mode: http://psyfactor.org/personal25.htm.
6. Adler A. Kurze Bemerkungenuber Vernunft, Intelligenz und Schwachsinn. Internationale Zeitschrift für Individualpsychologie, 6, 1928, pp. 267–272.
The content of a person's life is largely determined by his relationship with other people, the quality of which, starting from a certain period, is determined by his psychological characteristics, including, among other things, his own attitude towards others, which can be both positive (benevolent, understanding, empathic, supporting ), and negative (unfriendly, aggressive, ignoring). Special attention is paid to the attitude towards other people in the work of a psychologist.
Successful provision of psychological assistance is impossible without a sincere interest in the personality of the client and his problem. The need to provide psychological comfort to the client, to develop his readiness and ability not to create problems for himself, and also, if necessary, to find an independent solution suggests a special type of attitude towards the client on the part of the psychologist, aimed at updating the resources and personal growth of the client.
In this regard, in our work, special attention is paid to the study of such a quality as "social interest".
The authorship of the term "social interest" belongs to the Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler, who used the German concept "Gemeinschaftsgefuhl", which in translation into Russian means "spirit of solidarity, community"; "feeling of solidarity". Initially, the term was translated into English as "socialinterest", and then moved to Russian abstract journals.
Giving his own characterization of social interest, A. Adler notes the following: “When we say that this is a feeling, we, of course, have a right to it. But this is more than a feeling, it is a form of life ... I cannot give it a completely unambiguous definition, but I found a statement from one English author that accurately expresses what we could supplement our explanation with: “see through the eyes of another, hear through the ears of another feel with the heart of another. It seems to me that for the time being this is an acceptable definition of what we call a sense of community. Adler attached therapeutic importance to this feeling, noting that it is necessary to facilitate the patient's experience of contact with another person and thus give him the opportunity to transfer the awakened sense of community to others. He also called social interest a sign of mental health, acting as the basis for integrating a person into society and eliminating feelings of inferiority.
Many other authors also point to the importance of social interest in the work of a psychologist. So, according to M.B. Molokanov, interest in the other acts as a basic factor for assessing the effectiveness of a psychologist's communication and his professional success. With a high level of social interest, the psychologist's communication with the client is based on the internal state of the client, his subjective perception of himself and his condition. With unexpressed interest, communication is based on an external picture of the state, without taking into account the client's experiences.
In our work, social interest is understood as an integrative quality of a person, expressed in focusing attention on the needs and feelings of other people and creating conditions for their development and self-realization.
Accordingly, the social interest of a psychologist acts as an integrative quality of his personality, expressed in the focus on the needs and feelings of the client and the creation of psychological conditions for his development and self-realization.
Unlike empathy, which, in particular, is defined as “understanding the emotional state of another person through empathy, penetration into his subjective world”, social interest is considered by us as a form of personality orientation, as its life attitude, which determines a person’s readiness and desire for constructive and productive interaction with other people for the benefit of them and the whole society.
The manifestation of social interest presupposes that the psychologist has certain qualities and properties of his personality. In this regard, we conducted an empirical study, during which the following diagnostic methods were used: “Diagnosis of the level of empathy” (author V.V. Boyko), “Determination of destructive attitudes in interpersonal relationships” (author V.V. Boyko), “Methodology diagnostics of socio-psychological attitudes of a person in the motivational-need sphere" (author O.F. Potemkina), "Method of diagnosing a socio-perceptual attitude of a personality in relation to other people" (authors T.D. Dubovitskaya, G.F. Tulitbaeva), Help Motivation (author S.K. Nartova-Bochaver), Emotional Response Scale (authors A. Megrabyan, N. Epshtein), Subjective Assessment of Interpersonal Relations (author S.V. Dukhnovsky).
To diagnose social interest, J. Krendell's "Social Interest Scale" technique was used. The methodology contains 24 pairs of personal qualities, 9 of which are buffer. According to the instructions, the subjects from each pair choose the quality that they would prefer to have as their own characteristic. Pairs are chosen in such a way that one quality corresponds to the individualistic aspirations of a person, and the other is socially oriented (for example, being "energetic" or "able to cooperate"; "trustworthy" or "wise experience").
The subjects were students of the second and third courses of the Faculty of Psychology of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University. M. Akmulla in the amount of 120 people (110 female and 10 male), aged 18 to 20 years.
The conducted correlation analysis showed that social interest positively correlates with the following scales: social-perceptual attitude (rxy = 0.485; р< 0,001); эмоциональный отклик (rxy = 0,542; р < 0,001), интуитивный канал эмпатии (rxy = 0,317; р < 0,001), эмоциональный канал эмпатии (rxy = 0,213; р < 0,02), идентификация (rxy = 0,373; р < 0,001), проникающая способность в эмпатии (rxy = 0,354; р < 0,001), альтруизм (rxy = 0,467; р < 0,001), мотивация помощи (rxy = 0,649; р < 0,001).
The results obtained indicate that the manifestation of social interest is characterized by the ability to empathize with another person, feel what another person feels, experience the same emotional states, identify oneself with him, focus on altruistic values (possibly to the detriment of oneself), emotional support and help.
Negative correlations were identified on the following scales: alienation (rxy = -0.614; p< 0,001), завуалированная жесткость по отношению к людям (rxy = -0,334; р < 0,001), обоснованный негативизм (rxy = -0,216; р < 0,02).
That is, in the case of a low degree of social interest, the subject tends to strive to distance himself from others, in relations there is a lack of trust, understanding, closeness; a person is cautious in establishing trusting relationships, experiences of loneliness, isolation are possible; the readiness and desire to see, first of all, the negative in other people (envy, ingratitude, self-interest, etc.) is manifested.
The empirical study also revealed the following: 29.0% of the subjects have a low indicator of social interest, 36.6% have an average indicator, and 34.4% have a high indicator. Although the arithmetic mean indicators of social interest in females are slightly higher than in males (7.24 and 6.63 points, respectively), these differences are not statistically significant.
The results of the study testify, on the one hand, to the importance of social interest for the successful provision of psychological assistance to clients, and on the other hand, to the insufficient severity of this quality among students - future psychologists and the need for its purposeful formation in the course of specially organized classes.
In this regard, we have developed a special course, the purpose of which was the formation of social interest in psychology students and the corresponding qualities and personality traits. At the same time, we relied on the point of view of A. Adler, who noted that “the sense of community is not innate, but is only an innate possibility that needs to be developed consciously” [cit. according to 2, p. 185]. According to A. Adler, the development of social interest takes place in society. Education plays a special role in this process. Experiences and feelings during early childhood can contribute to or hinder the development of social interest, in the case of the latter, antisocial forms of human behavior are formed.
For the purposeful formation of social interest among students - future psychologists, we have developed its structure, which includes the following components:
1) cognitive - includes a positive social-perceptual attitude of the individual in relation to other people;
2) emotional-regulatory - the ability to empathize and self-regulate one's emotional state;
3) communicative-behavioral - communicative competence, assertiveness;
4) motivational-value - awareness and acceptance of the value of positive relationships, the desire to help other people, focus on the development of the client's personality.
