1. Using the map, confirm the differences in the location of the production of certain types of fertilizers (Fig. 45). What other maps do you need for analysis?
To answer this question, complete the table (Fig. 44, p. 71) with specific examples. To answer you will also need maps of mineral resources, gas industry and ferrous metallurgy.
| Fertilizer type phosphate fertilizers |
Accommodation conditions At the places of extraction of raw materials (apatites and phosphorites) |
Production centers Voskresensk (Moscow region), Kingisepp (Leningrad region) |
| In agricultural areas | Uvarovo (Tambov region), Krasnouralsk, Cherepovets, Balakovo. Imported raw materials from Voskresensk, Kingisepp and Murmansk region are used. | |
| Nitrogen fertilizers | On the path of gas pipelines | Tolyatti, Nevinnomyssk, Novomoskovsk, Novgorod |
| Near ferrous metallurgy enterprises | Cherepovets, Kemerovo |
2. Name the main areas of fertilizer production in the country (Fig. 45).
The main centers for the production of mineral fertilizers are listed in Table 16. They are mainly concentrated in
Central, Central Black Earth, Northwestern, Ural and Volga regions. As noted above, this is due either to the proximity of raw materials or the presence of a consumer.
3. Study the products of the chemical industry around you. Which of them were produced by basic chemistry enterprises, and which ones by polymer chemistry?
Basic chemistry produces mineral fertilizers, soda, sulfuric acid, chlorine and chlorine products, various acids and alkalis, liquefied gases, chemical reagents and potash (potassium carbonate, colorless crystals of which are used in the production of liquid soap, refractory and crystal glass). Surely in your kitchen there is a pack of soda, which is most likely produced in the city of Sterlitamak (Bashkiria).
More recently, chlorine solutions were used to bleach fabrics and disinfect. Chlorine is one of the most important products of the chemical industry. Every year, the world produces tens of millions of tons of chlorine to produce disinfectants and bleaches, hydrochloric acid, chlorides of many metals and non-metals, plastics, chlorine-containing solvents, for opening ores, separating and purifying metals, for disinfecting water and for many other purposes. However, chlorine is a poisonous suffocating gas, if it enters the lungs, it causes a burn of the lung tissue, suffocation.
This is primarily pharmaceuticals - a branch of the chemical industry that produces medicines. Hygiene products are products of polymer chemistry and the chlorine industry.
7. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the ecology of the home. In your opinion, do the products of the chemical industry affect it?
Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in its properties that leads or may lead to harmful effects on humans or natural complexes. The most well-known type of pollution is chemical (the entry of harmful substances and compounds into the environment), but such types of pollution as radioactive, thermal (uncontrolled release of heat into the environment can lead to global changes in the climate of nature), noise. Basically, environmental pollution is associated with human economic activity (anthropogenic pollution of the environment), however, pollution is possible as a result of natural phenomena, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, meteorite falls, etc. All shells of the Earth are exposed to pollution.
At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrial society, the dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this interference has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy, so cities and factories are being built on them. Man has to intervene more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be distinguished, none of which improves the ecological situation on the planet.
The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment by substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also alarmed by the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of such dimensions can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the considered factors that can be attributed to the polluting effect have a significant impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.
The main source of pyrogenic pollution on the planet are thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, which consume more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuels. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:
carbon monoxide. It is obtained by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. At least 1250 million tons of this gas enters the atmosphere every year. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with the constituent parts of the atmosphere and contributes to an increase in the temperature on the planet and the creation of a greenhouse effect.
Sulfur dioxide. It is emitted during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfurous ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of the global emission.
Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and exacerbates human respiratory diseases. The precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical enterprises is observed at low cloudiness and high air humidity. The leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km from such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed at the sites of sedimentation of drops of sulfuric acid. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.
Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil refineries, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.
nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, and celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons per year.
Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or dust of sodium and calcium fluoride. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.
Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, soda. In the atmosphere, they are found as an admixture of chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, during the smelting of pig iron and its processing into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. So, per 1 ton of saturated cast iron, in addition to 12.7 kg of sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, tar substances and hydrogen cyanide, are released.
Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and cause specific diseases in humans. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic meter enters the Earth's atmosphere every year. km of dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people. Information about some sources of technogenic dust is given in Table 1.
Table 1 - Sources of technogenic dust
|
Manufacturing process |
Dust emission, t/year |
|
Burning hard coal |
93,600 |
|
Iron smelting |
20,210 |
|
Copper smelting (without refining) |
6,230 |
|
Zinc smelting |
0,180 |
|
Tin smelting (without refining) |
0,004 |
|
Lead smelting |
0,130 |
|
Cement production |
53,370 |
The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, processing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are distinguished by a wide variety of chemical composition. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - oxides of metals: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises. Permanent sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial mounds of redeposited material, mainly overburden, formed during mining or from waste from processing industries, thermal power plants. The source of dust and poisonous gases is mass blasting. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. m of conditional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust. The main technological processes of these industries - grinding and chemical processing of charges, semi-finished products and products obtained in hot gas streams - are always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. Atmospheric pollutants include hydrocarbons - saturated and unsaturated, including from 1 to 13 carbon atoms. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after being excited by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, compounds of hydrocarbons with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are formed, often in the form of aerosol particles. Under certain weather conditions, especially large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities can form in the surface air layer.
