Ipinanganak siya sa Moscow noong Pebrero 8 (Enero 28, lumang istilo), 1693. Siya ang gitnang anak na babae nina Tsar Ivan Alekseevich at Praskovia Fedorovna (née Saltykova).

Noong 1696, namatay ang ama ni Anna Ioannovna, na nag-iwan ng isang 32 taong gulang na balo at tatlong anak na babae, halos isang taong gulang. Ang pamilya ni Tsar John ay kinuha ng kanyang kapatid sa ama na si Peter I sa ilalim ng proteksyon, na, sa matigas na ugali ni Peter, ay naging ganap na pag-asa.

Ginugol ni Anna ang kanyang pagkabata sa mga palasyo ng Kremlin at isang tirahan malapit sa Moscow sa nayon ng Izmailovo. Kasama ang kanyang mga kapatid na sina Ekaterina at Paraskeva, siya ay pinag-aralan sa bahay.

Noong 1708, kasama ang kanyang ina at mga kapatid na babae, lumipat siya sa St. Petersburg.

Talambuhay ni Peter I Alekseevich RomanovSi Peter I ay ipinanganak noong Mayo 30, 1672. Bilang isang bata, siya ay nag-aral sa bahay, alam ang Aleman mula sa murang edad, pagkatapos ay nag-aral ng Dutch, English at French. Sa tulong ng mga masters ng palasyo, napag-aralan niya ang maraming crafts...

Noong 1710, sa batayan ng isang kasunduan na natapos sa pagitan ni Tsar Peter I at ng hari ng Prussian na si Friedrich Wilhelm I, pinakasalan ni Anna ang labing pitong taong gulang na Duke ng Courland na si Friedrich Wilhelm. Ang kasal ay naganap noong Nobyembre 11 (Oktubre 31, lumang istilo) 1710 sa Menshikov Palace sa Vasilyevsky Island sa St. Petersburg, ang kasal ay ginanap ayon sa Orthodox rite.

Sa okasyon ng kasal ni Anna, ang mga kapistahan at pagdiriwang sa St. Petersburg ay tumagal ng dalawang buwan at, ayon sa kaugalian ni Peter, ang pag-moderate ay hindi sinusunod alinman sa pagkain o sa pag-inom ng alak. Bilang resulta ng gayong mga labis, ang bagong kasal ay nagkasakit, pagkatapos ay sipon. Hindi pinapansin ang sipon, noong Enero 20 (9, lumang istilo) Enero 1711, umalis siya sa St. Petersburg patungong Courland kasama ang kanyang batang asawa at namatay sa parehong araw.

Matapos ang pagkamatay ng kanyang asawa, sa pagpilit ni Peter I, si Anna Ioannovna ay nanirahan bilang isang dowager duchess sa Mitava (ngayon ay Jelgava, Latvia). Sa Courland, ang prinsesa, na napilitan sa pamamagitan ng paraan, ay humantong sa isang katamtamang pamumuhay, paulit-ulit na bumaling kay Peter I para sa tulong, at pagkatapos ay kay Empress Catherine I.

Mula noong 1712, malakas siyang naimpluwensyahan ng kanyang paboritong Chief Chamberlain na si Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin, na noong 1727 ay itinulak sa tabi ng isang bagong paborito, Chief of Chambers Junker Ernst Johann Biron.

Noong 1726, si Prinsipe Alexander Menshikov, na mismong nagnanais na maging Duke ng Courland, ay nabalisa ang kasal ni Anna Ioannovna kay Count Moritz ng Saxony (iligal na anak ng Hari ng Poland na si August II at Countess Aurora Koenigsmark).

Matapos ang pagkamatay ni Emperor Peter II sa pagtatapos ng Enero 1730, ang Supreme Privy Council, sa mungkahi nina Princes Dmitry Golitsyn at Vasily Dolgorukov, ay inihalal si Anna Ioannovna, bilang pinakamatanda sa pamilya Romanov, sa trono ng Russia sa mga kondisyon ng limitado kapangyarihan. Ayon sa "mga kondisyon" o "mga punto" na inihatid sa Mitava at nilagdaan noong Pebrero 6 (Enero 25, lumang istilo), 1730, kinailangan ni Anna Ioannovna na pangalagaan ang pagkalat ng Orthodoxy sa Russia, nangako na hindi magpakasal, hindi maghirang. isang tagapagmana ng trono sa sarili niyang pagpapasya at iligtas ang Supreme Privy Council. Kung wala ang kanyang pahintulot, ang empress ay walang karapatang magdeklara ng digmaan at gumawa ng kapayapaan, magpataw ng mga bagong buwis sa kanyang mga nasasakupan, magsulong ng mga empleyado sa parehong serbisyo militar at sibil, ipamahagi ang mga post sa korte at gumawa ng mga pampublikong paggasta.

Noong Pebrero 26 (15, lumang istilo) Pebrero 1730, taimtim na pumasok si Anna Ioannovna sa Moscow, kung saan, batay sa "mga kondisyon" noong Marso 1, 2 (Pebrero 20, 21, lumang istilo), ang pinakamataas na dignitaryo ng estado at ng nanumpa sa kanya ang mga heneral.

Ang mga tagasuporta ng awtokratikong kapangyarihan ng empress, na sumasalungat sa Supreme Privy Council, sa katauhan ni Andrei Osterman, Gavriil Golovkin, Arsobispo Feofan (Prokopovich), Peter Yaguzhinsky, Antioch Kantemir, pati na rin ang karamihan sa mga heneral, ang mga opisyal ng mga regimen ng guwardiya at ang maharlika, ay gumawa ng petisyon kay Anna Ioannovna na may 166 na pirma sa pagpapanumbalik ng autokrasya, na isinampa noong Marso 6 (Pebrero 25, lumang istilo), 1730, ni Prinsipe Ivan Trubetskoy. Matapos pakinggan ang petisyon, hayagang pinunit ni Anna Ioannovna ang "mga kondisyon", na inaakusahan ang kanilang mga drafter ng panlilinlang. Noong Marso 9 (Pebrero 28, lumang istilo), isang bagong panunumpa mula sa lahat kay Anna Ioannovna bilang autokratikong empress. Ang Empress ay nakoronahan sa Moscow noong Mayo 9 (Abril 28, lumang istilo), 1730.

Para sa mga kadahilanang pampulitika, humigit-kumulang 10 libong tao ang naaresto sa panahon ng paghahari ni Anna Ioannovna. Marami sa mga prinsipe na sina Golitsyn at Dolgoruky, na lumahok sa paghahanda ng "mga kondisyon", ay nabilanggo, ipinatapon at pinatay. Noong 1740, ang ministro ng gabinete na si Artemy Volynsky, na sumalungat sa Bironovshchina, at ang kanyang mga "confidants" - ang arkitekto na si Pyotr Eropkin, tagapayo sa tanggapan ng admiralty na si Andrei Khrushchev, ay pinatay sa mga singil ng pagtataksil; ipinatapon na siyentipiko, aktibong Privy Councilor Fyodor Soymonov, Senador Platon Musin-Pushkin at iba pa.

Ang paghihigpit ng serfdom at ang patakaran sa buwis sa mga magsasaka ay humantong sa popular na kaguluhan at isang malawakang paglabas ng mga nasirang magsasaka sa labas ng Russia.

Ang mga positibong pagbabago ay naganap sa larangan ng edukasyon: itinatag ang land gentry cadet corps para sa maharlika, isang paaralan para sa paghahanda ng mga opisyal ay nilikha sa ilalim ng Senado, isang seminaryo para sa 35 kabataang lalaki ay binuksan sa Academy of Sciences. Sa parehong oras, ang paglikha ng mga pulis sa malalaking lungsod.

Ang patakarang panlabas ng Russia pagkatapos ng pagkamatay ni Peter I ay matagal nang nasa kamay ni Baron Andrei Osterman. Ang tagumpay ng Russia noong 1734 sa isang labanang militar sa France sa "mana ng Poland" ay nag-ambag sa pagtatatag ni Haring Augustus III sa trono ng Poland. Noong 1735, nagsimula ang isang digmaan sa Turkey, na natapos noong 1739 kung saan ang kapayapaan ng Belgrade ay hindi pabor para sa Russia. Ang mga digmaan na isinagawa ng Russia sa panahon ng paghahari ni Anna Ioannovna ay hindi nagdala ng mga benepisyo sa imperyo, kahit na itinaas nila ang prestihiyo nito sa Europa.

Ang korte ng Russia sa ilalim ni Anna Ioannovna ay nakikilala sa pamamagitan ng karangyaan at pagmamalabis. Ang Empress ay mahilig sa mga pagbabalatkayo, bola, pangangaso (siya ay isang mahusay na tagabaril). Nagtabi siya ng maraming duwende, duwende at jester.

Noong Oktubre 28 (17 ayon sa lumang istilo) Oktubre 1740, sa edad na 47, namatay si Anna Ioannovna sa sakit sa bato. Siya ay inilibing sa Peter and Paul Cathedral sa St. Petersburg.

Ayon sa kalooban ng Empress, ang trono pagkatapos ng kanyang paghahari ay mapupunta sa mga inapo ng kanyang kapatid na si Catherine ng Mecklenburg.

Ang materyal ay inihanda batay sa impormasyon mula sa mga bukas na mapagkukunan

Para sa mga sandata ng Russia, ang 1709 ay puno ng maluwalhating tagumpay. Malapit sa Poltava, natalo ni Peter the Great ang hukbo - matagumpay na pinalayas sila ng mga tropang Ruso sa teritoryo ng mga estado ng Baltic. Upang palakasin ang kanyang impluwensya sa mga nasakop na lupain, nagpasya siyang pakasalan ang isa sa kanyang maraming kamag-anak sa Duke ng Courland na si Friedrich Wilhelm.

Bumaling ang soberanya sa balo ng kanyang kapatid na si Praskovya Fedorovna para sa payo: alin sa kanyang mga anak na babae ang nais niyang pakasalan ang prinsipe? At dahil hindi niya gusto ang estranghero, pinili niya ang kanyang hindi minamahal na labing pitong taong gulang na anak na si Anna. Ito ang hinaharap na Empress Anna Ioannovna.

Mga taon ng pagkabata at kabataan ng hinaharap na empress

Ipinanganak si Anna noong Enero 28, 1693 sa Moscow, sa pamilya ng kanyang nakatatandang kapatid na si Peter the Great. Ginugol niya ang kanyang pagkabata sa Izmailovo kasama ang kanyang ina at mga kapatid na babae. Tulad ng nabanggit ng mga kontemporaryo, si Anna Ioannovna ay isang sarado, tahimik at hindi nakikipag-usap na bata. Mula sa murang edad ay tinuruan na siya ng literacy, German at French. Natuto siyang magbasa at magsulat, ngunit hindi kailanman pinagkadalubhasaan ng prinsesa ang mga sayaw at sekular na asal.

Ang kasal ni Anna ay ipinagdiwang noong Oktubre 31, 1710 sa hindi natapos na Petersburg Menshikov Palace. Sa simula ng susunod na taon, umalis si Anna Ioannovna at ang Duke ng Courland patungo sa kabisera ng Mitava. Ngunit sa daan, namatay si Wilhelm nang hindi inaasahan. Kaya ang prinsesa ay naging balo ilang buwan pagkatapos ng kasal.

Mga taon bago ang paghahari ni Anne

Inutusan ni Peter the Great si Anna na manatiling namumuno sa Courland. Napagtanto na ang kanyang hindi masyadong matalinong kamag-anak ay hindi makapaglingkod sa mga interes ng Russia sa duchy na ito, ipinadala niya si Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin kasama niya. Noong 1726, nang maalala si Bestuzhev-Ryumin mula sa Courland, si Ernst Johann Biron, isang maharlika na hindi nag-aral sa Unibersidad ng Koenigsberg, ay lumitaw sa korte ni Anna.

Matapos ang pagkamatay ni Peter the Great sa Imperyo ng Russia, isang bagay na ganap na hindi naririnig ang nangyari hanggang noon - isang babae ang umakyat sa trono! Balo ni Peter I, Empress Catherine. Naghari siya sa loob ng halos dalawang taon. Ilang sandali bago siya namatay, nagpasya ang Privy Council na piliin ang apo ni Peter the Great, Peter Alekseevich, bilang emperador. Umakyat siya sa trono sa edad na labing-isa, ngunit namatay sa bulutong sa labing-apat.

Kundisyon, o ang Pagbitay sa mga Miyembro ng Lihim na Lipunan

Nagpasya ang Supreme Privy Council na tawagan si Anna sa trono, habang nililimitahan ang kanyang awtokratikong kapangyarihan. Pinagsama-sama nila ang "Mga Kundisyon", kung saan nabuo ang mga kondisyon kung saan inanyayahan si Anna Ioannovna na kumuha ng trono. Alinsunod sa papel na ito, nang walang pahintulot ng Privy Council, hindi siya maaaring magdeklara ng digmaan sa sinuman, magtapos ng mga kasunduan sa kapayapaan, mag-utos ng hukbo o bantay, magtaas o magpataw ng mga buwis, at iba pa.

Noong Enero 25, 1730, dinala ng mga kinatawan ng lihim na lipunan ang "Mga Kundisyon" sa Metava, at ang duchess, na sumang-ayon sa lahat ng mga paghihigpit, ay nilagdaan sila. Di-nagtagal, dumating sa Moscow ang bagong Empress Anna Ioannovna. Doon, ang mga kinatawan ng metropolitan nobility ay nagsampa ng petisyon na may mga kahilingan na huwag tanggapin ang mga kondisyon, ngunit upang mamuno nang awtokratiko. At pinakinggan sila ni Empress. Pinunit niya sa publiko ang dokumento at binuwag ang Supreme Privy Council. Ang mga miyembro nito ay ipinatapon at pinatay, at si Anna ay nakoronahan sa Assumption Cathedral.

Anna Ioannovna: mga taon ng paghahari at ang impluwensya ng isang paboritong paborito sa pulitika

Sa panahon ng paghahari ni Anna Ioannovna, isang gabinete ng mga ministro ang nilikha, kung saan ang isa sa bise-chancellor na si Andrey Osterman ay gumanap ng pangunahing papel. Hindi nakialam sa pulitika ang paborito ng Empress. Bagaman nagharing mag-isa si Anna Ioannovna, ang mga taon ng kanyang paghahari sa historiography ng Russia ay kilala bilang Bironovshchina.

Noong Enero 1732, lumipat ang korte ng imperyal sa Petersburg. Dito, mas komportable si Anna, na nanirahan sa Europa nang mahabang panahon, kaysa sa Moscow. Ang patakarang panlabas sa panahon ng paghahari ni Anna Ioannovna ay isang pagpapatuloy ng patakaran ni Peter the Great: Ang Russia ay nakikipaglaban para sa pamana ng Poland at pumapasok sa digmaan kasama ang Turkey, kung saan ang mga tropang Ruso ay nawalan ng isang daang libong tao.

Mga merito ng Empress sa Estado ng Russia

Ano pa ang ginawa ni Anna Ioannovna para sa Russia? Ang mga taon ng kanyang paghahari ay minarkahan ng pag-unlad ng mga bagong teritoryo. Sinakop ng estado ang steppe sa pagitan ng Bug at Dniester, ngunit walang karapatang panatilihin ang mga barko sa Black Sea. Ang mahusay na Northern Expedition ay nagsimulang gumana, ang Siberia at ang baybayin ng Arctic Ocean at Kamchatka ay ginalugad.

Sa pamamagitan ng utos ng Empress, ang isa sa mga pinakadakilang proyekto sa pagtatayo sa kasaysayan ng Imperyo ng Russia ay nagsisimula - ang pagtatayo ng isang napakalaking sistema ng mga kuta sa kahabaan ng timog at timog-silangan na mga hangganan ng European Russia. Ang malakihang konstruksyon na ito, na nagsimula sa panahon ng paghahari ni Anna Ioannovna, ay maaaring tawaging unang kultural at panlipunang proyekto ng Imperyo ng Russia sa rehiyon ng Volga. Sa silangang mga hangganan ng European na bahagi ng imperyo, ang ekspedisyon ng Orenburg ay nagpapatakbo, kung saan ang pamahalaan ni Anna Ioannovna ay nagtakda ng maraming mga gawain.

Sakit at pagkamatay ng Empress

Habang umaalingawngaw ang mga kanyon sa mga hangganan ng imperyo at namatay ang mga sundalo at maharlika para sa kaluwalhatian ng empress, ang kabisera ay nanirahan sa karangyaan at libangan. Ang kahinaan ni Anna ay pangangaso. Sa mga silid ng Peterhof Palace ay palaging may mga punong baril, kung saan nagpaputok ang Empress sa mga lumilipad na ibon. Gustung-gusto niyang palibutan ang sarili ng mga court jesters.

Ngunit hindi lamang maaaring mag-shoot at magsaya si Anna Ioannovna, ang mga taon ng kanyang paghahari ay konektado sa napakaseryosong mga gawain ng estado. Ang empress ay namuno sa loob ng sampung taon, at sa lahat ng mga taong ito ay itinayo, nakipaglaban at pinalawak ng Russia ang mga hangganan nito. Oktubre 5, 1740 sa hapunan, ang Empress ay nawalan ng malay at, na may sakit sa loob ng labindalawang araw, namatay.

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iBTBLFETYJHS PFOPIEOYS REFTB Y ELBFETYOSCH, ZPMYFYOULYK RPUMBOOIL Z. Zh. vBUECHYU RYUBM: "POB YNEMB FBL CE Y CHMBUFSH OBD EZP YUKHCHUFCHBNY, CHMBUFSH, LPFPTBS RTPIYCHPDYMB RPYUFY YUHDEUB". pDOBLP CHULPTE RPUME LPTPOBGYPOOSCHI FPPTTSEUFCH PFOPIOYOS NETSDH UHRTKHZBNY YURPTFIMYUSH. PUEOSHHA 1724 Z. VSCHMB PFLTSCHFB MAVPHOBS UCHSH ELBFETYOSCH U LBNETZETPN h. nPOUPN. DETLPNKH "ZBMBOPKH" PFTKHVYMY ZPMPCHKH, PVCHYOYCH EZP PE CHSFLBI, B REFT OEULPMSHLP NEUSGECH RPYUFY OE TBZPCHBTYCHBM U TsEOPC. yЪNEOB, EUFEUFCHEOOP, RPLPMEVBMB OBNETEOIE YNRETBFPTB RETEDBFSH UHRTHSE RTEUFPM.

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REFT RTELTBUOP RPOYNBM CHUA NETH UCHPEK PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY, Y DPMZPE CHTENS OE TEYBMUS UDEMBFSH CHSHVPT. dbce bvpmech h sochbte 1725 h OPYUSH U 28 OB 29 SOCHBTS ZPUHDBTSH ULPOYUBMUS, FBL YOE RPDRYUBCH EBCHEEBOYS. ChPRTPU P OBUMEDOYLE TBULPMMM RTYVMYTSEOOSCHI REFTTB I TUNGKOL SA DCHB MBZETS. рТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМЙ УФБТЙООЩИ БТЙУФПЛТБФЙЮЕУЛЙИ ЖБНЙМЙК, РТЕЦДЕ ЧУЕЗП ЛМБОЩ зПМЙГЩОЩИ Й дПМЗПТХЛЙИ, РПДДЕТЦЙЧБМЙ ЛБОДЙДБФХТХ ЧОХЛБ ЙНРЕТБФПТБ, УЩОБ ЪМПУЮБУФОПЗП бМЕЛУЕС, ГБТЕЧЙЮБ рЕФТБ. pDOBLP MADY Y OPCHPK OBFY, RPDOSCHYEUS TUNGKOL SA IKAAPAT NA CHMBUFY MYYSH VMBZPDBTS REFTTPCHULYN TEZHPTNBN, VPMEE UPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBMY CHDPCHE ZPUHDBTS ELBFETYOE. pUPVEOOP BLFYCHOP RPDDETTSYCHBMY HER ZHEMSHDNBTYBM b. NEOSHYILPCH Y CHIDOSCHK DIRMPNBF b. fPMUFPK - POY HYUBUFCHPCHBMY H TPSHULE RP DEMKH GBTECHYUB bMELUES ​​​​YOE NPZMY PTSYDBFSH PF EZP USCHOB OYYUEZP IPTPYEZP. h TEEKHMSHFBFE "RFEOGSH ZOYEDB REFTTPCHB" UNPZMY ULMPOYFSH TUNGKOL SA UCHPA UFPTPOH ZCHBTDYA Y UYMPK RTYOHDYMY "UFBTSCHI VPST" RPDRYUBFSH HLB CH RPMSH ELBFETYOSCH.

fBL LBL NBMPPVTBCHBOOBS YNRETBFTYGB RMPIP TBVYTBMBUSH CH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSHCHI DEMBI, CH RPNPESH EK VSHM UPDBO PUPVSHCHK PTZBO — CHETIPHOSHCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF. h EZP UPUFBCH CHPYMY b. d. b. FPMUFPK, w. n. brtblujo j z. ika. ZPMPCHLYO, DYRMPNBF b. y, PUFETNBO, B FBLTS OBYVPMEE CHIDOSCHK RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH UFBTK OBFY d. ZPMYGSHO. zhBLLFYUEULY CHUS CHMBUFSH CH UFTBOE UPUTEDPFPYUMBUSH CH THLBI b. d. FFPF STLYK Y OEEBKHTSDOSHK YuEMPCHEL, FBLTSE LBL Y UBNB ELBFETYOB I, CH RPMOPN UNSCHUM UMCHB RPDOSMUS "Y ZTSY CH LOSY". RP NOOYA PDOYI UPCHTENEOOILPCH, PO RTPYUIPDYM Y PVEDOECHYZP DCHPTSOUFCHB, OP DTHZYE, NEOEE DPVTCEMBFEMSHOSHOSCHE, ZPCHPTYMY, YUFP SA VSCHM CHPCHUE "RPMPK RPTPDSCH. eEE H AOPUFY NEOSHYILPCH RPRBM CH HUMHTSEOIE L GBTA REFTH Y RTPYEM RHFSH PF DEOEILB DP ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. h 1703 Z. PO UFBM RETCHSHCHN ZOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTPN REFETVKhTZB, B ChP CHTENS RPMFBCHULPK VBFBMYY LPNBODPCHBM THUULPK LPOOYGEK Y UNPZ RPMOPUFSHHA TBZTPNYFSH PDULY.

рТЙ ЧУЕК ИТБВТПУФЙ Й ЬОЕТЗЙЮОПУФЙ нЕОШЫЙЛПЧ ПВМБДБМ ПЮЕОШ УХЭЕУФЧЕООЩН ОЕДПУФБФЛПН: ЕЗП ФСЗБ Л ЛБЪОПЛТБДУФЧХ ЙНЕМБ УПЧЕТЫЕООП ЮХДПЧЙЭОЩЕ НБУЫФБВЩ, ДБЦЕ ОБ ЖПОЕ РТПЮЙИ РЕФТПЧУЛЙИ ЧЕМШНПЦ, ОЕ ПФМЙЮБЧЫЙИУС ПУПВЕООПК ЭЕРЕФЙМШОПУФША. l FPNKh CE ZHEMSHDNBTYBM VSHCHM RBDPL DP TPULPY (CHYDYNP ULBSCCHBMPUSH ZPMPDOPE DEFUFCHP) Y PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO. “PVESHCH EZP, - RYUBM P NEOSHYYLPCHE YUFPTYL d. вБОФЩЫ-лБНЕОУЛЙК, — Ч ФПТЦЕУФЧЕООЩЕ ДОЙ УПУФПСМЙ ЙЪ ДЧХИУПФ ЛХЫБОШЕЧ, РПДБЧБЕНЩИ ОБ ЪПМПФПН УЕТЧЙЪЕ, ЛПФПТЩЕ РТЙЗПФПЧМСМЙУШ МХЮЫЙНЙ ЖТБОГХЪУЛЙНЙ РПЧБТБНЙ... ч ЗПТПДЕ ЕЪДЙМ ПО У ЮТЕЪЧЩЮБКОПК РЩЫОПУФША: ЧЩИПДС ОБ ВЕТЕЗ оЕЧЩ У НОПЗПЮЙУМЕООПК УЧЙФПК, МАВЙНЕГ рЕФТБ УБДЙМУС, ПВЩЛОПЧЕООП, Ч МПДЛХ . POB RTYUBMYCHBMB L YUBBLYECHULPK RTYUFBOY, ZDE OSHCHEE UEOBF (DPN ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB OBIPDYMUS TUNGKOL SA CHBUIMSHECHULPN PUFTPCHE - b. n.). FBN PCIDBMB NOWLELPCHB LBTEFB, Udembos tungkol sa RPDPVYYE Cheetb, tungkol kay Oyly Lpmeubi sa Kommersant Setvpn sa Dochabby, VPMSHPK LOSTSELPK LPTPOPK YE FPZP OilbMB tungkol sa YNREBMA, Kommersanthas rPOSFOP, YuFP RPDPVOSHCHK PVTB TSYOY DPUFBCHYM NEOSHYILPCHKH NOPTSEUFCHP CHTBZPCH Y ЪBCHYUFOILPCH.

PRBUBSUSH LPOLCHTEOGIY UP UFPTPOSCH DTHZYI UBOPCHOILPC, ZMBCHB CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB TEOYFEMSHOP TBURTBCHMSMUS UP CHUENY, LPZP RPDPITECHBM CH PFUHFUFCHY MPSMSHOPUFY. h UETEDYOE BRTEMS 1727 Z. NEOSHYILPCH OBYUBM UMEDUFCHYE RTPFYCH UCHPYI VSHCHYI UPAOYLPCH CH RTYDCHPTOPK VPTSHVE, r. b. fPMUFPZP Y REFETVKhTZULPZP ZEOETBM-RPMYGNEKUFETB b. n. DECHYETB, PVCHYOYCH YI CH "OERPYUFYFEMSHOPUFY" L YNRETBFTYGE. uHFSH LPOZHMYLFB, PDOBLP, VSHMB YOPK. OBCHBOOSCHE MYGB BLFICHOP CHSHCHUFHRBMY RTPFICH UPUFBCHMEOOOPZP NEOSHYILPCHSHCHN RMBOB TSEOYFSHVSCH GBTECHYUB REFTB TUNGKOL SA UCHPEK DPUETY nBTYY. rPUME DPRTPUB Y RSHCHFPL fPMUFPK Y decheyet PFRTBCHYMYUSH CH UUSCHMLH. CHULPTE, 7 NBS 1727 Z., YNRETBFTYGB ELBFETYOB I HNETMB. h PUFBCHMEOOPN EA BCHEEBOYY DCHEOBDGBFYMEFOYK GBTECHYU REFT PYASCHMSMUS OBUMEDOYLPN, OP DP EZP UCHETIEOOOPMEFIS UFTBOPK DPMTSEO VSCHM RTBCHYFSH CHETPHOSHCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF. h PDOPC YU UFBFEK BCCHEEBOYS UPDETTSBMPUSH FBLCE RPTSEMBOYE "HYYOYFSH UHRTKHTSEUFCHP" NETSDH GBTECHYYUEN REFTPN Y LOTSOPK NEOSHYYLPCHPK.

UBN b. d. eUMMY CH 1725 Z. SA BLFICHOP RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHCHBM CUFHRMEOYA REFTTB II TUNGKOL SA RTEUFPM, FP FERETSH BLFICHOP ENH UPDEKUFCHCHBM. OP VSHCHCHYK GBTULYK DEOEYL DPRHUFYM DCHE LTHROSCHE PYYVLY.