Classes with students were conducted in the form of socio-psychological training of the declared personality traits and qualities and included: case analysis, business and role-playing games, discussions and special exercises. 54 students acted as an experimental group; as a control group - 66 students of the Faculty of Psychology of the Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla.
The psychological mechanisms of the formation of social interest were: awareness of the value of social interest both for society and for the individual, reflection, goal-setting, internalization-exteriorization, identification, imitation, attraction. Classes were held once a week for 2 hours (42 hours in total), students also did their homework and, if necessary, could seek individual advice from a psychologist who conducted the classes. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to determine the significance of differences.
A comparative analysis of the dynamics of the arithmetic mean indicators of social interest showed that the level of social interest among the students of the experimental group significantly increased from 7.2 points (stating stage) to 9.1 points (control stage) (Uemp = 925, at p ≤ 0.01) . In the control group, this indicator even decreased, but only slightly (from 7.15 points to 7.03 points).
The students of the experimental group also significantly increased the arithmetic mean indicators on the following scales: social-perceptual attitude of the individual in relation to other people (Uemp = 823, at p ≤ 0.00), activity associated with disinterested care for others (Uemp = 739, at р ≤ 0.00), emotional response (Uemp = 924, at р ≤ 0.001), rational empathy channel (Uemp = 954, at р ≤ 0.002), emotional empathy channel (Uemp = 1067, at р ≤ 0.014), identification (Uemp = 951, at p ≤ 0.001), ability to control emotions (Uemp = 1114, at p ≤ 0.029), penetrating ability in empathy (Uemp = 767, at p ≤ 0.00), intuitive channel of empathy (Uemp = 898, at p ≤ 0.00). That is, the students of the experimental group began to show more interest and attention to other people, treat them positively, show responsiveness, provide emotional support, find an individual approach, strive to be useful; the number of students focused on creating an atmosphere of openness, trust, sincerity has increased.
Thus, our study showed the possibility of forming social interest and the qualities that determine it in students - future psychologists in the process of specially organized classes. Undoubtedly, this quality is significant for everyone who works with people, including teachers, educators, doctors, personnel managers, etc. The formation of social interest in this category of workers can serve as a prevention of professional burnout and professional deformation. Interest in people, responsiveness and the opportunity to provide them with psychological support are noticed by others, cause them to respond with a positive attitude, which they readily express. Purposeful development of this quality will allow, in our opinion, to form socially active, socially responsible and humanistically oriented citizens.
Reviewers:Kudashev A.R., Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Head. Department of Management, SBEE HPE "Bashkir Academy of Public Administration and Management under the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan", Ufa;
Fatykhova R.M., Ph.D., Ph.D., Professor of the Department of Psychology, Head. Department of Psychology, FSBEI HPE "Bashkir State University. M. Akmulla”, Ufa.
The work was received by the editors on November 18, 2014.
Bibliographic link
Dubovitskaya T.D., Tulitbaeva G.F. SOCIAL INTEREST: CONCEPT, STRUCTURE, DIAGNOSIS, DEVELOPMENT // Fundamental Research. - 2014. - No. 11-10. - S. 2276-2279;URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=35934 (accessed 03/30/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History" Home > Tutorial
What do you think: what are the reasons for these events? What should be done to prevent such occurrences? Work with the source Read an excerpt from the work of the Russian sociologist R. V. Rybkina on crime in Russia. The entire course of the reforms was accompanied not only by an increase in the number of crimes, but also by serious changes in the very structure of crime. In particular, the “weight” of organized crime has sharply increased. But most importantly, it has turned from a purely criminal force into a self-organizing social system, integrated into all power and economic structures and practically not controlled by law enforcement agencies, moreover, into a social institution of Russian society. This means that it gave rise to: 1) its own, specific for it organizations - "roofs"; 2) special norms of shadow behavior (such as "racket", "roll-up", "rollback", etc.); 3) special social roles to which the implementation of these norms is assigned, and 4) special social relationships between participants in criminal communities that they enter into when implementing 3*
certain criminal operations, as well as special relationships between crime and power.
The main process that testifies to the institutionalization of criminal activity is its ever-increasing fusion with power. This process is going on at all levels - both at individual enterprises and firms in the regions of the country, and in the highest bodies of legislative (parliament) and executive (government) power. This allows us to talk about two new processes for Russia that arose in the era of economic liberalization: the first process is the shadowization of society, i.e., the increasing withdrawal of various social structures into the shadow ... and the second process is the criminalization of society, t i.e., the increasing strengthening of the role of criminal elements in it, associated with certain political, legal, economic and other structures of society.
Ryvkina R. B. The drama of change. - M., 2001. -S. 37-38.
IIIHI Questions and assignments to the source. 1) What new does the source give you in comparison with the educational text? 2) What do the words “going into the shadows” mean in the text of the document? How do you understand the words taken in quotation marks: “roofs”, “racket”, “roll forward”, “rollback”? Why does the author use them in sociological research? 3) Why do you think the market reforms in Russia were accompanied by the criminalization of society? 4) What information in this source confirms the particular danger of organized crime for society and the state? 5) What measures do you consider to be the priority for combating organized crime? § 7. Social interests and formssocial interaction Remember: what is social interaction? What are the types of social relations? What is interest? What is conflict? Social interest and social interaction is the subject of a comprehensive study of various social and humanitarian sciences. So, sociology explores the essential characteristics of social interaction as a generic concept of social science, studies its varieties and principles of regulation, analyzes the means of exchange, general types and forms of interactions. Social Psychology considers social interaction as an interactive side of communication, focusing on the psychological content, structure and mechanisms of this process.
SOCIAL INTERESTS
As you already know, interest is one of the forms of personality orientation. A person is interested in what can satisfy his needs. Social interests are one of the important driving forces behind the activity of any social subject (individual, group, any social community, society as a whole). They are inextricably linked with the need of this community. Recall that, unlike needs aimed primarily at satisfying a certain set of material and spiritual goods, human interests, as a rule, are aimed at those social conditions that allow satisfying the corresponding need. These include: social institutions, institutions, norms of relationships in society, on which the distribution of objects, values and benefits (power, votes, territory, privileges, etc.) depends. The social nature of interests is due to the fact that they always contain an element of comparing a person with a person, one social group with another. Thus, one can speak of social interests, i.e. interestspeople who make up a social group(stratum, ethnos), one or another team, association (political party, professional association, etc.). A set of specific social interests, along with a set of certain rights and obligations, is an indispensable attribute of each social status. First of all, these social interests are aimed at preserving or transforming those institutions, orders, social norms on which the distribution of benefits necessary for a given social group depends. Therefore, the difference in interests, as well as the difference in the level of income, working and leisure conditions, the level of prestige and the opening prospects for advancement in the social space, refers to the manifestations of social differentiation. Social interest underlies any form of competitiveness, struggle and cooperation between people. Habitual, well-established interests recognized by public opinion are not subject to discussion, thus acquiring the status of legitimate interests. For example, in multinational states, representatives of various ethnic groups are interested in preserving their language and culture. Therefore, schools and classes are being created in which the study of the national language and literature is conducted, and cultural-national societies are opened. Any attempt to infringe on such interests is perceived as an attack on the vital foundations of the relevant social
nyh groups, communities, states. Historical experience shows that, as a rule, none of the social groups sacrifice their interests voluntarily, on the basis of moral and ethical considerations or calls for humanism, to take into account the interests of the other side, other groups or communities. On the contrary, each of the groups seeks to expand its interests, to consolidate the success achieved and its development, as a rule, at the expense of the interests of other groups and communities. (Illustrate this position with examples.)