This usually happens when there is an inversion in the air layer directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warm air, which prevents air masses and delays the transfer of impurities upward. As a result, harmful emissions are concentrated under the inversion layer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which becomes one of the reasons for the formation of a photochemical fog previously unknown in nature.
Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The composition of the main components of smog includes ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, numerous organic peroxide compounds, collectively called photooxidants. Photochemical smog occurs as a result of photochemical reactions under certain conditions: the presence of a high concentration of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants in the atmosphere, intense solar radiation and calm or very weak air exchange in the surface layer with a powerful and increased inversion for at least a day. Sustained calm weather, usually accompanied by inversions, is necessary to create a high concentration of reactants.
Such conditions are created more often in June-September and less often in winter. In prolonged clear weather, solar radiation causes the breakdown of nitrogen dioxide molecules with the formation of nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen give ozone. It would seem that the latter, oxidizing nitric oxide, should again turn into molecular oxygen, and nitric oxide into dioxide. But that doesn't happen. The nitric oxide reacts with the olefins in the exhaust gases, which break down the double bond to form molecular fragments and excess ozone. As a result of the ongoing dissociation, new masses of nitrogen dioxide are split and give additional amounts of ozone. A cyclic reaction occurs, as a result of which ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. This process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with olefins. Various peroxides are concentrated in the atmosphere, which in total form oxidants characteristic of photochemical fog. The latter are the source of the so-called free radicals, which are characterized by a special reactivity. Such smog is not uncommon over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. According to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often cause premature death of urban residents with poor health.
From the point of view of occupational medicine, ferrous metallurgy is characterized by the presence of numerous sources of occupational hazards: dust, gaseous toxic substances (iron trioxide, benzene, hydrogen chloride, manganese, lead, mercury, phenol, formaldehyde, chromium trioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc.) , radiant and convection heat, noise, vibration, electromagnetic and magnetic fields, high severity and labor intensity.
Any body of water or water source is associated with its external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that degrade water quality. Pollution entering the aquatic environment is classified in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and tasks. So, usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution. Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it, both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).
2. IONS OF ELEMENTS REGULATED IN WATER AND FOOD
When assessing water quality, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the concentrations of biologically active (essential) elements that are involved in all physiological processes. Negative influence of low concentrations of essential elements in drinking water. The increased content in the diet of any element causes various negative consequences. However, low levels of a number of elements also pose a danger to the human body.
Among the most common diseases associated with a low content of trace elements in drinking water are endemic goiter (low iodine content), caries (low fluoride content), iron deficiency anemia (low iron and copper content). Among the most common diseases associated with a low content of trace elements in drinking water are endemic goiter (low iodine content), caries (low fluoride content), iron deficiency anemia (low iron and copper content). As an example, we can cite the results of the work of the Soviet-Finnish expedition, which found that due to the low content of selenium in water and soil, the population of a number of districts of the Chita region is threatened by selenium-deficient cardiopathy - Keshan's disease. Among the macrocomponent composition of water, the low content of calcium and magnesium in drinking water has a particularly negative effect on the human body. For example, the results of sanitary and epidemiological surveys of the population conducted under WHO programs show that a low content of Ca and Mg in drinking water leads to an increase in the number of cardiovascular diseases. As a result of research in England, six cities were selected with the hardest and six with the softest drinking water. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases in cities with hard water was below the norm, while in cities with soft water it was higher. Moreover, populations living in cities with hard water have better cardiovascular parameters: lower overall blood pressure, lower resting heart rate, and lower blood cholesterol levels. Smoking, socioeconomic and other factors did not affect these correlations. In Finland, higher cardiovascular mortality, high blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels in the eastern part of the country compared to the western part of the country seem to be also associated with the use of soft water, as other parameters (diet, exercise, etc.) .e) the populations of these groups practically do not differ.
60 - 80% of the daily requirement of Ca and Mg in humans is met by food. But the value of Ca and Mg in the daily diet can be estimated, given that the WHO requirements for the content of these cations in water for Ca are 80-100 mg / l (about 120-150 mg per day), and for Mg - up to 150 mg / l (about 200 mg per day) with a total daily requirement, for example, Ca, equal to 500 mg. It has been shown that Ca and Mg are completely absorbed from water in the intestine, and only 1/3 is absorbed from products in which it is associated with protein.
The level of Ca in the cell is a universal factor in the regulation of all cellular functions, regardless of cell type. The lack of Ca in water affects the increase in the absorption and toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, Al, etc.). Heavy metals compete with Ca in the cell, as they use its metabolic pathways to enter the body and replace Ca ions in the most important regulatory proteins, thus disrupting their normal functioning.
By now, it can be confidently asserted that soft drinking water, characteristic of the northern regions of the planet, with a low content of divalent cations vital for the body (Ca and Mg) is a significant environmental risk factor for cardiovascular pathology and other widespread Ca-Mg- dependent regional diseases.
