Lesson summary

The theme of human loneliness in the world (according to the story of A.P. Chekhov "Tosca").

Subject: literature

Class: 9

Lesson type: reading and study lesson

Forms of work: individual, frontal, group

Lesson Objectives:

To continue acquaintance of students with the work of A.P. Chekhov.

Continue to develop the ability to analyze a literary text. Develop creative imagination and the ability to boldly express your own opinion.

3. To instill in children a sense of compassion, sympathy, a desire to help

neighbor in difficult times.

Lesson equipment:

Projector, screen, computer presentation.

Explanatory Dictionary edited by S.I. Ozhegov.

Cards for group work.

During the classes

I . Organizing time.

Target: emotional attitude to the lesson. Awareness of the importance of this lesson, motivation for its result.

Hello guys!

I want to start our lesson today with a parable borrowed from the notebook of the French writer Alphonse Daudet:

“Once a wise songbird was asked: “You sing so beautifully, but why are your songs so short?” To which the bird replied: “I have so many songs, I must tell them to the world.”

A.P. loved this parable. Chekhov. He, like that bird, knowing the world, its people, was in a hurry to tell us, his readers, about everything. In his short stories, he, like a doctor, tries to cure people of such ailments as vulgarity, servility, servility, ignorance, limited horizons.

The famous Russian writer Korney Chukovsky said: “Chekhov least of all claimed the role of a preacher, the ideological leader of the youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy deeds only because he, as if with a click, etched out of us all spiritual rubbish.”

Can we say these words about us today? We will try to answer this question today in the lesson.

And the subject of our conversation will be the story of A.P. Chekhov "Tosca".

Open notebooks, write down the topic of the lesson.

State the objectives of the lesson. What should we learn in the lesson? What to learn? (continue acquaintance with the work of A.P. Chekhov; develop the ability to analyze a literary text; find artistic means in it; learn to boldly express your own opinion).

II . A word about a writer. Student message.

Target: development of monologue speech of students, the ability to highlight the main information, work with sources.

A student's story about the life of A.P. Chekhov (using presentation).

The story, "Longing", which will be the subject of our analysis in the lesson, was written by the writer in 1886.

III . Work on the content of the story.

Purpose: to form the ability to analyze a literary text, to find out what the system of figurative and expressive means of language serves in a story. Improve the skills of working in groups in the analysis of a work of art.

Guys, tell me what associations you have when you hear this word - longing.

Building a cluster.

Questions to the class:

What does it mean to be lonely?

Can a person be lonely among people?

Do you feel lonely?

What is the lexical meaning of this word?

Let us turn to the explanatory dictionary, ed. S.I. Ozhegov.

Yearning and

1. Mental anxiety, despondency.

2. Boredom, as well as (colloquial) something very boring, uninteresting.

What is the meaning of this word in the story?

Give synonyms for this wordsorrow, grief, chagrin, melancholy, sadness, despondency ).

Why did the writer choose the wordyearning ? Guess how you think. (It can be assumed that the stressed vowela emphasizes the infinity, boundlessness of this feeling, hopelessness).

You have already read the story at home. But just reading Chekhov's story is not enough. To understand the true meaning of his works, one must pay attention to every detail. To this end, we turn to the story test.

Frontal discussion on:

What is the beginning of the story? Read out.

(Snow, twilight, lit lanterns. Every object, a living being is entangled, separated from the outside world by a cold blanket).

What impression does this winter evening make on you?

(The soul becomes gloomy, cold and lonely).

What is the role of this description?

(With the help of the landscape, the internal psychological state of a person is transmitted).

And how does the main character Jonah feel?

(He is sad, bad).

Why is he bad? (His son died.)

Quite right. He buried his son and stayedone . How can you help someone in this situation?

(Talk to him, listen, smile, show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience).

Did Jonah try to talk about his grief? (Yes.)

To whom?

(To a military man, a hunchback, a janitor, a young cab driver.)

Let us follow the text how these people react to Jonah's story about the death of his son.

Work in groups. Find and discuss. Prepare a speaker for the group.

1 group: meeting of Iona Potapov with the military.

2 group: meeting of Iona Potapov with Gorbach.

3rd group: Meeting of Iona Potapov with the janitor.

4th group: meeting of Iona Potapov with a young cab driver.

So,let's conclude:

Iona Potapov is among people, but he has no one to tell his sadness, because they are indifferent people, they do not know how to feel the pain of another person, they do not know how to sympathize. Nobody cares about his grief. Everyone on their own.

What artistic means does Chekhov use to convey the longing of the hero?

Let's do this task in groups.

1 group:

Epithets: a great longing, a longing that knows no bounds. Epithets evoke in the reader not very bright, not very joyful associations. Without a doubt, they convey the author's feeling for the events and images depicted.

2 group:

Metaphors : bursting the chest, would flood the whole world, fit in the shell.

Metaphors, personifications, comparisons carry a negative emotional load, help to feel the state of Jonah.

3rd group:

gradation : evening twilight - evening haze - darkness.

Repeat: the son died - from what? ... go; the son died - we will all die, drive; son died... These techniques reinforce the expression.

Let's doconclusions about the role of these artistic means:

The linguistic means used in the text are not accidental, they help to reveal the theme of the work, to express the author's idea. In a small work, with the help of various artistic techniques, Chekhov reveals a great misfortune in a person's life.