The modern world is a complex system of interaction of real social interests. The interdependence of all peoples and states has increased. The interests of preserving life on Earth, culture and civilization come to the fore. FORMS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION The main forms of social interactions include cooperation and rivalry.(Remember what you know about cooperation or competition.) Cooperation involves participation in a common deed. It manifests itself in many specific relationships between people: business partnership, friendship, political alliance between parties, states, etc. This is the basis for uniting people in organizations or groups, showing mutual assistance and mutual support. What features characterize this type of social interaction? First of all, the presence of common social interests and activities in their defense. Thus, the desire to satisfy one's interests, to gain power or to get the opportunity to participate in its implementation leads to the formation of social and socio-political movements, political parties. With such interaction, both parties that are interested in the beneficial nature of their joint activities have a certain common goal that determines the nature and content of this activity. Cooperation often involves compromise. Each of the parties independently determines what concessions it is ready to make in the name of the common interest. The intersection and mismatch of interests associated with the fundamental issues of social life (material and other resources, access to power, etc.) often lead to rivalry between participants in social interaction. How does this manifest itself in people's behavior? They, as a rule, strive to surpass each other, to achieve a certain success in the realization of their social interests. Each side considers the other, its social positions, actions as an obstacle to achieving its goal. Not
it is excluded that relations of envy, hostility, anger may arise between them, the strength of manifestation of which depends on the form of rivalry.
Rivalry can take the form of competition and conflict. (Remember what competition is, what types of competition you know.) We emphasize that in competition, rivals, as a rule, tend to get ahead of each other in achieving their social interests. Recall that competition involves the mandatory recognition of the rights of one of the parties by someone else. Competition does not always imply knowledge of a particular opponent. For example, the competition for admission to a university is due to the fact that there are much more applicants for a place than the number of places provided by the university. Applicants, as a rule, do not know each other. Their actions are aimed at achieving recognition of their efforts by someone third (in this case, from the selection committee), that is, to achieve preference. In other words, competition does not imply a direct impact on the opponent (maybe, except for competition in sports such as wrestling, etc.), but a demonstration of one's capabilities in front of a third. But in some cases, competitors can ignore the rules and resort to direct influence on the other side in order to push it back. In this case, competition develops into conflict. Rivals seek to force each other to give up their claims, impose their will, change the behavior of another, etc. Conflicts have long become an integral part of the social life of society, so we will consider in detail such issues as the causes of a social conflict, its main stages, types and methods of resolution.
SOCIAL CONFLICT
There are many definitions of the concept of "conflict" in the scientific literature. (Remember what you have already learned about conflicts in elementary school and in 10th grade.) This is being debated The question of the nature of conflict causes a lot of controversy. Here are the opinions of several modern Russian scientists. A. G. Zdrav o myslov. “This is a form of relationship between potential or actual subjects of social action, the motivation of which is due to opposing values and norms, interests and needs.” E. M. Babosov. “The social conflict is the limiting case of social contradictions, expressed in various forms of struggle between individuals and different
other social communities, aimed at achieving economic, social, political, spiritual interests and goals, neutralizing or eliminating an imaginary rival and not allowing him to achieve the realization of his interests.
Yu. G. Zaprudsky. "Social conflict is a clear or hidden state of confrontation between objectively divergent interests, goals and trends in the development of social subjects ... a special form of historical movement towards a new social unity." What unites these opinions? As a rule, one side has some tangible and intangible (primarily power, prestige, authority, information, etc.) values, while the other side is either completely devoid of them or does not have enough. At the same time, it is not excluded that the predominance may be imaginary, existing only in the imagination of one of the parties. But if any of the partners feels disadvantaged in the possession of any of the above, then there is conflict state. It can be said that social conflict is a specialinteraction of individuals, groups and associations in a collision recognition of their incompatible views, positions and interests; confrontation of social groups over diverse life support resources. AT Literature expresses two points of view: one - about the dangers of social conflict, the other - about its benefits. In essence, we are talking about the positive and negative functions of conflicts. Social conflicts can lead to both disintegrative and integrative consequences. The first of these consequences increases bitterness, destroys normal partnerships, distracts people from solving pressing problems. The latter help to resolve problems, find a way out of the current situation, strengthen the cohesion of people, allow them to more clearly understand their interests. It is practically impossible to avoid conflict situations, but it is quite possible to ensure that they are resolved in a civilized manner. There are many different social conflicts in society. They differ in their scale, type, composition of participants, causes, goals and consequences. The problem of typology arises in all sciences that take place with a multitude of heterogeneous objects. The most simple and easily explainable typology is based on the identification of spheres of manifestation of the conflict. According to this criterion, economic, political, interethnic, domestic, cultural and social (in the narrow sense) conflicts are distinguished. By-
let's make it clear that the latter include conflicts arising from conflicts of interests in the sphere of labor, health care, social security, and education; for all their independence, they are closely related to such types of conflicts as economic and political.
Changes in social relations in modern Russia are accompanied by an expansion of the sphere of manifestation of conflicts, since they involve not only large social groups, but also territories, both nationally homogeneous and inhabited by various ethnic groups. In turn, interethnic conflicts (you will learn about them later) give rise to territorial, confessional, migration and other problems. Most modern researchers believe that in the social relations of modern Russian society there are two types of hidden conflicts that have not yet clearly manifested themselves. The first is the conflict between hired workers and the owners of the means of production. This is largely due to the fact that after half a century of social security and all the rights in the field of social policy and labor relations that they were endowed with in Soviet society, it is difficult for workers to understand and accept their new status as a wage worker forced to work in conditions -views of the market. The other is the conflict between the poor majority of the country and the wealthy minority, which accompanies the accelerated process of social stratification. Many conditions influence the development of social conflict. These include the intentions of the participants in the conflict (to reach a compromise or completely eliminate the opponent); attitude to the means of physical (including armed) violence; the level of trust between the parties (as far as they are ready to follow certain rules of interaction); the adequacy of assessments by the conflicting parties of the true state of affairs. All social conflicts go through three stages: pre-conflict, directly conflict and post-conflict. Let's consider a specific example. At one enterprise, because of the real threat of bankruptcy, it was necessary to reduce the staff by a quarter. This prospect worried almost everyone: employees were afraid of layoffs, and management had to decide who to fire. When it was no longer possible to postpone the decision, the administration announced a list of those who were to be fired in the first place. On the part of the candidates for dismissal, legitimate demands followed to explain why they were being fired, applications began to come to the commission on labor disputes, and some decided to file
go to court. The settlement of the conflict took several months, the enterprise continued to work with a smaller number of employees. Pre-conflict stage- this is the period during which contradictions accumulate (in this case, caused by the need to reduce the staff of employees). Direct conflict stage is a set of certain actions. It is characterized by a clash of opposing sides (administration - candidates for dismissal).