Thus, when developing requirements for the quality of water used for drinking purposes, it is necessary to normalize the lower limit of the content of a number of components.
In a more detailed analysis of the effect of biologically active elements contained in water on human health, it is also necessary to take into account the form of their presence in solution. Thus, fluorine in ionic form, being toxic to humans at concentrations of more than 1.5 mg/l, ceases to be toxic, being in solution in the form of a BF4- complex compound. It has been experimentally established that the introduction of a significant amount of fluorine into the human body in the form of the specified complex compound eliminates the risk of human disease with fluorosis, since, being stable in acidic environments, this compound is not absorbed by the body. Therefore, speaking about the optimal concentrations of fluorine, one should take into account the possibility of its presence in water in the form of complex compounds, since it is the F- ion that has a positive effect on a person in certain concentrations.
As is known, the analytical (determined in the laboratory) chemical composition of natural waters does not correspond to the real composition. Most of the components dissolved in water, participating in the reactions of complex formation, hydrolysis, and acid-base dissociation, are combined into various stable ionic associations - complex ions, ion pairs, etc. Modern hydrogeochemistry calls them migratory forms. Chemical analysis gives only the gross (or gross) concentration of a component, for example, copper, while in reality copper can be almost entirely in the form of carbonate, chloride, sulfate, fulvate or hydroxo complexes, which depends on the general composition of this water (biologically active and, accordingly, uncomplexed Cu2+ ions are known to be toxic in high concentrations).
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2 Control, abstract, term paper, diploma in chemistry and HT will help you to do _HERE_ Environmental risk associated with entry into the environment Plays a big role in the development of the chemical industry. To find out how the environment affects human health, chemical and biological) and social elements of the environment (work, life, population fatigue, especially in large industrial cities. (1, 93). Save a link to the abstract in one of the networks: ABSTRACT. On the topic: ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF DONBASS complex, mining, metallurgical, chemical industries By the nature of production, industries are divided into mining On the site you can find everything: lectures, cheat sheets, abstracts, abstracts and seminars (oil, gas, coal) The most polluting enterprises The impact of acid rain on the environment At present, most of the large industrial cities are located, which, as a result of chemical interaction, turns into powder and crumbles. environment and human. Faculty et ecology and chemical technologies A.F. Zasyadko on the state of the environment. in the central part of the Donetsk-Makievsky geological and industrial region in the territory of the city. To reduce
3 the negative impact of the waste dump on the environment at the foot of the dump is created. Of these, heavy metals, phosphates and materials enter the environment. The location of enterprises in this industry is affected by the main problem of the chemical industry is the transition. Abstract topics. 1. Methods for cleaning industrial emissions from dust and gases. 18. Nuclear power and the environment Impact of the Siberian Chemical Combine on the environment and health. Read an essay online on the topic Sources of environmental pollution. impact on the environment, its resources and processes. metallurgy, chemical and oil refining industries. has an impact on the environment, and the deterioration of the biosphere is dangerous. for all living beings, With the development of industrial production in the city and Chemical pollution of the environment and human health. Methods for cleaning industrial emissions from dust and gases, Environmental monitoring Environmental consequences of accidents at chemical plants Environmental impact, Impact of Siberian activities. We studied the impact of such works on the soil and plants near the landfill. chemical industry on the environment on the example of KOAO Azot. Hello! I am writing an essay on the topic: Fuel economy of iron. The chemical composition of the exhaust gases of motor vehicles and their impact on the environment Measures to reduce the impact of transport on the environment. The impact of industry and transport on the environment.
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INTRODUCTIONConsequences of an oil pipeline accident. 1996
At all stages of its development, man was closely connected with the outside world. But since the emergence of a highly industrial society, the dangerous human intervention in nature has increased dramatically, the scope of this interference has expanded, it has become more diverse and now threatens to become a global danger to humanity. The consumption of non-renewable raw materials is increasing, more and more arable land is leaving the economy, so cities and factories are being built on them. Man has to intervene more and more in the economy of the biosphere - that part of our planet in which life exists. The Earth's biosphere is currently undergoing increasing anthropogenic impact. At the same time, several of the most significant processes can be distinguished, none of which improves the ecological situation on the planet.
The most large-scale and significant is the chemical pollution of the environment by substances of a chemical nature unusual for it. Among them are gaseous and aerosol pollutants of industrial and household origin. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is also progressing. Further development of this process will strengthen the undesirable trend towards an increase in the average annual temperature on the planet. Environmentalists are also alarmed by the ongoing pollution of the World Ocean with oil and oil products, which has already reached 1/5 of its total surface. Oil pollution of such dimensions can cause significant disruption of gas and water exchange between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. There is no doubt about the importance of chemical contamination of the soil with pesticides and its increased acidity, leading to the collapse of the ecosystem. In general, all the considered factors that can be attributed to the polluting effect have a significant impact on the processes occurring in the biosphere.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE.
