Human biorhythms are repetitive rhythms in the body that have their own time interval from a fraction of a second to a couple of minutes.

Health

The whole base of biology is built on rhythmic work, which directly affects any organism. Human health, for example, is affected by a whole range of external factors that affect the body every second.

Therefore, for each person it is very important, firstly, to determine the type of daily biological rhythm, and secondly, to maintain an individual daily biorhythm. As a result, such work will help to realize the importance of observing the daily routine. This work will also improve your health. Based on this, it can be argued that biological rhythms and human health are closely related.

Biorhythms and their impact on human security

The fact that biorhythms greatly affect human health, we have already found out in the previous part. But, what if a person does not correspond to his biorhythms? Surely the first day of inconsistency with biorhythms will not greatly affect human health, but well-being can suffer greatly, as well as the emotional background.

Many people know that human emotions greatly affect the predisposition to disease. From this it can be assumed that a discrepancy with one's own biorhythms threatens to violate human security.

Chronotypes dove, owl, lark

Scientists divide human biorhythms into chronotypes depending on activity during the time of day. An owl is a chronotype of people who prefer evening activity and are more efficient at this time of day. The following chronotypes are also determined by the time of day: a lark is morning, and a dove is day.

By date of birth and time

Human biorhythms are purely individual and have nothing to do with the date of birth, and any calculation and reference to the date of birth is a near-scientific assumption that has no facts behind it.

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The vital activity of any biological system on this planet is subject to cyclicity. And man is no exception. Our body is in constant relationship with the outside world, exchanging information and energy with it. Through such a complex interaction, the human body adapts to biorhythms environment. Receiving information from the sense organs, the central nervous system regulates the release of various hormones that activate or inhibit the work of the whole organism. And thus the biological clock of a person is synchronized with the biorhythms of the surrounding world.

Calculate biorhythms person is easy. It is believed that from the moment of birth, each person begins to rotate in three main biological cycles - physical, intellectual and emotional. The physical cycle is determined by the vital energy of a person, his strength, endurance, activity, etc. Its duration is 23 days. The intellectual cycle is 33 days and is determined by a person's ability to cognize, comprehend, study and create. The emotional cycle is 28 days. It is determined by the state of the human nervous system, as well as his mood.

The biorhythm curve looks wavy. Each cycle consists of a rising phase and a falling phase, and is also divided into positive and negative half-cycles. The recession phase is not always negative. But the moment when the biorhythm curve crosses the zero mark is considered critical, since it is difficult to predict what effect the state of a particular human system will have on his life activity as a whole.

Having plotted a curve of three energy cycles for two people, one can determine them biorhythm compatibility . But there is no point in relying on averages. Since in any particular case the impact of biorhythms on a person determined by the characteristics of his activities, standard of living, work schedule, etc. People engaged in active physical labor or sports largely depend on the phase of the physical cycle. Intellectual and emotional cycles determine their state less. And people engaged in mental activity feel a surge of strength and energy at the moment of the rise of the intellectual biorhythm, even if their physical strength is at the stage of decline. The perception of any person is always subjective.

Biorhythms and human performance

In addition to the three main cycles, human life is also affected by circadian biorhythm . Our body performs the same functions every day. And if we coordinate our activities with the activation of certain processes in the body, we will get the best result. For example, in the morning from 7 to 12 hours, the work of the digestive tract is activated. The food eaten at this time is completely digested and converted into energy that a person uses during the day. As you understand, it would be foolish not to eat at this time, and then come home from work and eat up just at the moment when the body has already ceased to actively digest food and is preparing for a quiet pastime in the evening.

Also in the morning, the work of the brain is activated. Therefore, morning is the best time for mental activity. Since ancient times, people say: "The morning is wiser than the evening." Although now there are new ideas about dividing people into larks and owls, the main trend still remains. Therefore, if you cannot cope with intellectual work in the evening, set the alarm clock early, and most likely you will easily finish what you started early in the morning.

After 12 noon, a person's blood pressure drops and brain activity slows down. At this time, mothers put the children to bed. But after all, biorhythms act on all people, and therefore adults who have the opportunity to take a nap during the day also feel their influence. Especially in the summer heat, when the body experiences additional stress, rest is useful for everyone without exception.

At 2 p.m., blood pressure rises again, and brain activity increases. Parents are well aware of this feature of biorhythms, because if you do not put the child to bed before 2 o’clock, then he will play out and he will no longer be pacified.

Daytime from 3 to 6 pm is a good period for physical and mental activity. At this time, the heart and blood vessels work as efficiently as possible, so you can finish the work that you started in the morning, as well as do sports or household chores.

In the period from 6 to 8 pm, it is best to have a snack and go for a walk. At this time, hypertensive patients feel an increase in pressure. The body temperature during these two hours is also maximum. Then the body calms down and the production of the sleep hormone begins. Therefore, after 8 pm it is better to engage in activities that do not require a strong concentration of attention.

For those who like to eat before bedtime, it will be useful to know that after 10 pm the work of the digestive system is extremely weakened. And by this time, it would be ideal if your stomach was completely empty. It's time for bed.

