Lesson 1. The international meaning of the Russian language.
A brief excursion into the history of the emergence of the Russian language.
Language is, perhaps, the main factor of national identification of a person. It makes us speak, think and even feel in a certain way, which forms a unique feature of the perception and evaluation of the world around us by native speakers of this language. And the richer and more diverse the language, the greater the potential for intellectual development has its carrier, because the richness, versatility of linguistic forms and elements determine the depth of human thinking. And we inherited this truly priceless gift from our ancestors.
The Russian language is an unimaginably ancient language used by many highly developed civilizations of our vast universe...
In our time, every second, billions of words are spoken, written, and broadcast. And it doesn’t matter what language it sounded in, it doesn’t matter who pronounced it, the main thing is where these words came from and in general how the language, namely Russian, arose. We all know that Russian is one of the largest languages in the world: it ranks fifth in terms of the number of speakers. But how did it come about? Where does it start? Where are its roots?
The ancestor of modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian languages was Old Russian (or East Slavic) language. Two main eras can be distinguished in its history: pre-literate (from the collapse of the Proto-Slavic language to the end of the 10th century) and written. What this language was like before the emergence of writing can be known only through a comparative historical study of the Slavic and Indo-European languages, since no ancient Russian writing existed at that time.
The collapse of the Old Russian language led to the emergence of the Russian (or Great Russian) language, which is different from Ukrainian and Belarusian. This happened in the XIV century, although already in the 15th-12th centuries in the Old Russian language there were phenomena that distinguished the dialects of the ancestors of the Great Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians from each other. The basis of the modern Russian language was the northern and northeastern dialects of Ancient Russia (by the way, the Russian literary language also has a dialectal basis: it was made up of the central Middle Great Russian akaya dialects of Moscow and the villages surrounding the capital).
The modern Russian language is a continuation of the Old Russian (East Slavonic) language. The Slavic languages still retain many Indo-European antiquities, both in grammar and vocabulary. (True, the most conservative of the living Indo-European languages are the Baltic ones: Lithuanian and Latvian.) This ancient heritage is what makes Russian (as well as other Slavic languages) so difficult, but also so pretty! The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, who formed the Old Russian people within the Kyiv state in the 9th century. This language had a great similarity with the languages of other Slavic peoples, but already differed in some phonetic and lexical features. All Slavic languages (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian) come from a common root - a single Proto-Slavic language that probably existed until the 10th-11th centuries. In the 14-15 centuries. As a result of the collapse of the Kievan state, on the basis of a single language of the ancient Russian people, three independent languages arose: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which, with the formation of nations, took shape in national languages. 2. Formation and development of the book and writing tradition in Russia and the main stages in the history of the Russian language The first texts written in Cyrillic appeared among the Eastern Slavs in the 10th century. To the 1st floor. 10th c. refers to the inscription on the korchaga (vessel) from Gnezdovo (near Smolensk). This is probably an inscription indicating the name of the owner. From the 2nd floor. 10th c. also preserved a number of inscriptions indicating the belonging of objects. After the baptism of Russia in 988, book writing arose. The chronicle reports on many scribes who worked under Yaroslav the Wise. Mostly liturgical books were copied. The originals for the East Slavic handwritten books were mainly South Slavic manuscripts dating back to the works of the students of the creators of the Slavic script Cyril and Methodius. In the process of correspondence, the original language was adapted to the East Slavic language and the Old Russian book language was formed - the Russian version (variant) of the Church Slavonic language.
So we can conclude thateThe natural emergence of a language is a long, complex process that takes many thousands of centuries.
The Russian language should become the world language. The time will come (and it is not mountains) the Russian language will be studied along all the meridians of the globe.
A.N. Tolstoy (1958)
So let's see what this statement of the author means.The importance of the Russian language is explained by the fact that it acts in different conditions both as the native language of the Russian people, and as the state language of the Russian Federation, and as one of the world's languages of communication in the near and far abroad. World languages are some of the most common languages used among themselves by representatives of different peoples outside the territories inhabited by people for whom they were originally native. World languages cover international spheres - diplomacy, world trade, tourism. They are used by scientists from other countries, they are studied as foreign languages, i.e. as a compulsory subject in universities and schools in most countries of the world. These languages are working languages, the UN officially recognizes seven world languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Chinese and Hindi. Any document in the UN is distributed in these languages.
Russian I language has become recognized world language since the middle of the 20th century. Its global significance is due to the fact that it is one of the the richest languages of the world, which created the greatest fiction. Russian is one of the Indo-European languages, related to many Slavic languages.
Many words of the Russian language entered many languages of the peoples of the world without translation. These borrowings from the Russian language have been observed for a long time, back in the 16-17 centuries, Europeans learned the words through the Russian language: Kremlin, tsar, boyar, Cossack, caftan, hut, balalaika, penny, samovar, sundress, ditty and many others. As evidence of the attention of the political life of Russia to other countries, words such as:perestroika, glasnost, communism. The richness of the Russian language and the literature created on it causes interest in this language all over the world. it is studied not only by schoolchildren, students, but also by adults in order to assist in teaching the Russian language. in Paris in 1967. MAPRYAL - International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature was created. MAPRYAL publishes textbooks for foreign teachers of the Russian language and holds international competitions among schoolchildren.
Introduction
The Russian language is a giant in all respects. He has a colossal dictionary (more than 150 thousand words), a clear and precise grammar. Lively, flexible, inventive, this language is not only the creativity of the Russian people, but also of all the peoples inhabiting Russia. As a result - a diverse range of concepts, harmonious phonetics. It is also the language of great literature, not only artistic, but also scientific and technical. For example, the famous American chess player Robert Fischer studied Russian passionately in order to read the colossal chess literature encoded in Cyrillic.
An interesting statement about the Russian language was left by the German writer of the 19th century, Varnhagen von Enze, who translated Alexander Pushkin: “In terms of the richness of words, Russian surpasses the Romance languages, in the richness of forms - the German ones, and can safely measure strength with a variety of languages. The Russian language is capable of progressive development, the boundaries of which cannot be foreseen.
Today we often hear: "The quality of the Russian language is falling." This is not true. The quality of the ability of modern Russians to use it is falling, this is true. The younger generation, unfortunately, actively replenishes speech with new words, jargon and obscene expressions that terrify the elders. However, the impact of people on the life of the language, on its "management" should not be exaggerated. Language is connected with society, and what can be done if yesterday unacceptable words have already entered the Russian semantic system today, penetrated into the mentality.
The importance of the Russian language in our time is evidenced by its membership in the World Languages Club. This linguistic club enrolls six languages that most countries of the world rate as the most significant and are considered an indispensable element in the education of the younger generation. True, the Russian language is still inferior to "teammates" in such an important aspect as attractiveness. English is taught in the world by about 150 million people, French and German - 80, and Russian - 10 million. Many are scared away by the legend about the "difficulties" of the Russian language, but it is no more difficult and ” and “light” languages is linguistically incorrect, since all languages in the world developed approximately the same way.
The audience of foreigners studying Russian in the post-Soviet period has sharply decreased, by about three times - due to the fact that the total study of Russian has ceased throughout the former socialist space. On the other hand, the quality of the audience has changed: the ideologization of language teaching has disappeared, and political motivation has been replaced by practical one. In modern Poland, for example, today Russian is taught no less than it was in socialist times. The French believe that learning Russian is "gymnastics for the mind." The fact is that the features of analyticism are highly developed in French and English. In London, this is treated with indifference, and in Paris they are worried. For the development of mental abilities, it is more suitable to study a language in which logical relationships are clearly expressed, for example, Latin. But this “dead” language in France was preferred to “live”, Russian, which, by virtue of its grammatical structure, like Latin, contributes to the development of logical thinking.