Man has been polluting the atmosphere for thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used throughout this period, were insignificant. I had to put up with the fact that the smoke interfered with breathing, and that the soot lay in a black cover on the ceiling and walls of the dwelling. The resulting heat was more important to a person than clean air and unfinished cave walls. This initial air pollution was not a problem, for people then lived in small groups, occupying an immeasurably vast untouched natural environment. And even a significant concentration of people in a relatively small area, as was the case in classical antiquity, was not yet accompanied by serious consequences.
This was the case until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Only in the last hundred years has the development of industry "gifted" us with such production processes, the consequences of which at first man could not yet imagine. Million-strong cities arose, the growth of which cannot be stopped. All this is the result of great inventions and conquests of man.
Basically, there are three main sources of air pollution: industry, household boilers, transport. The share of each of these sources in total air pollution varies greatly from place to place. It is now generally accepted that industrial production pollutes the air the most. Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide into the air; metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which emit nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic into the air; chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases enter the air as a result of the combustion of fuel for industrial needs, home heating, transport, combustion and processing of household and industrial waste. Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary, entering directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, resulting from the transformation of the latter. So, sulfur dioxide entering the atmosphere is oxidized to sulfuric anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms droplets of sulfuric acid. When sulfuric anhydride reacts with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed. Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physico-chemical reactions between pollutants and atmospheric components, other secondary signs are formed. The main source of pyrogenic pollution on the planet are thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants, which consume more than 70% of the annually produced solid and liquid fuels. The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:
Carbon monoxide. It is obtained by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. At least 1250 million tons of this gas enters the atmosphere every year. Carbon monoxide is a compound that actively reacts with the constituent parts of the atmosphere and contributes to an increase in the temperature on the planet and the creation of a greenhouse effect.
Sulfur dioxide. It is emitted during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfurous ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere amounted to 65% of the global emission.
Sulfuric anhydride . It is formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil and exacerbates human respiratory diseases. The precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical enterprises is observed at low cloudiness and high air humidity. The leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km from such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed at the sites of sedimentation of drops of sulfuric acid. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.
Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke, oil refineries, and oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, they undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.
nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, and celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons per year.
Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises producing aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, and phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or dust of sodium and calcium fluoride. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.
Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, soda. In the atmosphere, they are found as an admixture of chlorine molecules and hydrochloric acid vapors. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, during the smelting of pig iron and its processing into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. So, per 1 ton of saturated cast iron, in addition to 12.7 kg of sulfur dioxide and 14.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the amount of compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, tar substances and hydrogen cyanide, are released.
Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for organisms, and cause specific diseases in humans. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze. A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 cubic meter enters the Earth's atmosphere every year. km of dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people. Information about some sources of technogenic dust is given in Table 1:
Table 1
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The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, processing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are distinguished by a wide variety of chemical composition. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in their composition, less often - oxides of metals: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, as well as asbestos. An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, during the pyrolysis process at oil refineries, petrochemical and other similar enterprises. Permanent sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial mounds of redeposited material, mainly overburden, formed during mining or from waste from processing industries, thermal power plants. The source of dust and poisonous gases is mass blasting. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion (250-300 tons of explosives), about 2 thousand cubic meters are released into the atmosphere. m of conditional carbon monoxide and more than 150 tons of dust. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust. The main technological processes of these industries - grinding and chemical processing of charges, semi-finished products and products obtained in hot gas streams are always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere. Atmospheric pollutants include hydrocarbons - saturated and unsaturated, containing from 1 to 13 carbon atoms. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after being excited by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, compounds of hydrocarbons with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are formed, often in the form of aerosol particles. Under certain weather conditions, especially large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities can form in the surface air layer.
This usually happens when there is an inversion in the air layer directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warm air, which prevents air masses and delays the transfer of impurities upward. As a result, harmful emissions are concentrated under the inversion layer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which becomes one of the reasons for the formation of a photochemical fog previously unknown in nature.
Photochemical fog (smog). Photochemical fog is a multicomponent mixture of gases and aerosol particles of primary and secondary origin. The composition of the main components of smog includes ozone, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, numerous organic peroxide compounds, collectively called photooxidants. Photochemical smog occurs as a result of photochemical reactions under certain conditions: the presence of a high concentration of nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other pollutants in the atmosphere, intense solar radiation and calm or very weak air exchange in the surface layer with a powerful and increased inversion for at least a day. Sustained calm weather, usually accompanied by inversions, is necessary to create a high concentration of reactants.
Such conditions are created more often in June-September and less often in winter. In prolonged clear weather, solar radiation causes the breakdown of nitrogen dioxide molecules with the formation of nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen with molecular oxygen give ozone. It would seem that the latter, oxidizing nitric oxide, should again turn into molecular oxygen, and nitric oxide into dioxide. But that doesn't happen. The nitric oxide reacts with the olefins in the exhaust gases, which break down the double bond to form molecular fragments and excess ozone. As a result of the ongoing dissociation, new masses of nitrogen dioxide are split and give additional amounts of ozone. A cyclic reaction occurs, as a result of which ozone gradually accumulates in the atmosphere. This process stops at night. In turn, ozone reacts with olefins. Various peroxides are concentrated in the atmosphere, which in total form oxidants characteristic of photochemical fog. The latter are the source of the so-called free radicals, which are characterized by a special reactivity. Such smog is not uncommon over London, Paris, Los Angeles, New York and other cities in Europe and America. According to their physiological effects on the human body, they are extremely dangerous for the respiratory and circulatory systems and often cause premature death of urban residents with poor health.