Try to go to sleep and wake up at the same time. Overwork and lack of sleep lead to rapid wear of the body and premature aging. The required daily minimum for a healthy person is 4-5 hours of uninterrupted sleep. During this time, the first three mandatory sleep cycles pass. If you are preparing an important report and you have absolutely no time, you can sleep from 11 pm to 3-4 am. But it is not recommended to repeat such feats often. Normally, a person should sleep 7-9 hours. At the same time, the morning rise is easier at the time of the increase in body temperature, which means not earlier than 6 o'clock in the morning.

Before waking up, people usually have vivid dreams. Do not be afraid if you have nightmares in the morning hours. Thus, your nervous system is freed from the tension and negativity that has accumulated in recent days. And perhaps this is how your consciousness tries to adapt to certain life situations in which you periodically find yourself. The main thing to remember is that bad dreams are normal. They are the key to your peace of mind throughout the day. Although if you are constantly tormented by nightmares, you should think about why there is so much negativity in your mind. Maybe it's time for a major change in your life.

During sleep, the most sensitive human sensor is the ears. Therefore, make sure that there is complete silence in the room. This is very important for a good holiday. And as scientists have proven, proper rest stops the aging of the brain.

Try to take into account the influence of biorhythms on human performance in your daily life. Always adhere to the correct daily routine, and then it will be easier for you to do any work, you will feel a surge of strength and vigor, and all your activities will be as effective as possible.

Psychological sciences

INFLUENCE OF BIORHYTHMS AS LAWS

LIFE ACTIVITIES ON HUMAN WORKING CAPABILITY

I.A. Akhverdov

THE EFFECT OF BIORHYTHMS AS VITALITY LAWS UPON HUMAN EFFICIENCY

The paper is dedicated to the investigation of human rhythmic cycling; interdependence of human vitality, fatigability and efficiency in different kinds of activities; the effect of different factors upon the preservation of human health higher level.

The article is devoted to the study of human rhythmic oscillations; the relationship between performance, fatigue and human activity in various activities; the influence of various factors on maintaining a high level of human health.

One of the basic laws of life is the law of rhythm. Rhythmic oscillations are found at all levels of the organization of living matter. They are also characteristic of inanimate nature. The whole world around us is constantly changing, and the most common form of these changes is fluctuations. In some cases, the oscillatory motions of matter are easily accessible for observation, for example: the rotation of the Earth around its axis with a periodic change of day and night, and the rotation around the sun - with a change in the seasons of the year; 6-, 11-, 22-year cycles of solar activity. We learn about other forms of the oscillatory motion of matter only indirectly: their period is so long that it is incommensurable with the duration of human life. Such, for example, are the rhythms of the motion of stars, planets and galaxies.

Biological objects are one of the forms of organization of matter, and periodic fluctuations are characteristic of them in the same way as inanimate nature. To date, rhythmic changes in more than 400 physiological functions have been described, and this list continues to grow.

Despite the fact that the interest of mankind in rhythmic fluctuations can be traced for two and a half millennia and goes back to the ancient Greek poet Archilochus, who wrote: “Know what rhythm possesses people”, real progress in the study of biological rhythms has been outlined only since the 30s of the XX century. . Especially violent

chronobiology has been developing in the last 2-3 decades - the period for fundamental research and the formation of a separate scientific discipline is short. However, much has been done during this time, and not only factual material has been accumulated, but a theory of the origin of biological rhythms has been developed and several variants of their classification have been created.

The most common of them dates back to 1969, when F. Halberg proposed to single out circadian (circadial), and circa-weekly (circasental) and circannual (circannual) fluctuations. Depending on the level of organization of biosystems, cellular, organ, organismal and population biological rhythms are described. By frequency, they are divided into 5 classes: high-frequency rhythms (with an oscillation period from fractions of a second to 30 minutes), medium frequency (with an oscillation period from 30 minutes to 28 hours), meso-rhythms (the oscillation period of which is 28 hours - 6 days), macrorhythms with a period of 20 days to 1 year and megarhythms with fluctuations lasting tens and hundreds of years.

Oscillations with periods close to the main geophysical cycles are also called adaptive rhythms. Their role is to adapt the body to periodic changes in the external environment. This category includes daily and seasonal fluctuations of physiological parameters. It is they that are of the greatest interest to chronophysiologists, and it is no coincidence that daily and seasonal periodicity is inherent in all levels of biological organization. We already know a lot about these rhythms - for example, their nature has been clarified.

The endogenous nature of circadian biological rhythms in most chronophysiologists is beyond doubt. So far there is no such unanimity in assessing the genesis of seasonal fluctuations. For a long time it was believed that fluctuations in physiological parameters from season to season are a direct consequence of seasonal changes in weather factors. However, in recent years, more and more voices are heard, testifying in favor of the endogenous origin of this group.

fluctuations. Over millions of years of evolution, living organisms have not only adapted to periodic changes in the environment. But they also learned to “foresee” them in advance, starting their restructuring. Thus, here, too, external factors play the role of synchronizers and regulators of oscillations of an endogenous nature.