It's no secret that the Russian language in the international arena is gradually losing its importance. I believe that the question of the position of the Russian language is now important and relevant as never before. And the task of preserving and strengthening the positions of the Russian language abroad should take a priority place in the work of various ministries of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the topic of my diploma was designated - the Russian language in the world or the international significance of the Russian language. The object of my research is the Russian language, and the subject is its position in the world. The purpose of my essay is to study the role of the Russian language abroad and the language in general. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:
- To characterize the modern Russian language
Analyze the literature on this topic.
Prove its international importance
Consider the position of the Russian language in the following regions of the world: in the CIS countries, in the USA and Latin America.
Consider Russian as the language of international organizations.
Consider options for how to use the international meaning of the language in Russian language lessons at school.
The Russian language is the language of the Russian people (about 140 million people), whose representatives currently live not only in Russia, but also in many other countries of the world.
Language is the main means of human communication: without language, people cannot transmit and receive the necessary information, influence others.
No less important is the fact that language is also an instrument of thought. Human thinking is based on linguistic means, and the results of mental activity are formed in the form of certain speech units - statements complete in meaning and integral texts.
Language is a form of existence of national culture, a manifestation of the very spirit of the nation. In proverbs and sayings, songs and fairy tales that have survived to this day, in archaic words, the language keeps references to the features of the past life of the people. The greatest works of literature have been written in Russian.
The Russian language is the language of the Russian state, of all the most important documents that determine the life of society; language is also a means of mass communication - newspapers, radio, television, and in recent years, electronic communication carried out through a computer network. In other words, the life of society is impossible without a national language.
So, Russian is the national language of the Russian people. It is the language of science and culture. And of course, for centuries the masters of the word - Pushkin, Lermontov, Chekhov, Tolstoy, Turgenev and many others created this very Russian language, the norms of the Russian language and were engaged in its development. Philologists were also involved in the development of the Russian language, such as Buslaev, Vinogradov, Shcherba, they brought the Russian language to the subtleties, they studied it, they created grammar, they created dictionaries and, of course, exemplary texts. In 1934, Alexei Tolstoy said: “The Russian language must become the world language. The time will come, and it is not far off, when the Russian language will be studied along all the meridians of the globe.
What is a "world language"? World languages are some of the most common languages used among themselves by representatives of different peoples, outside the territories inhabited by people for whom they were originally native languages. A number of factors are taken into account in determining the composition of world languages. Firstly, this is the number of speakers of this language, both in the country where native speakers live, and outside it. Secondly, this is authority: this is the role of the country of this language in history and modernity. Thirdly, this is the formation of the national language, which must have a large written tradition, not only oral, but also written. Fourthly, these are established norms, well researched and described in grammars, dictionaries, and various textbooks. That is, there are too many factors to call the language of the world. So the Russian language has all these factors.
In the arrangement of words, in their meaning, in their sense, in the sense of combining words with each other, there is that information about the world and people that introduces us to spiritual wealth. And all this was created by many generations of our ancestors. Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky wrote that every word of a language, every form of it is the result of a person’s thoughts and feelings, through which the nature of the country and the history of the people would be reflected in the word. The history of the language, according to another famous philologist Wilhelm Küchelbecker, reveals the character of the people who speak it. That is why all the means of language naturally help to most accurately, clearly and figuratively express the most complex thoughts and the most complex feelings of people, and all the diversity of the surrounding world. The national language includes not only the normalized literary language, but also various folk dialects, colloquial forms of the language, and professionalisms. The formation and development of a national language is a rather lengthy and complex process. And the history of the Russian national language begins in the 17th century, when the Russian nation was finally formed. The further development of the Russian language is directly related to the development of the history and culture of the Russian people.
The Russian national language was formed on the basis of the dialects of Moscow and its environs, and the literary language forms the basis of the national language. And it is obliged, of course, to maintain internal unity with the difference in the expressions used.
The norms of the Russian language are the generally accepted use of linguistic means, the rules that determine the exemplary use of linguistic means. The creator of the Russian literary language is Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who combined the literary Russian language of previous eras with the common colloquial Russian language. The language of the Pushkin era has basically survived to the present day, the literary language unites living generations, people understand each other, as they use the same written language, for example. And, of course, the literary language is realized, exists in two varieties: oral and written.
The main advantages of the Russian national language is that the Russian national language is embodied in Russian artistic culture. The peculiarity of the Russian national language is that it is the state language in Russia and serves as a means of interethnic communication between the peoples of the Russian Federation. The world language covers international spheres, and large spheres: these are diplomatic, this is world trade, this is tourism. Naturally, scientists from different countries communicate in these world languages, these world languages are studied as foreign, that is, compulsory as a subject in schools and universities in most countries of the world. Also, world languages are the working languages of the United Nations. The law "On Languages" defines the main functions of the Russian language as the state language, where it can function: in the highest bodies of state power and administration, in the publication of laws and other legal acts of the republics within the Russian Federation, in elections, in the activities of state bodies, in official correspondence and office work, in the all-Russian mass media. Naturally, you see that such a volume of use of the Russian language makes it a truly world language.
But that's not all. The studies conducted in the Russian republics and a number of CIS countries testify to the recognition of the fact that at the present stage it becomes quite difficult to solve the problem of interethnic communication without the Russian language. Playing the role of an intermediary between all the languages of the peoples of Russia, the Russian language helps to solve the problems of the political, economic, cultural development of the country.
In the international relations of the state, world languages are used, which are legally proclaimed by the United Nations as official working languages. These languages are: English, French, Russian, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic. In any of these six languages, international political, economic, scientific, cultural contacts can be carried out, various international meetings, forums, meetings can be held, correspondence, office work on the scale of the UN and the CIS is conducted.
The world significance of the Russian language is naturally due to the richness and expressiveness of its vocabulary, sound system, word formation, syntax and much more. And in order to generalize the dissemination of the experience of teaching the Russian language abroad in 1967, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature - MAPRYAL, as it is abbreviated, was created in Paris. On the initiative of just this organization, Olympiads in the Russian language are held among schoolchildren from all over the world.
The philosopher Ivan Aleksandrovich Ilyin, speaking at the Pushkin Jubilee in 1937, said this about the Russian language: “And our Russia has given us one more gift: this is our marvelous, our mighty, our singing language. It is all of it - our Russia, it contains all its gifts: and the breadth of unlimited possibilities, and the richness of sounds and words, and forms, and spontaneity, and clarity, and simplicity, and scope, and soaring, and dreaminess, and strength, and clarity and beauty. Everything is available to our language. He has the power to express, depict and convey everything. It contains the hum of distant bells and the silver of nearby bells, it contains gentle rustles and crunches, it contains grassy rustles and sighs, it contains screams and whistles, the chirping of birds, it contains heavenly thunders, animal roars, and unsteady whirlwinds and barely audible splashes. The whole singing Russian soul is in it: an echo of the world, and a human groan, and a mirror of divine visions... This is the language of a sharp, cutting thought. The language of a quivering presentiment. The language of volitional decisions and accomplishments. The language of soaring and prophecy. The language of elusive transparency and eternal verbs. It is the language of a mature original national character. And the Russian people, who created this language, is itself called upon to reach, mentally and spiritually, the height to which it is called - its language ... "
So, the reason for the popularity of the Russian language in the world is, firstly, the richness of the Russian language and the fiction created on it. Secondly, it is the language of science, a source of social knowledge, and thirdly, it is one of the related Slavic languages, with the help of which people can communicate and feel quite free.