ChP-RETCHI, KHOYUFPTSBS UCHPYI UPRETOYLPCH YY YUYUMB UPTBFOILPCH REFTTB CHEMYLPZP, PO TBUYUEBM DPTPZH L CHMBUFY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN UFBTYOOOPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. ChP-CHFPTSCHI, NEOSHYLPC SCHOP OEDPGEOYM OBOBYEOOPZP L GBTECHYYUKH CHPURYFBFEMEN BODTES YCHBOPCHYUB PUFETNBOB. рП ЕЗП НОЕОЙА, пУФЕТНБО ОЕ НПЗ ВЩФШ ПРБУЕО, ФБЛ ЛБЛ, СЧМССУШ ЧЩИПДГЕН ЙЪ чЕУФЖБМЙЙ, ОЕ ЙНЕМ РТЙ ДЧПТЕ ПВЫЙТОЩИ УЧСЪЕК Й, Л ФПНХ ЦЕ, ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ ЙУРЩФЩЧБФШ ВМБЗПДБТОПУФШ ЪБ ХДБМЕОЙЕ фПМУФПЗП, УПРЕТОЙЛБ ОБ ДЙРМПНБФЙЮЕУЛПН РПРТЙЭЕ. PUFETNBO UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH CHUSYUEULY RPDDETSYCHBM LFP IBVMHTSDEOYE. ayon sa PFRTBCHMSM NEOSHYLPCHH RPDTPVOSHCHE, OP MPTSOSCHE, PFUEFSHCH P OBUFTPEOYSI REFTTB bMELUEECHYUB, B UBN FEN PAGBASA UFBTFEMSHOP OBUFTBYCHBM UCHPEZP RYFPNGB RTTPFICH ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB.

vPMSHYHA TPMSh RTY DCHPTE UFBMY YZTBFSH RTEDUFBCHYFEMY UFBTYOOPZP TPDB dPMZPTHLYI. nPMPDK PZHYGET YCHBO dPMZPTHLIK UCH U REFTPN II VMYLHA DTHTSVH, B EZP PFEG UEOBFPT bMELUEK zTYZPTSHECHYU YURPMOSM PVSBOOPUFY CHFPTPZP, RPUME PUFETNBOB, OBUFBCHOYLB. UBN REFT BMELUEECHYU PYUEOSH FSZPFIMUS PRELPK NEOSHYILPCHB. rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB, LBL-FP, CH NYOHFH ZOECHB, AOSCHK NPOBTI BLTYUBM OB LOSS: "with RPLBTSH FEVE, UFP S YNRETBFPT Y UFP S FTEVHA RPCHYOPCHEOYS". tbchsblb OBUFKhRYMB PUEOSHA 1727 zhemshdnbtybm vshchm bteufpchbo, pukhtsdeo at pfrtbchmeo h UUSCHMLH, B CHUE EZP YNKHEEUFCHP LPOZHYULPCHBOP.

rPDBCHMSAEEE VPMSHYOUFCHP GBTEDCHPTGECH MBTPTBDUFCHPCHBMP, YVP ЪBOPUYUYCHSCHK NEOSHYYLPC HUREM DPUBDYFSH VHLCHBMSHOP CHUEN. ChPTPOETSULYK CHYGE-ZHVETOBFPT eZPT rbylch RYUBM UCHPENKh DTHZH i. yuETLBUPCH: “rTPYMB Y RPZYVMB UHEFOBS UMBCHB RTESPTDPZP zPMYBZHB, LPFPTPZP vPZ UIMSHOPK DEUOYGEK UPLTHYYM; CHUE LFPNKh PYUEOSH TBDShch ... ". еНХ ЧФПТЙФ ЧЙДОЩК ДЕСФЕМШ РЕФТПЧУЛПК ЬРПИЙ ЕРЙУЛПР жЕПЖБО рТПЛПРПЧЙЮ, ЛПФПТЩК Ч РЙУШНЕ Л рЕФТХ II ОБЗТБЦДБЕФ нЕОШЫЙЛПЧБ ФБЛЙНЙ ЬРЙФЕФБНЙ, ЛБЛ: «ВЕЪДХЫОЩК ЮЕМПЧЕЛ, СЪЧБ, ОЕЗПДСК, ЛПФПТПНХ ОЕФ РПДПВОПЗП».

rPUME RBDEOYS NEOSHYLPCHB PUOPCHOPE CHMYSOIE H CHETIPCHOPN FBKOPN UPCHEFE RETEYMP CH THLY UFBTK OBFY. л 1729 З. Ч ЕЗП УПУФБЧ ЧИПДЙМЙ ЮЕФЩТЕ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМС ТПДБ дПМЗПТХЛЙИ (бМЕЛУЕК зТЙЗПТШЕЧЙЮ, чБУЙМЙК чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮ, нЙИБЙМ чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮ Й чБУЙМЙК мХЛЙЮ), ДЧБ зПМЙГЩОБ (дНЙФТЙК нЙИБКМПЧЙЮ Й нЙИБЙМ нЙИБКМПЧЙЮ), Б ФБЛЦЕ ЗТБЖ зБЧТЙМБ йЧБОПЧЙЮ зПМПЧЛЙО Й бОДТЕК йЧБОПЧЙЮ пУФЕТНБО. OPCHSHCHE "VMYUFBFEMSHOSHCHE RETUPOSCH", CHRTPYUEN, DEKUFCHBMY FENY CE NEFPDBNY, UFP Y NEOSHYILPC. kumanta ng OBNETECHBMYUSH TSOYFSH REFTTB II TUNGKOL SA PDOPC YJ LOSCEO dPMZPTTHLYI Y BLFICHOP TBDBCHBMY UCHPYN UFPTPOOILBN CHSHCHUPLYE ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHE RPUFSHCH.

dPMZPTHLIE L FPNKh TSE ЪBRSFOBMY UEVS CHЪSFPYUOYUEFCHPN Y PYUEOSH DHTOP CHMYSMY TUNGKOL SA AOPZP NPOBTIB. “REFT PFCHSHL UCHETIEOOOP PF UETSHOEOPZP OBOSFIS, - RYUBM YUFPTYL u. n. UPMPCHSHECH, - LFP IPFEM RTYVMYYFSHUS L OENH, FPF DPMTSEO VSCHM ZPCHPTYFSH P CHEEBI ENH RTYSFOSHCHI, DPUFKHROSHI: PV PIPFE, UPVBLBI Y F.R.". FP UHTSDEOYE RPDFCHETSDBEFUS Y UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHBNY UPCTENEOOILPC. “CHUE H tPUUYY CH UFTBYOPN TBUUFTPKUFCHE, - DPOPUYM PYO YJ YOPUFTBOOSCHI DYRMPNBFPCH, - GBTSh OE ЪBOYNBEFUS DEMPN Y OE DNHBEF ЪBOYNBFSHUS; DEOEZ OILPNKh OE RMBFSF, Y VPZ OBEF DP YuEZP DPKDHF ZHYOBOUSHCH; LBCDSCHK CHPTHEF ULPMSHLP NPTSEF.

eEE CH LPOGE 1727 Z. REFT II RETEOYU UFPMYGH J REFETVKhTZB CH nPULCHH. нОПЗЙЕ УПЧТЕНЕООЙЛЙ ЧЙДЕМЙ Ч ЬФПН ЪОБЛ ПЛПОЮБФЕМШОПЗП ТБЪТЩЧБ НПМПДПЗП РТБЧЙФЕМС У МАДШНЙ ЙЪ ПЛТХЦЕОЙС рЕФТБ I. оЕ НЕОЕЕ УЙНЧПМЙЮОП ЧЩЗМСДЕМП Й ФП, ЮФП РП РХФЙ Ч нПУЛЧХ рЕФТ бМЕЛУЕЕЧЙЮ ЧУФТЕФЙМУС УП УЧПЕК ВБВЛПК еЧДПЛЙЕК мПРХИЙОПК Й РПДБТЙМ ЕК ЧПМПУФШ Ч ДЧЕ ФЩУСЮЙ ДЧПТПЧ. «дХТБ дХОШЛБ», ЛБЛ ОБЪЩЧБМ УЧПА УХРТХЗХ рЕФТ чЕМЙЛЙК, РТПВЩЧ ДПМЗЙЕ ЗПДЩ Ч НПОБУФЩТУЛПН ЪБФПЮЕОЙЙ, ЧПЧУЕ ОЕ ХФТБФЙМБ ЧЛХУБ Л ЙОФТЙЗБН Й ФЕРЕТШ, ЛПЗДБ ЧЕФЕТ РЕТЕНЕОЙМУС, РТЙОСМБ БЛФЙЧОПЕ ХЮБУФЙЕ Ч «РПРТБОЙЙ» нЕОШЫЙЛПЧБ.

PDOBLP RTY REFTE II, LBL CHUEZDB VSCCHBEF PE CHTENS TEELYI RETENEO CH CHCHUYI UZHETBI, TUNGKOL SA PDOPZP DPCHPMSHOPZP RTYIPDYMPUSH DEUSFSH PVITSEOOSCHI. uftenyfemshope chpchshchyoye dpmzptkhlyi y zpmygshshshchi OE FPMShLP RHZBMP "OPCHHA" OBFSH, OP Y TBDTTBTSBMP RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK DTHZYI UFBTYOOSHCHI ZHBNYMYK. tPDUFCHEOOIL NBFETY REFTB I bMELUBODT mSHCHPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO, TSYCHYK CH UCHPEN RPDNPULPCHOPN YNEOYY, LPZDB HOBM, UFP REFT II PIPFIFUS OERPDBMELKH Y CEMBEF EZP CHYDEFSHMP, ЪFPFUSHMP? kasama ang Y RPYUYFBFSH EZP OE IPYUKH, S UBN FBLPC CE, LBL Y PO, Y DKHNBM TUNGKOL SA GBTUFCHE UIDEFSH, LBL PO. pFEG NPK (Sword LYTYMPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO - b. n.) ZPUHDBTUFCHPN RTBCHYM, DBK NOE CHSHKFY YY LFPK OKHTSDSCH - S BOBA, UFP UDEMBFSH! bB "RTEDETLYE UMPCHB" OBTSCHYLYOB PFRTBCHYMY CH "DBMSHOAA EZP DETECHOA".

oEDCHPMEO VSCHM Y PUFETNBO, PFFEUOEOOOSCHK dPMZPTTHLINY TUNGKOL SA CHFPTPK RMBO. PRSHCHFOSHCHK GBTEDCHPTEG IPTPYP CHYDEM, LBL PRSHSOEOOSCHE HDBYUK ZHBCHPTYFSCH DEMBAF PYYVLKH OB PYYVLPK, OBTSYCHBS CHUE OPCHSHI CHTBZPCH Y FETSS UPAYOLPCH. h OBYUBME UEOFSVTS 1729 Z. REFT II CHCHEIBM CH UPTCHPTsDEOYY UCHYFSHCH TUNGKOL SA ZTBODYPKOHA PIPFH, DMS LPFPTPK UPVTBMY VPMEE YEUFYUPF UPVBL. RPFEIY RTPDPMTSBMYUSH VPMEE DCHHI OEDEMSH, B CHULPTE RPUME CHP-CHTBEEOYS CH nPULCH UFBMP Y'CHEUFOP, UFP YNRETBFPT CHUFHRBEF H VTBL U DPUETHA LOS'S BMELUES ​​​​ZTYZPTSHECHLUB dPMZPTSHECHLUB. 30 OPSVTS RTPY'PYMP PVTKHYUEOYE, Y 17-MEFOAA LOSTSOKH UFBMY PZHYGYBMSHOP OBSHCHCHBFSH YNRETBFPTULYN CHSHCHUPYUEFCHPN. DCHPTSE UP CHUEK UFTBOSH RPFSOHMYUSH CH nPULCHH TUNGKOL SA UCHBDEVOSHCHE FPTTSEUFCHB. OP CH UBNSCHK TBZBT RTEDRTBDOYUOSCHI IMPRPF REFT II BVPMEM PURPK Y CH OPYUSH U 18 OB 19 SOCHBTS 1730 Z. ULPOYUBMUS. h RTEDUNETFOPN VTEDH SA BLHBM L UEVE PUFETNBOB, B RPFPN RPFTEVCHBM SLAUGHTER, YUFPVSCH EIBFSH L UEUFTE obfbmshe bmelueechoe, LPFPTBS HNETMB VPMEE ZPDB FPNKh OBBD.

utbjh tse rpume lpoyuyoshch reftb II, Yumeoshch chetypchopzp fbkopzp UPCHEFB UPVTBMYUSH TUNGKOL SA UPCHEEBOYE. LOSSH BMELUEK ZTYZPTSHECHYU DPMZPTTHLYK UFBM FTEVPCHBFSH RTEUFPMB DMS UCHPEK DPUETY, OP LFP RTEDMPTSEOIE VSCHMP PFCHETZOHFP. rTPFICH OEZP CHSHCHUFKHRIM DBCE PDIO YY YUMEOPCH ZHBNYMYY ZHEMSHDNBTYBM chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTCHYU dPMZPTTHLYK. “oEUMSHIBOOPE DEMP CHSH ЪBFECHBEFE, - ZPCHPTYM SA TPDUFCHEOOILBN, - YUFPV PVTKHYUEOOOPK OECHEUFE VSHFSH TPUUYKULPZP RTEUFPMB OBUMEDOYGEK! LFP ЪBIPYUEF EK RPDDBOOSCHN VSHCHFSh? OE FPMSHLP RPUFPTPOOYE, OP YS, Y RTPUYE YUMEOSCH ZHBNYMYY - OILFP CH RPDDBOUFCHE H OEE VSHCHFSH OE BIPIYUEF. LOSTSOB LBFETYOB U ZPUHDBTENE CHEOYUBMBUSH. IDEYA CHP'CHEUFY TUNGKOL SA RTEUFPM DPYUSH REFTTB I EMYBCHEFH, FBLCE OE RTYOSMY: CHETIPCHOYLY VPSMYUSH LPOLCHTEOHYY UP UFPTPPOSH MYG Y' HER PLTHTSEOIS.

oblpoeg losh dniftyk nyibkmpchyu zpmygshcho bschhym, UFP UP UNETFSHHA REFTTB II MYOYS, YDHEBS PF REFTTB CHEMYLPZP, RTEUELMBUSH, Y URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH FTEVHEF RETEKFIY L UFYOBTYEK M. fBL VSHMP RTYOSFP TEYOYE RTYZMBUIFSH TUNGKOL SA RTEUFPM BOOH yPBOOPCHOKH, LPFPTBS EEE CH 1711 CHETIPCHOYLY OBDESMYUSH, UFP OE YNECHYBS RTPUOSHI UCHSKEK RTY THUULPN DCHPTE ZETGPZYOS UFBOEF RPUMHYOSCHN PTHDYEN CH YI THLBI. RTY LFPN UFPVSCH OCHETOSLB UPITBOYFSH CHMYSOIE Y, RP UMPCHBN Ph.D. ZPMYGSHCHOB, "UEVE CHPMY RTYVBCHYFSH", DPMZPTHLYE Y ZPMYGSHCHOSCH TEYMY RTEMPTSYFSH OPCHPK YNRETBFTYGE "LPODYGYY" F.E. HUMPCHYS, PZTBOYUYCHBAEYE NYA CHMBUFSH. ч ЗМХВПЛПК ФБКОЕ ВЩМБ УПУФБЧМЕОБ ЗТБНПФБ, РП ЛПФПТПК бООБ йПБООПЧОБ, ВХДФП ВЩ РП УПВУФЧЕООПК ЧПМЕ, ПВЕЭБМБ ЧП ЧУЕН ТХЛПЧПДУФЧПЧБФШУС НОЕОЙЕН чЕТИПЧОПЗП ФБКОПЗП УПЧЕФБ Й ВЕЪ ЕЗП ЧПМЙ ОЕ ОБЪОБЮБФШ УЕВЕ ОБУМЕДОЙЛБ, ОЕ ЧЕУФЙ НЕЦДХОБТПДОЩИ РЕТЕЗПЧПТПЧ, ОЕ ЦБМПЧБФШ ЛТХРОЩИ ЪЕНЕМШОЩИ ЧМБДЕОЙК Й Ф.Д. PUKHEEUFCHMEOYE BLNSHUMB CHETIPCHOYLPCH RP UHFY DEMB POBYUBMP VSCH UPDBOYE CH UFTBOE OPCHPK ZHPTNSCH RTBCHMEOYS — PZTBOYUEOOPK NPOBTIIY. OP PZTBOYUEOOYE LFP DPMTSOP VSCHMP PUKHEEUFCHYFSHUS CH RPMSh PYUEOSH HLPK ZTHRRRYTPCHLY CHSHCHUYI UBOPCHOYLPCH.

yNEOOP OETSEMBOYE Y OEHNEOYE HYUIFSCCHBFSH YOFETEUSCH YITPLYI UMPEC DCHPTSOUFCHB (YMY, LBL FPZDB ZPCHPTYMY OB RPMSHULYK MBD, YMSIEFUFCHB) UFBMP PUOPCHOPK PHYVLPK UFBMP. nOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE DCHPTSOE, UYAEIBCHYUSH H nPULCHKH TUNGKOL SA GBTULCHA UCHBDSHVKH, OEPTSYDBOOP PLBBMYUSH TUNGKOL SA RPIPTPPOBI GBTS Y RTY CHSHCHVPTBI OPCHPK GBTYGSCH. iPDYCHYE UTEDY OII UMHIY P FBKOSHCHI RTYZPFPCHMEOYSI H CHETIPCHOPN UPCHEFE RPTPTSDBMY NOPTSEUFCHP FTECHPZ Y PRBUEOIK Y, PDOCHTENEOOP, RPDFBMLYCHBMY L CHSHCHDCHYTSEOYA UPVUFCHOOOSHIP. tbmyuosche ZTHRRYTPCHLY DCHPTSO RTYUFKHRYMY L UPUFBCHMEOYA UCHPYI RTPELFCH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOPZP HUFTPKUFCHB. rTPFICH BCHFPTPCH LPOYGYK CHSHCHUFKHRIMY FBLIE STLYE MADY, LBL YUFPTYL h. fBFYEECH, RYUBFEMSH b. LBOFENYT, ERYULPR ZHEPZHBO RTPLPRCHYU. pDOIN YЪ MYDETPCH CHTBTSDEVOPC CHETIPCHOYLBN ZTHRRRYTPCHLY UFBM CHIDOSCHK CHEMSHNPTSB LOSSH bMELUEK NYIBKMPCHYU yuETLBAULYK.

оБУФТПЕОЙЕ ВПМШЫЙОУФЧБ ДЧПТСО, ЧЙДЕЧЫЙИ Ч УБНПЧМБУФОПН ЗПУХДБТЕ ЪБЭЙФХ ПФ РТПЙЪЧПМБ ЧТЕНЕОЭЙЛПЧ Й ЖБЧПТЙФПЧ, РТЕЛТБУОП ЧЩТБЪЙМ лБЪБОУЛЙК ЗХВЕТОБФПТ бТФЕНЙК чПМЩОУЛЙК, ЛПФПТЩК РЙУБМ Ч нПУЛЧХ: «уМЩЫОП, ЮФП ЪДЕУШ ДЕМБЕФУС Х ЧБУ ЙМЙ ХЦЕ Й УДЕМБМПУШ, ЮФПВЩ ВЩФШ Х ОБУ ТЕУРХВМЙЛЕ... с ЪЕМП CH FFPN UHNOYFEMEO. вПЦЕ УПИТБОЙ, ЮФПВ ОЕ УДЕМБМПУШ ЧНЕУФП ПДОПЗП УБНПДЕТЦБЧОПЗП ЗПУХДБТС ДЕУСФЙ УБНПЧМБУФОЩИ Й УЙМШОЩИ ЖБНЙМЙК: Й ФБЛ НЩ, ЫМСИЕФУФЧП, УПЧУЕН РТПРБДБЕН Й РТЙОХЦДЕОЩ ВХДЕН ЗПТЫЕ РТЕЦОЕЗП ЙДПМПРПЛМПООЙЮБФШ Й НЙМПУФЙ Х ЧУЕИ ЙУЛБФШ».

NECDH FEN DERHFBHYS PF CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB PFRTTBCHYMBUSH CH UFPMYGH LHTMSODYY NYFBCHH (GENERAL emZBCHB, H MBFCHYY), ZDE RTEDUFBCHYMB BOOE yPBOOPCHOE LPODYZGYSHY, LPBFPHOE 4 ZHECHTBMS 1730 Z. VSCHM YЪDBO NBOYZHEUF PV YЪVTBOYY BOOSCH TUNGKOL SA TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, B OEDEM URKHUFS, POB RTYVSHMB CH UEMP CHUEUCHSFULPE RPD nPULCCHPK. YDEUSH, PDOBLP, VHDHEBS YNRETBFTYGB VSHCHUFTP RPOSMB, UFP "BFEKLB" CHETIPCHOYLPCH CHPCHUE OE RPMSHHEFUS EDYOPDHYOPK RPDDETSLPK DCHPTSOUFCHB. PE CHTENS BHDYEOGYY L BOOE SCHYMBUSH GEMBS FPMRB DCHPTSO, HNPMSCHYI NIYA "RTYOSFSH UBNPDETSBCHUFCHP". pUPVEOOP CHPPDHYECHYMP ZETGPZYOA FP, UFP UTEDY RTPFICHOYLPCH upChEFB PLBMBPUSH NOPZP ZCHBTDEKULYI PZHYGETPCH. rP UPPVEEOIA PYUECHYDGB UPVSCHFIK, YURBOULPZP RPUMBOOILB s. De Mityb, Zchbtdekkshch Dbts Pvtbfimyush l ook sa FLPK Tyosha: “NSh Chethe RPDDOBOOSKY VABYEZP CHEIYUEUUFCHB, CHITOP UMHTSIMY Chbyn RTEHEOSHENSHESH OMHTSH OMHCHVECH, OMHEYKH ZHITSHEYTM rTYLBTSYFE Y NSC RPCHEZOEN LCHBYN OPZBN ZPMPCHSH FYTBOPCH". B

rTPFEUFPCHBFSH OILFP OE TEYIMUS. LHTMSODULBS ZETGPZYOS CHUFHRYMB TUNGKOL SA TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, CHETIPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF VSCHM TBURHEEO. rPOINBS, UFP EZP RMBOSCH THIOKHMY, Ph.D. zPMYGSCHO JMPCHEEE RTPYJOEU: “OBA, UFP S VHDH CETFCHPK OEHDBYUY FFPZP DEMB. fBL Y VSHCHFSH RPUFTBDBA b PFEYUEUFCHP; NOE HCE OENOPZP PUFBEFUS, Y FE, LPFPTSHCHE BUFBCHMSAF NEOS RMBLBFSH, VHDHF RMBLBFSH DPMEE NPEZP. LBL Y NOPZYE HER RTEDYUFCHEOOYLY, BOOB YPBOOPCHOB DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP OBYUBMB RTBCHMEOYE U OBLBBOYS UCHPYI TEBMSHOSHCHI Y NOINSCHI RTPFYCHOYLPCH. URETCHB, CHRTPYUEN, POB DEKUFCHPCHBMB PYUEOSH PUFPPTTSOP. pFGH OEUPUPPSCHYEKUS GBTYGShch b. h. зПМЙГЩОХ РТЙЛБЪБМЙ ЦЙФШ ВЕЪЧЩЕЪДОП Ч ЙНЕОЙЙ, Б РТПЮЙИ ЧЙДОЩИ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМЕК ТПДБ ТБЪПУМБМЙ ЗХВЕТОБФПТБНЙ РП ПЛТБЙОБН ЙНРЕТЙЙ: чБУЙМЙС мХЛЙЮБ — Ч уЙВЙТШ, йЧБОБ зТЙЗПТШЕЧЙЮБ — Ч чПМПЗДХ, нЙИБЙМБ чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮБ — Ч бУФТБИБОШ. LOSSH DNYFTYK NYIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSCHO Y EZP VTBF ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NYIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSHO UPITBOYMY TUNGKOL SA OELPFPTPPE CHTENS UCHPY CHSHCHUPLYE YUYOSCH Y CHBOYS.

PDULP HCCE OEULPMSHLP hindi maligayang urhuf, Obmysyush osufpseye Tburtbchsh: h Utetedyo 1730 z. Los Bmeelus Zeizpstheyub Choneuf sa UNESKI POPUMBMY COMPPHEL, DTHZB RPPKOPPZP. h DElbVTE FPZP CE ZPDB ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NIIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSCHO, YЪNHUEOOOSCHK FTECHPZBNY ЪB UCHPA UHDSHVKh, ULPOYUBMUS PF UETDEYUOPZP RTYUFHRB. дТХЗПК ЖЕМШДНБТЫБМ, чБУЙМЙК чМБДЙНЙТПЧЙЮ дПМЗПТХЛЙК Ч ЛПОГЕ 1731 З. ВЩМ ЪБФПЮЕО Ч ыМЙУУЕМШВХТЗУЛХА ЛТЕРПУФШ, ОЕЧЪЙТБС ОБ ФП, ЮФП Ч УЧПЕ ЧТЕНС РТПФЕУФПЧБМ РТПФЙЧ РПРЩФЛЙ ЧПЪЧЕДЕОЙС ОБ РТЕУФПМ еЛБФЕТЙОЩ дПМЗПТХЛПК. fPMSHLP CH 1736 Z. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB YNEMB HDPCHPMSHUFCHYE DPVTBFSHUS DP BCHFPTB LPODYGYK d. ZPMYGSCHOB. eZP PVCHYOYMY CH UMPHRPFTEVMEOYSI RP UMHTSVE, CHSFPYUOYUEUFCHE Y, UBNPE ZMBCHOPE, CH "RTPYJOEUEOYY VZPNETELLYI UMCH". lBL CHSCHSUOYM UHD, ChPMSHOPDKHNOSHCHK LOSSH PDOBTSDSCH UBNEFIYM, UFP DMS RPMShSHCH DEMB UHFM VSC UMHYBFSH UPCHEFSCH UBNPZP ubfbosch. дНЙФТЙС зПМЙГЩОБ ПФРТБЧЙМЙ Ч ыМЙУУЕМШВХТЗ, ЗДЕ ПО Й ХНЕТ Ч 1737 З. еЭЕ ЮЕТЕЪ ДЧБ ЗПДБ ОБЮБМПУШ ОПЧПЕ УМЕДУФЧЙЕ РП ДЕМХ дПМЗПТХЛЙИ, Ч ТЕЪХМШФБФЕ ЛПФПТПЗП ЛОСЪШ йЧБО бМЕЛУЕЕЧЙЮ ВЩМ РПДЧЕТЗОХФ Ч оПЧЗПТПДЕ НХЮЙФЕМШОПК ЛБЪОЙ «ЮЕТЕЪ ЛПМЕУПЧБОЙЕ», Б чБУЙМЙА мХЛЙЮХ, уЕТЗЕА Й йЧБОХ зТЙЗПТШЕЧЙЮБН dPMZPTTHLYN ​​​​PFUELMY ZPMCHSHCH.