The most open form of expression of social conflicts can be all sorts of mass actions: the presentation of demands on the authorities by dissatisfied social groups; use of public opinion in support of their demands or alternative programs; direct social protests. Protest forms can be rallies, demonstrations, picketing, civil disobedience campaigns, strikes, hunger strikes, etc. what kind of public support they can count on. Thus, a slogan that is sufficient to organize a picket can hardly be used to organize a campaign of civil disobedience. (What historical examples of such actions do you know?) In order to successfully resolve a social conflict, it is necessary to determine its true causes in a timely manner. The opposing sides should be interested in a joint search for ways to eliminate the causes that gave rise to their rivalry. On the post-conflict stage measures are taken to finally eliminate the contradictions (in the example under consideration, the dismissal of employees, if possible, the removal of socio-psychological tension in the relationship between the administration and the remaining employees, the search for optimal ways to avoid such a situation in the future). Conflict resolution can be partial or complete. Complete resolution means the end of the conflict, a radical change in the entire conflict situation. At the same time, a kind of psychological restructuring takes place: the “image of the enemy” is transformed into the “image of a partner”, the attitude towards the struggle is replaced by the attitude towards cooperation. The main disadvantage of a partial resolution of the conflict is that only its external form changes, but the reasons that gave rise to the confrontation remain. Consider some of the most common conflict resolution methods.
Conflict avoidance method means leaving or the threat of leaving, is to avoid meeting with the enemy. But the avoidance of conflict does not mean its elimination, because its cause remains. Negotiation Method assumes that the parties exchange views. This will help reduce the severity of the conflict, understand the opponent's arguments, objectively assess both the true balance of power and the very possibility of reconciliation. Negotiations allow to consider alternative situations, achieve mutual understanding, reach agreement, consensus, open the way to cooperation. Me-How to use mediation is expressed as follows: the opposing sides resort to the service of intermediaries (public organizations, individuals, etc.). What conditions are necessary for successful conflict resolution? First of all, it is necessary to timely and accurately determine its causes; identify objectively existing contradictions, interests, goals. The parties to the conflict must free themselves from distrust of each other and thereby become participants in the negotiations in order to publicly and convincingly defend their positions and consciously create an atmosphere of public exchange of views. Without such a mutual interest of the parties in overcoming contradictions, mutual recognition of the interests of each of them, a joint search for ways to overcome the conflict is practically impossible. All participants in the negotiations should show a tendency towards consensus, i.e., to agree.
SHSHBasic concepts: social interest, social interaction, competition, social cooperation, social conflict, ways of resolving social conflict. SHI Terms: rivalry, stages of social conflict. Check yourself 1) Expand the content of the concept of "social interest".- Name the main forms of social interactions. List the signs that characterize the social
labor. 4) Describe the rivalry as
forms of social interaction. 5) What is common
the cause of social conflict? 6) What are the main
dii social conflict? 7) What are the consequences of
lead social conflicts? 8) What are the main methods
ways to resolve the conflict and illustrate each of the
them with a relevant example.
whose private interest took on the form of a general or even general interest. Ideology plays a decisive role in this process of "generalization" of private interest. Give some examples from history.
- Consider what social interests might have:
a) residents of the neighborhood; b) factory workers; c) teaching
class. Employees of the enterprise, represented by the initiatives
group, officially notified the administration that
if by a certain date it does not ensure the repayment of
payroll, the staff will stop
work, go on strike. Is this situation
conflict? Explain the answer. By the anniversary of the company, employees were given bonuses.
Someone A. found out that he received less than others. He enters
drank in a quarrel with the boss.
under contract. When the work was paid, between employees
the kami had a dispute about how to distribute the money. As for me-
niyu K., the head of the group distributed the money
politely. But K. decided to remain silent. Is it possible to consider
Is this conflict social? Justify your answer
those. What is this type of conflict behavior called?
What are the disadvantages of this method? Name other ways. Work with the source Read an excerpt from the work of the German sociologist R. Dahrendorf (b. 1938). The regulation of social conflicts is a decisive condition for reducing the violence of almost all types of conflicts. Conflicts do not disappear through their resolution; they do not necessarily become immediately less intense, but to the extent that they can be regulated, they become controlled, and their creative power is put at the service of the gradual development of social structures ...
Textbook
1. The following year, Chekhov had a chance to see ... with Tolstoy, to be fascinated by him later write enthusiastic letters about him and fear his death as the most terrible for Russian life and literature (M.
Physics program For grades 10-11 of educational institutions
ProgramThe program was compiled on the basis of the program of the author G. Ya. Myakishev (see: Programs of educational institutions: Physics, Astronomy: 7 - 11 cells / Compiled by Yu.
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Martirosyan Sofia Ashotovna. Social interest in political space (the Socio-philosophical analysis): Dis.... kand. ... cand. philosophy Sciences: 09.00.11: Rostov n/D, 2005 144 p. RSL OD, 61:05-9/194
Introduction
CHAPTER 1. SOCIAL INTEREST: PROBLEM FIELD AND RESEARCH METHODS
1.2. Interests as a source of social dynamics 41
CHAPTER 2. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INTEREST RELATIONSHIP AND INTERACTION 62
2.1. The role of social interest in shaping the system of political participation 62
2.2. Political interest as a projection of the stratification structure of modern Russian society 85
CONCLUSION 116
References 128
Introduction to work
The relevance of research. Serious transformational processes are taking place in the modern world, affecting the political, economic, social and other spheres of society. Significant changes in the sphere of public consciousness are also obvious. It is hardly possible to find a phenomenon that would have undergone such changes to the greatest extent, on the one hand, and on the other hand, would be a better indicator of the depth of ongoing changes than interest. Even with a cursory glance at the trends in the development of social consciousness, one can clearly see the logic of changing its semantic content, as well as isolate the mutual influence of various social factors and the interests of society and the individual. Often, certain malignant behavioral patterns are a way of realizing certain social interests. In this connection, the search for adequate forms of stopping such patterns is impossible without a clear understanding of the content of interests, as well as an understanding of their interaction both within the individual and the group, as well as in interpersonal and interpear interaction.
In modern society, the political situation inevitably becomes more complicated, where society, social communities of people cannot do without the integration of interests and aspirations to achieve a better life, prosperity, develop in a civilized manner in the field of domestic and world politics. A person, living in a public environment, firstly, seeks to consciously realize his potential forces and activity in all areas and spheres of being in accordance with his needs and interests, or he is looking for supporters, people with close or similar interests in order to realize them together. Therefore, secondly, he is involved in the collective field of human action, that is, in politics. Politics, thanks to its institutions, resources, means and mechanisms, is able to help a person realize his interests or, on the contrary, may hinder their realization.
Particularly significant is the understanding of modern changes in the social structure associated with the transition of society to the post-industrial stage of development. Accounting for these changes is necessary, first of all, to analyze the development of the institutions of political representation that took shape during the development of an industrial society, as well as to identify the features of modern individual and collective actors of the socio-political process.
In this regard, the current situation inevitably dictates the need to analyze socio-political interests in the process of becoming a social subject of politics. Of particular importance is the issue of involvement in political activities in order to satisfy their interests.