However, the problems of linguistic culture, support and protection of the Russian language as a national treasure, have recently taken an increasingly prominent place in the public consciousness of Russians. Accordingly, the Russian diplomatic service cannot be indifferent to the position of the Russian language - one of the world's languages - abroad. It can be said without exaggeration that the promotion of its distribution outside the country is becoming one of the priorities for the Russian Foreign Ministry. This is due, first of all, to the fact that at the end of the 20th century, alarming trends emerged in the position of the Russian language in a number of countries and regions. The Russian language found itself in the most difficult situation in the post-Soviet space. On the one hand, due to historical inertia, it still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication there. The Russian language in a number of CIS countries continues to be used in business circles, financial and banking systems, and in some state structures. The majority of the population of these countries (about 70%) is still quite fluent in it. On the other hand, the situation may change dramatically, as the process of destruction of the Russian-speaking space is underway, the consequences of which are beginning to be felt today.
Chapter 1. The origin of the Russian language
- About Russian
In order to correctly represent the place of the Russian language in the system of languages, it should be borne in mind that all Slavic languages are divided into three groups:
- East Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian),
West Slavic (Czech, Polish, Slovak and some others)
South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Slovenian, etc.).
The Russian language, the language of the Russian nation, a means of interethnic communication among the peoples of the CIS countries, is one of the most common languages in the world. One of the official and working languages of the UN. The number of Russian speakers in the Russian Federation is over 140 million people.
So, the Russian language is a representative of the East Slavic group within the Indo-European language family.
The literary language is the highest form of the Russian language, it is the language of national culture: the language of politics and art, science and official documents, the language of everyday and business communication of cultured people.
- The history of the emergence of the Russian language BC
- Russian language of the era of Moscow Russia (XIV-XVII centuries)
The Moscow dialect is gradually becoming exemplary and forms the basis of the Russian national literary language. At this time, in live speech, the final restructuring of the categories of time takes place (the ancient past tenses - aorist, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect are completely replaced by a unified form with "l"), the dual number is lost, the former declension of nouns according to six bases is replaced by modern types of declension, etc. .P. The language of writing remains colorful. Religion and the rudiments of scientific knowledge were mainly served by the book-Slavonic, by origin the ancient Bulgarian, which experienced a noticeable influence of the Russian language, cut off from the popular colloquial element. The language of statehood (the so-called business language) was based on Russian folk speech, but did not coincide with it in everything. Speech cliches developed in it, often including purely bookish elements; its syntax, in contrast to the spoken language, was more organized, with the presence of cumbersome complex sentences; the penetration of dialect features into it was largely prevented by standard all-Russian norms.
Written fiction was diverse in terms of linguistic means. Since ancient times, the oral language of folklore, which served until the 16th-17th centuries, played an important role. all segments of the population. This is evidenced by its reflection in ancient Russian writing (tales about the Belogorod jelly, about Olga's revenge, etc. in The Tale of Bygone Years, folklore motifs in the Tale of Igor's Campaign, vivid phraseology in Daniil Zatochnik's Prayer, etc. ), as well as archaic layers of modern epics, fairy tales, songs and other types of oral folk art. Since the 17th century the first recordings of folklore works and book imitations of folklore begin, for example, songs recorded in 1619-1620. for the Englishman Richard James, the lyrical songs of Kvashnin-Samarin, "The Tale of the Mountain of Misfortune" and others. The complexity of the language situation did not allow the development of uniform and stable norms. There was no single Russian literary language.
- Separation of civil and Church Slavonic alphabet
- The role of the Great October Socialist Revolution in development
- Russian language
In the future, vernacular becomes a means of communication for predominantly illiterate and semi-literate citizens, and within the literary language, some of its features are used as a means of bright stylistic coloring. Dialects occupy a special place in the Russian language. Under the conditions of universal education, they quickly die out, being replaced by the literary language. In its archaic part, modern dialects make up two large dialects: Northern Great Russian (okanye, explosive consonant "g", vowel contraction, forms of personal pronouns "me", "you", "myself", solid ending "t" in verbs 3- present and future tenses) and South Great Russian (akanye, fricative consonant "p", accusative and genitive forms of the pronouns "mene", "you", "yourself", soft ending "t" in the verbs of the 3rd person of the present and future tense) with an intermediate transitional Middle Russian dialect. There are smaller units, the so-called dialects (groups of close dialects), for example, Novgorod, Vladimir-Rostov, Ryazan. This division is conditional, since the boundaries of the distribution of individual dialect features usually do not coincide. The boundaries of dialect features cross Russian territories in different directions, or these features are distributed only in part of it. Before the emergence of writing, dialects were the universal form of the existence of a language. With the emergence of literary languages, they, changing, retained their strength; the speech of the vast majority of the population was dialectal. With the development of culture, the emergence of the national Russian language, dialects become predominantly the speech of the rural population. Modern Russian dialects are turning into a kind of semi-dialects, in which local features are combined with the norms of the literary language.
Dialects constantly influenced the literary language. Dialectisms are still used by writers for stylistic purposes. In modern Russian, there is an active (intensive) growth of special terminology, which is caused, first of all, by the needs of the scientific and technological revolution. If at the beginning of the XVIII century. terminology was borrowed by the Russian language from the German language, in the 19th century. - from the French language, then in the middle of the 20th century. it is borrowed mainly from English (in its American version). Special vocabulary has become the most important source of replenishment of the vocabulary of the Russian general literary language, however, the penetration of foreign words should be reasonably limited.
- Modern Russian
Back in 1967, as already mentioned, the International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature (MAPRYAL) was established; in 1974 - Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin; a special journal "Russian Language Abroad" is published. Today, various events are being held in a number of European countries in connection with the announcement of the year of Russian writing. So in 2010 in France the year was declared the year of Russia, and in our country it became the year of France. In 2011, the year of Russia was announced in Italy. This allowed the inhabitants of European countries to get to know our traditions, the peculiarities of our country and our language deeper and wider.
An important role in the study of history and modern processes in the Russian language, in the regulation of its norms, is played by the science of the Russian language. The science of the Russian language is called linguistic Russian studies, or, in short, simply Russian studies. Academic grammars, normative dictionaries (explanatory, orthographic, orthoepic, dictionaries of difficulties, synonymous, etc.), manuals on the culture of speech, magazines ("Russian language at school", "Russian speech", etc.), promotion of scientific knowledge about the Russian language help to stabilize his norms. The activities of the Institute of the Russian Language (founded in 1944) and many departments of the Russian language in higher educational institutions are aimed at studying and streamlining the processes taking place in the Russian language.
Chapter 2. The lexical composition of the Russian language
- Lexicology
In lexicology, the word is studied as an individual unit, as well as the place of the word in the lexical system of the modern Russian literary language.
Lexicology studies the vocabulary of the language in its current state, as well as issues of changing the vocabulary of the language, changing the meaning of the word, the main trends in the development of the vocabulary of the language, revealing the reasons for changing the meaning of the word and the vocabulary of the language as a whole.
The special unit of language is the word. It is impossible to imagine language without words. One word can have multiple meanings. In this case, the meanings of one word are connected not only with each other, but also with the meanings of other words. The meaning of the word is also related to its origin. One meaning - the concept can be expressed in different words. The word reveals its meaning only in the language system.