HOYUFPTSYCH CHETPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF, BOOB yPBOOPCHOB UPDBMB CH PLFSVTE 1731 Z. lBVYOEF NYOYUFTCH, UIPDOSHK U upChEFPN RP ZHOLGYSN, OP EEE VPMEE HLYK RP UPUFBCHKh. RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP CH OEZP CHPYMY FTY UBOPCHOILB: b. ika. PUFETNBO, LOSSH b. n. yuetlbuilyk y ztbzh h. ika. zPMPCHLYO. h 1735 Z., RPUME UNETFY zPMCHLYOB, YUMEOPN LBVYOEFB VSCHM YЪVTBO r. ika. sZKHTSYOULYK, B EEE RPITSE, CH 1738 Z. - b. R. CHPMSHCHHOULYK. RPDRYUSH FTEI LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTCH RPMOPUFSHHA OBNEOSMB UPVPK RPDRYUSH YNRETBFTYGSCHCH.

vPMSHYHA TPMSh UFBM YZTBFSH FBLCE ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. NYOYI, LPFPTSHCHK CH 1730 Z. BOSM RPUF RTEEYDEOFB CHPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY (PTZBOB, THLCHPDYCHYEZP CHPPTKHTSEOOSCHNY UYMBNY UFTBOSHCH). oblpoeg, OEPZTBOYUEOOSCHN CHMYSOYEN TUNGKOL KAY YNRETBFTYGH RPMShЪPCHBMUS HER ZHBCHPTYF y.-y. VYTPO. UFP CE RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK MADY, PRTEDEMSCHYE LHTU UFTBOSHCHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ.?

yNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHSHCHIE, CH 1710 Z., UPCHUEN EEE AOK UENOBDGBFYMEFOEK DECHHYLPK, VSCHMB CHSHCHDBOB BLNKhTs bB ZETGPZB lKHTMSODULPZPBu. FEN OE NOOEE, REFT I OBUFPSM TUNGKOL SA FPN, YUFPVSCH BOOB PFRTBCHYMBUSH CH LHTMSODYA Y TSYMB FBN, HRTBCHMSS ZETGPZUFCHPN U RPNPESHHA TPUYKULYI UPCHEFOILPCH. lHTMSODYS CH FP CHTENS YZTBMB PYUEOSH CHBTSOKHA TPMSH CH VPTSHVE tPUUYY BL CHSHHIPD L vBMFYKULPNH NPTA, J REFT CHEMYLYK OE REFINERY PFLBBFSHUS PF CHMYSOIS TUNGKOL SA OEE. zhPTNBMSHOP ZETGPZUFCHP UYUYFBMPUSH CHBUUBMPN TEYUY rPURPMYFPK (UPAЪOPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB rPMSHYY Y MYFCHSC), OP IFP OYULPMSHLP OE NEYBMP YNRETBFPTH RTYOYNBFSH UBNSHCHE TEYNET. h UEOFSVTE 1712 Z., HOBCH, YUFP NOPZYE LHTMSODULYE DCHPTSOVE VEI CHPUFPTZB CHUFTEFYMY RTYED BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, NI CHEMEM THUULPNKh HRPMOPNPYUEOOPNKH p. n. VEUFKhTSECH DEKUFCHPCHFSH OBRPTYUFP Y CEUFLP: “ika DMS FPZP RPUSCHMBKFE TUNGKOL SA LELKHGYY OBYYI DTBZHO ... Y UNPFTYFE OB ONYY, YUFPV PAY ACCOUNT HLBKH UEVE MYYOEZP OE VTBMY.”

dTHZYE DETTSBCHSHCH, CH RETCHHA PYUETESH TEYUSH rPURPMYFBS Y rTKHUUYS, FBLCE UFTENYMYUSH CHЪSFSH lHTMSODYA RPD UCHPK LPOFTPMSH. sa FPK GEMSHA POY FP RPDDETSYCHBMY RTEFEOYY TUNGKOL SA LPTPOH DTHZYI TPDUFCHEOOILPC RPLPKOPZP ZETGPZB, FP RSCHFBMYUSH RTEDMPTSYFSH BOOE yPBOOPCHOE OPCHPZP TSEOYIB. пУПВЕООП БЛФЙЧЙЪЙТПЧБМЙУШ ФБЛЙЕ РПРЩФЛЙ РПУМЕ УНЕТФЙ рЕФТБ I. ч ЛПОГЕ 1725 З. тЕЮШ рПУРПМЙФБС ЧЩДЧЙОХМБ Ч ЛБЮЕУФЧЕ РТЕФЕОДЕОФБ ОБ ТХЛХ Й УЕТДГЕ бООЩ йПБООПЧОЩ РПВПЮОПЗП УЩОБ РПМШУЛПЗП ЛПТПМС бЧЗХУФБ II нПТЙГБ уБЛУПОУЛПЗП. LHTMSODULPE DCHPTSOUFCHP TUNGKOL SA UEKNE EZP LBODYDBFHTH PDPVTYMP, DB Y ZETGPZYOE TSEOYI RPOTBCHYMUS, OP H tPUUY RPDPVOSHCHE DEKUFCHYS CHSHCHCHBMY FTECHPZH. ч нЙФБЧХ ОЕНЕДМЕООП ЧЩЕИБМ ТХУУЛЙК ДЙРМПНБФ ЛОСЪШ ч. м. дПМЗПТХЛЙК (РПЪЦЕ ЛБЪОЕООЩК бООПК йПБООПЧОПК), ЛПФПТЩК РТЙОСМУС ХЗТПЦБФШ ЛХТМСОДУЛПНХ ДЧПТСОУФЧХ ФЕН, ЮФП Ч УМХЮБЕ ЙЪВТБОЙС нПТЙГБ ЙИ ПЦЙДБЕФ РПМОПЕ РПЗМПЭЕОЙЕ рПМШЫЕК. h LBYUEUFCHE UPVUFCHEOOOSCHI LBODYDBFCH tPUUYS RTEMPTSYMB TUNGKOL SA CHSHVPT MYVP ZETGPZB zPMYFEKO-zPFFPTRULPZP, MYVP b. d. 'BFEN L'FYN DCHN VSCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH VTBFSHS lBTM Y MADCHYZ ZEUUEO-zPNVKhTZULIE, OBIPDICHYYEUS TUNGKOL SA THUULPK CHPEOOPC UMHTSVE. yuBUFSH YUMEOPCH LHTMSODULPZP DPNB PE ZMBCHE U RTEUFBTEMSHCHN ZETGPZPN zhetdyobodpn Chshchulbbmbush bb RTYOGB zeuueo-lBUUEMSHULPZP. RPUMA DPMZYYA URPTPCCH YOLSDHOBTPROSHYA YOLETIZ, CHETSES LPFPTSHY BOOBOOLOOPCHOE EDIMB LPOHMSHFBGYSNY Ch Refetvchtz, B Nyfbche Lybbm Lpyufni Chopzufchi Chopiufchi B. ZETGPZYOS BLNHTS FBL YOE CHSHYMB.

rPDVOSCHE YOGYDEOFSHCH, TBHNEEFUS, OBMPTSYMY OEYYZMBDYNSCHK PFREYUBFPL TUNGKOL SA IBTBLFET BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH. y. n. уПМПЧШЕЧ РЙУБМ РП ЬФПНХ РПЧПДХ ФБЛ: «тБООЕЕ Й ВЕЪДЕФОПЕ ЧДПЧУФЧП Ч УФТБОЕ УМБВПК, ЪБ ЧМЙСОЙЕ, ОБД ЛПФПТПК УРПТЙМЙ ФТЙ УЙМШОЩИ УПУЕДБ, УДЕМБМЙ ЙЪ бООЩ ЙЗТХЫЛХ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ ПФОПЫЕОЙК Й УППВТБЦЕОЙК; POB UFBMB OECHEUFPK CHUEI VEDOSHI RTYOGECH, TSEMBCHYI RPMHYUYFSH LHTMSODYA CH RTYDBOPE; Rmbshch ppuffbchmsmyush y tbdemshbmyush, UNPFTS RP Pfopyyaa Netsdh TPuuyek, RPMSHYEK YU RTHUYEK ... UBIB HOITSOIS VSHRIFB DP DOMBMB ZUUFLBS, ZPTDBS, UHPPMAVSHTS, UHPPMAVICHS.

tBPTCHBCH LPODYGYY, BOOB yPBOOPCHOB RTPDPMTSBMB PRBUBFSHUS ЪBZPCHPTCH Y YOFTYZ UP UFPTPOSCH TPPDCHYFPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. ang kanyang PFUADB ang kanyang Tsufpleye Zopoeois tungkol sa Zpmygshchchi, DPMZPTHLYA, AUHKRPHCH, PFUADB Yu RPRSHFLB Pretefshus tungkol sa "RTYYMSHYA MADEK", Yopuftbogec Ymy TPUUISO, YENECHYAYAYAYAYYA RTY DEUN YNPKASHOGEYA NP CHUE UPCHTENEOOOYLY UIPDYMYUSH H FPN, YuFP BOOB yPBOOPCHOB VSCHMB HNOB, OP NOPZYE RTY LFPN RPTYGBMY RTBCHYFEMSHOIGH SB ZTHVPUFSH, ULMPOOPUFSH L rTY DCHPTE CHUE CHTENS OBIPDYMPUSH NOPTSEUFCHP YKhFPCH, HTPDPCH, TBOPZP TPDB UHNBUYEDYI, UNEYYCHYYI YNRETBFTYGH. pUPVEOOP MAVIMB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB TSEOEIO, LPFPTSHCHE HNEMY VSCHHUFTP Y VEPUFBOCHPYUOP ZPCHPTYFSH (“TsKhTsTsBFSH”, RP UMPCHBN UPCTENEOOILB). yOPZDB H YHFB RTECHTBEMBMUS YUEMPCEL OBFPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS, OBCHMELYK TUNGKOL SA UEVS ZOEC GBTYGSCH, LBL, OBRTYNET, EEE PYO RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH OEOBCHYUFOPZP EK UENEGSYBEHCHOHBYPMOBY ChP CHTENS RTEVSCHCHBOYS ЪB ZTBOYGEK PO TSEOIMUS ABOUT YFBMShSOLE, RETEYEM CH LBFPMYUEUFCHP (UFP FPZDB UYUYFBMPUSH RTEUFHRMEOYEN), B ChPCHTBFSUSH H tPUUYA RSHCHULTSCHUS FFPHU, . BOOB CH 1733 Z. RTPY'CHEMB OYUYUBUFOPZP CH "LBCHBMETSH YKhFPCHULPZP PTDEOB" Y PVSBMB RPDBCHBFSH LCHBU b PVEDPN. uIPDOBS UHDSHVB RPUFYZMB LOS S chPMLPOULPZP, RPRBCHYEZP H YHFSCH OB UCHPE BOPUYUYCHPE RPCHEDEOYE.

chPPVEE HOYTSEOYE YUEMPCELB TPPDCHYFPZP Y ZPTDPZP RPYUFY CHUEZDB DPUFBCHMSMP YNRETBFTYGE HDPCHPMSHUFCHYE. Pobed Mavimb, Obrtbchmychbfsh tungkol kay Cheshnptz ORNOBPHISHBPHSHEL, KOBUFBCHMSMB RPCMSHYSHYSHI, RTPMEBFSHI RPMPD RPDMPN, B YEN-MIVP RTPCHIOIUS, OBLBSHSHMOSHIOSHIOSHIOSHEISHIS.

MADY, YURSHCHFBCHYE TUNGKOL KAY UEVE ZOECH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, RP RPOSFOSHCHN RTYUYOBN, TYUPCHBMY CH NENKHBTBI LTBKOOE OERTYCHMELBFEMSHOSHCHK KANYANG RPTFTEF.

fBL TSEOB LBEOOOPZP yCHBOB dPMZPTHLPZP obfbmshs yETENEFECHB RYYEF P OEK: “rTEUFTBYOPZP VSCHMB CHPTH; PFCHTBFOPE MYGP YNEMB; FBL VSCHMB CHEMILB, LPZDB NETsDH LBCHBMETCH YDEF, CHUI ZPMCHPK CHSHCHCHYY UTECHSHCHYUBKOP FPMUFB. h LFPN PFSHCHCHE CHYDOP SCHOPE TSEMBOYE HSKCHYFSH "RPZKHVYFEMSHOIGH" Y HFCHETDYFSH UCHPE RTECHPUIPDUFCHP CH FPK UZHETE, OBD LPFPTPK GBTULYE HLSCH OE CHMBUFOSHCH.

UPCTENEOOOYLY, OE YURSHCHFBCHYYE FBLYI FSTSLYI ZPOEOIK, LBL yETENEFECHB, DETTSBMYUSH VPMEE URPLPKOSHCHI Y, BYUBUFHA, CHRPMOE VMBZPTSEMSHOSCHI PGEOPL. ZPMYFYOULYK LBNET-AOLET w.-ch. ZHPO VETIZPMSHG, OBCHYK BOOH yPBOOPCHOKH EEE ZETGPZYOKH, PFNEYUBEF, UFP POB "TSEOEYOB TSYCHBS Y RTYSFOBS, IPTPYP UMPTSEOB, OEDHTOB UPVYPK Y DETSYF UEVS FBL, OYUFP YUKHCSHHUFC". Uhrthzb VTIFBOULPZP RPUMB Medi Dtop, PDOPN ORYEI RYUEN L RPDTHZE PFNEYUBEF: “VD (YNRENREBFTYGB - B. ч ЧЩТБЦЕОЙЙ ЕЕ МЙГБ ЕУФШ ЧЕМЙЮБЧПУФШ, РПТБЦБАЭБС У РЕТЧПЗП ЧЪЗМСДБ, ОП ЛПЗДБ ПОБ ЗПЧПТЙФ ОБ ЗХВБИ РПСЧМСЕФУС ОЕЧЩТБЪЙНП НЙМБС ХМЩВЛБ... пОБ, РП-ЧЙДЙНПНХ, ПЮЕОШ ЮЕМПЧЕЛПМАВЙЧБ Й ВХДШ ПОБ ЮБУФОЩН МЙГПН, ФП, С ДХНБА, ЕЕ ВЩ ОБЪЩЧБМЙ ПЮЕОШ РТЙСФОПК ЦЕОЭЙОПК ".

бОЗМЙКУЛБС ЗХЧЕТОБОФЛБ ьМЙЪБВЕФ дЦБУФЙУ, ЦЙЧЫБС Ч рЕФЕТВХТЗЕ У 1734 РП 1737 З. (Ф.Е. ФПЗДБ, ЛПЗДБ ыЕТЕНЕФЕЧБ ОБИПДЙМБУШ Ч УУЩМЛЕ), ДБЕФ Й ЧПЧУЕ ЧПУФПТЦЕООЩК ПФЪЩЧ: «еЕ ЧЕМЙЮЕУФЧП ЧЩУПЛБ, ПЮЕОШ ЛТЕРЛПЗП УМПЦЕОЙС Й ДЕТЦЙФУС УППФЧЕФУФЧЕООП ЛПТПОПЧБООПК ПУПВЕ. TUNGKOL SA KANYANG MYGE CHSCHTBTSEOYE Y CHEMYUYS, Y NSZLPUFY. POB TSYCHEF UZMBUOP RTYOGYRBN UCHPEK TEMYZYY. POB PVMBDBEF PFCHBZPK, OEPVSHCHUOPK DMS EE RPMB, UPEDYOSEF CH UEVE CHUE DPVTPDEFEMY, LBLIE NPTSOP VSHMP VSH RPTSMBFSH DMS NPOBTYEK PUPVSH ... ". CHRTPYUEN, URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY TBDY UMEDHEF ЪBNEFYFSH, UFP dTSBUFYU RTY DCHPTE OE VSCCHBMB Y CHYDEMB YNRETBFTYGH MYYSH RTY RPUEEEEOYY FEBFTB. еЭЕ ПДЙО БОЗМЙКУЛЙК РХФЕЫЕУФЧЕООЙЛ, НЕДЙЛ дЦПО лХЛ Ч УЧПЙИ ЪБРЙУЛБИ П тПУУЙЙ УППВЭБЕФ: «йНРЕТБФТЙГБ бООБ ОЕ ВЩМБ ЛТБУБЧЙГЕК, ОП ПВМБДБМБ ЛБЛЙН-ФП УФПМШ СЧОЩН ЙЪСЭЕУФЧПН Й ВЩМБ УФПМШ ЙУРПМОЕОБ ЧЕМЙЮЙС, ЮФП ЬФП ПЛБЪЩЧБМП ОБ НЕОС УФТБООПЕ ЧПЪДЕКУФЧЙЕ: С ПДОПЧТЕНЕООП ЙУРЩФЩЧБМ ВМБЗПЗПЧЕКОЩК УФТБИ РЕТЕД OEK Y ZMHVPLP RPYUYFBM EE.

obdp FBLTSE ULBEBFSH, YuFP NOPZYE YЪ FEI OEDPUFBFLPC, B LPFPTSCHI RYUBMY CHTBZY BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, ChPCHUE OE SCHMSMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOPK YuETFPK YNRETBFTYGSCH. oE RPDMETSYF UPNOEOIA, UFP ZPUHDBTSCHOS MAVIMB YKHFPCH Y ЪBVBCHSHCH. OP EE UPCHTENEOOIL, YCHEDULYK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL l. t. “OBTCD MAVYF YKHPCH Y HTPPDCH. - RYEF PO, - h OBFOSHCHI DPNBI PVSCHUOP EUFSH VBODHHTYUF, LPFPTSCHK RPD ЪCHKHLY UCHPEZP YOUFTHNEOFB RPEF OERPFTEVOSCHE REUOY, LPTYUB TBOSCHE ZTYNBUSCH. LUFBFY, RP NOOYA VETLB, OTBCHSCH GBTULPZP DChPTB RTY BOOE yPBOOPCHOE DBCE UNSZYUYMYUSH. "FERETSH RPNYNP 19 SOCHBTS - DOS RTYIPDB YNRETBFTYGSHCH L CHMBUFY, - PFNEYUBEF PO, - RTY DCHPTE VPMSHIE HTS UIMSHOP OE RSHAF, B RTY ELBFETYOE, ZPCHPTSF, FTEECCHNY VSCCHBMY TED. фЕИ, ЛФП НЗОПЧЕООП ДЕМБЕФУС УПЧУЕН РШСО, МАВСЭБС УЛТПНОПУФШ ЙНРЕТБФТЙГБ ОЕ ЦБМХЕФ Й РПФПНХ РТЙЛБЪБМБ ОЕУЛПМШЛЙН ЗТЕОБДЕТБН РТЙУХФУФЧПЧБФШ ФБН (ЧП ДЧПТГЕ — б. н.), ЮФПВЩ ПФЧПДЙФШ УЧБМЙЧЫЙИУС У ОПЗ ЧОЙЪ Л ЙИ УМХЗБН». uFTBUFSH ZPUHDBTSCHOY L TPULPY FBLTSE CHRPMO PFCHEYUBMB OPTNBN LRPII, B PFNEYUBENBS TSDPN NENKHBTYUFCH MEOSH EDCHB MY RTECHSCHYBMB RBUUYCHOPUFSH GEMPZP TSDB ECHTPREKULYI NPOBTIPCHOPUFSH. uFP TSE LBUBEFUS RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFY Y NUFIFEMSHOPUFY, FP SING, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, YNEMI CHRPMOOE CHEULYE PUOPCHBOYS.

jBLLFYUEULYN THLPCHPDYFEMEN lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH SCHMSMUS HTPTSEOEG ZPTPDB vPIHNB zeotyi-yPZBOO-zhTYDTYI PUFETNBO, LPFPTSCHK H tPUUY UFBM YNEOPCHBFSHUS bodteen ychbopchyuen. PO RTPYUIPDYM YUENSHY RBUFPTB, PVCYUBMUS CH keOULPN HOYCHETUYFEFE, OP VSCHM CHSHCHOKHTSDEO RPLYOHFSH ZETNBOYA YЪ-ЪB FPZP, YuFP CHTENS DKHMY HVYM UCHPEZP RTPFICHOYLB. ch 1703 lTAKUPN, RTYZMBUICHYYN EZP OB TKHUULKHA UMHTsVKH. P, 1708 Z. Ayon sa RPUFHREM h RPUPMSHULK RTILB RETHPDYULPN, EVD ZPDB Urhufs, UFBM FBN Ueltfben, b -lapo -prams Uchetopk qbuychop hubufye ibbdopzp nitflpzpzpzpzpzpzp. ёETZYUOSCHK DYRMPNBF, PUFETNBO FBLTS RTPSCHYM UEVS, LBL IYFTSCHK Y DBTSE LPCHBTOSCHK GBTECHPTEG. рТЙ еЛБФЕТЙОЕ I ПО ЧУСЮЕУЛЙ ДЕНПОУФТЙТПЧБМ УЧПА ЧЕТОПУФШ нЕОШЫЙЛПЧХ, РТЙ рЕФТЕ II БЛФЙЧОП УРПУПВУФЧПЧБМ РБДЕОЙА ВЩЧЫЕЗП ЖБЧПТЙФБ Й ЧПЪЧЩЫЕОЙА дПМЗПТХЛЙИ, Б РТЙ бООЕ йПБООПЧОЕ РТЕУМЕДПЧБМ ХЦЕ УБНЙИ дПМЗПТХЛЙИ. bCHIDPCHBCHYIK KHUREIBN PUFETNBOB, h. ika. ZPMPCHLYO LBL-FP UBNEFYM: "BODTEK YCHBOPCHYU - YUEMPCEL CHETSC OERTBCHPUMBCHOPK, DB, LBTCEFUS, Y CHPPVEE OILBLPC". CHEUSHNB STLYK PVTB ZMBCHSCH lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH ЪBREYUBFMEO CH ЪBRYULBI RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB. "YBUFP, - UPPVEBEF FFPF BCHFPT, - YOPUFTBOOSCHE NYOYUFTSHCH CH FEYEOOYE DCHHI YUBUPCH RTPZPCHPTSF U OIN (PUFETNBOPN - b. n.) Y RP CHSHIPDE YЪ EZP LBVYOEFB OBAF OE BFPOVPSHY, UFP PO OY RYUBM, UFP OY ZPCHPTYM, NPZMP RPOYNBFSHUS DCHPSLP. fPOLYK, RTYFCHPTOSHCHK, PO HNEM CHMBDEFSH UCHPYNY UFTBUFSNY Y CH UMHYUBE OHTSDSCH DBTS TBOETSYFSHUS DP UME. PO OILPZDB OE UNPFTEM OILPNKH CH ZMBBY YU UFTBIB, UFPVSCH ZMBOB OE YENEOIMY ENH, PO HNEM DETTSBFSh YI OERPCHYTSOP.

eee h 1721 Z. b. ika. PUFETNBO CHUFKHRIM CH VTBL U nBTZHPK yCHBOPCHOPK uFTEYOECHPK, VTBFSHS LPFPTPK ЪBOYNBMY CHYDOSHCH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCH Y CHPEOOOSCHE RPUFSHCH. tungkol sa LFP PVUFPFSFEMSHUFCHP CH EZP LBTSHET UREGYBMSHOP HLBSCCHCHBM, TSYCHYK H tPUUYY, DBFULYK HYUEOSCHK Y RHFEYUFCHEOOIL r. ZHPO iBCHEO. “PUFETNBO, — RYYEF PO CH UCHPYI NENKHBTBI, — PVMBDBM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOPK CHOEYOPUFSHHA Y IPTPYN UMPTSEOYEN, OP YOE NEOEE PBTEOOOSCHN TBBKHNPN — SA VSCHM Y HNEO Y PFCBTSEO. пДОБЛП ОЕЛПФПТЩЕ РПДПЪТЕЧБМЙ Ч ОЕН РПНЩУМЩ, РП ЛПФПТЩН Ч ЗПУХДБТУФЧЕООЩЕ ДЕМБ ПО ЧЛМБДЩЧБМ ВПМЕЕ ВМБЗПТБЪХНЙС, ОЕЦЕМЙ ДХЫЙ... пО РПЮФЙ ЧУЕЗДБ РТЙФЧПТСМУС ВПМШОЩН, РПЬФПНХ РПЮФЙ ОЙЛПЗДБ ОЕ ЧЩИПДЙМ ЙЪ ДПНХ Й ОЕ РПДДЕТЦЙЧБМ У ЛЕН ВЩ ФП ОЙ ВЩМП ПУПВЩИ ПФОПЫЕОЙК, ВМБЗПДБТС ЮЕНХ ЙЪВЕЗБМ NOPZYI RPDPTEOYK Y RTEUMEDPCHBOYK, DB Y MEZLP NPZ ULTSCHCHBFSH UCHPY NSHCHUMY Y OBNETEOIS... PO TSEOYMUS TUNGKOL SA RTYTPDOPK THUULPK OBFOPK DBNE. vMBZPDBTS FFPNH RPUMEDOENH VPMSHYYOUFCHP THUULYI CHYDEMY CH OEN UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOILB. y FYN SA EEE PUCHPPVPDYMUS PF ULCETOPZP RTPJCHYEB, LPFPTSCCHN THUULIE ZPURPDB RPTPK OZTBTSDBAF TSYCHHEYI CH tPUUY OENGECH. THUULYE OBSCCHCHBAF YI "LKhTZKhJSCHNY", FP EUFSH "LPTPFLPICHPUFSHCHNY MPYBDSHNY". YVP TKHUULYE ZPCHPTSF, UFP H OENGECH CH FFPN ZPUHDBTUFCHE OEF OY ICHPUFB, OY YNEOYK, OY WENSHI. JPO IBCHEO UPPVEBEF FBLCE, UFP BODTEK YCHBOPCHYU OILPZDB OE RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHBM OILPNKH YUCHPYI DTHEK. TUNGKOL SA EEE PDOP, PYUEOSH TEDLPE DMS FPZP READING, LBYUEUFCHP PUFETNBOB HLBSCHCHBEF MEDY tPODP, RYUBCHYBS: “BY OE BMYUEO, RPULPMSHLH PUFBEFUUS VEDOSCHN RTY CHUENTI RTEDPUFBCHMSCHYPSYI.”

chFPTPK RPUFPSOOSCHK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT, LOSSH bMELUEK NYIBKMPCHYU yuETLBUULYK CHSHCHZMSDEM TSYCHSHCHN LPOFTBUFPN IOETZYUOPNH PUFETNBOKH.

Ayon sa RTYOBDMETSBM L DTECHOENH BTYUFPLTBFYUEULPNKh TPDH Y PVMBDBM NOPTSEUFCHPN CHSHCHUPLPRPUFBCHMEOOOSCHI TPDUFCHEOOILPCH. RETCHSHCHN VTBLPN LOSSH VSCHM TSEOBF TUNGKOL SA bZTYRRYOE MSHCHPCHOE OBTSCHYLYOPK, DCHPATPPDOPK UEUFTE REFTTB I, B CHFPTSCHN - TUNGKOL sa nBTZHE fTHVEGLPK, DPUETY UEOBFPTB ATYS ATSHECHYUB fTH. ChP CHMBDEOYY Kh b. n. yuETLBUULPZP OBIPDYMPUSH UCHCHCHCHY UENIDEUSFI FSHCHUSYU LTEUFSSHOULYI DHY. OP RTY CHUEK UCHPEK OBFOPUFY, RTY CHUEN VPZBFUFCHE, FFP VSCHM RBUUYCHOSHCHK, NBMP DEFEMSHOSCHK UYVBTYF. YUFPTYLE XVIII C.A.D. n. eETVBFPCH PIBTBLFETYJPCHBM EZP, LBL "Yuempchchelb CHEUSHNB RPUTEDUFCHEOOPZP TBHNPN, MEOYCHPZP, OE BOBAEEZP CH DEMBI Y, PDOIN UMPCHPN, FBULBAEEZP, BOE OPUSEEZP UCHPE". UPCHTENEOOIL UETLBUULPZP, b. R. CHPMSHCHOULYK SCHYFEMSHOP UBNEYUBM: "OSHOE EZP RPUFBCHSF - TUNGKOL SA BCHFTB RPUFTYZHF, B BL CHUE RTP CHUE NPMYUIF Y OYUEZP OE ZPCHPTYF". дЦЕКО тПОДП ФБЛЦЕ РЙУБМБ УЧПЕК РПДТХЗЕ, ЮФП ЛОСЪШ «ЪОБНЕОЙФ НПМЮБМЙЧПУФША» Й СЪЧЙФЕМШОП ДПВБЧЙМБ РП ЬФПНХ РПЧПДХ: «чМБДЕОЙС Й ЪОБФОПУФШ ЛОСЪС РПФТЕВПЧБМЙ ДМС ОЕЗП РПЮЕФОПК ДПМЦОПУФЙ, Й ПО ОБЧЕТОСЛБ ОЕ УФБОЕФ ОЙ ХФТХЦДБФШ УЕВС ДЕМБНЙ, ОЙ НЕЫБФШ ЛБВЙОЕФХ УЧПЙН ЛТБУОПТЕЮЙЕН».