The category "social interest" is a general humanitarian category. The prerequisites for its emergence were laid, in our opinion, by the ancient Greek philosophers, in particular, Plato and Socrates in the concept of "innate ideas". In the future, the category has been developed and in recent decades has been actively used by various specialists in descriptive and explanatory models, including philosophical, political science, psychological, economic, sociological and other paradigms. In specialized literature, the following types of social interests are found: national interests, state interests, economic interests, interests of various subjects (for example, the interests of a child or various social groups), interest in learning, legal interests, interests of the individual, etc. etc.
However, there are different interpretations of this category. Interest acts both as a "set of the most important incentives" and as
“orientation of the individual, group, social stratum”, and as “an element of the motivational-need sphere”. In other words, in various subject areas, the category is loaded with its specific content, which, on the one hand, indicates its diversity and globality, and on the other hand, is evidence of insufficient theoretical elaboration. In our opinion, a socio-philosophical analysis of social interest in the political space can become a significant step in this direction.
The degree of scientific development of the problem. Modern science has a significant amount of empirical and theoretical knowledge on various aspects of the problem, which was chosen for research by the author of the dissertation. The study of the phenomenon of social interest in the process of its formation and transformation was carried out throughout the history of the development of philosophical, sociological, political science, psychological thought (Plato, Aristotle, N. Machiavelli, Descartes, J.-J. Rousseau, Hegel, Kant, Marx, Engels , M. Weber, P. Bourdieu and others).
At the present stage, the given problematics acts as a subject and object of research, both foreign and domestic scientists from various fields of socio-political thought. The literature presents theoretical constructions and empirical works aimed at analyzing the social determinants of the emergence and evolution of interests at the micro and macro levels (G.K. Lshin, G. Burbulis, V.Yu. Vereshchagin, L.I. Guseva, L. I. Demidov, O. Offerdal, E. V. Okhotsky, L. S. Panarin, A. V. Sergunin, V. Yu. Shpak and others).
On the other hand, the scientific literature covers in detail the problem of transferring public knowledge to the level of its technological application. This determined the approach to social interest as a macrosystem - ideas in this direction can be traced in the works of B.C. Dudchenko, G.I. Ikonnikova, M. Markov, V.I. Patrusheva, N. Stefanova.
An analysis of political interest as a way of optimizing and algorithmizing professional political activity, as well as elements of studying their influence on the transformation of social interests, is the content of modern research conducted by M.G. Anokhin, S. Black, B.L. Borisov, I.A. Vasilenko, G.V. Grachev, A.A. Degtyarev, A.V. Dmitriev, 10.G. Zaprudsky, B.C. Komarovsky, E.N. Pashentsev, G. Simon, P. Sharan and others).
The dissertation research also uses the results of a political analysis of social interests in relation to the problem of political participation (M. Albert, G. Benvetiste, V.D. Grazhdan, A.I. Kitov, M. Meskon, A.L. Sventsitsky, F. Hedouri, V.M. Shepel, and others).
However, despite the extensive scientific literature on various aspects of the analysis of the concept of interest, it is quite reasonable to talk about the presence of a number of topical problems in understanding the essence of the phenomenon of social interest in its interpretation in relation to the political sphere of public life, the specific Russian features of its development, as well as its acquisition new properties and features in the conditions of modern society.
It is possible to put forward the author's hypothesis that social interest in the modern social space of Russia is in the process of formation and is incomplete. His analysis in relation to the sphere of politics is of scientific interest in the sense that progressive changes in the political sphere of Russian society are especially noticeable.
The methodological and theoretical basis of the dissertation was a synthetic method of research, which includes a logical and philosophical analysis, systemic and activity-based approaches to studying the phenomenon of social interest. For the specific purposes of the analysis, methods of institutional, technological, structural and functional analysis were used, as well as individual methods, ideas and principles developed by political science and sociology: the method of collecting and analyzing documentary and statistical material, the method of observation, the comparative method. At the same time, the basic concepts and constructions contained in the works of leading domestic and foreign scientists served as the theoretical basis of the study.
The object of research is the social interest in the space of society as a complex dynamic system.
The subject of the study is social interest as a macrosystem in relation to the interests that arise at other levels of society.
The purpose of the dissertation work is a socio-philosophical analysis of the specifics of social interest in relation to its manifestation in the political space.
The goal was specified in the following tasks:
1. Carry out a conceptual analysis of social interest as an object of interdisciplinary research
2. To reveal the specifics of the content of social interest as a macrosystem in relation to microsystems of interests of other levels.
3. Analyze the forms and mechanisms of manifestation of social interests in the political system of society.
4. Reveal the areas and features of the influence of political interests on the social sphere, in particular on the stratification structure of Russian society.
Scientific novelty of the research. The dissertation research contains a fundamentally new approach to social interest as a macrosystem that allows predicting and managing social processes at a higher level.
1. It is shown that the scientific and theoretical understanding of the content of the concept of social interest, achieved by studying it at the interdisciplinary level, allows us to define it as a multidimensional social and personal phenomenon, of a motivational-evaluative, subject-activity and referent-oriented nature.
2. It has been established that the specificity of social interest is a social and personal system implemented at various levels
4. It was revealed that the political interest, being a specific macrosystem, is in a relationship of transformation and modification with other social interests
Provisions for defense:
1. Social interest, representing a complex and multidimensional social and personal phenomenon, from the point of view of the activity-justice approach, is the result of objective activity and interaction with other people in various forms of referential-significant activity, determining the internal guidelines for a person to choose objects of interest to himself, circle of communication , reference groups, relations of socialization and cooperation, and are the subject of an interdisciplinary study that reveals additional compensatory characteristics that express the estimated-satisfactory needs for power and control over events and people and are the basis of social differentiation of society.
2. The specificity of social interest lies in the fact that it is a personal and social macrosystem that determines the content and structure of micro- and macrosystems of interests of other levels, personal and social interaction of society. At the same time, the interests on the basis of which the subjects act, determined by their social, economic, political, religious, spiritual nature, are at the same time determined by the totality of cultural, value, worldview positions of the subjects. Social interests are a socio-dynamic system that changes depending on the transformation of the social actors themselves, the variability of the social environment and forms of social interaction.
3. An interdisciplinary analysis of social interests, their forms and mechanisms of manifestation from the point of view of a rational (socio-philosophical approach) and non-rational (motivational-value socio-psychological approach) are the basis for social modeling and forecasting of social interests as a functional social system.
4. Political interests are in a complex and contradictory relationship with social interests: being formed under their influence, they not only transform and modify social interests, but also transform themselves. The dynamics of the mutual influence of interests as macrosystems is determined by the criteria parameters of the stages of development of society (social-dynamic functioning, development, stagnation, decline, systemic crisis, regression).
Theoretical and practical significance of the research.
The dissertation research complements the existing views on the problem of social interest, revealing the latter through the analysis of its theoretical and practical components. The conclusions presented in the work fill the phenomenon of social interest as a macrosystem with concrete content, and also determine its role in relation to microsystems of interests of other levels.
The conclusions and proposals formulated in the dissertation are of interest both from the point of view of theoretical understanding of the described phenomenon, and from the point of view of practical significance in predicting and modeling the development of social processes in society, making decisions in the field of social policy, and organizing the work of socio-political organizations.
The dissertation material can be used in the process of teaching theoretical and applied sociology, applied political science, conflictology, as well as in practical activities for forecasting and planning socio-political development in the country and region.