In modern Russian there are words that have the same lexical meaning: bandage, appendicitis, birch, felt-tip pen, satin and the like. Such words are called unambiguous or monosemantic. Several types of unambiguous words can be distinguished.
First of all, proper names are unambiguous: Ivan, Petrov, Mytishchi, Vladivostok. As a rule, recently emerged words that have not yet received wide distribution are unambiguous: lavsan, dederon, foam rubber, pizza, pizzeria, briefing and the like. Words with a narrow subject meaning are unambiguous: binoculars, trolleybus, suitcase. Many of them denote objects of special use and therefore are used relatively rarely in speech, which helps to preserve their unambiguity: cans, beads, turquoise. Terminological names are often unambiguous: gastritis, fibroids, noun, phrase.
Most Russian words have not one, but several meanings. They are called polysemantic or polysemantic and are opposed to single-valued words. The polysemy of a word is usually realized in speech: the context (i.e., a segment of speech that is complete in meaning) clarifies one of the specific meanings of a polysemantic word. For example, in the works of A.S. Pushkin, we meet the word house in such meanings: the Lord's house is secluded, fenced from the winds by a mountain, stood above the river (house - building, structure); It's scary for me to leave the house (house - dwelling); The whole house was ruled by one Parasha (house - household); Three houses are called for the evening (house - family); The house was in motion (house - people living together).
The word acquires ambiguity in the process of the historical development of the language, reflecting changes in society and nature, their knowledge by man. As a result, our thinking is enriched with new concepts. The volume of the dictionary of any language is limited, therefore, the development of vocabulary occurs not only due to the creation of new words, but also as a result of an increase in the number of meanings of previously known ones, the death of some meanings and the emergence of new ones. This leads not only to quantitative, but also to qualitative changes in vocabulary.
Polysemy is also determined purely linguistically: words can be used in figurative meanings. Names can be transferred from one object to another if these objects have common features.
- The vocabulary of the language
The vocabulary of the modern Russian language has been formed over the centuries. Vocabulary is based on original Russian words. A word that arose in the Russian language according to the models existing in it or passed into it from an older predecessor language - Old Russian, Proto-Slavic or Indo-European is considered to be primordial.
The original vocabulary includes all the words that came into the modern Russian language from the ancestral languages. Therefore, the original Russian vocabulary is divided into five layers belonging to different eras:
- Indo-European layer. This layer includes words that have correspondences in the roots of words in many other Indo-European languages. These are, for example, such words as mother, son, brother, wolf, water, nose, three, four, take, be, etc. These words are original not only for Russian, but also for many other Indo-European languages.
Proto-Slavic (general Slavic) layer. The words of this layer have correspondences in many Slavic languages, they are primordial for them, for example: heart, spring, rain, grass, grandson, aunt, drive, kind.
Only about two thousand words belong to the Indo-European and Proto-Slavic layers, but they make up 25% of the words of our everyday communication. This is easy to understand: the first, of course, were the words that reflected the urgent human needs.
Old Russian layer. It includes words that arose during the period of unity of Kievan Rus and are common to the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages: forty, ninety, spoon, roam, brown, together, squirrel, breast.
Actually, the Russian layer combines words that arose after the XIV century, that is, after the collapse of Kievan Rus. These are almost all words with suffixes -chik / -shchik, -telstvo, -lk(a), -nost and many others, complex and compound words: grandmother, pilot, ship, Moscow State University. It also includes words that changed their meaning during this period, for example, red in the meaning of a certain color (in the Proto-Slavic and Old Russian languages, the word red meant “good”, which was preserved in the phrases red maiden and Red Square).
During the period of transformations of Peter I, words related to navigation, shipbuilding, military affairs were especially actively borrowed from the Dutch (lock, harbor, boatswain), German (soldier, storm, bayonet) languages.
In the XVIII-XIX centuries, a large number of words were borrowed from French, Italian, Spanish, Polish, which are associated primarily with the secular nature of the culture of this time: ballet, partner, veil (from French), aria, baritone, impresario (from Italian), guitar, cigar, serenade (from Spanish), monogram (from Polish).
The Russian language contains borrowings from the Scandinavian languages (hook, pud, herring), from the Finnish language (blizzard, flounder, walrus, tundra), single borrowings from Chinese (tea), Japanese (karate, ivasi), Hungarian (goulash).
In the 20th century, the main source of borrowings is the English language, and the process of borrowings is activated in the second half of the 20th century. In the 50s. borrowed words jeans, shorts, hobby, camping, motel. In the early 90s. political, economic and cultural conditions arose that predetermined a predisposition to borrowing: awareness of the country as part of the civilized world, the desire to overcome alienation from other countries, an open orientation to the West in various areas.
In connection with the change in the political system, new realities and concepts arise, which causes the transfer of names from a foreign linguistic environment to Russian soil: parliament, prime minister, mayor, prefect, press secretary, press attaché, press release.
The literary language includes a new terminology:
- computer: computer, display, file, hard drive, printer;
sports: windsurfing, freestyle, bobsleigh, kickboxing;
financial, commercial: barter, voucher, dealer, distributor, investor, marketing;
political and public: image, consensus, summit, electorate;
cultural: sponsor, underground, remake, thriller, showman.
When borrowing, the word is mastered by the Russian language: it begins to be written in Russian letters, acquires the pronunciation and grammatical design characteristic of the Russian language. The degree of mastering borrowed words can be different. Most of the borrowed words are fully mastered by the Russian language, and nothing reminds them of their non-Russian origin.
Modern developed languages each have hundreds of thousands of words at their disposal. Compared with such a wealth of the language of the people, the vocabulary of individuals seems small. Even among outstanding writers, it only slightly exceeds 20,000 (21,290 words are registered in Pushkin's Dictionary of Language). According to the observations of psychologists, the vocabulary of a modern well-educated person usually does not exceed 6000-9000 words.
True, you need to know that the numbers talking about the vocabulary of individuals mean the active vocabulary, i.e. a set of words used in a particular era. The passive vocabulary of a person, i.e. the set of little-used and unused words is several times larger than the active one.
The vocabulary of a language is characterized not only by the number of words included in it, but also by the quality, heterogeneity of the vocabulary groups, or rows, or layers that form it. Lexicology as a science of the vocabulary and its development is engaged in the study of those groups, rows or layers from which the vocabulary was historically "composed".
- Vocabulary of the modern Russian language from the point of view of the sphere
- use
Limited use vocabulary includes words whose use is limited to some locality (dialecticisms), profession (special vocabulary), occupation or interests (slang vocabulary).
Dialectisms are features of dialects, dialects that do not correspond to the norms of the literary language. Dialectism is a dialectal inclusion in the Russian literary language. People's speech can reflect the phonetic, word-formation, grammatical features of the dialect, but for lexicology, the most important dialectisms are those associated with the functioning of words as lexical units - lexical dialectisms, which are of several types.
Special vocabulary is associated with the professional activities of people. It includes terms and professionalisms.
Terms are the names of special concepts of science, art, technology, agriculture, etc. The terms are often artificially created using Latin and Greek roots and differ from the "ordinary" words of the language in that they, ideally, are unambiguous in this terminology and do not have synonyms, that is, each term should correspond to only one object of this science. Each word-term has a strict definition, fixed in special scientific studies or terminological dictionaries.
Distinguish between general terms and highly specialized terms. The meaning of commonly understood terms is also known to a non-specialist, which is usually associated with the study of the basics of various sciences at school and with their frequent use in everyday life (for example, medical terminology) and in the media (political, economic terminology). Highly specialized terms are understood only by specialists.