And which of the external regulators is the most important? For animals, these are undoubtedly fluctuations in illumination, the length of daylight hours. And for a person? He is a social being, and therefore it was believed that the leading synchronizers of his biological rhythms are social factors - daily routines, work. But one cannot ignore the biological nature of man. Recent studies show that color is also involved in the regulation of human biorhythms and its intensity is enough to be their powerful synchronizer. As early as 1954, the domestic scientist A. D. Slonim described the flattening of the temperature curve in girls living in artificial lighting conditions. And when modeling the light regime of the Apollo spacecraft, it turned out that a decrease in illumination to the level of generally accepted hygiene standards causes a smoothing of daily fluctuations in body temperature and heart rate in healthy people. Japanese researchers described the features of circadian fluctuations in body temperature in blind people: delay in the phase of the rhythm, a decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations. N. Agadzhanyan examined young men with normal and lost vision, living under conditions of the same day regimen, and found differences in both daily and seasonal fluctuations in many physiological indicators.

This, like the examples above, confirms the participation of light in the regulation of the activity of the "biological clock".

So we know what rhythms are; we know that the rhythm can be conditionally described by a sinusoid and characterized by the period of oscillation, amplitude and positive acrophase. Now you can try

analyze your own timeline. Several times during the day, for example, at 7, 11, 15, 19, 23 hours, and preferably at night, measure body temperature and count the pulse. In order to speak with confidence about the rhythm, it is necessary to analyze several periods, therefore the measurements must be repeated within three days. As a result, you will be able to build 3 curves that reflect changes in the selected parameter during the day. Let's compare the maximum and minimum values ​​of each indicator. Even with an amateur analysis, it becomes clear that it is impossible to indicate a certain “norm” of the indicator without taking into account its changes during the day. And if you repeat the studies in different seasons, you can find that the daily curves of physiological parameters may differ in different periods of the year. For some parameters, these differences will be large, for others - smaller, but the fact remains: the physiological "norm" depends on the season. The difference in the position of acrophases in winter and summer periods can reach several hours. Therefore, scientists are concerned about the identification of hourly, seasonal, regional, age standards of physiological indicators.

So, we found out that there is not a single organism, cell, organ that would obey the law of rhythm. The life of most organisms on earth is subject to rhythms that modify their activity throughout the day, lunar month or year. All human biological rhythms have developed in the process of human evolution and over many thousands of years have become cyclical processes occurring in a living organism.

A person has systems of various types of rhythms: breathing, heart contractions, fluctuations in body temperature during the day, electrical activity of the brain, the work of internal organs, cell tissues - everything is built on rhythms.

There are leading and driven rhythms. Leaders are the rhythms of the central nervous system. So, the cerebral cortex keeps in touch with the environment and transmits time signals to internal organs. The driven rhythms are the daily fluctuations

body temperature, the work of the endocrine glands. All the different types of rhythms of a living organism work in concert with each other. So, there are organs that work as much as possible during the day, and there are organs that work more at night.

There are biorhythms according to the wavelength: daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal, annual, etc. The most important for a person are daily and seasonal biorhythms. Of course, these rhythms are synchronized by temporal landmarks such as light and dark, ebb and flow, and the changing seasons. Light entering the retina through the optic nerves enters the part of the brain where the hypothalamus is located, which transmits information to the pituitary gland, which produces more hormones in the daytime than in the dark, that is, at night. There is a change in the processes of excitation and inhibition. Regardless of external factors, these rhythms are supported by internal rhythms programmed genetically and under the control of the "biological clock".

The secretion of hormones by the endocrine glands also proceeds rhythmically. The hormones of adrenaline and non-adrenaline are produced by a maximum of 9 o'clock in the morning, as if preparing a person for the greatest physical activity during the day, and a minimum of hormones - by 20 o'clock and at night, when the function of organs is reduced. Especially unfavorable is the time from 2 to 4 o'clock in the morning. This is especially true of the sleep-wake cycle, which may maintain its roughly diurnal periodicity even if the individual receives no outside information about what time of day it is.

The number of births also fluctuates during the day. The maximum birth rate falls on the time from 0 to 11 hours, at least from 12 to 23 hours. Obstetricians say that labor activity is most active from 23 to 6 hours, and from 11 to 18 hours it weakens significantly. The onset of contractions is more often noted in the first three hours of the day local time. However, against the background of the usual daily rhythm, fertility peaks appear that are not associated

nye with time of day. Most likely, their occurrence is due to interplanetary influences - in particular, the phases of the moon. It is assumed that the daily rhythm of fertility is determined by the body of the woman in labor, and the influence of the planets affects the birth rate, changing the rhythms of fetal activity.

The biological clock responsible for circadian (circadian) rhythms is regulated with the participation of the anterior region of the hypothalamus. There are also rhythms whose period is close to one year - these are circannual rhythms, they allow various animals to program their activities related to reproduction, migration or hibernation. Thus, one cannot speak of any single biorhythms; most likely there are several such mechanisms associated with each other, and each of them has its own periodicity. Circannual biorhythms allow a person to adapt to the changing seasons. However, modern civilization and the uniformity of living conditions associated with it more and more dull the sensitivity of our organism to the fluid time and the most important rhythms of nature.

The science of chronomedicine is engaged in the study of biorhythms, in accordance with it, how many functions the human body has, so many rhythms. One of them is performance. Scientists have proven that this function of the body, like any other, changes throughout the day, week or year, and the phase of activity must be followed by a phase of relaxation. Violation of this rhythm can lead to reduced attention, increased fatigue.

Annual fluctuations in working capacity are still little studied, but there is a version that in September and February it reaches its maximum. And the most active days of the week are Tuesday, Wednesday and sometimes Thursday.