The problem of controlling the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere by industrial enterprises (MPC). The priority in the development of maximum permissible concentrations in the air belongs to the USSR. MPC - such concentrations that direct or indirect effects on a person and his offspring do not worsen their working capacity, well-being, as well as sanitary and living conditions of people.
The generalization of all information on MPC, received by all departments, is carried out in the MGO (Main Geophysical Observatory). In order to determine air values based on the results of observations, the measured values of concentrations are compared with the maximum one-time maximum allowable concentration and the number of cases when the MPC was exceeded, as well as how many times the largest value was higher than the MPC, is determined. The average value of the concentration for a month or a year is compared with the long-term MPC - medium stable MPC. The state of air pollution by several substances observed in the atmosphere of the city is assessed using a complex indicator - the air pollution index (API). To do this, normalized to the corresponding values of MPC and average concentrations of various substances with the help of simple calculations lead to the value of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, and then summed up. The maximum one-time concentrations of the main pollutants were the highest in Norilsk (nitrogen and sulfur oxides), Frunze (dust), Omsk (carbon monoxide). The degree of air pollution by the main pollutants is in direct proportion to the industrial development of the city. The highest maximum concentrations are typical for cities with a population of more than 500 thousand inhabitants. Air pollution with specific substances depends on the type of industry developed in the city. If enterprises of several industries are located in a large city, then a very high level of air pollution is created, but the problem of reducing emissions of many specific substances still remains unresolved.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF NATURAL WATER.
Any body of water or water source is associated with its external environment. It is influenced by the conditions for the formation of surface or underground water runoff, various natural phenomena, industry, industrial and municipal construction, transport, economic and domestic human activities. The consequence of these influences is the introduction of new, unusual substances into the aquatic environment - pollutants that degrade water quality. Pollution entering the aquatic environment is classified in different ways, depending on the approaches, criteria and tasks. So, usually allocate chemical, physical and biological pollution. Chemical pollution is a change in the natural chemical properties of water due to an increase in the content of harmful impurities in it, both inorganic (mineral salts, acids, alkalis, clay particles) and organic nature (oil and oil products, organic residues, surfactants, pesticides).
inorganic pollution. The main inorganic (mineral) pollutants of fresh and marine waters are a variety of chemical compounds that are toxic to the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. These are compounds of arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, copper, fluorine. Most of them end up in water as a result of human activities. Heavy metals are absorbed by phytoplankton and then transferred through the food chain to more highly organized organisms. The toxic effect of some of the most common pollutants in the hydrosphere is presented in Table 2:
table 2
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Degree of toxicity:
- - missing
+ - very weak
++ - weak
+++ - strong
++++ - very strong.
In addition to the substances listed in the table, dangerous contaminants of the aquatic environment include inorganic acids and bases, which cause a wide range of pH of industrial effluents (1.0 - 11.0) and can change the pH of the aquatic environment to values of 5.0 or above 8.0, while fish in fresh and sea water can exist only in the range of pH 5.0 - 8.5. Among the main sources of pollution of the hydrosphere with minerals and biogenic elements, food industry enterprises and agriculture should be mentioned. About 6 million tons of salts are washed out from irrigated lands annually. By the year 2000 it is possible to increase their weight up to 12 million tons/year. Wastes containing mercury, lead, copper are localized in separate areas off the coast, but some of them are carried far beyond the territorial waters. Mercury pollution significantly reduces the primary production of marine ecosystems, inhibiting the development of phytoplankton. Wastes containing mercury usually accumulate in the bottom sediments of bays or river estuaries. Its further migration is accompanied by the accumulation of methyl mercury and its inclusion in the trophic chains of aquatic organisms. Thus, Minamata disease, first discovered by Japanese scientists in people who ate fish caught in the Minamata Bay, into which industrial effluents with technogenic mercury were uncontrollably discharged, became notorious.
organic pollution. Among the soluble substances introduced into the ocean from land, not only mineral and biogenic elements, but also organic residues are of great importance for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment. The removal of organic matter into the ocean is estimated at 300 - 380 million tons / year. Wastewater containing suspensions of organic origin or dissolved organic matter adversely affects the condition of water bodies. When settling, the suspensions flood the bottom and delay the development or completely stop the vital activity of these microorganisms involved in the process of water self-purification. When these sediments rot, harmful compounds and toxic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide, can be formed, which lead to pollution of all water in the river. The presence of suspensions also makes it difficult for light to penetrate deep into the water and slows down the processes of photosynthesis. One of the main sanitary requirements for water quality is the content of the required amount of oxygen in it. Harmful effect is exerted by all contaminants that in one way or another contribute to the reduction of oxygen content in water. Surfactants - fats, oils, lubricants - form a film on the surface of the water, which prevents gas exchange between water and the atmosphere, which reduces the degree of saturation of water with oxygen. A significant amount of organic matter, most of which is not characteristic of natural waters, is discharged into rivers along with industrial and domestic wastewater. Increasing pollution of water bodies and drains is observed in all industrial countries. Information on the content of some organic substances in industrial wastewater is provided in Table 3:
Table 3
Due to the rapid pace of urbanization and the somewhat slow construction of sewage treatment plants or their unsatisfactory operation, water basins and soil are polluted with household waste. Pollution is especially noticeable in slow-flowing or stagnant water bodies (reservoirs, lakes).