The terms belong to the literary language and are recorded in special terminological dictionaries and explanatory dictionaries marked special.
It is necessary to distinguish professionalism from terms - words and expressions that are not scientifically defined, strictly legalized names of certain objects, actions, processes associated with professional, scientific, industrial activities of people. These are semi-official and unofficial (they are sometimes called professional jargon) words used by people of a certain profession to refer to special objects, concepts, actions, often having names in the literary language.
Jargon professionalisms exist exclusively in the oral speech of people of this profession and are not included in the literary language (for example, among typographical workers: a hat is a “large headline”, a marashka is a “marriage in the form of a square”; among drivers: a steering wheel is a “steering wheel”, a brick - sign forbidding passage). If professionalisms are included in dictionaries, they are accompanied by an indication of the scope of use (in the speech of sailors, in the speech of fishermen, etc.).
The vocabulary of limited use also includes jargon - words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. Words included in different jargons form interslang (schmuck, funny, cool, hangout).
Slang and slang vocabulary is outside the literary language and is recorded only in special dictionaries.
- Modern orthoepic norms
Modern orthoepic norms are a consistent system that is developing and improving.
Orthoepic norms are not something frozen, once and for all established and unchanged. The orthoepic norm is the normative pronunciation and stress.
Among the main norms of pronunciation are:
- pronunciation of unstressed vowels.
pronunciation of unstressed vowels and their combinations
some grammatical forms, for example, gender ending. case singular - her, oh.
Orthoepy is correct speech. Orthoepy is a set of rules for the literary pronunciation of sounds and sound combinations.
Depending on the rate of speech, pronunciation styles are distinguished:
With a slow pace of speech - a full style: a clear pronunciation of sounds, careful articulation, an essential condition for oratory.
At a fast pace of speech - an incomplete style: less distinct pronunciation of sounds, a strong reduction in sounds, that is, a reduction in sounds.
Classification of pronunciation styles depending on the stylistic orientation and the presence or absence of expressive coloring.
Stylistically, the neutral style of pronunciation is not colored.
Stylistically colored:
- High (bookish, academic) style;
conversational style.
According to the norms of the neutral style of pronunciation, the words of the neutral style are decorated. High-style words - according to the norms of the high pronunciation style, colloquial words - according to the norms of the colloquial pronunciation style. The difference between styles of pronunciation may allow certain norms of neutral style to have their counterparts in high and colloquial styles:
High style [sonnet] - neutral style [s? Net].
Neutral style [to? Where] - colloquial [to? Yes].
Book style in orthoepy is called high. The high style of pronunciation strictly observes orthoepic norms, does not allow pronunciation options.
The conversational style of pronunciation is characterized by:
a) strong reduction of vowels, and sometimes even omission of words.
[hello] - hello.
[hello] - hello.
b) more pronounced softening of vowels.
[s?v?e?r?i] - animals.
[t?v?o?rdy] - solid.
The neutral style of pronunciation is, as it were, intermediate between bookish and colloquial. Orthoepic pronunciation norms are characteristic of the neutral style.
- Changes in lexical composition
Archaisms are words denoting concepts, objects, phenomena that currently exist; for various reasons, archaisms were forced out of active use by other words. They have synonyms.
They are divided into several groups:
1. Actually lexical archaisms are words that have completely fallen out of use and have passed into a passive vocabulary.
2. Lexico-semantic archaisms are words that have one or more meanings outdated.
3. Lexico-phonetic archaisms are words in which, as a result of historical development, the sound design (sound shell) has changed, but the meaning of the word has been completely preserved.
4. Lexical and derivational archaisms are words in which individual morphemes or a word-formation model are obsolete.
Neologisms are new words, i.e. words that have arisen in the memory of the generation that uses them. It is customary to distinguish between lexical neologisms and semantic neologisms. The first are new words, the second are new meanings of already existing words.
- Relationship between grammar and vocabulary
- System connections between words
Antonyms are words that are extremely distant from each other, i.e. opposite in meaning.
Homonyms are words that have the same form but different meanings. There are lexical homonyms (full and incomplete), phonetic, grammatical and graphic.
Paronyms are words that are similar but not identical in sound. There are two groups: single-rooted and hetero-rooted.
- foreign words
Graphic development - the transfer of a foreign word in writing by means of the Russian alphabet.
Phonetic development is a change in the sound image of a word as a result of its adaptation to new phonetic conditions.
Grammatical development is the adaptation of a foreign word to the grammatical system of the Russian language.
French borrowings of the second half of the 18th-19th centuries. Household vocabulary: lampshade, ball, balcony, hut, batiste, long loaf, sideboard, waistcoat, scarf, corsage, coat, salad, salon, dressing table, toilet, etc .; theatrical: amphitheater, announcement, poster, ballet, mezzanine, parterre, etc.; political: avant-garde, aggression, asset, revolution, etc.; also the words aviation, champignon, chance, chassis, masterpiece, etc.
Chapter 3. Russian language in the world
- General information
The total number of Russian-speakers in the world, according to a 1999 estimate, is about 167 million, and about 110 million more people speak Russian as a second language.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 150 million people spoke Russian - mostly subjects of the Russian Empire. Over the next 90 years, the number of those who knew Russian increased to about 350 million people, of which 286 million lived in the USSR, where Russian was the state language and for most of its inhabitants was the native language, and more than 70 million people (mainly in the allied republics of the USSR, Eastern European, Balkan countries and a number of Asian countries) also knew the Russian language to one degree or another.
By 2005, the number of Russian speakers of varying degrees had dropped to 278 million, including 140 million in the Russian Federation itself. According to 2006 estimates, Russian is the native language for 130 million citizens of the Russian Federation, for 26.4 million residents of the CIS and Baltic republics, and for almost 7.4 million residents of non-CIS countries (primarily Germany and other European countries, the USA and Israel) , that is, for a total of 163.8 million people. More than 114 million people speak Russian as a second language (mainly in the CIS and Baltic countries) or know it as a foreign language (in non-CIS countries).
Until 1991, it was the language of interethnic communication in the USSR, de facto performing the functions of the state language. It continues to be used in countries that were formerly part of the USSR, as a native language for part of the population and as a language of interethnic communication. In places of compact residence of emigrants from the countries of the former USSR (Israel, Germany, Canada, the USA, etc.), Russian-language periodicals are published, radio stations and television channels operate. In the countries of Eastern Europe, until the end of the 1980s, Russian was the main foreign language in schools.
Russian is the only one of the 10-12 leading world languages that over the past 15 years has been steadily losing its position in all major regions of the world.
The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, second only to Chinese (it is spoken by over 1 billion people), English (420 million), Hindi and Urdu (320 million) and Spanish (300 million). Language is not only the most important means of communication between people, but also a means of cognition that allows people to accumulate knowledge, passing it on from person to person and from each generation of people to the next generations. The totality of the achievements of human society in industrial, social and spiritual activities is called culture. Therefore, we can say that language is a means of developing culture and a means of assimilation of culture by each member of society.
etc.................
At the lesson, we will talk about the international significance of the Russian language, find out why it is important to preserve it in a world that is rapidly changing, and why learn Russian at school.
The dominant position in the political, economic and scientific life of the world community is occupied by English. But the Russian language still occupies an important international position, it is one of the six official UN languages(Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. UN languages
In these languages, issues of global importance are discussed, which places a great responsibility on the person who speaks and translates. Dialogue between countries and peoples is an important linguistic mission.