To whom did Jonah pour out his soul? Who listened to him anyway? (Horse.)

Why did Jonah decide to tell her everything?

(In the horse, Iona Potapov sees a kindred spirit. As he lost his son, so she lost her master and oats. He begins to remember and talk about his son, and then “gets carried away and tells her everything.” Because in this emptiness and silence, in this "soulless" city - this is the only creature that listened to him, did not push him away.)

How did Jonah address the horse? (Brother filly)

Does the emotional coloring of this word change throughout the story? (Yes)

(From contemptuous horse, to neutral - horse, to diminutive - filly.)

Read aloud the last two sentences of the story.

How do you explain the ellipsis?

Indifference is the laziness of the soul. After all, a person needs so little from people - it is necessary that they listen to him, say a kind word, smile. But even this smallness is not something that is a pity - just too lazy to sympathize, understand ...

Let's look at the epigraph of the story. Read.

How do you understand the meaning of the epigraph?

(There is no one to tell, only the man himself and God know).

Let's go back to the question I asked at the beginning of the lesson: "Etched all the spiritual rubbish out of us." Can we say these words about us today? (Yes)

Chekhov in many works gives us a lesson in the relationship of people, encourages us to be sensitive, teaches us to be tolerant of each other, to drive indifference and complacency out of our hearts.

Listen to Varlam Shalamov's poem:

Where is life? Though the rustle of a leaf

She would have spoken.

But behind is emptiness

But behind is silence.

And I'm afraid to step forward

Step into a hole, into a black forest,

Where memory takes by the hand

And there is no heaven.

Varlam Shalamov 1938

What do you think, is there anything in common between A.P. Chekhov's story "Tosca", written in 1886, and the poem of the poet and writer, who, like A. Solzhenitsyn, went through the GULAG Varlam Shalamov, written in 1938?

(The theme of loneliness. A poem, like a story, teaches sympathy, understanding of a person.)

IV . Summarizing. Grading.

Purpose: to assess the knowledge of students and motivate them to work in the following lessons.

The result of our work will be writing a syncwine. As a keyword, let's take the word - longing.

Yearning

green, huge

Covers, absorbs, oppresses

No one to tell about your grief

Loneliness

Grading a lesson.

Thank you all for the lesson.

V . Homework (group)

1 group:

Find epithets. What feelings do they evoke in the reader? What is their role in the text?

3rd group:

Find examples of gradation, repetitions. What is their role?

2 group:

Find metaphors, personifications. Do they carry a negative or positive emotional load? What do you think, for what purpose did the author use these linguistic means?

The problem of loneliness has been relevant at all times. It also exists in the modern world. Of course, today people use the Internet and various means of communication that allow them to communicate unlimitedly. However, according to psychologists, the one who most often turns to social networks, more than others, feels a sense of loneliness, that is, the absence of a soul mate. Sometimes such a person comes up with any life events and stories. And this is all in order to attract attention. Often occurs in those people who do not want to accept the society that surrounds them.

They oppose themselves to others, try in every possible way to protect themselves from the whole world and often go against generally accepted norms and traditions.

Child and loneliness

It is easier to accept the existence of a problem when a person does not have family, friends and loved ones. However, situations are different. Sometimes a feeling of loneliness visits a person who is surrounded by relatives. Unfortunately, such a phenomenon exists, although it seems simply incredible.

So, there is the problem of the loneliness of a child in the world of adults. The arguments given by psychologists testify to the danger of this phenomenon. After all, fears and emotions experienced at an early age have a strong influence on the formation of personality, and, consequently, on the whole life of a person. That is why adults should pay attention to the problem of their baby.

What are the reasons why a child becomes lonely? The most obvious of them is the lack of attention from people close to him. Often, adults are so absorbed in their worries and problems that they simply do not have enough free time for their child. Think about it, maybe in your family there was such a situation? If yes, then it requires immediate correction. And there is a weighty argument in favor of such a step. The problem of loneliness, according to psychologists, leads to the fact that children become withdrawn, oppressed and alienated. The child, left to himself for a long time, goes into the world of thoughts and fantasies he has created.

The reason for loneliness at an early age may be the wrong approach of parents to education. Some fathers and mothers mistakenly believe that they know better than the child himself what he needs. In this case, the interests of an unformed personality are ignored. It is impossible to exert such pressure on a small person. And on this occasion, psychologists have a weighty argument. The problem of loneliness that has arisen in the process of such upbringing can alienate the child from his parents, as it will gradually degenerate into misunderstanding.

How to protect a child from loneliness?

The problem that has arisen requires immediate elimination. Of course, the ways to solve it are not easy, but they exist. The constant efforts of people close to him will help drive away the feeling of loneliness from the child. Parental love will serve as the main assistant in this. But it should not be expressed in material wealth, but in sincere sensitivity, care and participation in the life of the baby. You need to constantly be interested in the affairs of your child and not dismiss him when he invites you to play with him.

The problem of child loneliness in literary works

Many writers and publicists raised the topic of lack of attention to the life and interests of a small person. They often discussed how the problem of loneliness arises. Arguments from the literature that can be given on this topic - the story of Pavel Sanaev - "Bury me behind the plinth." The protagonist of the work is the boy Sasha Savelyev. He tells readers about lost dreams and unfulfilled hopes due to the moral indifference of adults. The boy has no toys and no friends. All this is replaced by only a small mouse. When she is gone, Sasha will fully feel the loneliness of a child among adults.