In the daily rhythm, the activity of the central nervous system also changes. The sensitivity of the centers of the brain is maximum in the middle of the day, minimum at night. It is believed that the excitability of the cortex,

as well as human performance, it is optimal in the morning and afternoon hours; then it decreases, the inhibitory process begins to predominate, but by 16-17 hours there is some rise in excitability, and then it progressively decreases, reaching a minimum by the time of sleep.

However, not all people have the highest performance in the morning. You have probably heard of "owls" and "larks". The basis of daily biorhythms is the sleep-wake cycle. Depending on how this cycle is built, all people are divided into "larks" (25 - 30%), "owls" (25 - 30%). But experts also determine the type of "doves" (40 - 50%), which in different circumstances can behave differently. There is a version that in childhood almost all people are “pigeons”, a tendency to the first two types is developed later, depending on the way of life in the family, the predisposition of the body, etc.

"Larks" are active in the morning: at this time, everything is arguing with them. In the afternoon, they become lethargic, quickly get tired, it is difficult for them to force themselves to concentrate.

True, social conditions (urbanization, work schedules, household chores, and last but not least, omnipotent television) have turned many of us into “pigeons”, who, due to lack of sleep in the morning, work like “owls”, and in the evening - like “ larks". If you can work calmly only after your family settles down and relative silence is established in the apartment, do not rush to classify yourself as an owl, N. Agadzhanyan advises. It is known that the subjective assessment of the type of performance very often contradicts the data obtained in the experiment. Studies have shown that most "pigeons" are "loose larks". Try to normalize your daily routine, do not stay up late in front of the TV or for an exciting reading - and you and your colleagues will soon feel the result.

"Don't try to work against your natural daily rhythm (which you

if you can change it, then only slightly), but use these patterns in your daily routine!” - insists in the book "Your time is in your hands" the German researcher Lothar Seivert, who has devoted more than a dozen years to the problem of efficient use of time.

Usually the peak of a person's working capacity falls on the first half of the day. At this time, the stomach, pancreas, spleen and heart are actively functioning. In the afternoon, the small intestine is actively working. There comes a decline in productivity, which many are trying to fight with the help of coffee.

According to doctors, if you ignore the importance of biorhythms, this can lead to health problems. For example, when a person goes on a business trip through several time zones, desynchronosis occurs with him - a discrepancy between the rhythms of organisms and the rhythms of the environment. Doctors say that if the body cannot re-enter its natural rhythm for a long time, changes and damage occur in it, a crisis occurs and even a complete stop.

With very hard work, even the daily rhythm, as a rule, is constantly disturbed. As a result, 8% of the adult population suffers from insomnia, 15% do not get enough rest in their sleep. All this causes increased fatigue and affects the activity. There is a version that many disasters, including those at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, are caused precisely by the fatigue of the personnel. But this happens not so much because of hard work, but because of the discrepancy between the individual biorhythms of a person and the mode of work.

The Vladivostok scientist L. Glybin also calls for the normalization of the daily routine, bringing it closer to natural rhythms. He found in the daily rhythm of working capacity 5 rises (at 5, 11, 16, 20 and 24 hours) and 5 recessions (about 2, 9, 14, 18 and 22 hours in winter time). You probably felt that if you overcome the drowsiness that takes possession of us at 22 - 23 hours, then after midnight

a “second wind” is covered, you don’t feel like sleeping at all, and it seems that you can move mountains - until 2-3 hours come. But what is the performance at dawn, not many people know. It is known that Leo Tolstoy started work early in the morning and valued these hours of creativity above all others. We seem to be just waking up our best time. L. Glybin proposes to shift the beginning of the working day to the early morning hours and end it shortly after noon. Getting up at 4 o'clock, eating at 4, 10, 15 and 19 o'clock, going to bed no later than 21 o'clock - and the investigator believes that such a regimen can significantly increase labor productivity. It was in this rhythm that our ancestors lived for many millennia. Early to bed and early to rise means to follow the natural rhythm due to the physiological nature of man.

Daily and seasonal periodicity is inherent in all levels of biological organization. There is every reason to assert that they not only serve the purpose of adapting the organism to cyclic changes in the environment, but also constitute a universal temporary basis necessary for combining the activities of many, many physiological systems. In adulthood, a healthy person is characterized by a specific biorhythmological status, which can be considered the standard of the optimal “amount of health”. In the process of aging, the amplitude of fluctuations in physiological parameters decreases, the rhythm is gradually lost (moreover, for different functions - at different speeds). Domestic researcher V. M. Dilman believes that the main cause of natural human death is a breakdown of the Big Biological Clock, a mismatch between the activities of the "center" and "periphery" - the hypothalamus and the nervous and endocrine systems. Therefore, biorhythmology should be treated not as an exotic fashion hobby, but with the utmost seriousness.

Once with our astronauts who were in orbit, they conducted such an experiment. One of them was told to sleep

exactly 3 hours, then another 3 hours to be awake, then fall asleep again and wake up. A day later, the astronaut had a hypertensive crisis. After such an “execution”, it seemed to the American astronauts that an angel looked into the window. Such a violation of the habitual regimen is very harmful to human health, according to doctors, and primarily because it leads to malfunctions in the autonomic and nervous systems. Nevertheless, many make such sacrifices consciously, considering professional duty more important than a night's sleep.