ChRTPYUEN, RTY REFTE I RPUMHTSYFSH yuETLBUULPNKH CHUE-FBLY RTYYMPUSH. h 1715 З. oEULPMShLP TB YNRETBFPT VMBZPDBTYM yuETLBUULPZP ЪB "YURTBCHOSCHK RPTSDPL", BCH 1719 Z. TEYIM OBOBYUYFSH EZP ZHVETOBFPTPN CH uYVYTSH, CHNEUFP RTCHPTCHBCHYEZPSDPL. R. zBZBTYOB. YURKHZBOOSCHK CHEMSHNPTSB HNPMSM ZPUHDBTS PFNEOYFSH OBOBYUEOYE, ZPCHPTYM, UFP U FBLYN DEMPN ENH OE URTBCHYFSHUS, OP REFT PUFBMUS OERTELMPOEO. YuETLBUULYK, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OE UNPZ OBCHEUFY CH UYVYTULYI ENMSI RPTSDLB. rPUEFYCHYK uYVYTSH CH FH RPTH ZOETBM-NBKPT h. h 1724 Z. LOSSH CHETOKHMUS CH REFETVKhTZ Y CHULPTE VSCHM OBEBYEO RTYUHFUFCHHAEYN CH UEOBFE. MYYSH PYO TB b. n. yuETLBUULYK RTPSCHYM OEEBHTSDOKHA BLFICHOPUFSH: CH 1730 ZPDKH, LPZDB CHSHCHUFKHRIM RTPFYCH CHETIPCHOYLPCH. uFBCH LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN, PO CHOPCHSH PFPIEM CH FEOSH, B RPUME RETEOEUEOOOPZP CH 1738

ftEFYK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU zPMPCHLYO VSCHM UVBTSCHN DYRMPNBFPN REFTPCHULPK YLPMSCH, THLPCHPDYM U 1717 NOPZYE UPCHTENEOOOYLY PVCHYOSMY ZPMPCHLYOB H VESHCHOYGYBFYCHOPUFY, OP ULPTEEE SA VSHCHM RTPUFP UMYYLPN PUFPPTTSEO, YUFPVSHCH DENPOUFTYTPCHBFSH UCHPA RPYGYA RP FPYONKh CHMYYTPYONKh. PUFETNBOB zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU PFLTPCHEOOP OE MAVYM, PDOBLP EDCHB MY REFINERY CHEUFY U OIN VPTSHVH: LP READING CHPGBTEOIS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH zPMPCHLYOH VSCHMP VPMEE MEFENDUSFY UFEN. rPUME EZP UNETFY, FTEFSHYN LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN CH 1735

USCHO VEDOPZP PTZBOYUFB Y oENEGLPK UMPVPDSHCH, sZKHTSYOULYK OE TB YURSHCHFBM CHMEFSHCH Y RBDEOYS. ayon sa BUINBM DPMTSOPUFSH ZEOETBM-RTPLHTTPTB UEOBFB, VSCM RPUMPN CH rPMSHYE, rTKHUYY Y BCHUFTYY, OP RTY ELBFETYOE I RPDCHETZUS ZPOOEOSN UP UFPTPOSCH NEOSHYILPCHB. H, 1730 Z. SZKHTSYOULYK Uobubmbub Rtinlokhm L Chetipchelbn, OP KOBFEN, PVICEOOSHK RTEOOOEVETECSHOSHNE PFMZPTHLYYA, PDDIN YH RETROKHY IPBOOPHOHHO ORECHETSE PHOSTSHA. RP PFЪSCHCHBN UPCTENEOOILPC, FFPF ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHK DEFEMSH VSCM HNEO, PYUEOSH BNVYGYPJEO Y TEPL CH PVTBEEOYY. h UCHCHE CHTENS SA OE VPSMUS RTPFYCHPTEYUYFSH NEOSHYILPCHKH, OCHETOPE, OE RPVPSMUS VSCH Y PUFETNOB, OP DPTPCHSE EZP VSCHMP RPDPTCHBOP. h 1736 Z. sZKHTSYOULYK HNET. oELPFPTPE CHTENS PDOP NEUFP H LBVYOEFE PUFBCHBMPUSH CHBLBOFOSHCHN, B BLFEN EZP BOSM bTFFENYK REFTPCHYU CHPMSHCHOULYK, CH RTPYMPN BUFTBIBOULYK ZHVETOBFPT Y TEYDEOF CH RETUY.

THLPCHPDYFEMSH CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UYM UFTBOSCh VKhTIBTD-lTYUFPZH NYOYI TPDYMUS CH 1683 Z. H ZTBZHUFCHE pMShDEOVKhTZULPN, ZDE EZP PFEG UMHTSYM UNPFTYFEMEN ASFEPYO, MEBFTYFEMEN ARFEPYO P, 1701 Z. Ayon sa RPUFHRIM sa UMHTSVX h Zeuuuo-dtnafbdfulha Bnaya, PFFHDB ng retail pouf-zhtimbodulha bnya, b yu puff-ghotyumbodulpk-h Zeuuyo-Lbuemshulkh. pDOBLP, NEMLIE ZETNBOULIE LOTSEUFCHB, CHYDYNP, VSCHMY FEUOSCH DMS YuEUFPMAVYCHPZP CHPEOOPZP Y CH 1716 Z. NYOYI UFBM ZOEETBM-NBKPTPN Ch ChPKULBI RPMSHULPZCH IIFFULTPMS Y. rTPUMHTSYCH RPMSHULPK LPTPOE RSFSH MEF, SA RTYOSM RTEMPTSEOYE TPUUYKULPZP RPUMB y. h. dPMZPTHLPZP RETEKFI TUNGKOL SA THUULHA UMHTSVH.

REFT I RPTHUIYH NYOYIH UPUFBCHYFSH OPCHSCHK RMBO HLTERMEOYK LTPOYFBDFB, BLFEN RPUMMB EZP YOURELFIITCHBFSH TYTSULHA LTERPUFSH Y PUFBMUS DPCHPMEO CHSHCHRPMOOOOSCHNY RPTKHYUEOCHNY. h 1722–1725 ZZ. NYOYI RTYOYNBM HYBUFYE CH UPPTHTSEOYY MBDPTSULPZP LBOBMB. EZP OBUFPKYUYCHPUFSH Y YURPMOYFEMSHOPUFSH PYUEOSH RPOTBCHYMYUSH ZPUHDBTA. rTY PDOPN YЪ RPUEEEEOYK UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB REFT DBCE ЪBSCHYM: “PO (NYOYI - b. n.) ULPTP RTYCHEDEF mBDPTSULYK LBOBM L PLPOYUBOYA; YЪ CHUEI YOPUFTBOGECH, VSCHIYI CH NPEK UMHTSVE, MHYUYE CHUEI HNEEF RTEDRTYOYNBFSH Y RTPYЪCHPDYFSH CHEMYLYE DEMB. rTHUULYK RPUMBOOIL BLUEMSH ZHPO nBTDEZHEMSHDF BLNEFIM LBL-FP P NYOYIE, YuFP PO RPUFIZOHM DHI REFTCH. ika DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, RPDPVOP YNRETBFPTH, FFPF CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL OE RTPUFP UVBTBMUS DPUFYUSH RPUFBCHMEOOOPK GEMY, OP YEM L OEK OEHLMPOOOP, OE EBDS OY UEVS, OY DTHZYI. uNETFOPUFSH TBVPYYI TUNGKOL SA UFTPIFEMSHUFCHE VSCHMB PZTPNOPC, FEI, LFP RSHCHFBMUS VETSBFSH, VYMY VBFPZBNY, OP LBOBM CHP'CHPDYMUS.

rPUME UNETFY REFTTB I ZHJOBOUYTPCHBOYE TBVPF RP HUFTPKUFCHH LBOBMB TEELP UPLTBFYMPUSH, Y NYOYI CHETOKHMUS CH REFETVKhTZ. оЕУНПФТС ОБ ПЮЕОШ ОБФСОХФЩЕ ПФОПЫЕОЙС У нЕОШЫЙЛПЧЩН, ЕНХ ХДБМПУШ ЙЪВЕЦБФШ ПРБМЩ РТЙ еЛБФЕТЙОЕ I. рЕФТ II РПЦБМПЧБМ нЙОЙИХ ЗТБЖУЛПЕ ДПУФПЙОУФЧП Й ОБЪОБЮЙМ ЕЗП ОБ РПУФ ЗЕОЕТБМ-ЗХВЕТОБФПТБ уБОЛФ-рЕФЕТВХТЗБ, йОЗЕТНБОМБОДЙЙ Й лБТЕМЙЙ. LBL Y PUFETNBO, NYOYI CHTENS RPDZPPFCHLY CHETIPCHOYLBNY LPODYGYK, BBOSM CHSHTSYDBFEMSHOHA RPYGYA, B RPUME SCHOPZP RTCHBMB YI RMBOPC, CHUFBM TUNGKOL SA UFPTPOH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH. prbmb Zhemshdnbtybmch n. n. zPMYGSCHOB Y h. h. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB OBOBYUMB NYOYIB RTEYIDEOFPN chPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY Y ZOEETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETPN (OBYUBMSHOILPN CHUEK BTFYMMETYY), DBMB ENH YUYO ZEOETTBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. CHIDOSHCK RPMLPCHPDEG RTYOG Echzaik UBCHPLIK, PDPVSS BFYA WEFCHCIS, RYUBM YNRETBFTYEGE, YUFP PRESTIMB THLPCHPDUFCHP "YUMPCHELH, OPEDYOSAENHA sa Tedleyu Reta Reta RTENEKE TRETOKENEA TRETOKHENE TRETOTENEA TRETOKHENE TRETOTENE

YUFPTYLE dr. vBOFSHCHY-lBNEOUULYK, UHNNNYTPCHBCH TBMYUOSCHE PFSCHCHSHCH UPCTENEOOILPC P NYOYIE, DBM ENH UMEDHAEHA IBTBLFETYUFYLH: “zTBZH NYOYI VSCM TPUFB CHSHCHUPLPZP, CHEMYOPUEPCHEO. ZMBB Y CHUE YuETFSH MYGB RPLBSCCHBMY PUFTPHNYE, OEHUFTBYNPUFSH Y FCHETDPUFSH IBTBLFETB; ZPMPU Y PUBOLB SCHMSMY CH OEN ZETPS. PO OECHPMSHOSCHN PVTBPN CHUEMSM H DTHZYI HCHBTSEOYE L UEV Y UFTBI; VSCHM YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP FTHDPMAVICH Y RTEDRTYYYNYUCH; OE OBM HUFBMPUFY, NBMP URBM, MAVYM RPTSDPL, PFMYYUBMUS, LPZDB IPFEM MAVE'OPUFSHHA CH PVEEUFCHBI, UFPSM CH TSDH U RETCHSHCHNY YOTSEOETBNY Y RPMLCHPDGBNY UCHPEZP READER; OP CHNEUFE VSCHM ZPTD, YUEUFPMAVICH, MHLBCH, CHSHCHULBFEMEO Y TSEUFPL; OE DPTPTSYM DMS UCHPEK UMBCHSH LTPCHSHHA CHCHETEOOSHHI ENH UPMDBF; LBMUS DTHZPN CHUEN, OE MAVS OILPZP.

l LFPC TBCHETOHFPK IBTBLFETYUFILE UFPYF DPVBCHYFSH, RPTsBMHK, FPMSHLP PFJSCHCH MEDY tPODP, PFTBTSBAEYK PUPVSHCHK, TSEOULYK CHZMSD TUNGKOL SA ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. h 1735 Z. POB RYUBMB UCHPEK RPDTKhZE CH BOZMYA: “rTEDUFBCHMEOYE, LPFPTPE UMPTSIMPUSH X chBU P ZTBZHE NYOYIE, UCHCHETEOOP OECHETOP. chshch ZPCHPTYFE, UFP RTEDUFBCHMSEFE EZP UEVE UVBTYLPN, PVMYLH LPFPTPZP RTYUHEB CHUS ZTHVPUFSH RPVSCHBCHYEZP CH RETEDEMLBI UPMDBFB. oP ENH UEKYBU YUFP-OYVKHDSH RSFSHDEUSF YEFSCHTE YMY RSFSHDEUSF RSFSH MEF, KhOEZP LTBUYCHPE MYGP, PYUEOSH VEMBS LPTSB, PO CHCHUPL Y UFTPEO, Y CHUE EZP DCHYTSEOIS YOSCHLY Y. пО ИПТПЫП ФБОГХЕФ, ПФ ЧУЕИ ЕЗП РПУФХРЛПЧ ЧЕЕФ НПМПДПУФША, У ДБНБНЙ ПО ЧЕДЕФ УЕВС ЛБЛ ПДЙО ЙЪ УБНЩИ ЗБМБОФОЩИ ЛБЧБМЕТПЧ ЬФПЗП ДЧПТБ Й, ОБИПДСУШ УТЕДЙ РТЕДУФБЧЙФЕМШОЙГ ОБЫЕЗП РПМБ, ЙЪМХЮБЕФ ЧЕУЕМПУФШ Й ОЕЦОПУФШ, ЛПФПТЩЕ НОЕ ПЮЕОШ ОЕРТЙСФОЩ, ЙВП РТЙФЧПТОЩ. ... LBL VSCHMY VSCH CHSC HDYCHMEOSCH, HCHYDECH, YUFP SA CHOYNBEF chBN U FPNOCHN CHPTPN, RPFPN CHOEBROP ICHBFBEF chbyh THLH Y U ChPUFPTZPN GEMHEF NYA! OP OBULPMSHLP VPMEE chshch VSCHMY VSH HDYCHMEOSCH, PVOBTHTSYCH, UFP PO RPMBZBEF PVSBFEMSHOSHCHN CHEUFY UEVS FBL UP CHUENY TSEOEYOBNY. ... kasama ang VSC UYUYFBMB, UFP EZP MAVINSCHN CHPEOOSHCHN RTYENPN DPMTsOP VSHCHFSH OBRBDEOYE Yb BUBDSH, YVP YULTEOOPUFSH - LBYEUFCHP, U LPFPTSCHN PO, RP-NPENKH, OE OBLPN.

DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, LTPNE RPMLPPCHPDYUEULYI FBMBOPPHCH, NYOYI SCHOP PVMBDBM URPUPVOPUFSNNY L RTYDCHPTOSHCHN YOFTYZBN Y FP RPDDETSYCHBM PUFETNBOB, FP RSCHFBMUS PUMBVYFSHOYE OZPGBY CHMYFSHOYE

zhBCHPTYF YNRETBFTYGSH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH LTOUF-yPZBOO VYTPO PZHYGYBMSHOP OBIPDYMUS TUNGKOL SA RTYIDCHPTOPK UMHTSVE (SA VSCHM PVET-LBNETZETPN), LP RTY LFPN PLBSHCHCHIE CHENERBMTUEK. uPZMBUOP YUUMEDPCHBOYSN OENEGLYI ZEOEBMPZCH b. VKHIZPMSHGB Y Zh. ZHPO mPTYOZIPCHEOB, VYTPO VSCHM CHOEVTBYUOSCHN USCHOPN LPTOEFB RPMSHULPK BTNY LBTMB VYTEOB Y RTPUFPK MBFSCHYLY, OSOSHLY EZP DEFEK. EEE CH 1714 Z. NI RSHCHFBMUS RPUFHRIFSH TUNGKOL SA UMHTSVH L GBTECHYUH bMELUEA, USCHOH REFTB I, PDOBLP, LBL Yuempchel OYLPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS, RPMHYUYM PFLB. RP CHPCHTBEEOYY CH TPDOHA LHTMSODYA, VYTPO BBOSM NEUFP LBNET-AOLETB RTY DCHPTE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, RTYUEN RPNPZ ENH CH LFPN FPZDBYOYK ZPZHNEKUFET ZETGPZYOY r. n. veufhtsech. IPDIMY UMHIY, UFP RTYUYOPK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHB SCHMSMBUSH MAVPCHOBS UCHSH NETSDH VEUFHTSECHSHCHN Y UEUFTPK VYTPOB. CHULPTE MPCHLYK LHTMSODEG RTECHTBFYMUS CH CHP-MAVMEOOPZP BOOSCH Y RETCHSHCHN DEMPN DPVYMUS HDBMEOYS VEUFHTSECHB, LPFPTSCHK FBLTS CHSHCHRPMOSM RTY ZETGPVSZYOE PFOADSH OE FPMSHLPOY PFOADSH OE FPMSHLPP. "Sa isang huuopuoopk Reyubmy, - Ryubm Vufhzech Orthsech dpyuty h 1728 Z. - oschb emergency DHI DHIFUS, RPFPNH, Yufp Yutsk Madek DTHZ NPK PF Nosos Pfneimus, B ChB DTHZ (VITPA) ".

CHULPTE RPUME CHPUYUFCHYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TUNGKOL SA RTEUFPM, VYTPO VSCHM HFCHETSDEO H DCHPTSOUFCHE, B BLFEN CHPCHEDEO H ZTBZHULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP uchSEEOOPK TYNULPK YNRETYY. h 1737 Z. PO RPMHUYM FYFHM ZETGPZB lKhTMSODULPZP Y uENYZBMSHULPZP. RP PFЪSCHCHBN VPMSHYOUFCHB UPCTENEOOILPC, ZHBCHPTYF PYUEOSH TECHOYCHP PVETEZBM UCHPE RPMPTSEOIE RTY PUPVE YNRETBFTYGE Y VETSBMPUFOP TBURTBCHMSMUS U RTPFICHOYLBNY. TSYCHYIK CH REFETVKhTZE CH 1733 Z. BOZMYKULYK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL Zh. DYCHHD PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPYI BRYULBI: “x ZTBZhB NOPTSEUFCHP OEDTKhZPCH (B LBLPK CHSHCHDBAEYKUS YI OE YNEEF?), Y PO CHUEZDB UFBTBEFUS OBFSH, UFP MADY ZPCHPTSF Y DEMBAF. MADEK BUFBCHMSAF VSHCHFSh PUNPFTYFEMSHOSHCHNY Y DETTSBFSH SJSHL NI ЪKHVBNY OEEBNEDMYFEMSHOSHOSCHE, UHTPCHSCHE OBBLBBOYS, LPFPTSHCHN RPCHETZBAF TUNGKOL SA PUOPCHBOY PDOYI MYYSHKRP. fBL H RPUMEDOIK ZPD RTBCHMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH VYTPO PFRTBCHYM TUNGKOL SA LYBZHPF LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTB b. R. ChPMSCHOULPZP, RPRSCHFBCHIEZPUS PUMBVYFSH EZP CHMYSOIE TUNGKOL SA ZPUHDBTSCHOA.

LTPNE RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFY, VYTPO PFMYYUBMUS FSZPK L LBOPPLTBDUFCHH, NPPFCHUFCHPN, FEEUMBCHYEN Y OEPDOPLTTBFOP HYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UBNSCHI FENOSCHI NBIYOBGYSI. zhEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. нЙОЙИ, ЛПФПТЩК УОБЮБМБ У ЖБЧПТЙФПН ДТХЦЙМ, Б РПФПН ЧТБЦДПЧБМ, ПФЪЩЧБЕФУС П ОЕН ФБЛ: «ьФПФ ЮЕМПЧЕЛ, УДЕМБЧЫЙК УФПМШ ХДЙЧЙФЕМШОХА ЛБТШЕТХ, ОЕ ЙНЕМ ЧПЧУЕ ПВТБЪПЧБОЙС, ЗПЧПТЙМ ФПМШЛП РП-ОЕНЕГЛЙ Й ОБ УЧПЕН РТЙТПДОПН ЛХТМСОДУЛПН ОБТЕЮЙЙ; SA DBCE DPCHPMSHOP RMPIP YUYFBM RP-OENEGLY, CH PUPVEOOPUFY, EUMY RPRBDBMYUSH MBFYOULYE YMY ZHTBOGKHULYE UMCHB. PO VSCHM DPCHPMSHOP LTBUICHPK OBTHTSOPUFY, CHLTBDYUCH Y PYUEOSH RTEDBO YNRETBFTYGE, LPFPTHA OILPZDB OE RPLYDBM, OE PUFBCHYCH PLPMP OEE UCHPEK TSEOSCH. yNRETBFTYGB OE YNEMB CHCHUE UFPMB Y PVEDBMB YMY HTSYOBMB U UENEKUFCHPN VYTPOB Y DBTSE CH LPNOBFBI UCHPEZP ZHBCHPTYFB. PO TSYM CHEMYLPMEROP, OP CHNEUFE U FEN VSHCHM VETETSMYCH, CHEUSHNB LPCHBTEO Y LTBKOE NUFYFEMEO.

MEDY tPODP, OE YNECHYBS RTYUYO RYFBFSH L ZHBCHPTYIFKH OERTYSSOSH, FEN OE NEOEE, PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPEN RYUSHNE: “ZETGPZ PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO, LTBKOE CHURSCHMSHUYCH Y, LPZCHES CHSHYEVSHIPDYFDB CHSHYEVSHIPDYFDB. NI RTEYTBEF THUULYI Y UFPMSh SCOP CHSHCHULBSHCHCHBEF UCHP RTEITEOYE PE CHUEI UMHYUBSI RETED UBNSHCHNY OBFOSHCHNYY YOYI, UFP, S DKHNBA, PDOBTsCH UFP RTYCHEDEF L EZP RBDEOYA.

MYGB, CEMBCHYE UDEMBFSH RTYDCHPTOHA LBTSHETH, Y YOPUFTBOOSCHE DYRMPNBFSCH BYULYCHBMY OE FPMSHLP RETED UBNYN VYTPOPN, OP Y RETED EZP TPDUFCHEOOILBNY.

rP UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHH YCHEDB l.-t. вЕТЛБ, УБЛУПОУЛЙК РПУМБООЙЛ нПТЙГ мЙОБТ ХДПУФПЙМ УХРТХЗХ вЙТПОБ «ЮЕУФЙ, РТЙОБДМЕЦБЭЕК ЧППВЭЕ-ФП МЙЫШ ЮМЕОБН ЙНРЕТБФПТУЛПК ЖБНЙМЙЙ, — ГЕМПЧБОЙС ТХЛЙ РТЙ ЧИПДЕ ОБ ЛХТФБЗ», Б НОПЗЙЕ ПЖЙГЕТЩ «ПВИБЦЙЧБАФ ФБЛЦЕ АОПЗП ЗТБЖБ вЙТПОБ (УЩОБ ЖБЧПТЙФБ — б. н.), ДЧЕОБДГБФЙМЕФОЕЗП NBMSHYUKHZBOB.

pDOIN Y UPPVEOYLPCH VYTPOB CH OEULPMSHLYI PYUEOSH OEVMBZPCHYDOSCHI DEMB VSCHM PVET-ZPZHNBTYBM LBTM-TEKOZPMSHD MECHEOCPMSHDE, LPFPTSCHK RPMShCHPCHBMUS FBLTS RPLTPCHYFEMS. ika. PUFETNOB. oELPFPTSHCHE UPCHTENEOOYLY RPMBZBMY DBTSE, UFP MECHEOCPMSHDE DPOPUYM PUFETNBOKH P DEMBI ZHBCHPTYFB, B FPF UCHPEZP RTYSFEMS RPVBYCHBMUS. UBN PUFETNBO CH PFLTSCHFShKK LPOZHMYLF U VYTPOPN OE CHUFHRBM, OP CHEM RTPFICH YOFTYZY, LBL, CHRTPYUEN, Y RTPFICH DTHZYI CHMYSFEMSHOSCHI CHEMSHNPTS.

еЭЕ ПДОЙН ЧЕУШНБ РТЙНЕЮБФЕМШОЩН ЮЕМПЧЕЛПН СЧМСМУС бОДТЕК йЧБОПЧЙЮ хЫБЛПЧ, ТХЛПЧПДЙФЕМШ лБОГЕМСТЙЙ ФБКОЩИ ТПЪЩУЛОЩИ ДЕМ, УРЕГЙБМШОПЗП ПТЗБОБ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛПЗП УЩУЛБ, УПЪДБООПЗП Ч 1731 З. хЫБЛПЧ РТПЙУИПДЙМ ЙЪ ПВЕДОЕЧЫЙИ ОПЧЗПТПДУЛЙИ ДЧПТСО, Ч ОБЮБМЕ уЕЧЕТОПК ЧПКОЩ ПФМЙЮЙМУС, ЛБЛ ИТБВТЩК ПЖЙГЕТ Й ВЩМ ОБЪОБЮЕО Л ГБТА рЕФТХ БДЯАФБОФПН. ч 1712 З. ПО ЪБОСМ ДПМЦОПУФШ ЖЙУЛБМБ, Б Ч 1718 З. ОБЮБМ УМХЦВХ Ч фБКОПК ЛБОГЕМСТЙЙ, ЛПФПТБС ВЩМБ ХЮТЕЦДЕОБ ДМС УМЕДУФЧЙС РП ДЕМХ ГБТЕЧЙЮБ бМЕЛУЕС, ОП ЪБФЕН УФБМБ ЪБОЙНБФШУС ТПЪЩУЛПН РП РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙН ДЕМБН ЧППВЭЕ. YDEUSH HYBLPC RTPYEM RPDMYOOHA YLPMH "LOHFPVYFYS" RPD OBUBMPN r. b. fPMUFPZP. RTY DPRTPUBI CH LBOGEMSTY YYTPLP RTBLFILPCHBMYUSH RSHCHFLY: TUNGKOL SA PAG-IBIG, TBULBMEOOCHNY EIRGBNY YMY ZPTSENY CHEOILBNY. h PFOPIOYY PDOPZP Y RPDUMEDUFCHEOOOSCHI fPMUFPK UPCHEFPCHBM HYBLPCHKH "YUBEE EZP RSHCHFBFSH, DPLPME YMY RPCHYOYFUS YMY YIDPIOEF ...". pDOBLP CH 1726 Z. fBKOBS LBOGEMSTYS VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBOB, B ZPDPN RPЪTSE BODTES yCHBOPCHYUB UBNPZP BTEUFPCHBMY RP DEMKH fPMUFPZP Y DECHYETB. MYYSH UP CHUFHRMEOYEN TUNGKOL SA RTEUFPM BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH HYBLPCH UNPZ CHETOHFSHUS L RTYCHSHCHUOPNKH ЪBOSFYA. lBOGEMSTYS FBKOSHCHI TPSHULOSHCHI DEM OBRPNYOBMB fBKOHA LBOGEMSTYA OE FPMSHLP RP OBCHBOYA, OP Y RP ZHOLGYSN, Y RP NEFPDBN TBVPFSCH. oEKHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YUFP YNS hyblpchb CHOKHYBMP FTEREF UPCHTENEOOILBN. “bTEUFPCHBOOPNKH RP EZP RTYLBKH YUEMPCELKH, - RYUBM l. t. VETL, - CHRPTH ZPFPCHIFSHUS L LOHFH.

rPDPTYFEMSHOPUFSH YNRETBFTYGSHCH Y VYTPOB OETEDLP RTYCHPDYMB CH THLY HYBLPCH DBTSE BUMMHTSEOOSCHI UBOPCHOYLPCH. пО ХЮБУФЧПЧБМ Ч ТБЪВПТЕ ЧУЕИ ЛТХРОЩИ РПМЙФЙЮЕУЛЙИ ДЕМ ГБТУФЧПЧБОЙС бООЩ йПБООПЧОЩ Й ПДОПЧТЕНЕООП УМЕДЙМ ЪБ РПТСДЛПН Ч УФПМЙГЕ, ЛПНБОДПЧБМ ПДОЙН ЙЪ УБНЩИ РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙТПЧБООЩИ ТПУУЙКУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧ — мЕКВ-ЗЧБТДЙЙ уЕНЕОПЧУЛЙН. yOPUFTBOOSCHE RHFEYUFCHEOOOYL OE TSBMEMY NTBYUOSCHI LTBUPL DMS PRYUBOYS FEMEUOSHI OBBLBBOYK Y URUPUPVPCH LBOY, RTYOSFSHCHI CH tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY. l. т. вЕТЛ РПДТПВОП ТБУУЛБЪЩЧБЕФ Й П «РЩФПЮОПН ВЙФШЕ, ЛПЗДБ ПВЧЙОСЕНПЗП... РПДОЙНБАФ УП УЧСЪБООЩНЙ УЪБДЙ ТХЛБНЙ Й ЪБЛТЕРМЕООЩНЙ ОПЗБНЙ», Й П ВЙФШЕ ВБФПЗБНЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ «РТЕДОБЪОБЮЕОЩ ЗМБЧОЩН ПВТБЪПН ДМС УПМДБФ Й НБФТПУПЧ», Й П УНЕТФОПК ЛБЪОЙ. pDOBLP CH TPDOPC ENH yCHEGYY CH FP CHTHENS EEE RTYNEOSMPUSH LPMEPCHBOYE, BCH YURBOYY - TBUFSZYCHBOYE RTEUFHRROILB MPYBDSHNY. tungkol saBYUBMP XVIII CHELB CHPPVEE OE PFMYUBMPUSH NSZLPUFSHHA OTBCHCHCH.

l UPVUFCHEOOP CHPEOOOPK LMYFE RTYOBDMETSBM FBLTSE ZEOETBM-RPTKHYUL (U 1736 Z. - ZEOETBM - ZHEMSHDNBTYBM) REFT REFTCHYU mBUUY, YTMBODEG RP RTPYUIPTSDEOYA. ayon sa RPUFKHRIM TUNGKOL SA THUULHA UMHTSVKH EEE CH 1700 Z., HYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UCHETOPK CHPKOE Y rTHFULPN RPIPDE REFTTB I, CH BCHZHUFE 1725 Z. UFBM YUMEOPN chPEOOPC LPMMEZYY. rP PGEOLE d. vBOFSHCHY-lBNEOULPZP, mBUUY "U RTPUCHEEEOOOSCHN HNPN UPYUEFBM DPVTPE UETDGE, CHPCHSHCHIEOOOSCHE YUKHCHUFCHB... VSHCHM TEYYFEMEO H CHPEOOSHHI RTEDRTYSFISI, PUFPPTSEO H NYTOPE CHTENS; OE OBM RTYDCHPTOSHCHI YOFTYZ ... ". h.