The same feeling seizes the heroine of the story written by Dina Sabitova “Three of your names”. This is a story about the terrible fate of a girl who went through a real hell of a half-starved impoverished life, first in her own family, and then in an orphanage and with foster parents.

male loneliness

Often, representatives of the strong half of humanity do not have any attachments and close ties. Some men consider this condition the norm. Is it so? To understand this issue, it is necessary to consider what kind of argument is given by psychologists in opposition to this.

The problem of loneliness, according to experts, may lie in inadequate self-esteem of a man. Such a person simply moves away from relationships with the people around him. He is afraid of criticism of his abilities and talents, which will bring him pain.

The reason for the loneliness of a man may be the lack of communication skills in communicating with others. Often the basis of such immaturity is shyness, which arose due to psychological trauma received in childhood or adolescence.

The reason may be the presence of social phobia. The roots of this phenomenon lie deep and lie in the imposition of an adult opinion on the boy. For example, the beginning of a visit to a kindergarten with a psychological unpreparedness of the baby. This causes fear and leads to a desire to spend time alone, away from other children.

The reason for the isolation of a man can be a psychopathology, expressed in depression, autism, schizophrenia, a tendency to alcoholism. The problem of loneliness also arises in those young guys who have a strong emotional attachment to their mother. However, not only as a result of underdevelopment or a person does not contact with the world around him. As a direct contrast to everything said above, another, fairly weighty argument can be made. The problem of loneliness sometimes becomes an element of spiritual growth. Here we are talking about the pinnacle of human development.

The theme of male loneliness in literary works

The feeling of lack of affection haunts many representatives of the strong half of humanity. Numerous arguments directly related to the problem of human loneliness are found in the works of domestic and foreign writers. There are books that are literally permeated with this feeling, and among them are the works of Marquez.

In many works of this author, the problem of loneliness is raised. Arguments from literature written by Marquez - the hero of his novel "The Outsider". In addition, Albert Camus wrote about loneliness, as well as Truman Capote ("Breakfast at Teffany's") and Hermann Hesse ("Demian"). In these works, loneliness is a special life canvas with hopes and torments woven into it, alienation and solitude, internal conflicts and contradictions.

A weighty argument to the problem of the loneliness of a person who has chosen the path of service is L. Tolstoy's novel War and Peace. In this work, we are presented with the image of the great commander Kutuzov. He saves the country and spares the lives of soldiers, giving Moscow without a fight. The main task that the commander-in-chief sets himself is to rid Russia of enemies with minimal losses for his army. However, the authorities have a different opinion. She wants to achieve glory at any cost. As a result, the author raises the problem of the tragic loneliness of a person. The arguments for it are the resignation, and then the untimely death of the great commander. That is the price of the decision.

In many works of Russian writers, the problem of loneliness was raised. Arguments from the literature on this issue - the hero of A. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin. At first glance, he could be attributed to a socially active person. Onegin was gladly received in. Moreover, the hero received real pleasure from leading such an idle life. However, at the end of the novel, Onegin concludes for himself that he has always been "a stranger to everyone ...".

What other works deal with the problem of loneliness? Arguments from the literature can be given as follows:

1. Roman I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". His protagonist Bazarov is lonely both in love and in friendship and views.
2. Roman Y. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time". In it, the image of Pechorin is a multifaceted loneliness, both lyrical and civil, as well as universal.
3. Comedy A. S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit." Her hero, Alexander Chatsky, experiences loneliness, not finding support for his thoughts in society. He perceives his situation as a personal tragedy.

female loneliness

Complaints about this condition can often be heard from the fairer sex. Moreover, the topic of such loneliness excites, as a rule, women themselves. Unfortunately, even married ladies or those who have a love relationship can experience such a feeling.

What is the origin of this problem? Psychologists explain its presence:

Complexes and insecurity when women compare themselves with beauties from the covers of glossy magazines;

Stereotypes, when ladies believe that men only love blondes, marry bitches, etc.;

Lack of meaningfulness in the search for a partner.

But be that as it may, psychology concerns, as a rule, the absence of a beloved man nearby. Even those divorced girls who have children speak of the emergence of this feeling. They project their condition onto the baby, saying: “No one needs us.” The desire of a woman to have a family is inherent in nature itself. Little girls already in kindergarten begin to play mother-daughters, cook soup in a plastic saucepan and swaddle dolls. At the same time, they dream of a handsome husband and a luxurious white veil.

However, it is such that even wearing a wedding ring on her hand, a representative of the weaker sex may feel lonely. Often this is explained by the fact that many families live as if by inertia, and the spouses are not interested in each other's moods and thoughts. It often happens that a woman lovingly prepares dinner for her husband, receiving a “thank you” on duty in response.

Sometimes ladies doom themselves to loneliness after an unsuccessful romance. They are painfully experiencing the situation, experiencing humiliation. And here comes the problem of overcoming loneliness. The arguments given by psychologists indicate that it needs to be addressed. Otherwise, the woman will become even more unhappy than she was before. She will be prevented from creating new relationships by the fear of her prejudice that all men are evil.