Decomposing in the aquatic environment, organic waste can become a medium for pathogenic organisms. Water contaminated with organic waste becomes almost unsuitable for drinking and other needs. Household waste is dangerous not only because it is a source of some human diseases (typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera), but also because it requires a lot of oxygen for its decomposition. If domestic wastewater enters the reservoir in very large quantities, then the content of soluble oxygen may drop below the level necessary for the life of marine and freshwater organisms.
THE PROBLEM OF POLLUTION OF THE WORLD OCEAN (on the example of a number of organic compounds).
Oil and oil products. Oil is a viscous oily liquid that is dark brown in color and has low fluorescence. Oil consists mainly of saturated aliphatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons. The main components of oil - hydrocarbons (up to 98%) - are divided into 4 classes:
Paraffins (alkenes) - (up to 90% of the total composition) - stable substances, the molecules of which are expressed by a straight and branched chain of carbon atoms. Light paraffins have maximum volatility and solubility in water.
Cycloparaffins - (30 - 60% of the total composition) - saturated cyclic compounds with 5-6 carbon atoms in the ring. In addition to cyclopentane and cyclohexane, bicyclic and polycyclic compounds of this group are found in oil. These compounds are very stable and difficult to biodegrade.
aromatic hydrocarbons - (20 - 40% of the total composition) - unsaturated cyclic compounds of the benzene series, containing 6 carbon atoms in the ring less than cycloparaffins. Oil contains volatile compounds with a molecule in the form of a single ring (benzene, toluene, xylene), then bicyclic (naphthalene), semicyclic (pyrene).
Olefins (alkenes) - (up to 10% of the total composition) - unsaturated non-cyclic compounds with one or two hydrogen atoms at each carbon atom in a molecule that has a straight or branched chain.
Oil and oil products are the most common pollutants in the oceans. By the beginning of the 1980s, about 6 million tons of oil were annually entering the ocean, which accounted for 0.23% of world production. The greatest losses of oil are associated with its transportation from production areas. Emergencies, discharge of washing and ballast water overboard by tankers - all this leads to the presence of permanent pollution fields along sea routes. In the period 1962-79, as a result of accidents, about 2 million tons of oil entered the marine environment. Over the past 30 years, since 1964, about 2,000 wells have been drilled in the World Ocean, of which 1,000 and 350 industrial wells have been equipped in the North Sea alone. Due to minor leaks, 0.1 million tons of oil are lost annually. Large masses of oil enter the seas along rivers, with domestic and storm drains.
The volume of pollution from this source is 2.0 million tons/year. Every year, 0.5 million tons of oil enters with industrial effluents. Getting into the marine environment, oil first spreads in the form of a film, forming layers of various thicknesses. By the color of the film, you can determine its thickness (Table 4):
Table 4
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The oil film changes the composition of the spectrum and the intensity of light penetration into the water. The light transmission of thin films of crude oil is 1-10% (280 nm), 60-70% (400 nm).
A film with a thickness of 30-40 microns completely absorbs infrared radiation. When mixed with water, oil forms an emulsion of two types: direct - "oil in water" - and reverse - "water in oil". Direct emulsions, composed of oil droplets with a diameter of up to 0.5 μm, are less stable and are typical for oils containing surfactants. When volatile fractions are removed, oil forms viscous inverse emulsions, which can remain on the surface, be carried by the current, wash ashore and settle to the bottom.
Pesticides. Pesticides are a group of man-made substances used to control pests and plant diseases. Pesticides are divided into the following groups: insecticides - to combat harmful insects, fungicides and bactericides - to combat bacterial plant diseases, herbicides - against weeds. It has been established that pesticides, destroying pests, harm many beneficial organisms and undermine the health of biocenoses. In agriculture, there has long been a problem of transition from chemical (polluting) to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of pest control. Currently, more than 5 million tons of pesticides enter the world market. About 1.5 million tons of these substances have already entered the terrestrial and marine ecosystems by ash and water. The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products that pollute wastewater. In the aquatic environment, representatives of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides are more common than others. Synthesized insecticides are divided into three main groups: organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbonates. Organochlorine insecticides are obtained by chlorination of aromatic and heterocyclic liquid hydrocarbons. These include DDT and its derivatives, in the molecules of which the stability of aliphatic and aromatic groups in the joint presence increases, various chlorinated derivatives of chlorodiene (eldrin). These substances have a half-life of up to several decades and are very resistant to biodegradation. In the aquatic environment, polychlorinated biphenyls are often found - derivatives of DDT without an aliphatic part, numbering 210 homologues and isomers. Over the past 40 years, more than 1.2 million tons of polychlorinated biphenyls have been used in the production of plastics, dyes, transformers, and capacitors. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) enter the environment as a result of industrial wastewater discharges and the incineration of solid waste in landfills. The latter source delivers PBCs to the atmosphere, from where they fall out with atmospheric precipitation to all regions of the globe. Thus, in snow samples taken in Antarctica, the content of PBC was 0.03 - 1.2 kg/l.