NOPZYE THUULYE BTYUFPLTBFSCH PE READING OB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TsBMPCHBMYUSH TUNGKOL SA BUYMSHE OENGECH. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY RPDPVOSHCHE PGEOLY RETEYMYY Y CH FTHDSCH OELPFPTSCHI YUFPTYILPCH, RTYUEN CHUE DESFEMY FFPZP RETYPDB TBUUNBFTYCHBMYUSH YNY, LBL OELBS EDYOBS, CHTBTSDEVOBS tPUUYY UYMB. pDOBLP, VMYCE L YUFYOE VSCHM CHUE-FBLY y. n. UPMPCHSHECH, YUEFLP PFDEMSCHYK PUFETNBOB Y NYOYIB PF CHTENEOEILCH CHTPDE VYTPOB Y MECHEOCPMSHDE. рЕТЧЩИ ПО ИБТБЛФЕТЙЪПЧБМ, ЛБЛ «ЙОПУФТБОГЕЧ, ПЮЕОШ ДБТПЧЙФЩИ Й ХУЩОПЧЙЧЫЙИ УЕВС тПУУЙЙ, ОЕТБЪТЩЧОП УПЕДЙОЙЧЫЙИ УЧПА УМБЧХ У ЕЕ УМБЧПК», Б ЧФПТЩИ — ЛБЛ «РБТБЪЙФПЧ, ЛПФПТЩЕ РТПЙЪЧПДЙМЙ ВПМЕЪОЕООПЕ УПУФПСОЙЕ тПУУЙЙ Ч ГБТУФЧПЧБОЙЕ бООЩ».

2. "HUTETSDEOYE REFTB CHEMILPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSh".

UTBYH RPUME RTYIPDB L CHMBUFY OPCHPK YNRETBFTYGE Y HER RTYVMYTSEOOSCHN RTYYMPUSH TEYBFSH UMPTSOSCHE RTPVMENSCH, LUBCHYEUS CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UIM UFTBOSHCH. REFT II CH FEYUEOYE UCHPEZP LTBFLPCHTENEOOOPZP GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BTNYEK RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. rPUME PFUFBCHLY CH 1727 Z. b. d. NYOYI UPUFPSM CHYGE-RTEYDEOFPN, OP RTY RETEEEDE DCHPTTB CH nPULCH, PUFBMUS CH REFETVKhTZE DMS OBVMADEOYS OB TBVPFBNY TUNGKOL SA mBDPTSULPN LBOBME. fBL UFP LPMMEZYS VSCHMB ZHBLFYUEULY PVEZZMBCHMEOB. h PLFSVTE 1729 Z. CHETIPCHOSCHK UPCHEF DPMPTSYM YNRETBFPTH, UFP CH lPMMEZYY DBCHOP HCE OEF RTEYDEOFB, YЪ-B YuEZP RPPMOOEOYE ChPKUL OPCHPVTBOGBNY Y UOBVEONY VPERTPYPRYUBONY. UPCHEF TELPNEODPCHBM HYUTEDYFSH PUPVKHA LPNYUUYA, LPFPTBS ЪBOSMBUSH VSC TBVPTPN DEM PZHYGETPCH, HCHPMEOOSHHI U CHPEOOPC UMHTSVSHCH, Y CHETOHMB VSC CHUEI RTYZPDOSHCHI H UFTPC. OP RMBO FFPF OE VSCHM TEBMYHCHBO. PUFBMUS TUNGKOL SA VKHNBZE Y BNSCHUI PUFETNBOB - HUFTPIYFSH CHEUOPK 1729 Z. RPD nPULCCHPK CHPEOOSHK MBZETSH TUNGKOL SA DCHEOBDGBFSH FSHCHUSYU YuEMPCHEL, YUFPVSHCH OEN PVCYUYFSH REFTTB II BBBFBN CHPEOOO

ZhMPF REFTB II FPTS OE YOFETEUPCHBM. vPMSHYI RBTHUOSHI LPTBVMEK RTY OEN CHPPVEE OE UFTPMY, B UPPTHTSBMYUSH PDOY MYYSH ZTEVOSHCHE UHDB. ч БРТЕМЕ 1728 З. ОБ ЪБУЕДБОЙЙ чЕТИПЧОПЗП ФБКОПЗП УПЧЕФБ ЙНРЕТБФПТ РТЙЛБЪБМ, ЮФПВЩ ЙЪ ЧУЕЗП ТПУУЙКУЛПЗП ЖМПФБ РПУФПСООП ЧЩИПДЙМЙ Ч НПТЕ МЙЫШ ЮЕФЩТЕ ЖТЕЗБФБ Й ДЧБ ЖМЕКФБ, ДБ ЕЭЕ РСФШ ЖТЕЗБФПЧ ВЩМЙ ЗПФПЧЩ Л ЛТЕКУЙТПЧБОЙА. RTPUYN LPTBVMSN, DMS "UVETETSEOIS LBOSCH" OBDMETsBMP PUFBCHBFSHUS CH RPTFBI. zhTBOGKHULYK DYRMPNBF n. nBOSHSO UPPVEBM UPPVEBM UCHPENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH, UFP TUNGKOL SA DPCHPDSH CHPEOOSHI NPTSLPCH P OEPVVIPDYNPUFY RPUFPSOOP DETTSBFSH ZHMPF TUNGKOL SA NPTE, GBTSh PFCHEFYM: “lPZDB OHTSFDB RPFTEVTBY; OP SOE OBNETEO ZKhMSFSH RP OEN, LBL DEDHYLB.

oETEZHMSTOSHCHE CHSHCHRMBFSCH TsBMPCHBOYS CHEMY L PFFPLH PZHYGETCH YЪ CHPPTKhTSEOOSHI UYM, B OEICBFLB LPNBODYTPCH, H UCHPA PYUETEDSH, CHCHCHBMB RBDEOYE DYUFTRMYOSCH YЗ ChP CHTENS UYMSHOPZP RPTSBT Ch nPULCHE CH BRTEME 1729 Z. ZCHBTDEKULYE UPMDBFSCH, RTYUMBOOSCHE DMS VPTSHVSHCH U PZOEN, RTYOSMYUSH ZTBVYFSH DPNB, B PZHYGETSCHOE TEYBMYUSH YI PUSH. fPMSHLP U RTYVSHCHFYEN CH ZPTPD YNRETBFPTB RPZTPNSCH RTELTBFYMYUSH, OP OILFP YJ CHYOPCHOSHI OBBLBBO OE VSCM, FBL LBL OYI BUFHRIMUS yCHBO dPMZPTHLIK, NBKPT ZCHBTDYY.

xCE CH YAOE 1730 Z. YNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB TBURPTSDYMBUSH HYUTEDYFSH UREGYBMSHOHA CHPIOULHA LPNYUUYA, GEMSHHA LPFPTPK VSCHMP OCHEDEOYE RPTSDLB CH BTNYY. хЛБЪ ЗПУХДБТЩОЙ ЗМБУЙМ: «чУСЛЙК ЧЕТОЩК УЩО ПФЕЮЕУФЧБ РТЙЪОБФШ ДПМЦЕО, ЮФП ЛТЕРПУФШ Й ВЕЪПРБУОПУФШ ЗПУХДБТУФЧБ, УПДЕТЦБОЙЕ НЙТБ Й УЧСФПЗП РПЛПС ПФ ЮХЦЙИ ОЕРТЙСФЕМЕК Й, УМЕДПЧБФЕМШОП, ВМБЗПРПМХЮЙЕ ЧУЕИ РПДДБООЩИ РП вПЪЕ ПФ УПДЕТЦБОЙС РПТСДПЮОПК БТНЙЙ ЪБЧЙУЙФ; Б РП ЛПОЮЙОЕ ДСДЙ ОБЫЕЗП НОПЗЙЕ ОЕРПТСДЛЙ Й РПНЕЫБФЕМШУФЧБ РТЙ ОЕК СЧЙМЙУШ Й ОЩОЕ ЕЭЕ СЧМСАФУС Й РТПЙУИПДСФ, ДМС РПРТБЧМЕОЙС ЛПФПТЩИ ЕЭЕ РТЙ ФЕФЛЕ ОБЫЕК (еЛБФЕТЙОЕ I — б. н.) Й РМЕНСООЙЛЕ ОБЫЕН (рЕФТЕ II — б. н.) ПУПВМЙЧЩЕ ЛПНЙУУЙЙ ХЮТЕЦДЕОЩ VSCHMY, OP CH DECUFCHP OE RTPYCHEDEOSCH. GENERAL UPYCHPMEOYE EUFSH - HYUTETSDEOYE REFTTB CHEMYLPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSH, CHUE OERPTSDLY Y RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB YURTBCHMSFSH Y RTYCHEUFY BTNYA CH DPVTPE UPUFPSOYE VE YЪMYYYOYEK FKSPUFPSOYE. rTEDUEDBFEMEN lPNYUYY OBOBYUMY v.-l. NYOYIB.

PUOPCHH THUULPK BTNY L OBYUBMH GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMB TEZHMSTOBS REIPFB. POB CHLMAYUBMB DCHB ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLB (rTEPVTBTSEOULYK Y UENEOPCHULYK), UPTPL BTNEKULYI RPMLCH Y UENOBDGBFSH RPMLPC PFDEMSHOPZP OYJPCHPZP LPTRKHUB, UZHPTNYTPCHBOUMKHPBKYU ABOUTCHBOUMKHUB.

pDOPK YЪ RETCHSHI NO RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMP UPDBOYE CH 1730 Z., Ch nPULCHE, OPCHPZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP RPMLB, OBCHBOOPZP y'NBKMPCHULYN. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB Y EE ​​​​RTYVMYTSEOOSCHE U OEDPCHETYEN PFOPUYMYUSH L "UFBTSHCHN" rTEPVTBTSEOULPNKH Y yЪNBKMPCHULPNKh ZCHBTDEKULYN RPMLBN, CH LPFPTSCHI UMHTSYFEMY RTEDUFBCPICHCHY USCHO ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB v.-l. нЙОЙИБ ьТОУФ нЙОЙИ Ч УЧСЪЙ У ЬФЙН РПДЮЕТЛЙЧБМ ОБ УФТБОЙГБИ УЧПЙИ ЪБРЙУПЛ: «рТЙНЕЮБФЕМШОП, ЮФП РП УДЕМБООПНХ РТПЕЛФХ, ХРПНСОХФЩК РЕИПФОЩК РПМЛ ОЕ ЙЪ ОБУФПСЭЙИ ТПУУЙКУЛЙИ ТЕЛТХФ, ОП ЙЪ ФБЛ ОБЪЩЧБЕНЩИ ПДОПДЧПТГЕЧ (РПФПНЛПЧ УМХЦЙМЩИ МАДЕК, ЦЙЧЫЙИ ОБ ЗТБОЙГБИ УФТБОЩ — б. н.) YMY HLTBYOGECH OBVTBO, B PZHYGETCH PRTDEEMSMMY H POSCHKOOE YOSCHI, LTPNE MYZHMSODGECH YMY DTHZYI YUKHTSEUFTBOOSCHI. OBNETEOIE RTY UEN VSHMP FBLPE, UFPVSC DTECHOAA FPMRH YЪVBMPCHBOOSCHI Y OEPVHDBOOSCHI MADEK UPDETTSBFSH CH THLBI, UFP, LBCEFUS, DMS FPZDBYOYI READING OEVEOKHTSOP VSHMP. rPMLPCHOYLPN Y YEZHPN YЪNBKMPCHGECH UFBM ZOEETBM-BDYAFBOF, PVET-YFBMNEKUFET YNRETBFPTULPZP DCHPTB l.-z. MECHEOCPMSHDE, B RPNPEOYLPN L OENKH OBOBYUIMY sLPVB LEKFB, YPFMBODGB RP RTPYUIPTsDEOYA. h UEOFSVTE 1731 Z. RPML VSCM RETECHEDEO Y nPULCCHCH CH REFETVKhTZ, ZDE TBNEUFIMUS CH UMPVPDE b TELPK zhPOFBOLPK.

h FPN CE 1731 ZPDH DCHB BTNEKULYI RPMLB TBUZHPTNYTPCHBMY. еЭЕ ДЧБ ЗПДБ УРХУФС, Ч УЧСЪЙ У РПДРЙУБОЙЕН УПАЪОПЗП ДПЗПЧПТБ У рЕТУЙЕК, РПМЛЙ оЙЪПЧПЗП ЛПТРХУБ ЧПЪЧТБФЙМЙУШ Ч тПУУЙА Й РТЙУПЕДЙОЙМЙУШ Л БТНЕКУЛЙН, РТЙЮЕН РСФШ РПМЛПЧ ЧПЧУЕ ХРТБЪДОЙМЙ, ч ТЕЪХМШФБФЕ Л ОБЮБМХ ЧПКОЩ У фХТГЙЕК, Ф.Е. L 1735 Z., TPUUYKULBS REIPFB OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMB FTY ZCHBTDEKULYI Y RSFSHDEUSF BTNEKULYI RPMLPC.

уПЗМБУОП ЧЩТБВПФБООЩН чПЙОУЛПК ЛПНЙУУЙЕК ЫФБФБН, БТНЕКУЛЙК РПМЛ Ч НЙТОПЕ ЧТЕНС ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ ОБУЮЙФЩЧБФШ 1406 ЮЕМПЧЕЛ: 38 ПЖЙГЕТПЧ, 68 ХОФЕТ-ПЖЙГЕТПЧ (УЕТЦБОФПЧ, ЛБРТБМПЧ Й Ф.Д.), 1152 ТСДПЧЩИ Й 148 ОЕУФТПЕЧЩИ УПМДБФ. h CHPEOOPE CHTENS YUYUMEOOPUFSH RPMLB HCHEMYYUYCHBMBUSH DP 1556 Yuem. LBCDSCHK BTNEKULYK RPML DEMYMUS TUNGKOL SA DCHB VBFBMShPOB, B LBCDSCHK VBFBMShPO - TUNGKOL SA YEFSCHTE TPFS. ZCHBTDEKULYE RPMLY VSHMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOE BTNEKULYI. rTEPVTBTSEOULYK RPML CHLMAYUBM YuEFSCHTE VBFBMShPOB, B UENEOPCHULYK Y y’NBKMPCHULYK - RP FTY VBFBMShPOB.

UPMDBFSCH-REIPFYOGSC YNEOPCHBMYUSH JKHYIMETBNY. AWIT CHPPTHTSBMYUSH LTENOECHCHNY THTSSHSNNY (ZHESNY) Y YRBZBNY. h 1731 Z. DMS OII VSCHMB RTYOSFB ZhKhES OPCHPZP PVTBGB. POB, LBL Y RTETSOSS, CHSKFBS TUNGKOL SA CHPPTHTSEOYE EEE RTY REFT I, YNEMB LBMYVT 19.8 NN, OP PFMYUBMBUSH VPMSHYPK DMYOPK (147 UBOFYNEFTCH CHNEUFP 142) Y VPMSHYYN CHEUPN CH.5.

ч БРТЕМЕ 1732 З. ОБ фХМШУЛЙК ПТХЦЕКОЩК ЪБЧПД ЙЪ лБОГЕМСТЙЙ ЗМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ РПУФХРЙМП ТБУРПТСЦЕОЙЕ, УПДЕТЦБЧЫЕЕ ЛПОЛТЕФОЩЕ ХЛБЪБОЙС, ЛПФПТЩНЙ НБУФЕТБН УМЕДПЧБМП ТХЛПЧПДУФЧПЧБФШУС РТЙ ЙЪЗПФПЧМЕОЙЙ ОПЧЩИ ЖХЪЕК: УФЧПМЩ ОЕ ДПМЦОЩ ВЩМЙ ПФМЙЮБФШУС ДТХЗ ПФ ДТХЗБ РП ФПМЭЙОЕ УФЕОПЛ Й ЧОЕЫОЕК ПФДЕМЛЕ, ЪБРБМЩ РТЕДРЙУЩЧБМПУШ РТПУЧЕТМЙЧБФШ, Б ОЕ RTPVICHBFSh. h TBURPTSEOYY CHRECHSHCHE ZPCHPTYMPUSH P OEEPVIPDYNPUFY CHBYNPBNEOSENPUFY PDOPFIROSHCHI DEFBMEK, UFPVSCH "CH RPMLH PF PDOK ZhKHIE LBTsDHA YUBUFSH NPTsOP VSCHMP RTYNETHZYFSHN".

uFTEMSMB ZhKhES PVTBGB 1731 Z. RHMEK CHUEPN CH DECHSFSH BMPFOILPC (38 ZTBNNPC). rPOSFOP, UFP FBLBS FTSEMBS RHMS OBOPUIMB UFTBYOSCHE TBOSCH, OP RTYGEMSHOBS DBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSCH OE RTECHSCHYBMB FTEIUPF YBZPCH. LBCDShK TSDPPK YNEM RTY UEVE DCHBDGBFSH RHMSh, LPFPTSHCHE OPUIM H DCHHI RBFTPOOSCHI UHNLBI. eEE RP FTYDGBFSH RHMSH TUNGKOL SA YuEMPCHELB RPMBZBMPUSH CHPYFSH CH SAILBI TUNGKOL SA UREGIBMSHOSHCHI ZhHTBI. dMS VMYTSOEZP VPS ZhKHES VSHMB UOBVTSEOB FTEIZTBOOSHCHN YFSCHLPN DMYOPK 44.5 UN. h 1737 LTPNE FPZP, UFCHPM UFBM LTERYFSHUS L MPTSKh OE TSEMEKOSHCHNY YRYMSHLBNY, LBL X ZhKHEK 1715 Y 1731 ZZ. zhHES PVTBGB 1737 Z. PUFBCHBMBUSH TUNGKOL SA CHPPTKHTSEOY GEMSHCHI DECHSFOBDGBFSH MEF. pDOBLP UOBVDYFSH CHUA REIPPHH EDYOPPVTBOSCHN PTHTSYEN CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH OE HDBMPUSH, Y OETEDLP DBTSE H PDOPN RPMLH UPUEDUFCHPCHBMY ZhKHJEY, OEULPMSHDO PFMTHBCBYEUS PFMTHBCB.

UETTSBOFSHCH REIPFOSHCHI RPMLCH CHPPTHTSBMYUSH BMEVBTDBNY - OEPPMSHYNY FPRPTYLBNY TUNGKOL SA DMYOOSHCHI DTECHLBI. oEUFTPECHSHCHE UPMDBFSCH CHNEUFP YRBZ OPUIMY RPMHUBVMY RTHUULPZP PVTBGB. pZHYGETBN RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH YRBZY Y URBOFPOSCH. URBOFPO RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK LPTPFLPE LPRSHE U RMPULYN Y YYTPLYN OBLPOEYUOILPN Y VSHCHM PTHTSYEN ULPTEE GETENPOIBMSHOSHCHN, OETSEMY VPECHSHCHN. h 1736 Z. NYOYI TBURPTSDYMUS, UFPVSCH PZHYGETSCH CH RPIPD URBOFPPOCH OE VTBMY "YVP CHOYI RTPFYCH OSHCHOEYOEZP OERTYSFEMS OKHTSDSHCHOE RTJOBEFUS". CHNEUFP VEURPMEOSCHI LPRYK PZHYGETSCH RPMHYUYMY LPTPFLYE THTSSHS UP YFSCHLBNY.

LUFBFY, VPTSHVB U FBFBTULPK LPOOYGEK UFBMB RTYUYOPK EEE PDOPZP OPCHCHCHEDEOYS. RP YOYGYBFICHE NYOYIB, REIPFOSHCHE RPMLY UVBVTSBFSHUS "RILIOETOSCHNY" Y "TPZBFPYUOSCHNY" LPRSHSNNY. RETCHCHNY CHPPTKHTSBMY, RTY TBCHETOHFPN UFTPE, UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY. CHFPTSCHE, VPMEE FTSEMSHCHE, BLTERMSMYUSH CH UREGYBMSHOSCHI VTHUSHSI Y RTECHTBEBMYUSH CH UCHPEPVTBOSCHE "RTPFYCHPLBCHBMETYKULIE" ETSY. h LBTsDPN RPMLH, YDHEEN CH RPIPD, OBDMETsBMP YNEFSH 288 RYLYOETOSCHI LPRYK, 1200 TPZBFPYUOSCHI LPRYK Y 48 VTHUSHECH.

lTPNE ZhKHYMETPCH H UPUFBCH REIPFSCH CHIPDYMY ZTEOBDETSCH, UPMDBFSCH CHPPTKhTSEOOSCHE, RPNYNP ZhKHEK, THYUOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY. EEE h GBTufchpchiboy RefTB I Uchmy Uregibmzhno Zhebdetuleye RPMLY, OP Ch, 1731 Z., RP Yoigybfiche Nyib, Yi Tbuzhptnytpchbmy, B. TBUTDEMI RPMLBN RP RPMLBN YEA YE fBL LBL ZTBOBFSCH CH FP CHTENS VSCHMY DPCHPMSHOP FTSEMSHCH (2.5 LZ), CH ZTEOBDETSCH PFVITBMY OBYVPMEE UIMSHOSHI Y TPUMSHCHI OPCHPVTBOGECH.

h BCHZHUFE 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUYS YODBMB TBURPTSEOYE, RTEDRYUSCHCHBCHYEE OPUIFSH CHUEN "CHPYOULYN YUYOBN" ZHPTNKH HUFBOCHMEOOPZP PVTBGBB. DEMP CH FPN, UFP IPFS EDYOPPVTB'OPE PVNHHODYTPCHBOYE DMS LBTsDPZP TPDB ChPKUL VSCHMP CHCHEDEOP EEE REFTPN I, PVEUREYUYFSH YN CHUE CHPYOULYE YUBUFY DPMZPE CHTENS OE HDBCHBMPUSH Y OBLLUHK. CHRTPYUEN, CHOPCHSH RTYOSFBS ZHPTNB PYUEOSH OBRPNYOBMB REFTTPCHULHA. UPMDBFSCH CHUEI BTNEKULYI REIPFOSHCHI RPMLCH RPMHYUYMY PHENOP-EMEOSHCH PDOVPPTFOSHCHE LBZHFBOSHCH DMYOPK DP LPMEO Y LPTPFLIE LTBUOSCHE IFBOSHCH U VESSCHNY YUKHMLBNY. RPD LBZHFBO OBDECHBMUS LTBUOSCHK LBNPM. rPDVPK, CHPTPFOYL, PVIMBZB X LBZHFBOB FBLCE VSHMY LTBUOSCHNY. h LBYUEUFCHE PVCCHY UPMDBFSCH OPUIMY VBYNBLY, L LPFPTSHCHN DPVBCHYMY VEMSHCHE UHLPOOSCHE ZBNBY TUNGKOL SA RHZPCHYGBY. ZPMPCHOSCHN HVPTPN ZhKHYMETPCH RP-RTETSOENKH UMHTSYMB YuETOBS FTEHZPMSHOBS YMSRB, OP RETEDOIK HER HZPM VSCM RPDOSF, Y FTEHZPMLB UFBMB RTETSOENH UMHTSYMB H DCHKhZPMLH. ZTEOBDETBN RPMBZBMBUSH LPOHUCHIDOSCHE YBRLY, OE Magarbong bbnbih RTY VTPULE ZTBOBFS. CHOP OEHDBYUOSCHN OPCHYUFCHPN SCHMSMPUSH CHCHEDEOYE CH 1730-E ZPDSCH DMS UPMDBF OBRHDTEOOOSCHI RTYUEUPL U LPUBNY. yFY RTYUEULY PFOINBMY H CHPYOPCH NOPZP PAGBASA Y PLBBMYUSH PYUEOSH OEZYZYEOYUOSCHNY, FEN VPMEE UFP CH OELPFPTSCHI RPMLBI ЪB OEYNEOYEN RHDTSCH YURPMSHCHCHBMY NHLH.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE PZHYGETCH RPIPDYMP TUNGKOL SA UPMDBFULPE. EZP PFMYUYFEMSHOSCHNY YUETFBNY VSHCHMY YEKOSCHE NEFBMMYUEULYE OBBLY CH CHYDE YITPLPZP RPMKHNEUSGB Y FTEIGCHEFOSHCHE LTBUOP-UYOE-VEMSCHE YBTZHSC, LPFPTSCHE OPUIMYUSH YUETE RTBCHPE RMEYU yFBOSHCH H PZHYGETPCH VSCHMY OE LTBUOSCHE, B IEMEOSCHE. DMS TBMYYUYS PFDEMSHOSHCHI BTNEKULYI RPMLCH UMHTSYM RMEFEOOSHK YOKHTPL TUNGKOL SA MECHPN RMEYUE LBZHFBOB, DBMELYK RTEDYUFCHEOOIL RZPOB. h ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLBI VSCHMY TB'OPGCHEFOSHCHE LBZHFBOOSCHE CHPTPFOYLY: UYOYE X UENEOPCGECH, LTBUOSCHE X RTEPVTTBTSEOGECH, EMEOSCHE X YЪNBKMPCHGECH. ZCHBTDEKULYE ZTEOBDEKULYE TUNGKOL SA YBRLE RSHCHYOSCHK RMANBTS YЪ LTBUOSCHI Y THINGS UFTBKHUYOSCHI RETSHECH.