The theme of woman's loneliness in literary works

A. I. Solzhenitsyn tells about the life of a simple Russian collective farmer in his story “Matryona Dvor”. This is a lonely woman who lost her husband at the front and buried six children. Matrena Vasilievna, that is the name of the main character of the story, struggles alone with the hardships of life. She, who has seniority at the state farm, is not paid a pension. She was also unable to obtain payments for the loss of a breadwinner. However, Matrena did not lose her human feelings. She readily responds to someone else's misfortune and continues to bear the cross of the keeper of the hearth.

Very clearly female loneliness is shown in the novel by L. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina". This is a work about breaking the relationship of the main character with all spheres of life. Here the author also highlights the problem of the influence of loneliness on a person. The arguments in favor of the fact that the love of Vronsky and Anna is doomed to failure are obvious. Alienation of society and its rejection of the feelings that have arisen, contrary to the morality of secular circles. A young and cheerful woman at the beginning of the novel is eventually driven to complete despair and dies under the wheels of a train.

Loneliness of the elderly

The problem of lack of demand, the appearance of a feeling of abandonment and misunderstanding on the part of young people often accompanies the elderly. This is exacerbated by the fact that they also experience a lack of support and care from the state. But often this is a problem of loneliness of a person who has devoted himself to others. Arguments in favor of the need to solve it are the social aspects of the issue.

What are the causes of loneliness in old age? This is the absence of relatives and children or separate living from them. It is not easy for old people to endure the death of a spouse. The Russian state is characterized by another problem of loneliness of the elderly. The arguments for the seclusion of the elderly are financial helplessness and the inability to cope with household and hygiene issues.

The theme of loneliness of the elderly in literary works

The story of K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram" tells about the life of an old village woman. His main character, Ekaterina Ivanovna, had to experience loneliness, despite the fact that she has a daughter, Nastya. The author raises the problem of loneliness of old people. The arguments confirming her existence are the main character's awareness of her uselessness, because her daughter has not visited her for four years. This leads to the fact that the old woman lives out her days all alone.

The same problem was also raised by A. S. Pushkin. In his story "The Stationmaster" he showed how terrible the picture of the loneliness of an old man is. The hero of history, Samson Vyrin, was left by his daughter, who went after her beloved.

How loneliness changes a person was convincingly shown to us by N.V. Gogol. The hero of his novel "Dead Souls" Plyushkin himself removed his children from himself. He was afraid that they would ruin him. The result of Plyushkin's loneliness was the degradation of personality.

One of the problems in big cities

A huge crowd of people in megacities does not allow people to meet often and does not encourage close spiritual communication. Everyone is in a hurry and running about their business, often not paying attention to who is nearby. Women and men live as if by inertia. However, a certain moment comes, and each of them understands that loneliness has come, because there is no one around. You can find a description of this state in many literary works. There is it in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky "White Nights". In it, the author raises the problem of loneliness of people in big cities. The arguments confirming the existence of such a situation are the divergence of interests and the total separation of people. In the center of the story of F. M. Dostoevsky is the story of a lonely Dreamer. On his life path he met a girl Nastenka. The dreamer falls in love with her and with her help tries to get out of the "dungeon" of loneliness.

However, Nastenka loves another and remains true to her feelings. She apologizes for her betrayal in a letter written to Dreamer. He forgives the girl, but, continuing to love her, remains alone in a cold city that does not understand him.

Lesson Objectives:

Equipment: textbook, text of the story " Yearning» , material on the topic of the lesson.

Lesson type

Predicted results:

K. I. Chukovsky

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MUNICIPAL BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

GORODETSK SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL

NAMED AFTER THE HERO OF RUSSIA ALEXANDER PROKHORENKO"

Sherstyuk Nina Gavrilovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

first qualification category

MBOU "Gorodets secondary school

named after the Hero of Russia Alexander Prokhorenko"

2017

The theme of human loneliness in a crowded city in A.P. Chekhov "Tosca"

Lesson Objectives:

1. to continue acquaintance of students with the work of A.P. Chekhov;

2. give an idea about the plot, the composition of the story "Longing";

3. find out the moral issues of the story, theme, idea;

4. repeat theoretical concepts: composition, story, landscape,

Expressive means of language;

5. develop reading culture;

6. educate the spiritual and moral culture of students.

Equipment : textbook, text of the story " Yearning" , material on the topic of the lesson.

Lesson type : a lesson in the analysis of a work of art.

Predicted results:

1. students know about the plot, the composition of the story "Longing";

2. determine the plot elements of the story, the features of the composition;

3. determine the theme and idea of ​​the work, correlate the beginning and the end;

4. characterize the main character of the story;

5. perform research work with the text of the story in groups.

Chekhov least of all claimed the role of a preacher, the ideological leader of the youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy deeds only because he, as if with a click, etched out of us all spiritual rubbish.

K. I. Chukovsky

DURING THE CLASSES

1. Updating of basic knowledge

Listening to several creative works (see homework of the previous lesson)

1. Motivation for learning activities

Chekhov is a master of the short story.

This is a great artist of the word. He is able to convey in a short story the whole life of a person, adhering to the rules he himself formulated: "to write talentedly, that is, briefly" and "brevity is the sister of talent." Behind his landscapes, often painted with the help of one precise and accurate detail, behind short dialogues and monologues, behind small details, an attentive reader always distinguishes not named by the author, but clearly visible depths of life. The story "Tosca" is recognized as the pinnacle of the writer's early works.