Synthetic surfactants. Detergents (surfactants) belong to a large group of substances that lower the surface tension of water. They are part of synthetic detergents (SMC), widely used in everyday life and industry. Together with wastewater, surfactants enter the continental waters and the marine environment. SMS contain sodium polyphosphates, in which detergents are dissolved, as well as a number of additional ingredients that are toxic to aquatic organisms: flavoring agents, bleaching agents (persulphates, perborates), soda ash, carboxymethylcellulose, sodium silicates. Depending on the nature and structure of the hydrophilic part of the surfactant molecules, they are divided into anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic. The latter do not form ions in water. The most common among the surfactants are anionic substances. They account for more than 50% of all surfactants produced in the world. The presence of surfactants in industrial wastewater is associated with their use in such processes as flotation beneficiation of ores, separation of chemical technology products, production of polymers, improvement of conditions for drilling oil and gas wells, and equipment corrosion control. In agriculture, surfactants are used as part of pesticides.
Compounds with carcinogenic properties. Carcinogenic substances are chemically homogeneous compounds that exhibit transforming activity and the ability to cause carcinogenic, teratogenic (violation of embryonic development processes) or mutagenic changes in organisms. Depending on the conditions of exposure, they can lead to growth inhibition, accelerated aging, disruption of individual development, and changes in the gene pool of organisms. Substances with carcinogenic properties include chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, vinyl chloride, and especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The maximum amount of PAHs in the current sediments of the World Ocean (more than 100 µg/km of dry matter mass) was found in tentonically active zones subject to deep thermal action. The main anthropogenic sources of PAHs in the environment are the pyrolysis of organic substances during the combustion of various materials, wood, and fuel.
Heavy metals. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, arsenic) are common and highly toxic pollutants. They are widely used in various industrial productions, therefore, despite the treatment measures, the content of heavy metal compounds in industrial wastewater is quite high. Large masses of these compounds enter the ocean through the atmosphere. Mercury, lead and cadmium are the most dangerous for marine biocenoses. Mercury is transported to the ocean with continental runoff and through the atmosphere. During the weathering of sedimentary and igneous rocks, 3.5 thousand tons of mercury are released annually. The composition of atmospheric dust contains about 12 thousand tons of mercury, and a significant part is of anthropogenic origin. About half of the annual industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons/year) ends up in the ocean in various ways. In areas polluted by industrial waters, the concentration of mercury in solution and suspension is greatly increased. At the same time, some bacteria convert chlorides into highly toxic methylmercury. Contamination of seafood has repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of the coastal population. By 1977, there were 2,800 victims of the Minomata disease, which was caused by waste products from the production of vinyl chloride and acetaldehyde, which used mercury chloride as a catalyst. Insufficiently treated wastewater from enterprises entered the Minamata Bay. Pigs are a typical trace element found in all components of the environment: in rocks, soils, natural waters, the atmosphere, and living organisms. Finally, pigs are actively dispersed into the environment during human activities. These are emissions from industrial and domestic effluents, from smoke and dust from industrial enterprises, from exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. The migration flow of lead from the continent to the ocean goes not only with river runoff, but also through the atmosphere. With continental dust, the ocean receives (20-30) tons of lead per year.
Discharge of waste into the sea for the purpose of disposal (dumping). Many countries with access to the sea carry out marine burial of various materials and substances, in particular soil excavated during dredging, drill slag, industrial waste, construction waste, solid waste, explosives and chemicals, and radioactive waste. The volume of burials amounted to about 10% of the total mass of pollutants entering the World Ocean. The basis for dumping in the sea is the ability of the marine environment to process a large amount of organic and inorganic substances without much damage to the water. However, this ability is not unlimited.
Therefore, dumping is considered as a forced measure, a temporary tribute to the imperfection of technology by society. Industrial slags contain a variety of organic substances and heavy metal compounds. Household waste contains on average (by weight of dry matter) 32-40% organic matter; 0.56% nitrogen; 0.44% phosphorus; 0.155% zinc; 0.085% lead; 0.001% mercury; 0.001% cadmium. During the discharge, the passage of the material through the water column, part of the pollutants goes into solution, changing the quality of the water, the other is sorbed by suspended particles and goes into bottom sediments. At the same time, the turbidity of the water increases. The presence of organic substances often leads to the rapid consumption of oxygen in water and often to its complete disappearance, the dissolution of suspensions, the accumulation of metals in dissolved form, and the appearance of hydrogen sulfide.