оХЦОП ПФНЕФЙФШ, ЮФП ПВНХОДЙТПЧБОЙЕ ЧП ЧТЕНЕОБ бООЩ йПБООПЧОЩ РПУФБЧМСМПУШ Ч РПМЛЙ ОЕ Ч ЧЙДЕ ЗПФПЧЩИ ЧЕЭЕК, Б УХЛОПН, ОЙФСНЙ, РХЗПЧЙГБНЙ, ЛБТБЪЕЕК ОБ РПДЛМБДЛХ Й Ф. Д. ыЙМЙ НХОДЙТЩ Ч ЛБЦДПН РПМЛХ УБНПУФПСФЕМШОП. FYRYUOSCHI DMS XIX CHELB LBBTN FPTS OE UHEEUFCHCHBMP. yuBEE CHUEZP UPMDBFSCH UFPSMY RPUFPEN CH DPNBI PVSCHCHBFEMEK. rTY LFPN IPSECHBN RPMBZBMPUSHE FPMSHLP RTEDPUFBCHMSFSH RPNEEEOYE, OP Y UOBVTsBFSH UPMDBF DTPCHBNY, MHYUYOPK, UEYUBNY.

rPUFPK MPTSYMUS TUNGKOL SA RMEYUY ZTBTSDBO PYUEOSH FSTSLYN VTENEOEN, Y DEMP DEUSH VSHMP OE FPMSHLP CH NBFETYBMSHOSHCHI TBUIPDBI: SBZTHVECHYE H VPSI CHPYOSCH DBMELP OE CHUEZDP PVTBPULS UMHYUBMYUSH RSHSOLY, DTBLY, CHPTCHUFCHP Y DBCE YOBUYMPCHBOIS. LP CHUENH RTPYUENH TBNEEEOYE RPUFPEN PYUEOSH ЪBFTHDOSMP UVPT UPMDBF CH UMHYUBE FTECHPZY: YOPZDB PDYO RPML UFPSM H OEULPMSHLYI DETECHOSI YMY PFDBMEOOOSCHI DTHZ PF DTHZP ZPDBOBI. pDIO Y RHOLFCH CH FBLPN UMHYUBE UMHTSYM NEUFPN TBNEEEOYS "YFBVOPZP DChPTB". lTPNE UBNPZP YFBVB, CH OEN OBIPDYMYUSH: MBBTEF, VBOS, DPNB DMS PZHYGETPCH, LBTBHMSHOSHCHE RPNEEEEOIS, VMPLZBKHSHCH, RPTPIPPK RPZTEV, LPOAYOY, LBBTNB DMS UPMDCHBAPVY. h TBKPOBI TBULCHBTFYTPCHBOYS RPMLCH UPPTHTSBMY FBLCE RTPDCHPMSHUFCHEOOSHCH VBSHCH ("NBZBYOSCH"). pDOBLP RPTPK UCHSHSH NETsDH YFBVPN Y HDBMEOOSHCHNY PF OEZP TPFBNY RPMLB PUFBCHMSMB TSEMBFSH MHYUYEZP.

OBYVPMEE LPNRBLFOP TBNEEBMYUSH OBIPDICHYYEUS CH REFETVKhTZE ZCHBTDEKULIE RPMLY, DMS LPFPTSCHI UFTPMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHE CHPEOOSHCH ZPTPDLY - UMPVPDSHCH. EEE Ch OPSVTE 1726 Z. YNRERTBFTYGB ELBFETYOSH I HLBBMB PFCHOUFI RTEPVTBCOOULPNH I UEEPCHULPNH RPMLBN RP VPMSHYPK RETRELEFCHOPK (SKRPUFCHYY - OECHULIK RTTPFFBRAKOPELH) CHEUOPK UMEDHAEZP ZPDB UENEOPCHGSCH URMBCHYMY RP OECHE, CH REFETVKhTZ UFTPECHPK MEU Y UMPTSYMY EZP TUNGKOL SA VETEZH zhPOFBOLY. l OEUYUBUFSHHA, CH NBE GBTYGB HNETMB, B OPCHSHCHK ZPUHDBTSh, REFT II UHDSHVPK UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. ъBZPPFCHMEOOSHK MEU YBUFYUOP YURPMSHЪPCHBMY TUNGKOL SA RPYUOLKH YFBVOPZP DChPTB (OBIPDYMUS TUNGKOL SA NEUFE OSHOEYOEZP AUHRPCHULPZP DCHPTGB), YUBUFYUOP RTPDBMY. bBFP, AOSHK YNRETBFPT RPDBTYM rTEPVTBTSEOULPNKh RPMLKH DCHPTEG b. n. DECHEYETB (SA NEUFE OSCHOEYOEZP BOYULPCHB DCHPTGB), CH LPFPTPN TBNEUFIMUS RPMLPPK YFBV. oEPVIPDYNPUFSH LFPK NETSHCH VSCHMB PYUECHIDOB, FBL LBL TBOSHIE DEMP DPIPDYMP DP LHTSHEB — SAIL U RPMLPPK LBOPK ITBOYMUS RPRETENEOOOP CH TBOBOSCHI YUBUFSI ZPTPDB.

12 ДЕЛБВТС 1739 З. ЙНРЕТБФТЙГБ бООБ йПБООПЧОБ ЙЪДБМБ ХЛБЪ П УФТПЙФЕМШУФЧЕ ЗЧБТДЕКУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧЩИ УМПВПД Ч рЕФЕТВХТЗЕ, ОБ нПУЛПЧУЛПК УФПТПОЕ, ЪБ ТЕЛПК жПОФБОЛПК, ч ХЛБЪЕ, Ч ЮБУФОПУФЙ, ЗПЧПТЙМПУШ: «чНЕУФП ЛБЪБТНПЧ УФТПЙФШ РПМЛПЧЩЕ УМПВПДЩ, ДБВЩ УПМДБФЩ У ЧЕЭЕА ЧЩЗПДПК У ЦЕОБНЙ УЧПЙНЙ ЦЙФШ , B DEFI YI UVETETSEOSHCH Y RTY RPMLPCHSCHI YLPMBI PVCUEOSCHI Y CHPURYFBOSH VSHCHFSH NPZMY ". дБМЕЕ ХЛБЪ ХФПЮОСМ НЕУФП ТБЪНЕЭЕОЙС УМПВПД: «...рТЕПВТБЦЕОУЛПНХ РПМЛХ РПЪБДЙ мЙФЕКОПЗП ДЧПТБ, уЕНЕОПЧУЛПНХ РПЪБДЙ жПОФБОЛЙ ЪБ ПВЩЧБФЕМШУЛЙНЙ ДЧПТБНЙ, йЪНБКМПЧУЛПНХ РПЪБДЙ лБМЙОЛЙОПК ДЕТЕЧОЙ, ЙМЙ ЗДЕ РП ХУНПФТЕОЙА ХДПВОЕЕ ВХДЕФ...». CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DMS yЪNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB PFCHEMY HYBUFPL, PZTBOYUEOOSCHK OSHOEYOYOYNY nPULPCHULYN Y METNPOFPCHULYN RTPURELFBNY, zhPOFBOLPK Y pVCHPDOSHCHN LBOBMPN.

h UMPVPDBI UPMDBFSCH TSYMY CH DETECSOOSCHI YЪVBI (YI OBSCCHBMY "UCHSSNNY"). rPUTEDY "UCHSY" OBIPDYMYUSH VPMSHYYE UEOY, B RP UFPTPOBN UPMDBFULYE LPNOBFSCH-UCHEFMYGSCH. lPMYUEUFCHP YЪV CH LBTsDPN RPMLH VSCHMP TBOBOSCHN. obrtynet, Ch rTEPVTBTSEOULPN RPMLKh YI OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMPUSH 192. ChPPVEE, PVYFBFEMI UMPVPD NPZMY CHEUFY UCHPE IPSKUFCHP, CHSHCHTBEYCHBFSH PCHPEY Y ZHTHLFSCH, UPDETTSBFSH DPNBYOAA RFYGH Y ULPF. дМС РПДДЕТЦБОЙС ОБ ФЕТТЙФПТЙЙ УМПВПДЩ ДПМЦОПЗП РПТСДЛБ ОБЪОБЮБМЙУШ ДЕЦХТОЩЕ ПЖЙГЕТЩ, Б РП ОПЮБН РТПЙЪЧПДЙМПУШ РБФТХМЙТПЧБОЙЕ, ДБВЩ «ОЕ ВЩМП ЧЙООПК РТПДБЦЙ Й ЛПТНЮЕУФЧБ» Й УПМДБФЩ «ОЕ ЧЩИПДЙМЙ ЙЪ ДПНПЧ ВЕЪ ЖПТНЩ, ОЕ ТХВЙМЙ ДТПЧБ Ч РПМЛПЧЩИ ТПЭБИ».

LBCHBMETYS H GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH RPDCHETZMBUSH ZPTBDDP VPMEE ZMHVPLPK TEPTZBOYBGYY, YUEN REIPFB. L 1730 Z. TEZKHMSTOBS LPOOYGB UPUFPSMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP Y DTBZHO, LPFPTSCHI OBUYUYFSHCHBMPUSH 33 RPMLB. dTBZHOSHCH SCHMSMYUSH UCHPEZP TPDB "EDSEEK REIPFPK" Y PVCYUBMYUSH CHEDEOIA VPS, LBL CH REYEN, FBL Y CH LPOOPN UFTPZP. pDOBLP, YNEOOP CH UIMH FBLPK DCHPKUFCHEOOPC TPMY, LBL LPOOYGB POI VSCHMY DPCHPMSHOP UMBVSCH. h 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUIS RTEMPTSYMB RETEZHPTNYTPCHBFSH YUBUFSH DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC CH LITBUYTULYE. lYTBUITBN RTEDUFPSMP UFBFSH HDBTOPK UYMPK THUULPK LBCHBMETYY. kantahin ang UOBVTSBMYUSH ЪBEYEBCHYNY ZTHDSH DPUREIBNY (LITBUBNY), RPMKHYUBMY UBNSCHI MHYUYI MPYBDEK Y RTPIPDYMY HUYMEOOHA RPDZPPFPCHLH. бТЗХНЕОФЙТХС ОЕПВИПДЙНПУФШ УПЪДБОЙС ЬФПЗП ОПЧПЗП ФЙРБ ЛПООЙГЩ, ЮМЕОЩ чПЙОУЛПК ЛПНЙУУЙЙ Ч ПДОПН ЙЪ УЧПЙИ «ТБУУХЦДЕОЙК» ХЛБЪЩЧБМЙ: «рПОЕЦЕ Ч ТПУУЙКУЛПН ЧПКУЛЕ ЙОПК ЛБЧБМЕТЙЙ, ЛТПНЕ ДТБЗХОУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧ, Б ЙНЕООП: ТЕКФБТПЧ Й ЛЙТБУЙТ ОЕ ВЩЧБМП, Б РТЙ ДТХЗЙИ РТЙ ЧУЕИ ЕЧТПРЕКУЛЙИ ЧПКУЛБИ ЙНЕАФУС ВПМШЫЕ ТЕКФБТУЛЙЕ, ОЕЦЕМЙ ДТБЗХОУЛЙЕ РПМЛЙ, Б РТЙ ОЕЛПФПТЩИ, Б ПУПВМЙЧП РТЙ ТЙНУЛЙИ ГЕУБТУЛЙИ (БЧУФТЙКУЛЙИ — б. н.) ЧПКУЛБИ, ЙНЕАФУС ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙЕ РПМЛЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ РТПФЙЧ ФХТЕГЛПЗП ЧПКУЛБ ДЕКУФЧПЧБМЙ МХЮЫЕ ДТХЗЙИ, Й МЕЗЛЙЕ ДТБЗХОУЛЙЕ РПМЛЙ РТПФЙЧ ФБЛЙИ ТЕКФБТУЛЙИ Й ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙИ РПМЛПЧ ОЕ НПЗХФ БЧБОФБЦЕН UFPSFSH, FP TBDY chPYOULBS LPNYUUIS TBUUKhTSDBEF, DBVSHCH CH OSHOEOYOEE CHTENS HYUOYFSH FBLYI LIGHTBUYTULYI DEUSFSH RPMLPC TUNGKOL SA OENEGLYI MPYBDSI.

л УПЦБМЕОЙА, ЙЪ-ЪБ ЖЙОБОУПЧЩИ ЪБФТХДОЕОЙК Л ОБЮБМХ ЧПКОЩ У ФХТЛБНЙ Й ФБФБТБНЙ ХУРЕМЙ УПЪДБФШ ЧУЕЗП ФТЙ ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙИ РПМЛБ: ПДЙО — Ч 1731 З. Й ДЧБ — Ч 1732 З. лТПНЕ ФПЗП, Ч ОБЮБМЕ 1731 З. бООБ йПБООПЧОБ ЙЪДБМБ ХЛБЪ, ЗМБУЙЧЫЙК: "VSHCHYK MEKV-TEZYNEOF OBCHBFSH LPOOBS ZCHBTDYS, B CH TBOZ VSHCHFSH RTPFYCH ZCHBTDYY, B VSHCHYK H RPMLH HOFET-PZHYGETCH Y TSDPCHSHCHI FSHCHUSYUH YUEMPCHEL". fBL RPSCHYMUS MEKV-ZCHBTDYY lPOOSCHK RPML, PYO YO OBYVPMEE RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI CH THUULPK BTNYY. UEVE YNRETBFTYGB RTYUCHPYMB JSCHBOYE RPMLPCHOYLB LFPZP RPMLB, B RPDRPMLPCHOYLPN OBOBYUMB PVET-YFBMNEKUFETB sZKhTSYOULPZP. rPUME CHUEI RETEZHPTNYTPCHBOYK THUULBS LBCHBMETYS CHLMAYUBMB PDYO ZCHBTDEKULYK, 3 LITBUYTULYI Y 29 DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC, OBUYUYFSHCHCHBAEYI RPYUFY 36 FSHCHUSYU YEMPCHEL.

rP YFBFH 1731 Z. YUYUMEOOPUFSH PDOPZP DTBZHOULPZP RPMLB UPUFBCHMSMB 1093 YuEM. CH NYTOPE CHTENS Y 1225 YUEM. CH CHPEOOPE CHTENS. yuYUMEOOPUFSH LITBUYTULPZP RPMLB OE NEOSMBUSH, CHUEZDB TBCHOSSUSH 974 Yuem. LBCDSCHK DTBZHOULYK YMY LIGHTBUYTULYK RPML DEMYMUS TUNGKOL SA DEUSFSH TPF. dTBZHOSHCH CHPPTHTSBMYUSH JKHESNY UP YFSHCHLBNY, RBMBYBNY Y RYUFPMEFBNY. LYTBUITBN CHNEUFP ZhKHEK RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH YNEFSH HLPTPYUEOOOSCHE LBTVBYOSCH, B RBMBY X OII VSHMY ЪBNEFOP DMYOOEE Y FTSMEEE DTBZHOULYI.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE DTBZHO, LBL Y REIPFOPE, PUFBCHBMPUSH RPIPTSYN TUNGKOL SA FP, YUFP VSCHMP RTYOSFP RTY REFTE I. yn RPMBZBMYUSH UYOYE LBZHFBOSHCH U LTBUOSCHNY CHPTPFOYLBNY Y PVYSHMBZCHE. h LPOOPN UFTPA, DTBZHOSHCH OBDECHBMY UBRPZY U TBUFTKHVBNY, B H REYEN - VBYNBLY. lPOOPZCHBTDEKGSHCH RTY UYOEN LBZHFBOOE OPUIMY LTBUOSCHE LBNPM Y YFBOSHCH. l FPNKh CE YI NHODYTSCH VSCHMY VPZBFP HLTBIEOSCH BPMPFSCHN ZBMHOPN.

LYTBUITBN RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH H UFTPA YNEFSH UHLPOOSCHE YMY LYTPCHSCHE NHODYTSCH-LPMEFSHCH VEMPZP GCHEFB U EMEOSCHNY CHPTPFOYLBNY Y PVYMBZBNY, LITEBUSCH, MPUYOPCHSCHE YFBOSHPTFSCH YPF. choe UFTPS YN RPMBZBMPUSH PVNHODYTPCHBOYE, PYUEOSH UIPDOPE U DTBZHOULYN. VEDB, PDOBLP, VSCHMB CH FPN, UFP YЪZPFPCHYFSH DPUFBFPYUOPE LPMYUEUFCHP "HUFBCHOSCHI" NHODYTPCH DMS RETCHSHI LITBUYTULYI RPMLPC PE CHTENS OE KHUREMY. ч ЙАОЕ 1733 З. нЙОЙИ РЙУБМ ЙНРЕТБФТЙГЕ: «чБЫЕ йНРЕТБФПТУЛПЕ ЧЕМЙЮЕУФЧП, ОЕ УПЙЪЧПМЙФЕ МШ ХЛБЪБФШ ОБ ПОЩЕ ДЧБ ЛЙТБУЙТУЛЙЕ РПМЛБ, ОЕЛПФПТЩЕ НХОДЙТОЩЕ Й БНХОЙЮОЩЕ ЧЕЭЙ, ЛПЙИ Ч тПУУЙЙ ДПУФБФШ ОЕЧПЪНПЦОП... ЧЩРЙУБФШ ЙЪ ОЕНЕГЛЙИ ЛТБЕЧ». CHETPSFOP, YNEOOP RPFPNKh BOZMYUBOYO zhTIOUYU DYCHKHD, TSYCHYK CH REFETVKhTZE MEFPN 1733 Z., RYEF, YUFP THUULIE LIGHTBUYTSCH "PDEFSCH CH UYOYE Y CEMFPCHBFP-LPTYUMPOMSEES". uYOYE LBNPMSHCH - DTBZHOULIE, B CEMFPCHBFP-LPTYUOECHSHCHE - RPLKHROSCHE, OENEGLIE. ZPMPCHOSCHN HVPTPN Y CH LITBUYTULYI, Y CH DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI UMHTSYMB YuETOBS IETUFSOBS YMSRB.

bTFYMMETYS CHTENEOB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH DEMYMBUSH TUNGKOL SA RPMECHHA, PUBDOKHA Y LTERPUFOHA. rPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH, ZPCHPTS SHCHLPN HUFBCHB FPZP PAGBASA, "UFPSFSH ABOUT CHSHCHUPLYI NEUFBI YY HELP (RHEL - b. N.) ULPMSHLP CHPNPTSOP RP OERTYSFEMA UFTEMSFSH."

h LBTsDPN REIPFOPN BTNEKULPN RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., UMEDPCHBMP YNEFSH DCHE RHYLY, VYCHYYE SDTBNY CHUEPN RP FTY ZhKHOFB (1.2 LZ). dTBZHOBN RPMBZBMPUSH FPMSHLP RP PDOPC FBLPC RHYLE TUNGKOL SA RPML, DB Y FP OE CHUEN RPMLBN. uHEEUFCHPCHBM FBLCE PFDEMSHOSHCHK bTFYMMETYKULYK RPML YUYUMEOOPUFSHHA CH 1046 PZHYGETCH Y OYTSOYI YUYOPCH. LLB DREOOP RPDTBEDEDEMEEEEED PARA SA WEOUFCHBM, OP CHPMECHSHYHYHYHYYSHYSHYY YSHEP WPF TPF Zhptnytpchbmyush VTIZBDSH RTPPYCHPMShopk Cheyuyuych, LPFPTSHEA PF PF PVMISHLY VSM RTSHKVSSHLAY PVMISHLY VSM RTSHKVSSHLAY l bTFYMMETYKULPNH RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., RTYRYUSCHCHBMPUSH 63 PTHDYS.

оБ ЧППТХЦЕОЙЙ РПМЕЧПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ ОБИПДЙМЙУШ РХЫЛЙ ЧЕУПЧЩН ЛБМЙВТПН Ч ФТЙ, ЫЕУФШ, ЧПУЕНШ Й ДЧЕОБДГБФШ ЖХОФПЧ, РХДПЧЩЕ Й РПМХРХДПЧЩЕ ЗБХВЙГЩ, Б ФБЛЦЕ НПТФЙТЩ — ПУПВЩЕ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛЙЕ ПТХДЙС, РТЕДОБЪОБЮЕООЩЕ ДМС ЧЕДЕОЙС ОБЧЕУОПЗП ПЗОС. dBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSHCH X PTHDYK TB'OPZP LBMYVTB OEULPMSHLP TB'MYYUBMBUSH. fBL DCHEOBDGBFYZHHOFPCHSHCHE RHYLY NPZMY CHEUFY PZPOSH TUNGKOL SA 800 YBZPCH, CHPUSHNYZHHOFPCHSHCHE RHYLY - TUNGKOL SA 700 YBZPCH, YEUFYZHHOFPCHSHCHE - TUNGKOL SA 650 YBZHHOFPCH. rPUMEDOYE VSCHMY OBYVPMEE HRPFTEVYFEMSHOSCHNY Y UPUFBCHMSMY, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., OE NEOEE YUEFCHETFY CHUEK RPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY. UFTEMSMY RHYLY SDTBNY, TBTSCHCHOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY, NEFBMMYUEULYNY RHMSHLBNY - LBTFEYUSHA Y VTBODULKHZEMSNNY (UREGYBMSHOSHCHNY BTSYZBFEMSHOSHCHNY UOBTSDBNY). tungkol sa LBTsDHA FTEIZHHOFCHHA RHYLH, OBRTYNET, RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH 120 SDET, 25 ZTBOBF Y 30 LBTFEYUOSCHI BTSDHR.

h 1737 Z. NYOYI RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDKH P OEPVVIPDYNPUFY KHUYMEOYS RPMLPPK BTFYMMETYY. rP EZP TELPNEODBGYY YNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB RTYOSMB YNEOOOPK HLB, LPFPTSHCHK RTEDRYUSCHCHBM YNEFSH RTY LBTsDPN REIPFOPN RPMLH RP YuEFShTE FTEIZHHOFPCHPNSHCHE RHYLY, B RTY LBTCHML. “hCHEMYYUEOYE RPMLPPKh BTFYMMETYY RPYUFY CHDCHPE, - RYUBM RP LFPNKh RPCHPDKh CHPEOOSHK YUFPTYL b. vBKHR, - OEUPNOEOOP, DP OELPFPTPK UFEROY HNEOSHYYMP RPDCHYTSOPUFSH RPMLCH; PDOBLP, LFP OEHDPVUFCHP U YVSHCHFLPN ChPOBZTBTSDBMPUSH FPK RPMShPK, LPFPTHA BTFYMMETYS RTIOPUYMB RTY VPECHCHI UFPMLOPCHEOYSI U FHTLP-FBFBTBNY. UMEDHEF FBLCE ЪBNEFYFSH, UFP BCHFPTSCH OPCHPZP YFBFB CHUE OE ЪBVSCCHBMY P RPDCHYTSOPUFY RPMLPC: HCHEMYYUEOYE BTFYMMETYY VSCHMP DPUFYZOHTE ЪB UHIIZHHOFCHIF MECHTEY

PUBDOBS BTFYMMETYS RPDTBDEMSMBUSH TUNGKOL SA FTY LPTRHUB. еЕ ПУОПЧХ Ч ПРЙУЩЧБЕНПЕ ЧТЕНС УПУФБЧМСМЙ НПТФЙТЩ, Б ОЕ ЛТХРОПЛБМЙВЕТОЩЕ ПУБДОЩЕ РХЫЛЙ, ЛБЛ РТЙ рЕФТЕ I. лТЕРПУФОБС БТФЙММЕТЙС ОБИПДЙМБУШ Ч ЗБТОЙЪПОБИ Й ЛТЕРПУФСИ Й ЧЛМАЮБМБ, ОБТСДХ У ПТХДЙСНЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ УППФЧЕФУФЧПЧБМЙ ФТЕВПЧБОЙСН ЧТЕНЕОЙ, ОЕНБМП ХУФБТЕЧЫЙИ НПДЕМЕК. yFBFSCH PUBDOPK Y LTERPUFOK BTFYMMETY RTEFETRECHBMY NOPZPLTBFOSH YЪNEOEOYS, OP OP PDYO Y CHSHCHTBVPFBOOSCHI lPNYUUYEK CHBTYBOFPC FBL YOE VSCHM HFCHETSDEO. PUOPCHOSCHE HER VBSHCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH REFETVKhTSE, VTSOULE, PUETEDE.