Indifference... How often, when we hear this word, we are surprised and indignant, thinking to ourselves that this does not apply to us. And how often we forget that we offended and brought grief to our closest and dearest people. Indeed, often so little is required of us: to listen, to say a kind word, to smile. But even this smallness we sometimes regret so much. Well, what did it cost the heroes of the story "Tosca" to show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience in order to ease the grief of Iona Potapov? Their souls would become much brighter and purer if they understood the grief of the cabman. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness, indifference finally leave us...

The famous Russian writer Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky said (addressing the epigraph of the lesson): “Chekhov least of all claimed the role of a preacher, the ideological leader of the youth, and meanwhile, we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy deeds only because he, as if with a click, etched out us all spiritual rubbish." Can we say these words about us today? We will answer this question today in class.

1. Work on the topic of the lesson

1. Introductory speech of the teacher

The epigraph to "Tosca" "To whom shall we sing my sadness?.." (the opening line of the spiritual verse "Lament of Joseph and true life") sets a certain psychological tone to Chekhov's story. The author encourages the reader to think about the loneliness of a person among people, the lack of response to someone else's pain, the inability to be heard, to pour out one's grief, to establish confessional contact with another person. Beginning of Tosca:

"Evening twilight. Large wet snow swirls lazily around the newly lit lanterns and lies in a thin soft layer on the roofs, horses' backs, shoulders, hats ..." Running people in the street bustle of the big city, familiar to them, do not notice either the falling snow or the cab Iona Potapov, who is "white as a ghost" and with his immobility resembles a snow statue.

1. Immersion in the topic of the lesson (conversation)

What does it mean to be lonely?

Can a person be lonely among people?

What do you think longing is? Loneliness?

What is the lexical meaning of these words?

1. Vocabulary work (writing on the board and in notebooks)

Loneliness is the state and feeling of a person who is in conditions of real or imaginary isolation from other people, rupture of social ties, lack of significant communication for him, lack of communication, etc.

Anguish - constraint of the spirit, languor of the soul, excruciating sadness; mental anxiety, anxiety, fear, grief, sadness, grief.

1. Analytical work with the text of the story "Tosca"

a) The teacher's message about the history of the creation of the story "Tosca".

The story appeared in January 1886 in the Flying Notes section of the Petersburg Newspaper, where A.P. Chekhov had previously published many ironic skits and other short satirical works that brought him literary fame as the witty, observant humorist Antosha Chekhonte. What served as the leading motive for A.P. Chekhov's address to this topic is not known for certain. In December 1885, the writer visited St. Petersburg for the first time, and "the whirlpool full of monstrous fires, restless cod and running people", into which he plunged upon arriving in the capital, may, to a certain extent, served as one of the incentives for writing Tosca. A flashed street scene, a fragment of a conversation heard, or simply the sight of a cabman and his horse bent under the snow - these or other impressions, unknown to us, could give impetus to the work of the writer's imagination. Is there any need, however, for some special, real or literary, commentary on Tosca, on a story with such an obvious plot, with a gripping reader's sympathy for Iona Potapov and his misfortune? Of course, the main meaning of the story should be understood without any comment, through the understanding of the internal connections of the work, the logic of its plot, composition. The author of "Tosca" is 26. Draft versions of the manuscript of "Tosca" have not been preserved, since during this period of creativity A.P. Chekhov had a habit of destroying all preliminary sketches and used preparatory materials at the end of the work.

b) Research work with the text of the story (in groups)

1st group

• How many times does Jonah try to tell about his son's death? (Three times)
• Write down the reaction of the interlocutors. (The son died ... from what? ... go; the son died ... we will all die, drive; the son died ... (no answer)
• What is the name of this expression? (Repeat) Support with examples from the text of the story.

2nd group

• What time of day did the story take place? (In the evening)
• Write down the change in evening lighting. (Evening twilight, evening haze, darkness)
• What is the name of this expression? (gradation)
• How many times does this change occur? (Three times) Support with examples from the text of the story.

3rd group

• Write out from the text verbs that characterize the actions of a crowded city. (Dark masses move, crowds run, crowds scurry)
• How many times does Chekhov mention this in the story? (Three times) Support with examples from the text of the story.

4th group

• Write out from the text how Jon's appeal to the horse changes.
• How did the emotional coloring of the word change? (From the contemptuous "horse" - through the neutral "horse" - to the diminutive "filly")
• What is the name of such vocabulary (first and third words)? (Expressive) Support with examples from the text of the story.

Presentation of the results of the work

c) Conversation

1. Artistic detail.

Among other writers, A.P. Chekhov is distinguished by extraordinary powers of observation. A deep knowledge of life and people helped him, with the help of small details, individual strokes, to depict truthfully and vividly the character of a person, objects, nature. Therefore, the artistic detail is of great importance in the work of Chekhov. Artistic detail contributed to the reduction of volume. In his works, Chekhov omitted such important information as the genealogy, biography of the characters. The main means of characterization was a portrait, although it also did not correspond to the usual idea. It was not a description of the color of hair, eyes, and the like, the writer chose two or three of the most accurate and well-aimed details, and this was enough to vividly represent the image as a whole. Craftsmanship of detail: in the story, the author mostly calls the horse a horse. As soon as the suffix appeared, the reader sees this old, hackneyed, work-tired horse, as miserable as her owner, and just as poignantly pitiful. And only she can breathe her warmth into Jonah's arms. In his stories, Chekhov shows only the main, most important points, and omits the rest. Artistic detail helps him condense time. Chekhov does not say this directly, but the reader vividly imagines these changes, and all this is due to the artistic detail.