Daily (and most likely seasonal and other) rhythms are the same universal property of the living as the genetic code (which was also considered a chimera for a long time). And the fact that in different regions of the country the direction of diurnal fluctuations of most physiological indicators is the same serves as an additional argument in favor of the endogenous nature of circadian rhythms.

We know very little about megarhythms so far. One of the interesting examples of long-term fluctuations is the change in the creative activity of the individual.

In 1925, the Russian physiologist N.Ya. Perna published data from 18 years of introspection. He revealed the rhythms of creative "outbursts" in humans, occurring every 7 days and with a period of about 6-7 years. According to N.Ya. Pern, the boundaries of these stages or "nodal points of life", fall approximately on the following years: 6-7, 12-13, 18-19, 25-26 years old, 31-32 years old, 37-38, 43-44, about 50 and 56-57 years old. These periods are characterized by the activation of spiritual activity and the special sensitivity of the organism.

The hypothesis of the rhythmic activation of human spiritual activity needs not a cursory "estimate", but a thorough multilateral study. This hypothesis deserves the attention of both researchers and the general public, although until recently it was almost forgotten.

In this sense, much more fortunate with the popularity of the so-called "hypothesis of three rhythms" - physical, emotional

physical and intellectual. She gained unprecedented popularity. Meanwhile, the original data were devoid of any touch of sensationalism. Back in 1897, the Berlin physician W. Fliss noted that attacks of bronchial asthma and some other diseases are more often observed after 28 or 23 days. He suggested that the mood and physical well-being of a person depend on two different cycles: a 23-day cycle of "strength, stamina and courage", i.e. the "male" physical component, and from the 28-day cycle of "love sensitivity, intuition", i.e. "feminine" emotional component.

A little later, the Austrian psychologist G. Svoboda received initial data on the frequency of exacerbations of diseases, and his compatriot A. Teltscher noted that the ability of students to assimilate educational material changes with a period of 33 days. Today, the periodicity in the course of a number of diseases is explained by completely different reasons. Almost 11 years have passed, and in the wake of a sincere interest in biorhythmology, scattered early information was combined into a single hypothesis of “three rhythms”, an oscillation period of 23 days, emotional - 28, intellectual - 33. It is recommended to report all three rhythms from the moment of birth. According to the adherents of this theory, throughout their lives they retain the sinusoidal form of oscillations. All cycles have two phases - positive and negative; the day of the beginning of each is designated as the zero point. It is on these days that the body is most vulnerable to external influences, which gave reason to call the zero points critical. If they coincide for two or even more than three rhythms, the risk of an accident, a major mistake, an illness increases many times over. And this seems to be confirmed by studies conducted by enthusiasts in many countries, including ours. Thus, the majority of accidents among workers in the coal industry occurred precisely on critical days. When, taking into account the phase of the rhythm, “dangerous” days for drivers were singled out,

waited for the subjects about them, tried to change their work schedule as much as possible, the number of accidents on the roads actually decreased. In Japan, they even managed to halve the number of accidents per year in this way (although skeptics believe that the effectiveness of these measures is associated with mobilizing the attention and will of the subjects).

Undoubtedly, there are ups and downs in our life, "dark" and "light" streaks; and rhythmic fluctuations of physical and intellectual activity are also probably there, but it is impossible to describe them with an accuracy of a day for many years to come. Supporters of the “three rhythms hypothesis” proceed from the fact that from the birth of a person, their own “biological clock” “starts up” - and measure out periods of inspiration and disappointment, strength and weakness, creative upsurge and blues. But physical performance is determined by the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, nervous systems and organs, intellectual - by the work of many brain formations. It is already known that the rhythmic activity of all these and many other systems and organs "ripens" gradually, at different rates, and this process stretches for years. For example, fluctuations in heart rate with a period of about a day have been observed for six months; after birth, this rhythm gradually changes and becomes the same as in adults by about 2 years. And the ratio of rhythms of indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, characteristic of adults, is established only by the end of the physiological maturation of a person. If the grid and seasonal rhythms of functional systems do not “ripen” immediately, then why should the complex “physical”, “emotional” and “intellectual” exist initially and unchanged? And can we talk about

intelligence from birth, because not only not every child can boast of its presence, but, alas, not every adult?

It is very difficult to talk about the subject of a young, developing science. In biorhythmology, there are still no classical canons, unshakable provisions. Facts are accumulating day by day, new concepts are being developed. One thing is indisputable: biological rhythms are as fundamental, universal property of the living as the genetic code. Rhythmic fluctuations in the activity of physiological systems are programmed from the very beginning (in any case, this is the nature of circadian rhythms). Nothing living remains unchanged, everything obeys the law of rhythm. External factors only make it possible to more finely regulate, adjust oscillatory systems to environmental conditions. Biological rhythms change, shift within certain limits. Due to this, a person adapts to changing external conditions.

LITERATURE

1. Agadzhanyan N.A. Rhythms of life and health. -M.: "Knowledge", 1975.

2. Dilman V. Keep rhythms constant // Science and Life. - No. 2. - 1983.

3. Kupriyanovich L.I. Biological rhythms and sleep. -M.: Nauka, 1976.

4. Godfroy J. What is psychology? - M.: Mir, 1992.

5. Agadzhanyan N., Ruzhenkov V., Ruzhenkova I. Civilization and health. - Stavropol, 1990.

Akhverdova Inga Albertovna, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Assistant to the Rector of the University for coordinating work with the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation and other federal executive and legislative bodies.