Approbation of work. The dissertation materials were reported at the scientific-practical conference "Violence in modern Russia" (Rostov n / D., 1999); at the All-Russian Scientific Conference "Teaching Comparative Political Science and World Politics in Russian Universities" (Novorossiysk, 2000); at the interuniversity scientific and theoretical conference "Political and legal institutions" (Rostov-on-Don, 2000); at the regional scientific and theoretical conference "Political and legal culture and spirituality" (Rostov n / D., 2001); at the scientific-practical conference "Globalization and regionalization in the modern world" (Rostov-on-Don, 2001); 3rd Russian Philosophical Congress "Rationalism and Culture on the Threshold of the Third Millennium" (Rostov-on-Don, 2002).
Implementation of the research results. The dissertation materials were used in the educational process when reading the special course "Political Interests in the Modern Political Process" to 3rd year students of the Department of Political Science of Rostov State University.
Structure and scope of work. The dissertation consists of an Introduction, two chapters, a conclusion with conclusions and practical recommendations, and a bibliography. The list of references includes 225 titles, 28 of which are in foreign languages. The volume of the dissertation is 143 pages.
Category "interest" in the context of social sciences and humanities
To determine the diversity of the content of the category "interest", it is advisable to consider, on the one hand, the genesis of the concept in the humanities fields of knowledge, on the other hand, to identify the specific semantic plans of the concept in each of the disciplines under consideration.
There is no unanimity of opinion among scientists of the humanitarian fields of knowledge in understanding the problem of the nature and genesis of interest. This, in our opinion, is due to the fact that this issue has not been a priority until recently. Studies of the philosophical, sociological and political content of interest are practically absent in the specialized literature. We believe that social processes in modern Russia and the world as a whole, including multidirectional and sometimes contradictory trends, have clearly formed a social order for the development of this issue. In this regard, the reasons for the intensive development of special areas of social sciences that use the category of "interest" and give it one or another specific meaning are also obvious. Most authors working in the humanities, one way or another, operate in this category. And this circumstance testifies both to the capacity, global nature of the category, and to the relevance of theoretical studies aimed at comprehending and systematizing the content of the concept of "interest" as a philosophical category.
Interest (from Latin interest) - matters, important - in scientific vocabulary it is used in various meanings. The following can be distinguished as the main meanings: attention shown to something; entertainment, fascination; importance, meaning; benefit, benefit; aspirations, needs, demands.
All pre-Marxist sociology derived interest, like other categories of philosophy, from people's ideas, from reason and spirit. Sociologists of that time argued that society does not develop according to objective laws, but according to the will of people. Separate statements, conjectures regarding the interdependence of individuals in society, causal relationships can also be found in ancient thinkers. For the first time in ancient philosophy, Democritus had the idea that the driving force behind human history was need, that is, the material needs and interests of people.
Representatives of philosophical and socio-political thought interpreted the concept of "interest" differently, sometimes extremely broadly. Thus, the author of the pamphlet "Leaves of the Tree of Life" published in 1648, W. Sedwick, attributed a unifying meaning to interest.
The prominent French philosopher C.L. Helvetius called interest “an all-powerful magician that changes the appearance of any object in the eyes of all beings”3. In this book ("On the Mind"), he tried to create a theory of interest as the driving force of human actions. In the figurative expression of Helvetius: “Rivers do not flow, and people do not go against the fast flow of their interests”4.
Interest, according to Helvetius, is selfishness. The author believed that interest is a natural feeling. It can be transformed into both vice and virtue. It all depends on the tastes and passions of a person.
Since ancient times, thinkers have singled out the concepts of general interest and private, often opposing one to the other. But if in theology the idea of the “common good” is considered irreducible to the accidental manifestations of this good (according to the scholastic definition, where this idea comes from), then the concept of the common interest is already by definition under constant pressure from numerous external manifestations through which it is perceived. individuals.
Undoubtedly, the problem of finding out in practice what the common interest is, also arises when referring to the idea of the “common good”. A particular difficulty encountered in attempting to formulate different representations of the general interest is the need to recognize the possibility of synthesizing multiple and conflicting private interests while retaining their specificity.
In the modern era, it was not so much Hobbes, for whom the problem of the transfer of interests was, in general, secondary to the urgent need to establish a political order, but Rousseau formulated the problem in socio-political terms, defining it as "the general will." In its deepest premises, this definition of Rousseau has many points of contact with the theological concept of the common good.
The problem of the collision of individual or private interests acquires special significance for the scientist. Rousseau refers to it directly in order to justify defining the nature of politics as an "art" and not as a pure science or technique of government. So, in the “Social Contract” (1761), he writes that “If there were no different interests, the general interest would hardly be felt, which would not meet obstacles; would have gone by itself and politics would have ceased to be an art” (Book II, Chapter III). However, according to the thinker, it is impossible to derive a common interest from a simple sum of individual expressions of will (from this, rather, the will of all or the will of the majority is obtained). Therefore, Rousseau constantly stresses that it is necessary that what is intended to express a general interest should always and in any case concern only general objects. One can thus assume the opposite: that the "general will" is in conflict with the desires of the numerical majority of the individuals who make up society. In this case, as Rousseau writes in the spirit of Hobbes in Chapter XI of the third book of the Social Contract, we are witnessing the "death of the political corps" due to measures of a particularistic nature and decrees that have no general effect.
Thus, Rousseau's social contract theory anticipates the "dilemma" that presents itself in various forms in modern game theory in various versions of the "captive" or "collective action": it is difficult to bring together private interests that are irreducible to each other and opposed to each other. which, moreover, compete with each other, and their consistent implementation can lead to damage for everyone. Let us take the example of "common water": the owners of two plots of land bordering each other could use a common water source in such a way as to satisfy exclusively their own interest, but acting, at the same time, to the detriment of their mutual interest, however, distant in time and not so obvious. Even when the common interest is readily recognizable, an insurmountable difficulty can arise as to whether it can be achieved through a social contract.
Consequently, for Rousseau, unlike utilitarians since Hume, the problem is not to harmoniously combine private and public interest, but to understand that the general interest is not reducible to individual benefit.
Interests as a source of social dynamics
It is obvious that the social significance of interests as a source of social dynamics manifests itself most acutely in the transitional period of the development of society in social, ethnic conflicts, deep economic and political transformations in society, when questions are raised about the ways and methods of its transformation. It is the interests that act as motivating motives for the activities of people, social communities, activate the life of classes, peoples, religious and other social groups. “A closer examination of history convinces us,” Hegel notes, “that the actions of people follow from their needs, their passions, their interests ... and only they play the main significance”16.
In the conditions of sustainable dynamic development and the political system and society as a whole, depends on the skillful consideration and coordination of the interests of various subjects.
The essence of interest lies in the need to realize the needs of the subject through its objective inclusion in social relations. The scientific consideration of social interest reveals the following elements: needs and the subject's awareness of the need to satisfy them, social conditions of life and the choice of specific practical actions that allow the subject to realize the need.