2. Composition of the story

The plot of "Tosca", at first glance, is another reflection of the young Chekhov's favorite literary device - with warm irony to build a composition, a storyline of a story from an anecdotal, in fact, situation: an old cab driver who did not find understanding from a single person he met on the way, who buries his son, pours out his grief to the horse. However, the story told by Antosha Chekhonte on the pages of the periodical is "not an ironic trinket" of entertaining humorous journalism, but an age-old tragedy of a man knocking on people's souls (Dunaev, 1998).

In the plot of "Tosca", at least, two interrelated plans can be found: on the one hand, the author encourages the reader to empathize with Iona Potapov, and on the other hand, to reflect on the comprehensive regularity of human existence - longing for someone's soul, consonant with himself, able to understand, respond, sympathize, listen.

The conflict of the story lies in the fact that longing and loneliness stem from the fact that people's hearts are closed, callous, not ready for compassion for their neighbor. That is why “my sadness” (the epigraph) remains unknown to anyone except God, and Jonah’s answer to his bitter words is the silence of the whole world.

1. Reflection. Summing up the lesson

Summary of the teacher:

Today at the lesson you were once again convinced that the stories of A.P. Chekhov are distinguished by brevity and richness of the plot. In the story "Tosca" it seems that nothing happens. The driver Ion Potapov is covered with snow in the dull winter twilight. He is waiting for his passengers. In fact, Jonah is no longer waiting for anyone or anything. For a whole week now he has been living as if half asleep: his son has died. The tragedy of Jonah is of no interest to anyone: neither the military, nor the idle youth, nor a man of his own class - a cab driver. No one is interested in Iona Potapov, no one needs his soul-rending pain. Everyone is in a hurry somewhere, everyone is dissatisfied, annoyed, only Jonah has nowhere to rush. He is lonely, sad, lost in thought. Death made a mistake, "misidentified the door", took away the heir, who "was a real cabman." After several attempts to pour out his soul to strangers, Iona Potapov understands that there are no and will not be sympathizers in grief, people become isolated, they want anything, but not talk about someone's death. People do not want to think about frailty, they mindlessly scurry around the world, hoping that luck will save them, they will find their place in life, and what do they care about the death of another person.

The lack of sincerity, responsiveness, understanding is a problem not only of the 19th century, but also of the present. Iona Potapov may be a taxi driver whose son tragically died. Will it find a response in the souls of modern passengers? I think no. Jonah has "an enormous yearning that knows no boundaries," the same is true of the boundless callousness and indifference of those around him. Winter. Snow falls. It will melt when it gets warmer, there will be no trace left of it. The anguish of Jonah will also dissipate if it finds a warm response and participation. Yes, the pain of loss will remain, like a memory of the past snowfall, but it will be possible to live, taking care of the horse, calmly thinking about your death. To whom can Jonah cry? Only a living soul, only she is able to understand the grief of another. Jonah found such a silent friend - his partner, a horse, old, hackneyed, tired of work, which only breathes its warmth into the hands of its owner. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a subtle psychologist of the human soul. He showed how hopeless longing of a person can be, lonely, like a person. They fill each other, vessels with deep, viscous contents. And human spiritual deafness leads to boundless loneliness and emptiness, to the emptiness of vessels that should be filled with living moisture.

The loneliness of a person among people is the terrible essence of A.P. Chekhov's story "Tosca".

1. Homework in Russian literature

Prepare for extracurricular reading. Read an essay by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov "Sakhalin Island".

Literature

In the methodological development of the lesson, materials from the site of I. N. Perova were used.

1. To continue acquaintance of students with the work of A.P. Chekhov.

2. Continue to form the ability to analyze a literary text. Develop creative imagination and the ability to boldly express your own opinion.

3. To instill in the children a sense of compassion, sympathy, a desire to help their neighbor in difficult times.

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Lesson summary

Teacher: Bekyasheva Raisa Borisovna

Subject: literature

Grade: 9 B

Lesson topic: A.P. Chekhov. The story "Tosca". The theme of human loneliness in the world.

Lesson type: reading and study lesson

Forms of work: individual, frontal, group

Lesson Objectives:

1. To continue acquaintance of students with the work of A.P. Chekhov.
2. Continue to develop the ability to analyze a literary text.Develop creative imagination and the ability to boldly express your own opinion.

3. To instill in children a sense of compassion, sympathy, a desire to help

Near in difficult times.

Lesson equipment:

1. Projector, screen, computer presentation.
2. Explanatory Dictionary edited by S.I. Ozhegov.
3. Cards for group work.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

Purpose: emotional mood for the lesson. Awareness of the importance of this lesson, motivation for its result.

Hello guys!

I want to start our lesson today with a parable borrowed from the notebook of the French writer Alphonse Daudet:

“Once a wise songbird was asked: “You sing so beautifully, but why are your songs so short?” To which the bird replied: “I have so many songs, I must tell them to the world.”