All life on our planet bears the imprint of the rhythmic pattern of events characteristic of our Earth. In a complex system of biorhythms, from short ones - at the molecular level - with a period of several seconds, to global ones, associated with annual changes in solar activity, a person also lives. Biological rhythm is one of the most important tools for studying the time factor in the activity of living systems and their temporal organization.

Biological rhythms or biorhythms are more or less regular changes in the nature and intensity of biological processes. The ability for such changes in vital activity is inherited and found in almost all living organisms. They can be observed in individual cells, tissues and organs, in whole organisms and in populations.

We highlight the following important achievements of chronobiology:

1. Biological rhythms are found at all levels of organization of wildlife - from unicellular to the biosphere. This indicates that biorhythm is one of the most common properties of living systems.

2. Biological rhythms are recognized as the most important mechanism for regulating body functions, providing homeostasis, dynamic balance and adaptation processes in biological systems.

3. It has been established that biological rhythms, on the one hand, have an endogenous nature and genetic regulation, on the other hand, their implementation is closely related to the modifying factor of the external environment, the so-called time sensors. This connection in the basis of the unity of the organism with the environment largely determines the ecological patterns.

4. Provisions on the temporal organization of living systems, including man, are formulated as one of the basic principles of biological organization. The development of these provisions is very important for the analysis of the pathological states of living systems.

5. Biological rhythms of the sensitivity of organisms to the action of factors of a chemical (among them drugs) and physical nature have been discovered. This became the basis for the development of chronopharmacology, i.e. ways of using drugs, taking into account the dependence of their action on the phases of the biological rhythms of the functioning of the body and on the state of its temporal organization, which changes with the development of the disease.

6. Patterns of biological rhythms are taken into account in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Biorhythms are divided into physiological and ecological. Physiological rhythms, as a rule, have periods from fractions of a second to several minutes. These are, for example, the rhythms of pressure, heartbeat and blood pressure. There are data on the influence, for example, of the Earth's magnetic field on the period and amplitude of the human encephalogram. The period (frequency) of the physiological rhythm can vary widely depending on the degree of functional load (from 60 beats/min of the heart at rest to 180-200 beats/min during work).

The period of ecological rhythms is relatively constant, fixed genetically (i.e. associated with heredity). Ecological rhythms coincide in duration with any natural rhythm of the environment. These include daily, seasonal (annual), tidal and lunar rhythms. Thanks to ecological rhythms, the body is oriented in time and prepares in advance for the expected conditions of existence. Many animals hibernate or migrate before the onset of cold weather. Thus, ecological rhythms serve the body as a biological clock.

Desynchronosis is a violation of the daily biorhythm, characterized by a sleep disorder, a decrease in working capacity and a whole range of other unpleasant deviations in the state of health.

This modern disease is due to social causes and most often found in students, businessmen, travelers. For the reasons that cause this condition, two types of desynchronosis are distinguished - external and internal.

External desynchronosis develops with a rapid change in time zones. At the same time, the usual time for sleep, and, accordingly, for work, is late when flying to the west and comes earlier than usual when flying to the east. The body cannot immediately adjust to these sudden shifts. The functioning of its organs and systems changes at different rates, so the time for complete adaptation to new temporary conditions can vary quite significantly. On average, it is several weeks, but the deep structures of the body continue to tune in a new way for much longer - up to several months. Moreover, the flight in the western direction is easier to carry than in the eastern direction.

It has been established that the interval between the time sensor and the rhythms of the body, which is 2 hours, can cause deviations in the functioning of the body and desynchronosis.

Prevention of external desynchronosis:

for a responsible sporting event in another time zone, athletes should arrive in advance, since the first 3 days are especially difficult to endure in a new place. It is no coincidence that the International Olympic Committee, before holding some Olympiads, recommended that athletes from different latitudes arrive at the competitions in advance, but not earlier than 2 weeks before the competition, so that all participants are in equal conditions and have time to adapt to the new time zone;

before the trip you need to get enough sleep for several days;

when heading east, accustom yourself to the new bedtime by going to bed an hour or two earlier on several nights in a row. If you are going west, then go to bed one to two hours late for several evenings to get used to the new regimen;

on the plane, immediately set the clock to the time at the place of arrival. During the flight, begin to adapt your sleep-wake cycle to the new time - this will shorten the period of adaptation of the body after arrival;

Drink plenty of water and soft drinks to stay hydrated. Try not to drink alcohol and coffee, which remove fluid from the body, as well as carbonated drinks that can cause bloating;

The food you eat can also affect how you feel after your flight. On board the aircraft, food is sometimes oversalted and too greasy.

Take with you fruit and what you can eat without compromising health;

at least once every 2 hours, walk around the salon for 5-10 minutes to avoid swelling of the legs, reduce the likelihood of blood clots. It is recommended to massage the shins and calves from the bottom up. Do not cross your legs - this leads to swelling of the legs;

To relieve tension, massage your neck and shoulders, or soak a few drops of a relaxing oil (such as lavender or geranium) on a washcloth and inhale its fragrance.