Many foreigners want to master the Russian language, even those who do not have the goal of doing business or tourism. They want to know it, because it is the language of Russian literature, the language of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Bunin. Reading literature in the original brings a different feeling, a different understanding. The Russian language, regardless of global trends, remains the language of culture.
We need to learn Russian for the following reasons (Fig. 2):
Rice. 2. Reasons for learning Russian
The development of modern technologies, the Internet, auto-correction does not negate the importance of learning a language, because it is necessary to know those places where you can make a mistake and when to turn to help.
A person who does not know his own language, its rules, can become an object of ridicule. Ignorance of the laws of spelling and clumsy speech can interfere with a career.
At the lesson, we talked about the international significance of the Russian language, why it is important to preserve it in a rapidly changing world, and why learn Russian at school.
Homework
- What is the international position of the Russian language?
- Why is Russian called the language of culture?
- What gives us the study of the Russian language at school?
- Authors: Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V. and others. M.: BALASS, 2012.
- Trostentsova L.A., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Russian language. Grade 9 Textbook. M.: Education, 2014.
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. Grade 9 Textbook. M., 2011.
- Russian language. Practice. Grade 9 / Ed. Pichugova Yu.S. M.: Bustard, 2012.
1. Introduction. General provisions . 3 2. The role of the Russian language in the world . 5
3. The Russian language is one of the world's leading languages. 7
4. Russian language in international communication. 9 5. Will the Russian language be among the world languages in the future. fourteen
6. Conclusion. 16
7. List of used literature. 17
Introduction. General provisions .
Russian is the official language of the Russian Federation. It belongs to the eastern group of Slavic languages that are part of the Indo-European family of languages. Official language of the UN. It is used as a language of interethnic communication in the former Soviet republics of the USSR. The number of Russian-speaking St. 250 million people.
The invaluable wealth of the nation is the language - a kind of gene pool of national culture. The language in the life of the people performs ethno-differentiating and ethno-integrating functions, occupying not a secondary, secondary place somewhere on the periphery, but one of the leading ones, as it acts as the bearer of the spiritual independence of the nation. The loss of language for her is the loss of mutual understanding not only outside but also inside her.
Language is the main spiritual territory of the people. Those who call it the backbone of national culture are right. In Ancient Russia, the word "language" also had a second meaning - "people". To cherish one's native speech is a high moral sign of loyalty to the Motherland and the nation. These feelings were expressed with great artistic power during the Great Patriotic War by Anna Akhmatova.
“It’s not scary to lie down dead with bullets,
It's not bitter to stay white
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word
We'll carry you free and clean
And we will give to our grandchildren, and we will save from captivity
The words of the Avar Rasul Gamzatov echo the feelings of the Russian poetess:
"And if tomorrow the language disappears,
I'm ready to die today »
Despite the widespread national Russian bilingualism (the proportion of those fluent in Russian as a second language increased from 80.1% in 1970 to 83% in 1979), all nationalities use their native language (93.1% of the total population) .
The Russian language is a familiar and convenient tool for spiritual communication. Pushkin bequeathed to the Russian language a dual mission - the mission of unity and the mission of preserving other languages and cultures. In the current conditions, it is the most important lever for the rapprochement of independent states. One remarkable fact should be recalled. In 1948, during the Cold War, Allen Dulles taught: to destroy the USSR, you do not need an atomic bomb, you just need to inspire its peoples that they can do without knowing the Russian language. Economic, cultural and other ties are broken. The state will cease to exist.
THE ROLE OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN THE WORLD
The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's languages. According to estimates, the Russian language in terms of the number of people who speak it (500 million people, including more than 300 million abroad) ranks third in the world after Chinese (over 1 billion) and English (750 million). It is the official or working language in most authoritative international organizations (UN, IAEA, UNESCO, WHO, etc.).
At the end of the last century in the field of the functioning of the Russian language as a world language in a number of countries and regions, for various reasons, alarming trends emerged.
The Russian language found itself in the most difficult situation in the post-Soviet space. On the one hand, due to historical inertia, it still plays the role of a language of interethnic communication there. The Russian language in a number of CIS countries continues to be used in business circles, financial and banking systems, and in some government agencies. The majority of the population of these countries (about 70%) is still quite fluent in it.
On the other hand, the situation may change dramatically in a generation, as the process of destruction of the Russian-speaking space is underway (it has recently slowed down, but has not been stopped), the consequences of which are beginning to be felt today.
As a result of the introduction of the language of the titular nations as the only state language, the Russian language is gradually being squeezed out of socio-political and economic life, the field of culture, and the media. Reduced opportunities for education on it. Less attention is paid to the study of the Russian language in general education and vocational schools, where teaching is conducted in the languages of the titular nations.
The narrowing of the scope of the Russian language deeply affects, firstly, the rights of millions of our compatriots who ended up abroad as a result of the collapse of the USSR, and secondly, this does not meet the national interests of the newly independent states. An erroneous language policy can cause serious difficulties in the development of cooperation both within the CIS (economic and scientific-technical integration, the formation of a single educational space, etc.) and in the sphere of mutual bilateral relations.
The problem of giving the Russian language a special status in the CIS and Baltic countries has acquired particular relevance and importance. This is a key factor in maintaining its position.
In the field of spreading the Russian language abroad, the Russian Center for International Scientific and Cultural Cooperation (Roszarubezhtsentr) under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, the State Institute of the Russian Language and Literature. A.S. Pushkin, Center for the Development of the Russian Language and the Russian Society of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature (ROPRYAL).
Of course, in the field of promoting the Russian language abroad, the problem of resources remains the most acute. Despite the emerging, as noted above, some positive developments, financial opportunities remain very limited. Currently, the issue of creating a fund to support the Russian language abroad, which could partially solve these problems, is being worked out.
Russian is one of the world's leading languages
The Russian language has been and continues to be one of the world's leading languages. According to the latest data, the Russian language in terms of the number of people who speak it (and this is over half a billion people) ranks third in the world after Chinese and English. Experts note that Russian belongs to those languages, the knowledge of which is in the interests of almost all states. It is no coincidence that today in about 80 countries of the world the Russian language is considered almost mandatory for learning. For example, in the Czech Republic, more students choose Russian as the language of study than French. In China, only English is more popular among students, while in Bulgaria, Russian has moved from 14th most popular language in schools to second place. And as experts say, in the coming years, the popularity of the Russian language will only increase.
Sergei Morgunov, First Deputy Executive Director of the Russkiy Mir Foundation, agrees with this assessment: “According to our information, the Russian language is becoming more and more popular in various countries. This applies not only to people who come to work with us and have some kind of integration ties with Russia, but also to people who have some kind of relationship through family ties. This refers to our compatriots in some generations - the third or fourth and already forgetting the language. This interest is also growing due to the fact that Russia, as an active political player in recent years, is very significantly represented on the world stage. Interest in Russian culture has always been quite high, but the latest research conducted by our foundation shows a constant, active increase.”
The Russkiy Mir Foundation was established by decree of Russian President Vladimir Putin to create centers of the Russian language and Russian culture around the world. To date, the Foundation has opened more than 20 Russian centers in the USA, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, China, Estonia and Latvia. An important role in supporting the Russian language abroad, especially in the CIS, is also played by the Moscow government, which is implementing a number of programs to promote education in Russian. For example, in the Baltic countries the program "Scholarship of the Mayor of Moscow" is being implemented. During its operation, more than 500 people became scholarship holders. International Olympiads in the Russian language are held among schoolchildren from the CIS countries, and advanced training courses are organized for teachers of Russian-speaking schools in the near abroad. As a gift from Moscow, Russian-language schools in the former Soviet republics receive hundreds of thousands of textbooks every year. But, according to experts, this is still not enough. It is no coincidence that Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has repeatedly stressed that Moscow's growing role in the world arouses a logical interest in the Russian language and Russian culture. And one of the main tasks of the government is to make the Russian language one of the main languages in the world, so that in the future it will be spoken by over a billion people.