A.P. loved this parable. Chekhov. He, like that bird, knowing the world, its people, was in a hurry to tell us, his readers, about everything. In his short stories, he, like a doctor, tries to cure people of such ailments as vulgarity, servility, servility, ignorance, limited horizons.

The famous Russian writer Korney Chukovsky said: “Chekhov least of all claimed the role of a preacher, the ideological leader of the youth, and yet we managed to protect ourselves from many dark and unworthy deeds only because he, as if with a click, etched out of us all spiritual rubbish.”

Can we say these words about us today? We will try to answer this question today in the lesson.

And the subject of our conversation will be the story of A.P. Chekhov "Tosca".

Open notebooks, write down the topic of the lesson.

State the objectives of the lesson. What should we learn in the lesson? What to learn? (continue acquaintance with the work of A.P. Chekhov; develop the ability to analyze a literary text; find artistic means in it; learn to boldly express your own opinion).

II. A word about a writer. Student message.

Target: development of monologue speech of students, the ability to highlight the main information, work with sources.

A student's story about the life of A.P. Chekhov (using presentation).

The story, "Longing", which will be the subject of our analysis in the lesson, was written by the writer in 1886.

III. Work on the content of the story.

Purpose: to form the ability to analyze a literary text, to find out what the system of figurative and expressive means of language serves in a story. Improve the skills of working in groups in the analysis of a work of art.

Guys, tell me what associations you have when you hear this word - longing.

Building a cluster.

Questions to the class:

What does it mean to be lonely?

Can a person be lonely among people?

Do you feel lonely?

What is the lexical meaning of this word?

Let us turn to the explanatory dictionary, ed. S.I. Ozhegov.

Yearning

1. Mental anxiety, despondency.

2. Boredom, as well as (colloquial) something very boring, uninteresting.

What is the meaning of this word in the story?

Give synonyms for this wordsorrow, grief, chagrin, melancholy, sadness, despondency).

Why did the writer choose the word yearning ? Guess how you think. (It can be assumed that the stressed vowel a emphasizes the infinity, boundlessness of this feeling, hopelessness).

You have already read the story at home. But just reading Chekhov's story is not enough. To understand the true meaning of his works, one must pay attention to every detail. To this end, we turn to the story test.

Frontal discussion on:

What is the beginning of the story? Read out.

(Snow, twilight, lit lanterns. Every object, a living being is entangled, separated from the outside world by a cold blanket).

What impression does this winter evening make on you?

(The soul becomes gloomy, cold and lonely).

What is the role of this description?

(With the help of the landscape, the internal psychological state of a person is transmitted).

And how does the main character Jonah feel?

(He is sad, bad).

Why is he bad? (His son died.)

Quite right. He buried his son and stayed one . How can you help someone in this situation?

(Talk to him, listen, smile, show a minimum of affection, compassion and patience).

Did Jonah try to talk about his grief? (Yes.)

To whom?

(To a military man, a hunchback, a janitor, a young cab driver.)

Let us follow the text how these people react to Jonah's story about the death of his son.

Work in groups. Find and discuss. Prepare a speaker for the group.

1 group: meeting of Iona Potapov with the military.

2 group: meeting of Iona Potapov with Gorbach.

3rd group: Meeting of Iona Potapov with the janitor.

4th group: meeting of Iona Potapov with a young cab driver.

So let's conclude:

Iona Potapov is among people, but he has no one to tell his sadness, because they are indifferent people, they do not know how to feel the pain of another person, they do not know how to sympathize. Nobody cares about his grief. Everyone on their own.

What artistic means does Chekhov use to convey the longing of the hero?

Let's do this task in groups.

1 group:

Epithets: a great longing, a longing that knows no bounds.Epithets evoke in the reader not very bright, not very joyful associations. Without a doubt, they convey the author's feeling for the events and images depicted.

2 group:

Metaphors : bursting the chest, would flood the whole world, fit in the shell.

Metaphors, personifications, comparisons carry a negative emotional load, help to feel the state of Jonah.

3rd group:

gradation : evening twilight - evening haze - darkness.

Repeat: the son died - from what? ... go; the son died - we will all die, drive; son died... These techniquesreinforce the expression.

Let's draw conclusions about the role of these artistic means:

The linguistic means used in the text are not accidental, they help to reveal the theme of the work, to express the author's idea. In a small work, with the help of various artistic techniques, Chekhov reveals a great misfortune in a person's life.

To whom did Jonah pour out his soul? Who listened to him anyway? (Horse.)

Why did Jonah decide to tell her everything?

(In the horse, Iona Potapov sees a kindred spirit. As he lost his son, so she lost her master and oats. He begins to remember and talk about his son, and then “gets carried away and tells her everything.” Because in this emptiness and silence, in this "soulless" city - this is the only creature that listened to him, did not push him away.)

How did Jonah address the horse? (Brother filly)

Does the emotional coloring of this word change throughout the story? (Yes)

(From contemptuous horse, to neutral - horse, to diminutive - filly.)

Read aloud the last two sentences of the story.

How do you explain the ellipsis?

Indifference is the laziness of the soul. After all, a person needs so little from people - it is necessary that they listen to him, say a kind word, smile. But even this smallness is not something that is a pity - just too lazy to sympathize, understand ...