Social subjects are in constant interaction, their life situation is under a powerful influence from society, which is of a twofold nature. Either the position of people is endangered, that is, it is deteriorating, destabilizing, or, on the contrary, it opens up new opportunities for them to improve their lives, increase their prestige, and so on. From this interaction, interest is born. It can be defined as the desire of the subject to change, improve or preserve, strengthen their living conditions and position with the help of social means. Specifically, interest is manifested as the desire of people, social groups for certain values, institutions, processes, connections, norms, for a specific attitude to reality17.
Interests express certain needs and are aimed at certain goals of people or their groups. Carriers of personal needs and interests unite in groups in order to express their interests within groups and represent them more effectively in relations with the state and other groups, which is hardly possible for one person. The process of formation of interest lies in the fact that at first the most diverse social interests and needs of members of a social group, their personal emotionally colored opinions, judgments, in the course of communication and exchange are translated into specific forms or requirements of a particular association or institution. In order to identify and make obvious often still little realized interests, so that common views become collective aspirations, a sense of community and the concept of “we” must arise (“we are miners”, “we are Yakuts”, “we are patriots”, “ we are Cossacks”, etc.). As L.G. Zdravomyslov notes, interests, like needs, are a special kind of social relations; they do not exist on their own, abstractly, outside those individuals, social groups, classes and other forces that act as their carriers. This is one of the reasons for the classification of interests. The other side of the matter is that interest, like need, is directed to a specific object. The objects of interest are material and spiritual values, social institutions and social relations, established customs and practices. If the need is focused primarily on the subject of its satisfaction, then the interest is directed to those social relations, institutions, institutions on which the distribution of objects, values, benefits that ensure the satisfaction of needs depends. Interests are especially closely connected with distributive relations in society, being aimed either at changing or at consolidating existing distributive relations.
Because of this, interests turn out to be in a certain sense more significant, important from the point of view of ensuring real living conditions. They are aimed primarily at rational means of subsistence. When a certain level of satisfaction of needs is reached, interests come to the fore. For some, these are "legitimate claims" to the existing level of consumption, for others - this is the desire for a qualitative change in living conditions. What is common between needs and interests is that in both cases we are dealing with the aspirations of people that directly affect their social and economic behavior. However, if needs orient people's behavior towards the possession of those benefits that turn out to be vital or stimulate vitally significant ways of human activity, then interests are those incentives for action that arise from the mutual relationship of people to each other.
The direct subject of social interest is not the good itself as such, but those positions of the individual or social stratum that provide the possibility of obtaining this good. But these positions are not equal, insofar as interests are in a certain sense more conflictogenic than needs. Both in everyday speech and in theoretical analysis, interests are much more often associated with social position, which fixes for a certain time the totality of opportunities provided to the actor by society. It is the social position that outlines the boundaries of what is accessible and possible for the individual and the social group. Through the possible and, in principle, accessible, it also influences the formation of realistic desires and aspirations. The situation, reflected in desires, feelings, mindsets and life plans, turns into a set of complex incentives for activity - into interests, which act as the immediate cause of social behavior.
Interests appear in the form of feelings, desires, moods and aspirations to satisfy needs, which are reflected, comprehended and realized in the individual and collective consciousness. The process of awareness is manifested in the selectivity and directed activity of the subjects of interest, which emphasizes its subjectivity.
Most supporters of sociological and psychological interpretations see the nature of interest as dialectical, they view it through the prism of the unity of objective and subjective components. In particular, a number of authors single out a three-term structure of interest: the need to satisfy a need (which in turn implies the existence of a need itself); the possibility of satisfying the need (this requires the existence of conditions and means of satisfying it); awareness of the need to meet the needs and opportunities to meet them19.
Interests directly reflect the relations of inequality that have developed in society, they constantly contain an element of comparison of a person with a person, one social group with another. It is in this that the basis of that effectiveness, that real power, which lies in interests. They directly reflect the social position of individuals, which determines their role as the most important incentives for the action of social development.
The role of social interest in shaping the system of political participation
One of the most important characteristics of political processes is the participation of people in political life. Individuals, groups, social strata are involved in the political process, constantly interact with the political environment and perform a variety of roles.
Political participation is the involvement of ordinary citizens in the formation of government bodies, in the recognition of the legitimacy of power, in the formation of the policy pursued by the ruling group and control over its implementation, in the development and establishment of a political culture, and, finally, in controlling the behavior of elites. We are talking about the involvement in one form or another of members of society in the process of forming a system of political participation. If citizens take part in the political life of a society, then the political system of that society can be considered participatory. However, individuals and social groups are not equally involved in the political process, and this largely depends on the political regime.
Thus, under the conditions of a democratic political regime, political participation is universal, "free. It acts for citizens as a means of achieving their goals, realizing their interests. Political participation makes it possible to identify the real role of a citizen, individual strata, groups in the political process.
Difficulties in the formation of a system of political participation can be caused by a lack of trust among various groups in relation to each other, their desire to take a maximalist position, as well as the weakness of political institutions.
The solution to this problem is possible by identifying, firstly, the potential for shared participation in power, which alleviates the causes of various conflicts; secondly, the difficulties of the transition to democracy, since it reinforces rather than alleviates the various causes of conflict; thirdly, differences in the systems of political participation.
The motivated political participation of citizens is a fundamental component of democratic governance and the development of civil society. According to the theories of democracy, all citizens of the country should not only have a chance to participate in making socially important decisions, but also use it from time to time. This is precisely what the theory of "civil culture" proposed by G. Llmond and S. Verba1 to describe the political culture of democratic countries says. The civic culture consists of elements of an activist political culture, balanced by elements of a more passive submissive culture and an apathetic, apolitical patriarchal culture. The activist element ensures innovation and rational involvement of the population in solving important social problems. But for stability, it must be balanced by other elements, more passive, traditional, emphasizing the loyalty of the individual to the political system. Therefore, the idea of a “reserve of influence” appears, which all citizens of a democratic state have. Using their reserve of influence, they can from time to time be actively involved in political activities in order to satisfy their interests.
Despite the fact that the topic of political participation is of interest to researchers from different countries, we have to admit that in our country this topic has not yet found worthy coverage.
If a democratic system functions successfully, then it provides the members of the group with the opportunity to choose political leaders, achieve economic success and social status without political restrictions. Individuals and groups can use the electoral system to gain official support and respect for their local institutions by voting for sympathetic candidates.
If properly organized, the electoral system reduces tensions by keeping some radicals out of power. Working with elected representatives can help a group build an electoral coalition, change controversial legislation, or defend the group's prerogatives. Successful collaboration, in turn, helps future relationships by demonstrating that groups can work together and share common interests.
In rare cases, a system of political participation can satisfy the ambitions of leadership groups. When one group rules the state (or can take control of the state due to a threat to its privileged position), then the main ambitions of the leadership group are secure. Thus, when a democratic system guarantees one group control of the process, it reduces conflict based on the satisfaction of the ambitions of the leadership group. Under these conditions, the less democracy, the greater the effectiveness of peacekeeping efforts, since a more equitable democratic system allows any group to have unfettered access to political power.
Some forms of democracy can be successful in providing power sharing in divided societies. Liberal democracy is based on the principle of a changeable majority in order to avoid the tyranny of the majority. This means that individuals can temporarily form various coalitions, based on economic, social interests, uniting on a regional basis or on other grounds, which ensures that diversity of opinions is taken into account. The majority system is effective when the majority changes from election to election, as happens in the United States and other Western democracies.