Russian language in international communication
Russian language in international communication. The Russian language is one of the most widespread and richest languages in the world, which are spoken outside the main territory of their distribution by representatives of different peoples, communicating not only with the native speakers of these languages, but also among themselves.
Just like English and some other languages used outside the countries for which they are state or official, the Russian language is widely used outside of Russia. It is used in various areas of international (interstate) communication, for example. acts as a "language of science" - a means of communication between scientists from different countries, a means of coding and storing universal knowledge (60-70% of all world information is published in English and Russian languages). Rus. language is a necessary accessory of world communication systems (radio broadcasts, air and space communications, etc.). English, Russian and some others, i.e. world languages are characterized not only by the specifics of social functions (for example, the function of lingua franca, i.e. an intermediary in the dissemination of knowledge and equalization of their level in different countries; the function of the language of diplomacy, international trade, transport, tourism; educational function - they study young people in developing countries, etc.), but also by the conscious choice of these languages for study and use (recognition as a "foreign language", i.e. the subject of teaching in schools and universities in most countries; legal recognition as a "working language" in international organizations, primarily at the UN, at international congresses, etc.).
Rus. the language, in terms of the absolute number of those who speak it, ranks fifth in the world (after Chinese, Hindi and Urdu together, English and Spanish), but this feature is not the main one in determining the "world language". For a “world language”, it is not the number of people who speak it, especially as a native language, that is essential, but the global settlement of native speakers, the coverage of different countries, the maximum number of countries, as well as the most influential social strata of the population in different countries (for example, scientific, technical and creative intelligentsia, administrative apparatus). Before the collapse of the USSR, the language was studied by 20-24 million schoolchildren, students, and other persons in 91 countries, ch. arr. in the Eastern countries. Europe and other former so-called. socialist states. It was also recognized as the language of interethnic communication among all the peoples of the present "near abroad", even the "second native language" non-Russian. peoples living in the USSR. In the 90s. 20th century the number of Russian students. the language in the world (excluding the former republics of the USSR) is estimated at 10-12 million people. (a decrease in the number of those studying the Russian language occurred in the countries of Eastern Europe; in developed countries and a number of other countries, the relative number of those choosing the Russian language for study has increased). Cancellation of the obligation to study Russian. language in those countries that gave high statistics, led to an improvement in the quality of mastering Russian. language by those persons who study it of their own free choice, without Ph.D. coercion. Improving the level of proficiency in Russian. language contributes to the liberation of his teaching from the ideological coloring of the "language of communism", from the "political and educational function." Like other languages of wide international study and use, Rus. the language entered the "club of world languages" due to the action of social and linguistic factors. Social factors are associated with the importance of the native speaker of a given language in the history of mankind and its role and authority in the modern world. Distribution of Russian. language in the countries of Europe and Asia comes from the 11th century. in an ascending line, Russian plays a large role in this process. classical literary writer of the 19th century, he was promoted - often contradictory - by the events of the 20th century, including political, economic, social and other changes in Russia that began with the 2nd half. 80s 20th century
Linguistic factors are derived from historical-social, and not self-sufficient, erected to the “natural, innate superiority” of a given language (for example, to the type of its morphological structure, as adherents of the superiority of English analytic grammar believed).Rus. language and other "world languages" are highly informative, i.e., the ability to store in their system the maximum experience of communication and verbal creativity, tested means and possibilities for expressing and transmitting thoughts. Information value is the quality of the elements of the language themselves, but, naturally, it is closely dependent on the quantity and quality of information presented in long language in original and translated publications. The informational value is associated with the communicative efficiency of a given language, its ease of use for speakers of other languages.
In a concrete linguistic plan, the following are significant: the development of semantics, both lexical and grammatical, especially syntactic, stylistic and other differentiation of the dictionary, in particular, the presence of special terminologies; the adaptability of language to the expression of the subtlest shades of thoughts; the stability of the generally accepted standard (lit. language) and the degree of its normalization; the relationship between book and colloquial speech, as well as the state of the oral form lit. language; the degree of internationalization of language units and the preservation of their national identity; the nature of writing, etc. The function of an international intermediary requires the language not to become similar to other or all languages, but to be able to express everything that is expressed in them (this thesis is associated with the concept of “intertranslatability”).
Rus. the language, preserving its uniqueness and identity over a vast space and a long time, absorbed the riches of the languages of the West and East, mastered Greek-Byzantine, Latin, Eastern. and st.-glory. heritage. He accepted the achievements of the new languages of the Romance and Germanic areas of Europe. However, the main source of its development, processing and polishing was the creative work of Rus. people, especially generations of Russian. and everyone grew up. figures of science, politics, technology, culture and literature - rus. the language has become a highly developed, rich, revealed in its potentialities, ordered, stylistically differentiated, historically balanced language, capable of serving all needs - not only national, but also universal.
The Russian language, like other languages of wide world study and use, is especially intensively studied as a linguistic phenomenon, including from a contrastive-comparative point of view, that is, from the standpoint of the linguistic consciousness and culture of other peoples: various monographic descriptions appear all its aspects, different types of dictionaries, grammars, stylistics, theoretical and practical grammars for all categories of users, etc. (see Russian Studies). Since 1967, the International Association of Teachers of Russian Language and Literature has been working MAPRYAL (see), since 1973 - the Institute of the Russian Language. A. S. Pushkin (see) in Moscow, the journal Russian Language Abroad has been published since 1967 and other periodical educational literature in Russia and other countries.
Target: to form an idea of the international significance of the Russian language, to develop interest in its study.
Tasks:
formation of motivation for learning and purposeful cognitive activity;
development of the ability to find information, work with text, analyze, generalize, apply the acquired knowledge in practice;
development of the ability to work in a group, competently draw up oral and written statements;
Development of creative skills.
Scenario
1. Motivation for learning activities
This is your last year of high school. It will fly by very quickly, like all previous years. This year you have to take exams. To pass them successfully, you need to work hard. And you, I believe, will pass the Russian language exam well, because every lesson, step by step, we will go towards the goal. And today's lesson will be no exception.
And we will start the first lesson of the year traditionally.
2. Actualization of basic knowledge(methodological technique "Microphone")
Read the statement of M.V. Lomonosov (sl. 1 - see Appendix 1)
"Charles V, the Roman emperor, used to say that it was decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with friends, Italian with the female sex. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add that it is proper for them to speak with all of them, for they would find in him the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, and, moreover, the richness and brevity of the Greek and Latin languages \u200b\u200bstrong in the images "
So wrote several centuries ago Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, the creator of Russian scientific grammar.
How do you understand these words of the great scientist? Do you agree with him? (the one who is holding the microphone clearly states his position)
3. Formulating the topic of the lesson.
What qualities of the Russian language did Lomonosov write about? (splendor, liveliness, imagery, strength, brevity, richness)
Yes, guys, the Russian language is powerful, beautiful, imaginative, multifunctional.
Can you name the topic of our lesson already? What are we going to talk about? (about Russian)
A lot has been said and written about the Russian language. But it was not by chance that I took these words of M.V. Lomonosov as an epigraph. Spanish, French, Russian… And I’ll add English, Chinese, Arabic (sl. 2).