Let's look at the epigraph of the story. Read.

How do you understand the meaning of the epigraph?

(There is no one to tell, only the man himself and God know).

Let's go back to the question I asked at the beginning of the lesson: "Etched all the spiritual rubbish out of us." Can we say these words about us today? (Yes)

Chekhov in many works gives us a lesson in the relationship of people, encourages us to be sensitive, teaches us to be tolerant of each other, to drive indifference and complacency out of our hearts.

Listen to Varlam Shalamov's poem:

Where is life? Though the rustle of a leaf

She would have spoken.

But behind is emptiness

But behind is silence.

And I'm afraid to step forward

Step into a hole, into a black forest,

Where memory takes by the hand

And there is no heaven.

Varlam Shalamov 1938

What do you think, is there anything in common between A.P. Chekhov's story "Tosca", written in 1886, and the poem of the poet and writer, who, like A. Solzhenitsyn, went through the GULAG Varlam Shalamov, written in 1938?

(The theme of loneliness. A poem, like a story, teaches sympathy, understanding of a person.)

IV. Summarizing. Grading.

Purpose: to assess the knowledge of students and motivate them to work in the following lessons.

The result of our work will be writing a syncwine. As a keyword, let's take the word - longing.

Yearning

green, huge

Covers, absorbs, oppresses

No one to tell about your grief

Loneliness

Grading a lesson.

Thank you all for the lesson.

V. Homework.

Target: motivate students to do homework and work in subsequent lessons.

In the next lesson, we will continue to study the work of A.P. Chekhov. Read the story "Death of an official".

1 group:

Find epithets. What feelings do they evoke in the reader? What is their role in the text?

3rd group:

Find examples of gradation, repetitions. What is their role?

2 group:

Find metaphors, personifications. Do they carry a negative or positive emotional load? What do you think, for what purpose did the author use these linguistic means?

1 group:

Find epithets. What feelings do they evoke in the reader? What is their role in the text?

3rd group:

Find examples of gradation, repetitions. What is their role?

2 group:

Find metaphors, personifications. Do they carry a negative or positive emotional load? What do you think, for what purpose did the author use these linguistic means?

Mini essay-reasoning based on Chekhov's story "Longing" on the topic: Loneliness, pain and longing of the protagonist. Essay on Literature

The story "Tosca": audiobook

The story "Tosca" is rightfully considered the pinnacle conquered by Chekhov's skill. Subtle lyricism and an oppressive feeling of sadness are perfectly conveyed by him, so reading this work is physically painful. I want to crawl through the lines, come and listen to Jonah, because any person feels sorry for him. It seems that, compared to him, I am happy, although before reading I had my own hardships and worries. I admire Chekhov, because not every author can evoke such emotions. It seems to me that the secret of his success is that he found how to describe loneliness, the most bleak human feeling. Everyone has experienced it and everyone understands what it is, and at the same time the author has managed to show it in a new way.

Pain and longing in Chekhov's image are comparable to a powerful stream that could flood everything, but is placed in an "insignificant shell" in the form of a pitiful figure of a cabman. It is these feelings that characterize Jonah's longing, which can only be quenched by sincere participation. However, the driver cannot find him anywhere, although he travels all over the city. The problem posed by Chekhov in the story "Longing" is not even that the hero yearns for his son, but that no one wants to listen to him and break the vicious circle of his loneliness. That is, the grief of another person does not concern anyone, a big city lives its own life, and Jonah lives its own, and this is the vice of a big city in which people become smaller.

The inner world of the hero of the story "Tosca" is completely flooded with loneliness. Jonah is revealed only from this tragic side. His soul is Christian rich. He does not grumble at fate for the death of his son, he resigned himself, although he was ready to die in his place. He is open to kindness, has not become embittered by the indifferent world, and forgives people for their rudeness. He does not even want to bother them with his outpourings and falls silent when he sees that the listener is not up to him. Surprisingly, it is spiritual riches that make him lonely. Vulgar and empty people are united by their primitiveness, but Jonah is doomed to bear the burden of his spirituality. This is an unobvious reason for his loneliness, but Chekhov brings it to the fore by all means, revealing the character of his hero.

Jonah is a type of little person. He has very modest requests, he lives almost from hand to mouth, and all his property is a skinny horse. He came to the city to work, in the village he left a daughter who needs to be supported. Therefore, the miserable and wordless cab driver learned one rule: do not argue with the gentlemen. Whatever they do with him, a free, in theory, a man, not a serf, he endures and also praises the masters. Maybe in this endless humiliation, Jonah established himself in his loneliness. He considers himself unworthy of communication, believes that rudeness towards him is justified, therefore he does not make attempts to find an equal to himself and make friends. He always, as it were, asks for mercy, talking about longing. Jonah humiliates himself to such a level that he begs for what is due and endures the unbearable. In the loss of dignity, his loneliness takes on a monstrous dimension.

Thus, the theme of loneliness in the story "Tosca" is revealed by Chekhov from different angles: it is both a vice of a big city, and an element of Jonah's subtle mental organization, and a consequence of his humiliation. This versatile loneliness drives the hero into hopeless longing, which the author put into the title of the story. This capacious word fully expresses the tragedy of the fate of the hero.

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