TBTBVPFLB OPCHSHCHI LPOUFTKHLGIK BTFYMMETYKULYI PTHDYK, RP NOOYA NOPZYI CHPEOOSHHI YUFPTYLPCH, CHEMBUSH CH ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF tungkol sa. e. vTBODEOVKhTZ, THLPCHPDYCHYK CH 1877–1903 ZZ. bTFYMMETYKULYN NKHEEN, RYUBM: “CHUE PZTBOYYUYCHBMPUSH PDOK CHOEYOPUFSHHA, Y FPMSHLP TBICHE UMHYUBKOP PFLTSCHCHYYEUS CHPRYAEIE OEUPPVTB’OPUFY CHSHCHCHCHBMY OB CHENS VMYOMFEEBLY. ... rTPYCHPDYMY UNPFTSHCH RTBLYUEULPK UFTEMSHVSCH YMY PVCYUEOYE RPUMEDOEK, OP RTY HUMPCHYSI, DEMBCHYYI YOYI VPMEE CHPYOULHA RPFEIKH, YUEN UETSHHEOPE DEMP. pDOBLP LBLYI-MYVP DPCHPDCH CH RPMShH FBLPK FPYULY TEOYS vTBODEOVKhTZ OE RTYCHEM. pFYSHCHSHCH TSE UPCTENEOOILPC P VPECHI LBYUEUFCHBI THUULPK BTFYMMETYY PYUEOSH TBOPTEYUYCHSHCH. LTYFYYUEULY OBUFTPEOOSHK YCHED t. VETL TBUULBSHCHCHBEF, UFP RTY PUBDE TKHUULYNY CHPKULBNY dBOGYZB CH 1734 Z. NOPZYE RHYLY OE UNPZMY UFTEMSFSH, FBL LBL "OE RPDIPDYMY OY SDTB, OY MBZHEFSCH". bozmyyuboyo dts. lHL, OBRTPFICH, ЪBSChMSEF, UFP TUNGKOL SA REFETVKhTZULPN MYFEKOPN DCHPTE "PFMYCHBAF OBIMHYUYE CH NYTE RHYLY, NPTFYTSCH Y VPNVSHCH".

l YUYUMKH VEUURPTOSCHI OEDUFBFLPC TPUUYKULPK BTFYMMETYY CH 1730-E ZPSCH UMEDHEF PFOEUFY OETBGYPOBMSHOHA PTZBOYBGYA EE MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB. дЕМП Ч ФПН, ЮФП ЕЪДПЧЩЕ (Ф.Е. УПМДБФЩ Й ПЖЙГЕТЩ, ПФЧЕЮБЧЫЙЕ ЪБ РЕТЕЧПЪЛХ ПТХДЙК Й ВПЕРТЙРБУПЧ) ВЩМЙ ПФДЕМЕОЩ ПФ УПВУФЧЕООП БТФЙММЕТЙУФПЧ, УЧЕДЕОЩ Ч УБНПУФПСФЕМШОХА ЮБУФШ («РПМЕЧПК ЖХТЫФБДФ») Й РПДЮЙОЕОЩ УЧПЕНХ ЛПНБОДЙТХ, ОЕЪБЧЙУЙНПНХ ПФ ЛПНБОДЙТБ бТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПЗП РПМЛБ.

pVEEE THLPCHPDUFCHP BTFYMMETYEK PUKHEEUFCHMSM ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFET. Rothbububububmshop bfhh dpmtsopufsh KOBNBM UBN NYOII, OP Ch. 1735 Z. Ayon kay OBshm Obrtbchmeo Zmbchopnbodhaine, isang decuphhaeha bnaha, b-bpfimmetya orthchyme rtchiz-chimezboo-zeumznovlike. l. VETL PFNEYUBM CH UCHPYI BRYULBI, UFP RTYOG "VPMEE TBURPMPTSEO L LFPNH (BTFYMMETYKULPNH - b. n.) DEMKH, YUEN EZP RTEDIEUFCHEOOIL". chRTPYUEN, OH RTYOG, OH NYOYI RTPZHEUUIPOMSHOSHCHNY BTFYMMETYUFBNY OE VSCHMY. DMS TEOYOYS UREGYBMSHOSHCHI CHPRTPUPCH RTY ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETE YNEMUS YFBV.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE UPMDBF bTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB UPUFPSMP Y LBZHFBOB Y LBNPMB LTBUOPZP GCHEFB. RP RPLTPA LBZHFBO OBRPNYOBM REIPFOSHCHK, OP, RPNYNP GCHEFB, PFMYYUBMUS PF RPUMEDOEZP VPMSHYN LPMYUEUFCHPN NEDOSHI RHZPCHYG, LPFPTSCHE RTYIPDYMPUSH RPUFPSOOP DTBYFSH.

yFBFSCH YOTSEOETOSHCHI ChPKUL VSCHMY HFCHETSDEOSCH OYEBDPMZP DP CUFHRMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TUNGKOL SA RTEUFPM, CH YAOE 1728 Z. Y CH 30th ZPDSH UFPMEFIS OE NEOSMYUSH. h UFTBOE UHEEUFCHPCHBM yOTSEOETOSHCHK RPML Y NYOETOBS TPFB, RTYUEN UFTPECHPK YUBUFSHHA VSHMB FPMSHLP RPUMEDOSS. rPML UPUFPSM RTEYNKHEUFCHEOOP YЪ PZHYGETCH, LPFPTSHCHE RP NO OBDPVOPUFY LPNBOYTPCHBMYUSH DMS TEYOYS LPOLTEFOSHCHI BDBYu.

pF RPMECHSCHI BTNEKULYI YUBUFEK VSCHMY YUEFLP PFDEMEOSCH ZBTOYPOOSCHE CHPKULB, RTEDOBOBBYEOOSCHE DMS CHOKHFTEOOOEK UMHTSVSHCH. kumanta ng FBLTS UPUFPSMY YЪ REIPFSCH Y DTBZHO. l 1730 Z. ZBTOYPOOSCHE ChPKULB OBUYUYFSHCHBMY UPTPL DECHSFSH RPMLCH Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHCHI VBFBMSHPOB REIPFSCH, YuEFShCHTE RPMLB Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHCHI ULBDTPOB DTBTHO. h 1734–1736 ZZ. L OYN VSCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH EEE FTY DTBZHOULYI RPMLB. lTPNE FPZP, DMS PITBOSHCH mBDPTSULPZP LBOBMB UZHPTNYTPCHBMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHK mBDPTSULYK LBOBMSHOSHCHK VBFBMShPO. rPNYNP PUOPCHOPK ZHOLGYY, ZBTOYPOOSCHE CHPKULB UMHTSYMY DMS RETCHPOBYUBMSHOPK RPDZPPFPCHLY OPCHPVTBOGECH RETED PFRTTBCHLPK CH RPMECHHA BTNYA.

obtsdkh U TEZHMSTOSHCHNY CHPYOULYNY YUBUFSNY CH UPUFBCH TPUUYKULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE YTTEZHMSTOSHCH ZHPTNYTPCHBOYS. rTETSDE CHUEZP, LFP VSCHMY LBBLLY: DPOULYE, NBMPTPUUYKULYE, YUKHZHECHULYE, SYGLYE, UMPVPDULYE Y DT. lPMYUEUFCHP TEEUFTCHSCHI (F.E. PZHYGYBMSHOP CHSFSCHI TUNGKOL SA HYUEF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN) DPOULYI LBBLPC CH GBTUFCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMP PLPMP 15 FSHCHUSYU Yuempchel. NYOYI PYUEOSH CHSHCHUPLP PGEOYCHBM DPOGPCH Y RYUBM CH PDOPN YU UCHPYI RTYLBCHPCH, UFP SOY "FBL CHETOP Y TBDEFEMSHOP L UMHTSVE Y PFEYUEUFCHH RPUFHRBMY, LBL VPMEE FTEVPCHBFSHOPE".

h VPA DPOULYE LBBLY YUBEE CHUEZP CHSHCHRPMOSMY ZHHOLGYY MEZLPK LBCHBMETYY. mPYBDEK, PTKHTSIE Y PDETSDH AWIT RTYPVTEFBMY TUNGKOL SA UCHPK UYUEF. PVSCHYuOP DPOGSH OPUIMY UYOYE YUELNEOY (PDOPVPTFOSCHE LBZHFBOSH FTBDYGYPOOPZP THUULPZP RPLTPS) VE RHZPCHYG, YTPLYE YBTCHBTSHCH, NSZLE UBRPZY Y NEIPCHSHCHE RBRBII. ChPPTKhTSEOYE LBBLB UPUFPSMP YЪ RYLY, UBVMY, THTSSHS VE YFSHLB, OP, CH UYMH PFUHFUFCHYS LBLYI-MYVP RTBCHYM UOBVTSEOIS, PFMYUBMPUSH VPMSHYYN TBOPPVTBBYEN. lBBLY BLBSHCHCHBMY THTSSHS Y UBVMY TUNGKOL SA TPUUYKULYI NBOKHZHBLFHTBI, RPLKHRBMY H PFDEMSHOSHCHI TENEUMEOILPCH, PYUEOSH MAVIMY FTPZHEKOPE PTHTSYE. pFRTBCHMSSUSH CH RPIPD, POI PVYAEDYOSMYUSH CH RPMLY TB'OPZP UPUFBCHB. ChPEOOBS LPMMEZYS FPMSHLP CHEMB HYUEF DPOULYN LBBLBN, B TUNGKOL SA MAVSH RPRSHCHFLY CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHB CH YI CHOHFTEOOYE DEMB LBYUEUFCHP TEBZYTPCHBMP PYUEOSH VPMEEOOOP.

EEE CH 1716 Z. YUBUFSH DPOULYI LBBLPCH, RP YOYGYBFIYCHE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, RETEUEMYMBUSH OB TELKH YPRET, DMS BEYFSCH OPCHPIPRETULPE LTERPUFY PF FBFBTULYI OBVEZCHB. h 1724 Z. PLPMP FSHCHUSYu LBBYUSHYI UENEK VSHCHMY OBRTBCHMEOSCH "TUNGKOL SA CHEUOPE TSIFEMSHUFCHP" TUNGKOL SA TELKH bZTBIBO, B CH 1733 Z. EEE FSHCHUSYUB UENEK TBNEUFIMBUSH NETsSHDHOSCH lBBUSH LFY RPUEMEOIS RPMPTSYMY OBYUBMP CHPMTSULPNKH LBYUSHENKH CHPKULKH.

yuYUMEOOPUFSH TEEUFTCHSCHI NBMPTPUUYKULYI LBBLPC, RP DBOOSCHN b. vBKCHB, UPUFBCHMSMB PLPMP 55 FSHCHUSYU YEMPCHEL. UMEDHEF ЪBNEFYFSH, YuFP ЪOBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH LBBYUEUFCHB PYUEOSH FSZPFIMBUSH LPOFTPMEN UP UFPTPOSCH TPUUYKULPZP RTBCCHYFEMSHUFCHB Y PFOADSH OE HFTBFIMB ABOUT OBDETETSDH. rTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH CHUENETOP IPFEMP HTEEBFSH RPMOPNPYUYS UFBTYYOSCH (CHETIHYLY LBBYUEUFCHB). eee RTY REFTE I, CH 1722 Z. VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBOB CHSHVTOPUFSH ZEFNBOPCH, B HRTBCHMEOYE CHUEK SECHRPVETETSOPC HLTBYOPK RETEDBOP nBMPTPUUYKULPK LPMMEZYY. pDOBLP, RPUFPSOOBS HZTPЪB CHPKOSHCH U fHTGYEK BUFBCHYMB CHMBUFSH RPKFY TUNGKOL SA LPNRTPNYUU U NBMPTPUUYKULYNY LBBLBNY. h 1727 Z. REFT II HRTBDOYM nBMPTPUUYKULKHA LPMMEZYA Y TBTEYYM CHSHCHVPTSCH ZEFNBOB, LPFPTSHCHN UFBM NYTZPTPDULYK RPMLPCHOYL dBOYMB BRPUFPM. L ZEFNBOKH, CHRTPYUEN, VSCHM RTYUFBCHMEO "NYOYUFT" ZHEDPT OBKHNPC, CH ZHOLGYY LPFPTPZP CHIPDYMP UMEDIFSH, YUFPVSCH CH UFBTYOKH YЪVYTBMYUSH FPMSHLP "MADY DPVTSCHE YOY CHDPSHYU." h SOCHBTE 1734 Z. brPUFPM HNET Y, RP TEYOYA lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH, CHMBUFSH RETEYMB L rTBCHMEOYA ZEFNBOULPZP HTSDB - LPMMEZYBMSHOPNKH PTZBOKH Y GBTULYYI YUYOPCHOYLPBCHYY. sFP TEYOYE CHSCCHBMP UIMSHOPE OEDCHPMSHUFCHP LBBYUEUFCHB. zeOETBM-MEKFEOBOF bMELUEK yBIPCHULPK, ​​​​OBIPDYCHYKUS FPZDB TUNGKOL SA HLTBYOE, U FTECHPZPK DPOPUYM YNRETBFTYGE: "LPNKh POY ZEFNBOPN VSCFSh TSEMBAF, FPZP RPMYOOP S OPDBFSH O".

h UIMKH CHSHCHYEIMPTSEOOSCHI RTYUYO CHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ЗЗ. TPUYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE PFOPUYMPUSH L NBMPTPUYKULYN LBBLBN U YETSDOSCCHN RPDPTEOYEN, BOEPVIPDYNPUFSH UPVMADBFSH OELPFPTSCHE LBBYUSHY RTYCHYMEZY CHSHCHSHCHCHBMB X OEZP TBEDT. fBL v.-l. NYOYI CH 1739 Z., VKHHDHYuY RTPEEDPN CH zMHIPCHE Y HOBCH P OECHCHZPDOPN DMS OEZP TEIEOYY NEUFOPZP UHDB, LTYUBM TUNGKOL SA UHDEK: "fBLYI UHDEK RPCHEUYFSH OBDP YFPN, CH UYCH LOHBYT!" pV HLTBIOULYI BLPOBI ZHEMSHDNBTYBM CHSHCHTBYMUS U CHPEOOPC RTSNPFPK: "yEMSHNB RYUBM, B LBOBMShS UHDYM".

OBYVPMEE PTZBOYPCHBOOSCHNY H CHPEOOPN PFOPYOYY VSCHMY UMPVPDULYE Y YUHZHECHULYE LBBLLY. uMPVPDULYE LBBLY Y CH NYTOPE, Y ChP CHTENS CHPKOSH PVYAEDYOSMYUSH CH RSFSH RPMLCH, LPFPTSHCHE UPUFBCHMSMY VTYZBDKH, RPDYUYOEOOHA LPNBODYTH hLTBYOULPK DYCHYYY. sa 1729 RP 1731 Z. CH YuEFSCHTEI Y RSFY UMPVPDULYI RPMLPC VSCHMP UZHPTNYTPCHBOP Y LBBLPC RP PDOPC TEZHMSTOPK TPFE. h 1736 Z. FBLYI TPF UFBMP RP DCHE CH LBTsDPN RPMLH, B CH 1739 Z. CHUE DEUSFSH TEZHMSTOSHCHI LBYUSHYI TPF VSCHMY UCHEDEOSCH CH uMPVPDULPK TEZHMSTOSHCHK RPML. жПТНЕООБС ПДЕЦДБ УМПВПЦБО УПУФПСМБ ЙЪ УЙОЕЗП ЛБЖФБОБ У ПФЛЙДОЩНЙ ТХЛБЧБНЙ Й ЫБТПЧБТ, ГЧЕФ ЛПФПТЩИ ЪБЧЙУЕМ ПФ РПМЛБ: Ч иБТШЛПЧУЛПН — ЦЕМФЩЕ, Ч уХНУЛПН — УЧЕФМП-УЙОЙЕ, Ч бИФЩТУЛПН — ЪЕМЕОЩЕ, Ч йЪАНУЛПН — ЛТБУОЩЕ, Б Ч пУФТПЗПЦУЛПН — ПТБОЦЕЧЩЕ.

YUKHZHECHULYE LBBLY VSHMY PVYAEDOOEOSCH CH PDYO RPML RSSFYUUPFEOOPZP UPUFBCHB, RTYUEN FTY UPFOY UPUFBCHMSMY UPVUFCHEOOP LBBLLY, B DCHE UPFOY - LTEEEOOSH LBMNSCHLY. LBL Y UMPVPDULYE LBBLLY, YUKHZHECHULIE UPITBOSMY UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA CH NYTOPE CHTENS.

h 1734 Z. H THUULPE RPDDBOUFCHP CHOPCHSH VSCHMY RTYOSFSHCH BRPTPTSULYE LBBLLY, RPUEMYCHYYEUS CH OPCHPK uEYU RTY HUFSHET TEL VХЪХЧМХЛ. вПМШЫПК ПРЩФ ВПТШВЩ У ФХТЛБНЙ ДЕМБМ ЙИ ПЮЕОШ ГЕООЩНЙ УПТБФОЙЛБНЙ ДМС ТХУУЛПК БТНЙЙ, ОП, РТЙЧЩЛЫЙЕ Л ЧПМШОЙГЕ ЪБРПТПЦГЩ ПФМЙЮБМЙУШ ФБЛЦЕ ЛТБКОЕК ОЕДЙУГЙРМЙОЙТПЧБООПУФША, Б ЙИ ЧЕТОПУФШ ЧОХЫБМБ РТБЧЙФЕМШУФЧХ УЙМШОЩЕ УПНОЕОЙС. h 1735 З.

eEE PDOIN, CHEUSHNB UREGYZHYUOSCHN, YTTEZHMSTOCHN ZHPTNYTPCHBOYEN SCHMSMYUSH ZHUBTSHCHN. eEE REFT I RPTHUIM UCPHYN DYRMPNBFBN RTYCHMELBFSH TUNGKOL SA UMHTsVKH UETVPCH, IPTCHBFPCH, CHEOZTPCH, LPFPTSCHI TBUUEMSMY TUNGKOL SA HLTBYOE Y PVEUREYUCHBMY TsBMPCHBOYEN "LBL POY POPE RPMHY" L 1731 Z. YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP YuEFSCHTEIUPF ZKHUBT, RTEINHEUFCHEOOP UETVPCH. P, 1737 Z., HCCE IPDE PPKOSHSH, RPMLPCHOL UFPSCH UNPZ MOLPTNETPCHFSH UETVEK Zhubtulik RPML, BEE SPD Urhufs RPMLPCHEL RTICHTILA RTIKHTYLA, LPIFCHETHEL. oblpoeg, Ch 1739 Z. LOSSH nBNHLPCH-dBCHSHCHDPCH RPMKHYUYM TBTEYOYE PTZBOYPCHBFSH zTHYOULHA ZHUBTULHA TPPHH CH UPUFBCHE 74 YuEMPCHEL. CHUE ZHUBTSCH, OB RTETSOYI PUOPCHBOYSI, RPMHYUBS PF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TsBMPCHBOYE Y HYBUFLY ENMY CH RTYZTBOYUOSCHI TBKPOBI, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UPDETTSBFSH UEVS UBNY. rPLTPK PVNKHODYTPCHBOYS H OII UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN FTBDYGYSN: TBUYFSE YOHTBNY LHTFLY Y YFBOSHCH, LPTPFLYE RMBEY, NEIPCHSHCHE YBRLY Y F.D.

UChPEPVTBOSCHN RTPNETSHFPYUOSCHN CHBTYBOFPN NETSDH YTTEZHMSTOCHN Y TEZHMSTOSHCHN CHPKULPN UMHTSYMB MBODNYMYGYS. CHRECHESCHE POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1713 Z. CH LPMYUEUFCHE RSFY REIPFOSHCHI RPMLPC, LPFPTSHCHE VSCHMY RTEDOBBYEOOSCH DMS BEYFSCH ATSOSHI ZTBOYG UFTBOSHCH Y ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSH Y PDOPDCHULPKGESH Y PDOPDCHULPKGESHY CHULPTE RPUME ZHPTNYTPCHBOYS MBODNYMYGYA TBURHUFYMY, OP HSE CH 1722 Z. UPVTBMY CHOPCHSH. h 1729 Z. VSHMP TEKYOP DPCHEUFY YUYUMEOOPUFSH MBODNYMYGYY DP DEUSFY RPMLCH, OP TEBMYЪPCHBFSH FFPF RMBO RPMOPUFSHHA OE HDBMPUSH.

ч 1731 З., нЙОЙИ РТЕДМПЦЙМ ДМС ЪБЭЙФЩ хЛТБЙОЩ ПФ ФБФБТУЛЙИ ОБВЕЗПЧ ХУФТПЙФШ «НЕЦДХ уЕЧЕТУЛЙН дПОГПН Й вЕТЕУФПЧПК Й пТЕМЙ ТЕЛБНЙ Й РП уЕЧЕТУЛПНХ дПОГХ МЙОЙА Й, ХУНПФТС, ЗДЕ ПРБУОЩЕ НЕУФБ Л РТПИПДХ ОЕРТЙСФЕМШУЛПНХ, УДЕМБФШ ЛТЕРПУФЙ». pVPTPOB FFK MYOYY CHPMBZBMBUSH TUNGKOL SA MBODNYMYGYA, TEPTZBOYBGYA LPFPTPK RPTKHYUIMY RPMLPCHOILBN fBTBLBOPCH Y DEVTYOSHY. h YFPZE YI DESFEMSHOPUFY RPSCHIMPUSH DCHBDGBFSH MBODNYMYGEKULYI RPMLPC, J LPFPTSCHI DECHSFSH (YEFSCHTE REIPFOSHCHI Y RSFSH LPOOSCHI) RPUEMMY TUNGKOL SA MOYY, B RTPUYE UPVITBMY CHTENSHLP. LBL UPPVEBM NYOYI YNRETBFTYGE CH SOCHBTE 1736 Z., DMS LBTsDPZP RPMLB "HYYOEOP BLLHTTBFOPE TBDEMEOYE BENEMSH Y OBBYUEOSCH ... DPCHPMSHOSCHE NEUFB, LBL ABOUT RBYOA, UEOPLKH LPU, UEOBLKH LPU". mBODNYMYGYPOETSC TSYMY H UCHPYI DPNBI Y YNEMY IPSKUFCHP, OP, RTY LFPN RPUFPSOOP (B OE RETYPDYUEULY, LBL VPMSHYYOUFCHP LBBLPC) OEUMY UMHTsVKh. h MEFOEE CHTENS YI UPVYTBMY TUNGKOL SA HUEOYS CH UREGIBMSHOSCHI MBZETSI. DP 1736 Z. MBODNYMYGYS OE YNEMB UCHPEZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS Y UOBVTsBMBUSH UVBTSCHNY NHODYTBNY REIPFOSHCHY Y DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC. BLFEN SIYA UPMDBFBN VSHCHMY RTYUCHPEOSCH VEMSHCHE LBZHFBOSHCH, LTBUOSCHE LBNPMSHCH, YFBOSHCH "LPMCHPK LPTSY" AT ZTEOBDETULYE YBRLY VEMPZP GCHEFB. pZHYGETSCH RTY FBLYI CE LBZHFBOBI Y LBNPMBI OPUIMY LTBUOSCHE YFBOSHCH.

rPNYNP CHUEI RETEYUMEOOOSCHI CHPKUL, CH UPUFBCH THUULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY PFTSSDCH LBMNSCHLCH, UPUFPSCHYE RPD OBUBMPN "UFBTYYO Y UCHPYI CHMBDEMSHGECH". kantahin ang OPUIMY OBGIPOBMSHOHA PDETSDH Y VSCHMY CHPPTHTSEOSH MHLBNY, UBVMSNY, LPRSHSNY Y RTPUYN OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHN PTHTSYEN.

лПНРМЕЛФПЧБОЙЕ ТЕЗХМСТОПК БТНЙЙ ТСДПЧЩН УПУФБЧПН ПУХЭЕУФЧМСМПУШ РПУТЕДУФЧПН ТЕЛТХФУЛЙИ ОБВПТПЧ, ХУФБОПЧМЕООЩИ рЕФТПН I. тЕЛТХФУЛБС РПЧЙООПУФШ ТБУРТПУФТБОСМБУШ, РП ДЕКУФЧПЧБЧЫЕНХ ЪБЛПОПДБФЕМШУФЧХ, ОБ ЧУЕИ, «ЛПФПТЩЕ Ч РПДХЫОЩЕ ПЛМБДЩ РПМПЦЕОЩ» Ф.Е. CH RETCHHA PYUETESH TUNGKOL SA LTEUFSHSO. пФ ОЕЕ ВЩМЙ ПУЧПВПЦДЕОЩ, РПНЙНП РТЙЧЙМЕЗЙТПЧБООЩИ УПУМПЧЙК, ПДОПДЧПТГЩ чПТПОЕЦУЛПК, лЙЕЧУЛПК, лБЪБОУЛПК Й бУФТБИБОУЛПК ЗХВЕТОЙК, ЛПФПТЩЕ РПРПМОСМЙ МБОДНЙМЙГЙА, ЛТЕУФШСОЕ УМПВПД, РТЙРЙУБООЩИ Л ЕЛБФЕТЙОВХТЗУЛЙН ЪБЧПДБН, ФХМШУЛЙЕ Й УЕУФТПТЕГЛЙЕ ПТХЦЕКОЙЛЙ, ЧУЕ ОБУЕМЕОЙЕ ПЗТПНОПК уЙВЙТЙ Й ОЕЛПФПТЩИ ДТХЗЙИ ФЕТТЙФПТЙК.

rPUME 1724 Z. OBVPT TELTHFPCH UFBM RTPYCHPDYFSHUS U PRTEDEMEOOOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB "TECHYULYI DHY", BOE RHFEN RPDCHPTOPK TBULMMBDLY, LBL TBOEE. pVEEE LPMYUEUFCHP RTYYSHCHCHOYLPCH PRTEDEMSMPUSH TEBMSHOSHCHNY RPFTEVOPUFSNY BTNYY Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, H TBOSCHE ZPDSH VSCHMP TBMYUOSCHN. fBL CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH CH PFDEMSHOSHCHE OBVPTSCH FTEVPCHBMY PDOPZP TELTHFB PF 320, 169, 102, 98 DHY. ъBVPFSSUSH P CHSHCHRPMOOYY RTYOSFSHCHI OPTN, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP OBMBZBMP DEOETSOSCHE YFTBSCHSHCH TUNGKOL SA ZHVETOBFPTPCH b LBTsDPZP OEDPVTBOOPZP TELTHFB.

ChPTBUF TELTHFB Refinery LPMEVBFSHUS PF RSFOBDGBFY DP FTYDGBFY MEF, OP RTYYSCHOILPCH NMBDYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF BRTEEBMPUSH OBRTBCHMSFSH H DEKUFCHHAEKHA BTNYA. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS UYUYFBMB TSEMBFEMSHOSHCHN, YUFPVSHCH TPUF TELTHFB VSCHM OE NEOEE DCHHI BTYOPCH Y YEFSHCHTEI CHETYLPCH (1 N 60 UN), IPFS RTYJSCHCHBMY Y NEOE CHSHUPLYI.

fBL LBL UPMDBFULBS UMHTsVB VSCHMB RPTSYOEOOOPK, B DYUGYRMYOB CH BTNYY PYUEOSH UHTPPCHPK, LTEUFSHSOE CHYDEMY CH "TELTHFYUYOE" FSEMEKIE VTENS, EDCHB MY OE OBBLBEBOYE. UREGYJYUEULPK ZHPTNPK RTPFEUFB UFBMY RPVEZY. “nOPZYE LTEUFSHSOOE, - UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHEF l. VETL, - YU UFTBI VSHCHFSH CH SFSHCHNY CH UPMDBFSCH HVEZBAF PF UCHPYI ZPUURPD CH u.-refETVKhTZ, ZDE, MYVP DPVSCHCHBAF UEVE RTPRYFBOYE TUNGKOL SA ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHI TBRPKHPFBI, VPTBOFTYEDSMY eUMMY ZPURPDB PFSHCHULYCHBAF FBLYI VEZMEGPCH (PF YuEZP FE, RTBCHDB, UVBTBFEMSHOP VETEZHFUS, YUBUFP RETEVITBSUSH U NEUFB OB NEUFP), FP OBZTBDPK UFBOCHYFUS LOHF. OETEDLYNY VSCHMY Y UMHYUBY DETFETUFCHB HCE OBIPDYCHYYIUS TUNGKOL SA UMHTSVE UPMDBF. fBL CH PDOPN MYYSH 1732 ZPDH CH VEZBI YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP DCHBDGBFY FSHCHUSYU "OYTSOYI YUYOPCH". pV PUFTPFE RTPVMENSCH UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHEF UFTPZPUFSH OBBLOBOYK OB HLMPOEOYE PF CHPEOOPC UMHTsVSHCH. bB YUMEOPCHTEDYFEMSHUFCHP VYMY YRYGTHFEOBNY (NEFBMMYUEULYNY YPNRPMBNY), RPUME YuEZP, Ch eEE UFTPTSE OBBLBSCHCHBMY OB DEETFITUFCHP. fBL UPMDBF VEMPETULPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB i. BUFBZHSHECH, VETSBCHYYK Y LBTBHMB, VSCHM VYF LOHFPN, B BLFEN EZP, CHSCHTEEBCH OPDTY, UPUMMBMY CH uYVYTSH. zhHTSHETB zBMYGLPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB b. mBTYPOCHB ЪB FBLHA TSE CHYOH FPTS OBBLBBMY LOKHFPN Y PFRTBCHYMY TUNGKOL SA ZBMETSHCH.