Adaptation. If you arrive during daylight hours, immediately go outside and walk for at least an hour, as bright lighting helps your body clock adjust. Go to bed at local time and try not to sleep at other times. Exercising outdoors, if possible, will help you fight sleep. If you arrive at the place at night, go to bed at the usual local time, even if you don't feel like it. A bath with a few drops of lavender or geranium oil will help you fall asleep.

Internal desynchronosis is a violation of the natural relationships of daily biorhythms of different organs and systems in a person who does not leave his time zone. This is due to the disruption of the synchronism that exists under normal conditions in the biorhythmic system of the body.

Breakdown most often occurs for the following reasons:

violation of the correct alternation of work and rest. For example, at the beginning of the semester, students do not study systematically, compensating for the backlog by hard work at the end of the semester, when they have to take tests and exams;

sleep shift to unusual hours of the day or insufficient sleep (“chronic sleep deprivation”);

mental stress with great nervous tension. Practice shows that most students develop internal desynchronosis of varying severity during the examination session for the above reasons.

Internal desynchronosis appears quite easily, but it is difficult to get rid of it. The imbalance of daily biorhythms in the biorhythmological system of the body, which characterizes internal desynchronosis, is a symptom of a serious illness and is restored for a long time with the help of well-organized rest, and sometimes with the intervention of a doctor.

The circadian rhythm is a modification of the daily rhythm with a period of 24 hours, proceeds under constant conditions and belongs to free-flowing rhythms. These are rhythms with a period not imposed by external conditions. They are congenital, endogenous, i.e. due to the properties of the organism itself. Since organisms are usually in an environment with cyclical changes in its conditions, the rhythms of organisms are drawn out by these changes and become diurnal. According to Simakov, the clock mechanism in the nucleus is the nuclear envelope. He made this conclusion on the basis of experiments conducted with bacteria that did not have circadian rhythms. The circadian rhythm is what is common for a variety of cells, tissues and organs, which unites them into a single living system coordinated in time. In other words, the subordination of all manifestations of vital activity to the circadian rhythm is a significant factor in the integrity of the organism. Circadian rhythms are found in all representatives of the animal kingdom and at all levels of organization - from cellular pressure to interpersonal relationships. Numerous experiments have established the presence of circadian rhythms of motor activity, body and skin temperature, pulse and respiration rates, blood pressure and diuresis. The content of various substances in tissues and organs turned out to be subject to diurnal fluctuations, for example: glucose, sodium and potassium in the blood, plasma and serum in the blood, growth hormones, etc. In essence, all endocrine and hematological indicators, indicators of nervous, muscular , cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. In this rhythm, the content and activity of dozens of substances in various tissues and organs of the body, in blood, urine, sweat, saliva, the intensity of metabolic processes, the energy and plastic supply of cells, tissues and organs. The sensitivity of the organism to various environmental factors and the tolerance of functional loads are subordinated to the same circadian rhythm. In total, about 500 functions and processes with circadian rhythms have been identified in humans so far. The rhythm of the heart contraction in a person who is in a state of relative rest depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm. The earth's main rhythm is a daily one, due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, therefore, almost all processes in the human body have a daily periodicity. All these rhythms (more than 100 of them have already been found in humans) are connected in a certain way with each other, forming a single rhythmic system of the body coordinated in time. This system reflects the interconnected course of circadian rhythms of various functions in humans, which provides physicians and physiologists with valuable material for diagnosing diseases and predicting the condition of patients. You can pay attention to some typical characteristics of the circadian system of a healthy person. Body weight reaches its maximum values ​​at 18-19 hours, body temperature - at 16-18 hours, heart rate - at 15-16 hours, respiratory rate - at 13-16 hours, histological blood pressure - at 15-18 hours. The level of erythrocytes in the blood - at 11-12 o'clock, leukocytes - at 21-23 o'clock, hormones in blood plasma - at 10-12 o'clock, insulin - at 18 o'clock, total blood protein - at 17-19 o'clock. Evaluating this scheme, one should point out significant individual differences in the course of circadian rhythms, which makes it necessary to further study the concepts of "biorhythmic norm" and "biorhythmic individuality". Disturbances in the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness can lead not only to insomnia, but also to disorders of the cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive systems. That is why it is so important to follow the daily routine. Biorhythms are intensively studied by specialists in the field of space biology and medicine, since astronauts will be completely deprived of the usual rhythms of the environment during the exploration of new planets. The reaction of the body to any impact depends on the phase of the circadian rhythm (i.e., on the time of day). According to the degree of synchronization of the circadian rhythms of the pulse and body temperature, overwork can be detected during intense operator work, sports training, etc. Data on the ontogenesis of biorhythms are used in age-related physiology, in the hygiene of children and adolescents. It has been established that strict adherence to the feeding regimen of a newborn child accelerates the development of circadian rhythm in him. With a lack of attention from the mother, the sleep-wake rhythms of the infant become less regular. In general, the human circadian system is formed up to the period of puberty. Aging is presented to biorhythmologists as a gradual loss of rhythms. The absence of biorhythms is incompatible with life.

A well-known example of the action of biological clocks are "owls" and "larks". It has been noticed that during the day the working capacity changes, but nature provided us with a night to rest. It has been established that the period of activity, when the level of physiological functions is high, is from 10 to 12 and from 16 to 18 hours. By 2 p.m. and in the evening, performance decreases. Meanwhile, not all people obey such a pattern: some successfully cope with work in the morning and in the morning (they are called larks), others - in the evening and even at night (they are called owls).