Interest socially th(from lat. socialis - public and interest - important) - this interest any socially wow subject (person, socially oh group, class, nation) associated with its position in a particular system of social relations. These are perceived needs. real reasons for action, events, accomplishments, behind the immediate internal motives (motives, thoughts, ideas, etc.) participating in these actions individuals socially th groups, classes. By A. Adler's definition socially th interest- an element of the motivational-required sphere, it acts as the basis for integration into society and the elimination of feelings of inferiority. It is characterized by a willingness to be imperfect, to contribute to the general welfare, to show trust, care, compassion, a willingness to make responsible choices, to be creative, close, collaborative and inclusive.
The most important are class interests, which are determined by the position of classes in the system of production relations. However, any socially interests, including and class, are not limited to the sphere of production relations. They cover the entire system of social relations and are associated with various aspects of the position of their subject. The generalized expression of all interests socially wow subject becomes his political interest, which expresses the attitude of a given subject to political power in society. Social Group, striving to realize
mine interest, may come into conflict with others groups. Therefore, often private interest takes on the form of a social or even universal. Then it takes on the appearance of a legal, legitimate interest and is non-negotiable. Any socially and I the transformation of society is accompanied by a sharp change in the balance interests. The conflict of class, national, state interests underlies socially s revolutions, wars and other upheavals in world history.
Socio-economic interests- system socially o-economic the needs of the subject (individual, team, socially oh group, society, state). Interest expresses the integrity of the system socially about- economic needs and in this capacity is a stimulus for the activity of the subject, determining his behavior. Awareness of one's own socially o-economic interests the subject is the historical process. So, awareness by commodity producers of their interests leads to their implementation and, accordingly, is the basis of the mechanism of a market economy. Implementation socially o-economic interests working class contributes to the creation of a system socially s guarantees of the whole society.
In society there is a complex dialectic of mutual actions private, collective and general interests. Yes, private socially o-economic interests, as an incentive to action individuals, thereby ensure the implementation of the common interest. Interdependence and Interdependence interests manifests itself even more in the dialectic of the collective and the general interest, interests socially groups and national interest. However, in such a complex socially ohm body, as society as a whole, by no means always and not in everything collective, and even more so private interest coincides with the general interest. State in interests all socially groups and layers, as well as individuals, regulates and controls as private as well as group(collective) interests, shaping and protecting public interests.
The purpose of any legal norm is socially wow interest. In this sense, it is the main component of the state will. Social interest belongs to the fundamental categories of sociology. It can be imagined as a concept that characterizes what is objectively significant, necessary for an individual, family, team, class, nation, society as a whole. Interest and need are not the same. objective socially about- economic needs are motivating reasons volitional activity of people, but determine it, only manifesting itself in socially interests.
Society is characterized by the meaningful nature of all action its members. Interest is what binds members of civil society together. Social interests determine the goals of human activity. As a result, certain relations are established, a certain social system, political and legal organization of society, culture, morality, etc., which ultimately correspond to the economic conditions of society. Hence, socially th interest- the starting point of the purposeful activity of people and its determinant socially oh significance. This category property interest due to its role in the formation of law as the main criterion for identifying the objective basis of the content of law, its socially oh entities.
Social interest, being conscious and enshrined in the rules of law, predetermines action rights. The ratio between socially s interests as objective reality and interest in law is explained by the ratio of objective and subjective in the interest. There are three points of view on this issue in the legal literature. Some authors consider interest an objective phenomenon; others - subjective; the third - the unity of the objective and the subjective. Depending on the basis of classification, economic, political, spiritual, class, national, group, personal interests. In its turn
each sphere of the life of society has its own groups the most important socially th interests. § 7. Social interests and forms of social interaction
we nod today - this is the result, first of all, of the spiritual poverty of individuals, as well as the purposeful activities of unscrupulous politicians pursuing selfish goals. From history (and not only from it), you know very well what disastrous consequences the attempts to introduce racist and Nazi ideas lead to. Any racism, nationalism, anti-Semitism is a lie, and a criminal lie, because along with moral norms, constitutional human rights are violated.
NI Basic concepts: ethnicity, nation.
YANTerms: nationality, national mentality, national traditions and values.
Test yourself
1) In what sense is the concept of "ethnos" used in our science? 2) What is the difference between the definitions of the concept of "ethnos"? 3) What sign of an ethnic group is considered the main one? 4) Why is the concept of "nation", according to many scientists, not a strictly scientific category? 5) Why is it argued that the national mentality is a kind of memory of the past, which determines the behavior of people? 6) What, according to Ilyin, are the main values of the Russian people? Why did the philosopher call them supranational? 7) What confirms the ethnic diversity of modern humanity?
Think, Discuss, Do
1. Persian poet and philosopher Saadi (1210 -1292) wrote:
All the tribe of Adam is one body,
Created from the dust alone.
If only one part of the body is wounded,
Then the whole body will fall into trembling.
Over human grief you did not cry forever, -
So will people say you're human? How do you understand the meaning of these lines, written in the 13th century? Why are they said to be relevant today? Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your position.
You are familiar with the wording: national
traditions, national cuisine, national income, wal
howling national product, national features,
National Philharmonic Orchestra of Russia
the rational people of Russia. The concept of "national" art
uses here in different senses, since different track
The concept of “nation” itself has a certain meaning. Explain in what
sense must be understood by each of these formulations.
As part of the tradition, experts include customs, ri
tual, rite. Each of these traditions has its own
4. In the USSR, nationality was determined and recorded in the passport. Public opinion was also dominated by a rigid norm of a single, obligatory and consanguineous nationality. And if the state wrote it down in your passport, then you are exactly what is written down. Ethnologist V. A. Tishkov calls this situation “forced identity” and notes that there are not thousands, but millions of similar examples in the territory of the former USSR. He gives an example close to him. A friend of his son, Felix Khachaturian, who lived all his life in Moscow, did not know a word of Armenian, had never been to Armenia, was listed as an Armenian on a Soviet passport, although he is Russian not only in culture, but also in self-consciousness.
The scientist raises the question: does such a person have the right to consider himself Russian? Or are the sound of the surname and appearance the main determinants of ethnic identity? The scientist has a clear, well-founded answer. What is your opinion? Explain.
Work with the source
The Russian historian V. O. Klyuchevsky (1841-1911) in his famous “Course of Russian History” noted that the living conditions convinced the Russian people that “it is necessary to cherish a clear summer working day, that nature gives him little convenient time for agricultural labor. And that the short Great Russian summer can still be shortened by untimely, unexpected bad weather. This makes the Great Russian peasant hurry. To work hard to do a lot in a short time and get out of the field in time, and then sit idle through the autumn and winter. So the Great Russian got used to the excessive short-term exertion of his strength, got used to working quickly, feverishly and quickly, and then resting during the forced autumn and winter idleness.
Klyuchevsky V. O. Works: In 9 volumes - M., 1987. - T. 1. - S. 315.
^H Questions and assignments to the source. one) What is the main idea of the fragment? 2) What features of the Russian mentality were formed under the influence of the described living conditions? 3) What impact do you think modern living conditions have on the mentality of Russians?