The presence of a large amount of organic matter creates a stable reducing environment in the soil, in which a special type of interstitial water appears, containing hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and metal ions. Benthic organisms and others are affected to varying degrees by the discharged materials. In the case of the formation of surface films containing petroleum hydrocarbons and surfactants, gas exchange at the air-water interface is disturbed. Pollutants entering the solution can accumulate in the tissues and organs of hydrobiants and have a toxic effect on them. The dumping of dumping materials to the bottom and prolonged increased turbidity of the given water leads to the death of inactive forms of benthos from suffocation. In surviving fish, mollusks and crustaceans, the growth rate is reduced due to the deterioration of feeding and breathing conditions. The species composition of a given community often changes. When organizing a system for monitoring the discharge of waste into the sea, the determination of dumping areas, the determination of the dynamics of pollution of sea water and bottom sediments is of decisive importance. To identify possible volumes of discharge into the sea, it is necessary to carry out calculations of all pollutants in the composition of the material discharge.
thermal pollution. Thermal pollution of the surface of reservoirs and coastal marine areas occurs as a result of the discharge of heated wastewater from power plants and some industrial production. The discharge of heated water in many cases causes an increase in water temperature in reservoirs by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of heated water spots in coastal areas can reach 30 square meters. km. A more stable temperature stratification prevents water exchange between the surface and bottom layers. The solubility of oxygen decreases, and its consumption increases, since with increasing temperature, the activity of aerobic bacteria that decompose organic matter increases. The species diversity of phytoplankton and the entire flora of algae is increasing.
Based on the generalization of the material, it can be concluded that the effects of anthropogenic impact on the aquatic environment are manifested at the individual and population-biocenotic levels, and the long-term effect of pollutants leads to a simplification of the ecosystem.
SOIL POLLUTION.
The soil cover of the Earth is the most important component of the Earth's biosphere. It is the soil shell that determines many processes occurring in the biosphere.
The most important importance of soils is the accumulation of organic matter, various chemical elements, and energy. The soil cover functions as a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants. If this link of the biosphere is destroyed, then the existing functioning of the biosphere will be irreversibly disrupted. That is why it is extremely important to study the global biochemical significance of the soil cover, its current state and changes under the influence of anthropogenic activity. One of the types of anthropogenic impact is pesticide pollution.
Pesticides as a polluting factor. The discovery of pesticides - chemical means of protecting plants and animals from various pests and diseases - is one of the most important achievements of modern science. Today in the world 300 kg of chemicals are applied per 1 hectare. However, as a result of long-term use of pesticides in agriculture and medicine (vector control), there is almost universally a decline in effectiveness due to the development of resistant pest strains and the spread of "new" pests whose natural enemies and competitors have been destroyed by pesticides. At the same time, the effect of pesticides began to manifest itself on a global scale. Of the huge number of insects, only 0.3% or 5 thousand species are harmful. Pesticide resistance has been found in 250 species. This is exacerbated by the phenomenon of cross-resistance, which consists in the fact that increased resistance to the action of one drug is accompanied by resistance to compounds of other classes. From a general biological point of view, resistance can be considered as a change in populations as a result of the transition from a sensitive strain to a resistant strain of the same species due to selection caused by pesticides. This phenomenon is associated with genetic, physiological and biochemical rearrangements of organisms. Excessive use of pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, defoliants) negatively affects soil quality. In this regard, the fate of pesticides in soils and the possibilities and possibilities of neutralizing them by chemical and biological methods are being intensively studied. It is very important to create and use only drugs with a short lifespan, measured in weeks or months. Some progress has already been made in this area and drugs with a high rate of destruction are being introduced, but the problem as a whole has not yet been resolved.
Acidic atmospheric impacts on land. One of the most acute global problems of today and the foreseeable future is the problem of increasing acidity of precipitation and soil cover. Areas of acidic soils do not know droughts, but their natural fertility is lowered and unstable; they are rapidly depleted and yields are low. Acid rain causes not only acidification of surface waters and upper soil horizons. Acidity with downward water flows extends to the entire soil profile and causes significant acidification of groundwater. Acid rain occurs as a result of human economic activity, accompanied by the emission of colossal amounts of oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon. These oxides, entering the atmosphere, are transported over long distances, interact with water and turn into solutions of a mixture of sulfurous, sulfuric, nitrous, nitric and carbonic acids, which fall in the form of "acid rain" on land, interacting with plants, soils, waters. The main sources in the atmosphere are the burning of shale, oil, coal, gas in industry, agriculture, and at home. Human economic activity has almost doubled the entry of sulfur oxides, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. Naturally, this affected the increase in the acidity of atmospheric precipitation, ground and ground waters. To solve this problem, it is necessary to increase the volume of systematic representative measurements of atmospheric pollutant compounds over large areas.
CONCLUSION.
The protection of nature is the task of our century, a problem that has become a social one. Again and again we hear about the danger threatening the environment, but still many of us consider them an unpleasant, but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have come to light.
However, human impact on the environment has taken on alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, purposeful and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and efficient policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, substantiated knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if we develop new methods to reduce and prevent the harm caused to Nature by Man.