In modern conditions, social rhythms have gained importance, in the captivity of which we are constantly: the beginning and end of the working day, the shortening of rest and sleep, untimely meals, night vigils. Social rhythms put ever-increasing pressure on biological rhythms, make them dependent, regardless of the natural needs of the organism. Students are distinguished by greater social activity and high emotional tone, and, apparently, it is not by chance that they are characterized by hypertension more than their peers from other social groups.

So, the rhythms of life are determined by physiological processes in the body, natural and social factors: the change of seasons, day, the state of solar activity and cosmic radiation, the rotation of the Moon around the Earth (and the location and influence of the planets on each other), the change of sleep and wakefulness, labor processes and rest, motor activity and passive rest. All organs and functional systems of the body have their own rhythms, measured in seconds, weeks, months and years. Interacting with each other, the biorhythms of individual organs and systems form an ordered system of rhythmic processes, which organizes the activity of the whole organism in time.

Knowledge and rational use of biological rhythms can significantly help in the process of preparation and performance at competitions. If you pay attention to the competition calendar, you will see that the most intensive part of the program falls on the morning (from 10 to 12) and evening (from 15 to 19) hours, that is, at the time of the day that is closest to the natural rise in working capacity. Many researchers believe that athletes should receive the main load in the afternoon. Taking into account biorhythms, it is possible to achieve higher results at a lower physiological cost. Professional athletes train several times a day, especially in the pre-competition period, and many of them perform well due to the fact that they are prepared for any time of the competition.

The science of biological rhythms is of great practical importance for medicine as well. New concepts have appeared: chronomedicine, chronodiagnostics, chronotherapy, chronoprophylaxis, etc. These concepts are associated with the use of the time factor, biorhythms in the practice of treating patients. After all, the physiological indicators of the same person, obtained in the morning, at noon or late at night, differ significantly, they can be interpreted from different positions. Dentists, for example, know that tooth sensitivity to painful stimuli is maximum at 6 pm and is at its lowest shortly after midnight, so they tend to perform all the most painful procedures in the morning.

The essence of the science of biorhythmology is to determine the potential of a person's internal resources for each moment of time. It is difficult to overestimate the influence of biorhythms on people's lives, since the course of each biorhythmic cycle can determine the outcome of certain events.

Statistical research in the field of biorhythmology

The study of the influence of biorhythms was started by Dr. Hans Schwing. In 1939, he published a scientific work reflecting many years of research in this area. In his work, Schwing considered 700 accidents and 300 deaths.

Using calculations, Dr. Schwing showed that the ratio of days accompanied by mixed cycles and the number of days spent at the critical point of one of the biorhythm cycles is 79.6 to 20.4.

The study of accidents made it possible to establish that 322 of them were registered in one of the biorhythms, 74 - on double critical days, and 5 occurred at the moments of critical triplexes. Reflecting these figures in percentages, Schwing got the following results:

• 60% of accidents happened on critical days;
• 40% - falls on the days of mixed cycles, that is, non-critical days;
• critical days take 20% of the time.

The results indicate that most of the incidents were registered during a period of 1/5 of a person's life. The rest of the time only accounts for 40% of negative cases.

Modern statistics show that 26.6% of accidents occur on a single critical day, 46.5% on a double, and 24.75% on a triple critical day.

Double physical and are especially dangerous: at this moment, the likelihood of an accident on the road or suicide increases sharply. On such days, a person loses his inner balance. A depressed emotional state combined with poor physical shape can play a bad joke. Research on the influence of biorhythms does not stop at the moment, and biorhythmology itself is gaining more and more recognition.

How to use biorhythmic cycle data

The application opens up wide opportunities for optimizing the internal resources of a person. Tracking cyclical changes in human potential allows you to:

• actively use favorable periods;
• conserve resources and replenish internal energy during periods of negative growth;
• take special care on critical days of biorhythms.

Objective circumstances in a person's life are not affected by biorhythms, however, a person can react to any event in different ways, depending on the state of his cycles. For example, on critical days of the emotional biorhythm, people are very irritable, they are easily unsettled by even the most insignificant incident. The result of such an influence of the biorhythm is a sharply negative reaction to certain events, which entails a number of negative life moments.

In a competition, an athlete can make a ridiculous, fatal mistake that will jeopardize his entire career. A scientist who has chosen the critical day of the intellectual biorhythm to defend his dissertation will not be able to fully demonstrate his knowledge. The defense may seem unconvincing to the commission, and additional questions will not receive a quick and clear answer.

At the same time, an athlete and a scientist can make a dizzying career if they are active during periods of rising biorhythmic cycles. At this time, their professional capabilities will be at their best, and success will become almost inevitable.

The use of biorhythms opens up good prospects for reducing the number of adverse moments in people's lives. Some businesses that care about their employees provide a staggered schedule. Each employee of the company has the right to choose the most efficient and safe days for work. Such a policy the best way affects the productivity and career growth of staff.

In addition, each person can track the course of biorhythmic cycles individually, determining for himself the days when he should be most active, and when it is better to stay in the shade in order to ensure the accumulation of internal energy. For