What do you think links these languages? What do they have in common? (speculate into microphone)
Yes, these languages are of world importance. And what does global significance mean, what do you think? (speaking into microphone)
Whether or not you are right in your assumptions, we will find out during the lesson. And now I would like you to specify the topic of our lesson / (suggest)
That's right, we will talk not just about the Russian language, but about its global significance. Write down the number, the topic of the lesson (slide 3).
4. Building the project
What questions would you like to know about this topic? (What does the world language mean? What languages are classified as world languages \u200b\u200band why?)
Yes, we will find out what the world language means, which languages are considered to be world languages and why the Russian language is the world language (sl.4).
5. Implementation of the constructed project.
I suggest you work in groups. (Task cards - see Appendix 2)
Group 1: Find out from the dictionary S.I. Ozhegov the meaning of the word "global". Determine if the word is single or multiple. If polysemantic, then determine what meaning this word has in the phrase WORLD LANGUAGE.
Group 2: Using the Internet, 1) find the definition of international languages, 2) which languages are of international importance and 3) is this list of languages permanent.
Group 3: Using the Internet, find out the signs by which the world significance of the language is determined. Prove that the Russian language has these features.
Group 4: Using the Internet, find out which languages the UN uses in its work and whether Russian belongs to these languages.
Groups work independently for 7-10 minutes: find material, select, choose the one who will present the found material to the class.
5. Generalization and systematization of the material(Presentation of new material with a brief fixation by students in notebooks)
Sample student responses
The word world is polysemantic; it also has a homonym.
I. WORLD
1. Pertaining to the world.
2. Extending to the whole world, having a meaning for the whole world. World War. World fame.
3. The highest, the first in the whole world. World record.
4. trans. Very good, wonderful (simple). World guy.
II. WORLD, (obsolete). Relating to the establishment of peaceful relations between disputing parties. World Court, Justice of the Peace.
In the phrase World language, it means widespread throughout the world (2nd meaning).
Cl. 5.
International languages are some of the most common languages used among themselves by representatives of different peoples outside the territories inhabited by people for whom they were originally native. The functions of these languages cover international spheres - diplomacy, world trade, tourism, global communications systems - from the telegraph to space communications. Scientists from different countries communicate on them. These are the "working languages" of the UN and other international organizations and congresses, they are studied as foreign languages in different countries.
The composition of world languages is changeable. It currently includes English, Russian, French, Italian, Chinese, Arabic and Portuguese.
Over time, some languages acquire the status of international ones, others lose it due to various demographic, geographical, cultural and economic factors. Thus, the previously popular Greek and Latin languages have long lost this function. Some languages, such as Swedish, Polish, Turkish acquired it for a very short period. At the same time, a number of languages have strengthened their international positions in recent times. These include Chinese, Hindi (the largest in terms of the number of speakers in the world). Spanish has been an international language for over 500 years.
The Russian language, native to 250 million people, has long served as a means of interethnic cooperation between the peoples of our country and has become a universally recognized world language since the middle of the 20th century. Having become part of the world languages, he immediately identified his brothers in a number of social functions, for example, only in it and in English 70% of all world scientific information is encoded. Its value is associated with the richest Russian classical and modern fiction.
The acceptance by mankind of this language as a world language is connected with the authority, the role of the country of this language in history and modernity.
Sl. 6-7.
Languages considered international have the following characteristics:
1) A large number of people consider this language to be their mother tongue.
2) Among those for whom this language is not native, there are a large number of people who speak it as a foreign or second language.
3) This language is spoken in many countries, on several continents and in different cultural circles.
4) In many countries this language is studied at school as a foreign language.
5) This language is used as an official language by international organizations, at international conferences and in large international firms.
On all these grounds, the Russian language can be classified as international.
Sl. eight.
The United Nations has a large number of countries in its composition. However, business negotiations and correspondence of this organization is carried out only in several languages. These official languages of the UN are not chosen by chance. This is the result of a careful and balanced approach.
Only 6 world languages are recognized as official languages of the UN. Their choice was influenced by many factors, including prevalence. There are six official UN languages. Russian is one of them. The choice is obvious in favor of English and Chinese, because these languages are spoken by a huge number of people all over the planet. Also, the status of the official language of the UN received Arabic, Spanish and French. All these languages are official in more than a hundred countries of the world, they are spoken by more than 2,800 million people.
6. Inclusion of the new in the knowledge system
Creative work.
Guys, today you learned a lot about Russian as a world language. And I ask you to summarize everything that you have learned today. Compose a short text based on the materials obtained by you and your comrades today in the lesson.
(They work 5 minutes, then 3-4 works are read at the request of the students)
7. Independent work with self-test by key
Guys, today you learned a lot about our great and powerful language. Today we examined it from a slightly different angle, as a language with global significance. I want to offer you a little test to find out what you learned well and what not so well. The test questions are in the USE format, and you have already solved such tasks more than once in the 10th grade, so there should be no difficulties.
Test (see Appendix 3)
Key Self-Check (sl.10)
2 - therefore
4 - peaceful (peaceful)
5 - world
6 - Portuguese
8. Reflection
Guys, we did a good job, you are creative people, and therefore I think that the last task will not cause you any difficulties. I ask you to compose a cinquain. Subject - Russian. Reflection in your work of the world significance of the language is welcome.
3-4 syncwines are read.
I see that the lesson for you was not in vain. It was a pleasure for me to work with you.
Homework: pick up and write down 3-5 great sayings about the Russian language.
Appendix 3
Test
Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.
(1) World significance of the Russian language due to the fact that it is one of the richest languages in the world, which created the greatest fiction.(2) Russian language - (3) M Many words of the Russian language have entered many languages of the peoples of the world without translation.(4) As evidence of attention to the political life of Russia in other countries, such words as perestroika, glasnost, communism entered the languages of the peoples of the world.(5) The richness of the Russian language and the literature created on it arouses interest in this language all over the world.(6) … it is studied not only by schoolchildren, students, but also by adults.
1. Point out two sentences niya, in which the MAIN information is correctly transmitted, With contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these statements.
1. The Russian language is of world importance, becauseis one of the richest languages in the world him created the greatest in the world fiction, and this generates interest in Russian language all over the world.
2. Russian language - one of the Indo-European languages, related to many Slavic languages.It is studied not only by schoolchildren, students, but also by adults all over the world..
3. Russian language is one of the world languages, because it is one of the richest languages in the world, on which the greatest in the world of literature. It is studied not only in Russia, but all over the world.
4. Many words of the Russian language entered many languages of the peoples of the world without translation. As evidence of attention to the political life of Russia in other countries, such words as perestroika, glasnost, communism entered the languages of the peoples of the world.
5. World significance of the Russian language due to the fact that this is the language in which the greatest fiction is created.
2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
Despite this, therefore, however, since, for example,
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meanings of the word WORLD. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
WORLD, th, th.
1. Extending to the whole world, having a meaning for the whole world. World War. World fame.
2. Relating to the establishment of peaceful relations between the disputing parties. World Court (in Russia before the revolution and in some countries: a court for the analysis of petty civil and criminal cases.). World judge. Complain to the magistrate (n.; magistrate).
3. Very good, wonderful. He is a global guy. World Film.4. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
1) We were waiting for the ratification of the WORLD treaty in order to go to winter camps.
2) If a person has no will, then his words never turn into ACTIONS.
3) On the roads there were a lot of civilians torn from their places by the war.
4) The sale of annual SUBSCRIPTIONS to the swimming pool has begun.
5) It is widely believed that investing in real estate provides a GUARANTEED return.
5. Determine the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