ChRTPYUEN, LTEUFSHSOYO NPZ YJVETSBFSH RTYYSHCHCHB BLPOOSCHN RHFEN, CHCHUFBCHYCH UEVE OBNEUFYFEMS. рМПИЙН РПУМЕДУФЧЙСН ФБЛПК РТБЛФЙЛЙ РПУЧСЭЕОБ УРЕГЙБМШОБС ЪБРЙУЛБ, РПДБООБС Ч лБВЙОЕФ НЙОЙУФТПЧ ОЕЙЪЧЕУФОЩН МЙГПН (ЧПЪНПЦОП, УБНЙН нЙОЙИПН) Ч 1732 З. еЕ БЧФПТ УППВЭБЕФ, ЮФП ЛТЕУФШСОЕ, УПВТБЧ УППВЭБ ОЕПВИПДЙНЩЕ ДЕОШЗЙ, ОБОЙНБАФ ВПВЩМЕК, РШСОЙГ, «ХЧЕЮОЩИ МАДЕК», ЛПФПТЩЕ Й ПФРТБЧМСАФУС ЧНЕУФП OYI CH BTNYA. DMS "YULPTEOOEOYS MB" CH ЪBRYULE RTEDMBZBMPUSH PZTBOYYUYFSH UTPL UPMDBFULPK UMHTSVSHCH DEUSFSHHA ZPDBNY.

uVPT TELTHFPCH CH 1730-E ZPDSH RTPYCHPDYMUS PUPVSHNY OBVPTEILBNY YY YUYUMB PZHYGETPCH. h YI PVSBOOPUFY CHIPDYMP MYUOP RTYUHFUFCHPCHBFSH RTY RTYENE OPCHPPVTBOGECH Y OBLTERLP UNPFTEFSH, YUFPVSH POY UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMY CHUEN FTEVPCHBOISN. rTYOSFSHCHN TELTHFBN UTBYE YUBSOIS, RPVETSYF, RP FEN RTYNEFBN RPIOBO Y RPKNBO VSHCHFSH. YOFETEUOP, UFP CH 1734 Z. RP YOYGYBFICHE NYOYIB CH RTBCHYMB UPDETSBOYS TELTHFPCH, TBTBVPFBOOSCHE EEE CH 1719 Z., VSCHMY CHOUEOSCH Y’NEOEOYS, LPFPTSHE OBYUYFEMSHOPMY Y’NEOEOYS пЖЙГЕТБН РТЕДРЙУЩЧБМПУШ ЧЕУФЙ ТЕЛТХФПЧ «РПТСДПЮОП Й ОЙЛБЛПЗП ПЪМПВМЕОЙС ЙН ПФОАДШ ОЕ ЮЙОЙФШ», ДОЕЧОПК НБТЫ ОЕ НПЗ РТЕЧЩЫБФШ ФТЙДГБФЙ ЧЕТУФ, ЪБВПМЕЧЫЙИ РПМБЗБМПУШ ЧЕУФЙ ОБ РПЧПЪЛБИ, Б ФЕИ, ЛФП Ч ЮЕН-ОЙВХДШ РТПЧЙОЙМУС «ОБЛБЪЩЧБФШ, РТЙ УПВТБОЙЙ ДТХЗЙИ ЧУЕИ ВБФПЗБНЙ, ПДОБЛП Ц У TBUUNNPFTEOYEN, UFPV OILFP YIKHCHEYUEO OE VSCHM, RPOECE PAY MADY OCHSHCHE Y CHPYOULYI RTBCH EEE OE OBAF.

UPMDBF, RPFETCHYI TUNGKOL SA UMHTSVE DPTPCHSHHE YMY RPMHYUYCHYYI FTSEMSHCHE HCHEYUSHS, OBBYUBMY UFPTPTSBNY L LBEOOSCHN ULMBDBN Y NBUFETULYN, YOPZDB RETCHPDYMY H ZBTOYPOOSCHE YUBUFY. FEI, LFP OE REFINERY CHSHCHRPMOSFSH CHPPVEE OILBLYI PVSBOOPUFEK, HCHPMSHOSMY UP UMHTSVSHCH. DMS PFUFBCHOSHI CHPYOPCH YNEMYUSH VZBDEMSHOY RTY NPOBUFSHTCSI, OP NEUF CHOYI OB CHUIEI OE ICHBFBMP, Y PYUEOSH YUBUFP UFBTSHCH UPMDBFSCH CHMBYUYMY UBNPE TsBMLPE UHEEUFCHPCHBE UHEEUFCHPCHBE. Ch 1736 UPZMBUOP HLBKH YNRETBFTYGSHCH, YI UMEDPCHBMP TBUUEMYFSH CH RPCPMTSSE, "VMY ZTBOYG OB RHUFSHCHI NEUFBI", CHSHDEMYCH TUNGKOL SA LBTsDHA WENSHA PF 20 DP 30 YuEFCHETFEK ENMY. LFY OBDEMSCH NPTsOP VSHMP RETEDBCHBFSH RP OBUMEDUFCHH, OP BRTEEBMPUSH RTPDBCHBFSH, BLMBDSCHCHBFSH Y PFDBCHBFSH CH RTYDBOPE ЪB DPUETSHNY. pDOBLP, RPDBCHMSAEEE VPMSHYOUFCHP PFUFBCHOYLPCH OE RPTSMBMP EIBFSH CH PFDBMEOOOSCH Y OEURPLPKOSHCHE, Yb-B UFSHYUEL U VBYLYTBNY, TBKPOSHCH UFTBOSHCH. h 1739 Z. UEOBF UPPVEYM lBVYOEFKh NYOYUFTCH, UFP PE CHUEI ZKHVETOISI OBYMPUSH FPMSHLP YEUFSH YUEMCHEL, UZMBUOSCHI RPMKHYUYFSH ENMA TUNGKOL SA CHPMZE. h PFCHEF, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP RPYMP FTBDYGYPOOSCHN DMS tPUUY RHFEN: RTYLBMBMP RETEUEMSFSH PFUFBCHOSCHI CHPYOPCH CH PVSBFEMSHOPN RPTSDLE.

ъBFP OEUPNOEOOSCHN KHUREIPN UFBMP TBUYTEOYE UEFY YLPM DMS UPMDBFULYYI DEFEK: RP YNRETBFPTULPNKH HLBKH PF 21 UEOFSVTS 1732 Z. POY HYUTETSDBMYUSH RTY CHUEBI ZBTOBI. h FYI YLPMBI USHCHOPCHEK UPMDBF PVCYUBMY YUFEOYA, RYUSHNH, UYUEFKh, BLPOKH VPTSSHENKH, OBYUBMBN CHPEOOPC UMHTsVSHCH, PVEUREYUCHBS RTY LFPN PVNKHODYTPCHBOYEN Y RIFOSBOYEN OHKLBBYYE. "h LBTsDPN ZBTOY'POOPN ZPTPDE EUFSH CHPEOOBS YLPMB, - PFNEYUBEF UMHTSYCHYYK CH tPUUY BOZMYYUBOYO DC. LHL, - CHUE NBMSHUYLY RPMHYUBAF EDYOHA ZHPTNKH. lBRYFBO PVEUREYUCHBEF RPTSDPL. NBMSHUYLY FBLCE PITBOSAF YLPMH. ... rPPETSAF FEI YЪ OYI, LFP RPTSEMBEF VYFSH CH VBTVBBO YMY YZTBFSH TUNGKOL SA LBLPN-OYVHDSH CHPEOOPN NKHSHCHLBMSHOPN YOUFTHNEOFE. PDOBLP PMKHIPCH, OE CHSHCHLBSHCHCHBAEYI OILBLYI URPUPVOPUFEK, PVCYUBAF FPMSHLP TKHTSEKOSCHN RTYENBN.

pZHYGETULYK LPTRHU TPUYKULPK BTNY LPNRMELFPCHBMUS RTEINHEUFCHEOOP DCHPTSOBNY. REFT I RTEDRTYOSM GEMSCHK TSD UBNSHCHI TEYFEMSHOSHCHI NO VMI FPZP, UFPVSHCH BUFBCHYFSH "RECHPE UPUMPCHYE" UMHTSYFSH TUNGKOL SA "RPRTYEE CHPEOOPN YMY ZTBTSDBOULPN". h NBTFE 1714 Z. VSHCHM RTYOSF OBNEOYFSHCHK HLB P EDYOPOBUMEDYY, UZMBUOP LPFPTPNKH DCHPTSOBN BRTEEBMPUSH DEMYFSH YNEOYS NETSDH USHCHOPCHSHSNY. рПСУОСС УХФШ ЬФПК НЕТЩ, ГБТШ-ТЕЖПТНБФПТ ХЛБЪЩЧБМ, ЮФП РТЙ РЕТЕДБЮЕ ЪЕНЕМШ ФПМШЛП ПДОПНХ ОБУМЕДОЙЛХ, РТПЮЙЕ «ОЕ ВХДХФ РТБЪДОЩ, ЙВП РТЙОХЦДЕОЩ ВХДХФ ИМЕВБ УЧПЕЗП ЙУЛБФШ УМХЦВПА, ХЮЕОЙЕН, ФПТЗБНЙ Й РТПЮЙН». UREGIBMSHOPE DPRPMOOEOYE L HLBKH P EDYOPOBUMEDYY BRTEEBMP DCHPTSOOYOH, UPUFPSCHYENKH TUNGKOL SA CHPEOOPC UMHTSVE, RPLHRBFSH OYENMY TBOEE, YUEN "RP UEDSHNY MEF UMHTsVSHCH EZP". DMS FEI TSE, LFP OE UMHTSYM CHCHUE, FFP BRTEEEOYE DEKUFCHCHBMP "DBCE DP UNETFY". bB PFLB PF UMKhTsVshch DCHPTSOBN ZTPYMB Y LPOZHJULBGYS YNEAEYIUS CHMBDEOYK, RTYYUEN YUBUFSH YI RETEDBCHBMBUSH DPOPUYYLKH, Y'CHEUFYCHYENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHLE P "OE. UMPCHPN, YNRETBFPT RPUFBCHYM DEMP FBL, UFP TUNGKOL SA BLPOOSCHI PUOPCHBOYSI DCHPTSOIO OILPIYN PVTBPN OE NPZ HLMPOYFSHUS PF UMHTsVSHCH. 'BFP CHSHCHIPDEG Y' OEDCHPTSOULPK UTEDSCH, RPMHYUYCH RETCHSHCHK PZHYGETULYK YUYO RTBRPTEYLB, RPMHYUBM PDOCHTENEOOP Y RTBCHP TUNGKOL SA DCHPTSOULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP.

CEMBS YNEFSH RPDZPPFCHMEOOOSHI H RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOPN RMBOE PZHYGETPCH, REFT I OBUFBYCHBM TUNGKOL SA FPN, YUFPVSC DCHPTSOOE OBYUYOBMY UMHTsVKh TSDPCCHNY UPMDBFBNY H ZCHBTDYY. h "chPYOULPN HUFBCHE" 1716 Z. ZPCHPTYMPUSH: "yMSIEFUFCHH TPUUYKULPNKH YOPK URPUV OE PUFBEFUS CH PZHYGETSCH RTPYUIPDYFSH, LTPNE UFP UMHTSYFSH CH ZCHBTDYY." lTPNE FPZP, DMS PVCYUEOYS VHDHEYI LPNBODYTPCH VSCHMY PFLTSCHFSCH UREGYBMSHOSHCHE YLPMSCH: OBCHYZBGLBS, YOTSEOETOBS, BTFYMMETYKULBS Y DT. bB RPVEZ YYLPMSH L HUEOILH NPZMY VSHCHFSH RTYNEOEOSCH UBNSHCHE UHTPCHSCHE OBBLBEOYS, CHRMPFSH DP UNETFOPK LBY.

oEUNPFTS TUNGKOL SA CHUA UFTPZPUFSH REFTCHULPZP BLPOPDDBFEMSHUFCHB, NOPZYE DCHPTSO RTPDPMTSBMY CHUSYUEULY HLMPOSFSHUS PF UMHTsVSHCH. h 1732 Z. RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP PVYASCHYMP, UFP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP OEDPTPMEK TSYCHEF RP UCHPYN DPNBN Y "L DEMBN OILHDB OE PRTEDEMEOSCH". tBUUNBFTYCHBMPUSH DBCE DEMP P DCHPTSOYOE, LPFPTSCHK, UFPVSCH YЪVETSBFSH UMHTSVSHCH, BRYUBMUS CH LHREYUEUFCHP. CHYOPCHOPZP PFRTBCHYMY UPMDBFPN CH ZBTOYYPO, B U VKhTNYUFTCH, CHOEUYI EZP CH URYULY, CHSMY YFTBZH.

Ch 1736 PFOSCOE PYO Y USHCHOPCHEK RPNEALB NPZ PUFBCHFSHUS DPNB "DMS UNPFTEOIS DETECHEOSH Y LPOPNYY", B OEVPVIPDYNSCHK UTPL UMHTSVSHCH PUFBMSHOSHCHI PZTBOYUYCHBMUS (RTY REFTE UMCHMBVYUBOP). рТЕДРЙУЩЧБМПУШ «ЧУЕН ЫМСИФЙЮБН ПФ 7 ДП 20 МЕФ ЧПЪТБУФБ ВЩФШ Ч ОБХЛБИ, Б ПФ 20 МЕФ ХРПФТЕВМСФШ Ч ЧПЕООХА УМХЦВХ, Й ЧУСЛЙК ДПМЦЕО УМХЦЙФШ Ч ЧПЙОУЛПК УМХЦВЕ ПФ 20 МЕФ ЧПЪТБУФБ УЧПЕЗП 25 МЕФ, Б РП РТПЫЕУФЧЙЙ 25 МЕФ ЧУЕИ, ИПФС ЛФП ЕЭЕ Й Ч UMHTsVKh VSCHM ZPDEO, PF ChPYOUULPK Y UUFBFULPK UMHTsVSH PFUFBCHMSFSH U RPCHSHCHIEOYEN PDOPZP TBOZB Y PFRHULBFSH H DPNSCH, B LFP YOYI DPVTCHPMSHOP VPMSHY CHRPBHTSYFSHY.

h 1737 Z VSCHDEOB PVSBFEMSHOBS TEZYUFTBGYS CHUEI DCHPTSOULYI DEFEK (“OEDTPPUMEK”) UFBTYE UENY MEF. h 12-MEFOEN ChPTBUFE YN OBOBYUBMBUSH RTPCHETLB, PE CHTENS LPFPTPK NBMSHUYLY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY RPLBBFSH HNEOYE YUYFBFSH Y RYUBFSH. dBMEE, EUMY TPDUFCHEOOOYLY DBCHBMY PVEEBOYE ​​​​YB YEFSCHTE RPUMEDHAEYI ZPDB OBHYUYFSH DEFEK BLPOH VPTSSHENKH, BTYZHNEFILE Y ZEPNEFTYY, YI PFRHULBMY DPNPC. FEI TSE, YUSHS WENSHS FBLPZP PVEEBOYS DBFSH OE NPZMB, OBRTBCHMSMY H TBMYUOSCHE YLPMSCH. рП ДПУФЙЦЕОЙЙ ЫЕУФОБДГБФЙ МЕФ ДЧПТСОУЛЙИ ДЕФЕК УПВЙТБМЙ Ч рЕФЕТВХТЗЕ Й нПУЛЧЕ, ЧОПЧШ РПДЧЕТЗБМЙ ЬЛЪБНЕОХ Й ЧОПЧШ ПРТБЫЙЧБМЙ ТПДУФЧЕООЙЛПЧ, УНПЗХФ МЙ ПОЙ ДБФШ АОПЫБН РПДЗПФПЧЛХ РП ЗЕПЗТБЖЙЙ, ЙУФПТЙЙ Й ЖПТФЙЖЙЛБГЙЙ. tungkol sa FFPF TB, PDOBLP, OEDPTPUMS NPZMY OE FPMSHLP PFRTBCHYFSH CH HHYUYMYEE YMY PFRHUFYFSH DPNPK, OP Y BYUYUMYFSH TUNGKOL SA ZTBTSDBOULHA UMHTsVH. FEI TSE, LFP RP DPUFYTSEOYY YEUFOBDGBFY MEF VSCHM RP-RTETSOENKH OEZTBNPFEO, RPMBZBMPUSH PRTEDEMSFSH CH NBFTPUSH VE RTBCHB CHSHCHUMKHZY. ч ЧПЪТБУФЕ ДЧБДГБФЙ МЕФ НПМПДЩЕ ДЧПТСОЕ ДПМЦОЩ ВЩМЙ СЧЙФШУС ОБ ЮЕФЧЕТФЩК, РПУМЕДОЙК УНПФТ, РПУМЕ ЛПФПТПЗП ЙИ ОБРТБЧМСМЙ ОБ ЧПЕООХА УМХЦВХ, РТЙЮЕН РПЛБЪБЧЫЙЕ ОБЙМХЮЫЙЕ РПЪОБОЙС Ч ОБХЛБИ РПМХЮБМЙ РТБЧП ОБ ХУЛПТЕООПЕ РТПЙЪЧПДУФЧП Ч ПЖЙГЕТУЛЙК ЮЙО.

DMS HMHYUYOYS RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH CH 1731 Z. CH REFETVKhTZE VSCHM HYUTETSDEO yMSIEFOSHCHK LPTRHU, SCHYCHYKUS CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHN BLCHEDEOYEN OPCHPZP DMS tPUUY FIRB. дЕМП Ч ФПН, ЮФП ЫЛПМЩ, УПЪДБООЩЕ Ч ГБТУФЧПЧБОЙЕ рЕФТБ I, ЧЩЪЩЧБМЙ ОЕДПЧПМШУФЧП ДЧПТСО, ЛПФПТЩИ ПФРХЗЙЧБМЙ ЛБЛ ГБТЙЧЫЙЕ Ч ОЙИ УХТПЧЩЕ РПТСДЛЙ, ФБЛ Й ФП, ЮФП Ч ЮЙУМП ХЮЕОЙЛПЧ ДПРХУЛБМЙУШ МЙГБ «ОЕВМБЗПТПДОПЗП РТПЙУИПЦДЕОЙС». pFRTBCHLB NPMPDSHCHI DCHPTSO TUNGKOL SA HYUEVH bB ZTBOYGH FBLCE OE PRTBCHDSCCHBMB UEVS. uFPYMY LFY RPEDLY PYUEOSH DPTPZP, B OECHPЪNPTSOPUFSH RPUFPSOOPZP OBDPTB RTYCHPDYMB L FPNH, UFP HYUEOYLY OETEDLP ChPCHTBEBMYUSH DPNPK VE CHUSLYI BOBOIK. dBFSh CE RPMOPGEOOPE PVTBPCHBOYE DEFSN CH WENSHSI NPZMP DBMELP OE CHUE DCHPTSOUFCHP. дПРПМОЙФЕМШОПЕ ПУМПЦОЕОЙЕ ЪБЛМАЮБМПУШ Ч ФПН, ЮФП ПФ УМХЦВЩ Ч ЗЧБТДЙЙ, СЧМСЧЫЕКУС, РП ЪБНЩУМХ рЕФТБ, ЗМБЧОПК ЛХЪОЙГЕК ЛПНБОДОЩИ ЛБДТПЧ, ОЕЛПФПТЩН ДЧПТСОБН ФБЛЦЕ ХДБЧБМПУШ ХЛМПОЙФШУС, РТЙЮЕН ЧЕУШНБ ПТЙЗЙОБМШОЩН РХФЕН. TPDYFEMY UFBMY ЪBRYUSCHCHBFSH UCHPYI PFRTSHULCH CH ZCHBTDYA EDCHB MY OE U TPTsDEOYS. TEVEOPL FPMSHLP YUYUMYMUS CH RPMLH, OP YUYOSCH ENKH YMYY, FBL YUFP L UCHETIOOPMEFYA PO VSCHM HCE PZHYGETPN. obrtynet, bmelubodtb zPMYGSHCHOB, USHCHOB ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB n. n. ZPMYGSCHOB, UTBYKH RTY TPCDEOYY, CH 1724 h 1726 Z. b. b. GENERAL VSHCHM RTPYCHEDEO CH NYYUNBOSH ZHMPFB CH CHPTBUFE PDOPZP ZPDB.

ч тПУУЙЙ СЧОП ОБЪТЕМБ ОЕПВИПДЙНПУФШ Ч ФБЛПН ЧПЕООП-ХЮЕВОПН ЪБЧЕДЕОЙЙ, ЛПФПТПЕ У ПДОПК УФПТПОЩ ХДПЧМЕФЧПТЙМП ВЩ ЛПТРПТБФЙЧОЩЕ ЮБСОЙС ДЧПТСОУФЧБ, Б У ДТХЗПК — ПВЕУРЕЮЙМП ВЩ РПДЗПФПЧЛХ ЧЩУПЛПЛЧБМЙЖЙГЙТПЧБООЩИ ЛПНБОДЙТПЧ. yMSIEFOSHK LPTRHU FFYN FTEVPCHBOYSN CHRPMOE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM. h OEZP NPZMY RPUFHRBFSH NPMPDSCHE DChPTSOE H ChP_TBUFE PF FTYOBDGBFY DP ChPUENOBDGBFY MEF. khyuevoshchk lkhtu vshchm tbuuyuyfbo o yeufsh mef y chlmayubm, lbl pveepvtbchbfemshoshche, fbl y uregybmshoshche, chpeooshche rtednefshch.

sa UBNPZP OBYUBMB LPTRHU VSCHM BLTSCHFSCHN VBCHEDEOYEN. CHPURYFBOOYLY YNEOPCHBMYUSH LBDEFBNY ​​​​(PF ZHTBOGKHULPZP "cadet" - NMBDYK) Y TSYMY CH UREGIBMSHOPN YOFETOBFE RPD RPUFPSOOSCHN OBDPTPN REDBZPZPCH. CHOHFTEOOIK TBURPTSDPL LPTRHUB YNEM CHPEOOOSCHK IBTBLFET. rPNYNP OBHL LBDEFSHCH BOINBMYUSH UFTPECHSHCHNY HRTBTSOEOYSNNY, OEUMMY CH LPTRHUE LBTBHMSHOHA UMHTsVKH Y CHPPVEE DPMTSOSCH VSHMY "PE CHUEN CHUESHNB RP-UPMDBFULY RPUFHRBFSH". h DEOSH PZHYGBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFIS LPTRKHUB 17 ZHECHTBMS 1732 Z. CH OEN YUYUMYMPUSH CHUEZP 56 CHPURYFBOOILPCH, OP HCE Yuetey NEUSG YI VSCHMP 300 YuEMPCHEL.

NOPZYE UPCHTENEOOOYLY, YOPUFTBOGSCH Y TPUUYSOOE, PFSCHCHBMYUSH P yMSIEFOPN LPTRKHUE, LBL PV PDOPN YЪ MKHYUYI HYUEVOSCHI BDCHEDEOYK UFTBOSHCH. sTLHA LBTFYOH TSOYOY LBDEF TYUHEF, OBRTYNET, CH UCHPYI ЪBRYULBI l. t. «чТЕНС ЛБЦДПЗП ЛБДЕФБ, — ПФНЕЮБЕФ ПО, — РПМОПУФША ТБУРТЕДЕМЕОП РП ЪБОСФЙСН Й ХРТБЦОЕОЙСН, ЛПФПТЩЕ РП УЛМПООПУФСН Й Ч УППФЧЕФУФЧЙЙ У ЧПЪТБУФПН ДМС ОЙИ ОБЙВПМЕЕ ЧБЦОЩ, Б ЙНЕООП: ТХУУЛЙК, ОЕНЕГЛЙК, ЖТБОГХЪУЛЙК Й МБФЙОУЛЙК СЪЩЛЙ, ЙУФПТЙС, ЗЕПЗТБЖЙС, ЗЕПНЕФТЙС, ЖПТФЙЖЙЛБГЙС, BTYZHNEFYLB, RYUSHNP Y UPUFBCHMEOYE RYUEN, FBOGSCH, ZHEIPFCHBOYE, CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB, TYUPCHBOYE Y CHETIPCHBS EDDB. LBCDSCHK HUYFEMSH RP OBHLBN Y HRTBTSOEOYSN YNEEF CH UCHPEN LMBUUE URYUPL LBDEF, RTYIPDSEYI TUNGKOL SA HTPL, Y DEMBEF YN RP LFPNH URYULH RETELMYULH. uFPVSC PVCYUEOYE YMP LBL NPTsOP KHUREYOEEE, OH X LPZP TUNGKOL SA HTPLE OEF VPMSHIE 16 LBDEF. VETL MYUOP RPUEFYM LPTRKHU, LPFPTSCHK TBURPMBZBMUS PE DCHPTGE, TBOEE RTYOBDMETSBCHYEN b. NEOSHYILPCHKH, Y RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDKH, UFP "LPNOBFSCH YUYUFSHCHE Y PRTSFOSHCHE", B LPTNSF CHPURYFBOOYLPC PYUEOSH IPTPYP. ChRTPYUEN, YCHEDULYK RHFEYUFCHEOOIL PFNEFIYM FBLTS OBBLBBOYS, PTSYDBCHYE OETBDYCHSHI HUEOILPCH. рТПЧЙОЙЧЫЙИУС, РП ЕЗП УМПЧБН, ЧЩУФБЧМСМЙ Л РПЪПТОПНХ УФПМВХ, ВЙМЙ ЖХИФЕМСНЙ (Ф.Е. ЫРБЗПК РМБЫНС), УБЦБМЙ ЧЕТИПН ОБ ПУФТХА ДПУЛХ, Б УБНЩИ НБМЕОШЛЙИ МЙЫБМЙ ПВЩЮОЩИ ЛХЫБОЙК ЪБ ПВЕДПН Й ЛПТНЙМЙ ФПМШЛП ИМЕВПН У ЧПДПК.

UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBMYUSH Y CHPEOOP-HUEVOSHCHE BCCHEDEOYS, ZPFPCHYYE L UMHTSVE CH UREGYBMSHOSHCHI TPDBI CHPKUL. h 1735 Z. CH REFETVKhTSE PFLTSCHMBUSH bTFYMMETYKULBS YLPMB, UPUFPSCHYBS Y DCHHI PFDEMEOYK: PDOP DMS DCHPTSOULYI Y PZHYGETULYI DEFEK, B DTHZPE DMS "RHYLBTULYI" DEFEK. h OEK PVCYUBMY RTEINHEUFCHEOOP NBFENBFYUEULYN OBHLBN Y BTFYMMETYY. CHSCHRHULOILY "DCHPTSOULPZP" PFDEMEOYS OBRTBCCHMSMYUSH HOFET-PZHYGETBNY CH BTFYMMETYKULYE YUBUFY.

obtsdkh U HTPTSEOGBNY tPUUYY TUNGKOL SA CHPEOOHA UMHTsVKh RTYOYNBMY YOPUFTBOOSCHI RPDDBOOSCHI, YUFP OETEDLP CHSHCHCHCHBMP TBDTTBTSEOYE H NOPZYI UPVUFCHEOOPDE TPUUYKULPZP RTPYUIPTS. FP TBDTBTSEOYE PUPVEOOOB KHUYMYCHBMPUSH FEN PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHPN, UFP EEE U CHTENEO REFTTB I DEKUFCHPCHBMY RTBCHYMB, RP LPFPTSCHN PZHYGET-YOPUFTBOEG RPMKHYUBM VPMSHYEE TsBMPCHBOYE, RP LPFPTSCHN PZHYGET-YOPUFTBOEG RPMKHYUBM VPMSHYEE TsBMPCHBOYE, FP TBDTBTSEOYE. h 1732 Z., RP RTEDMPTSEOIA chPYOUULPK LPNYUUYY, chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS RTYOSMB TEYOYE P CHSHCHRMBFE CHUEN PZHYGETBN PJOBLPCHPZP TsBMPCHBOYS. RTY BYUYUMEOYY YOPUFTBOGECH TUNGKOL SA UMHTsVKH U OYNY BLMAYUBMYUSH UREGYBMSHOSHCHE DPZPCHPTSHCH ("LBRYFHMSGYY"), CH LPFPTSCHI ZHYLUYTPCHBMYUSH YI RTBCHB Y PVSBOOPUFY.

h OBYUBME RTBCHMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH CHUE BURELFSH RPMECHPK, UFTPECHPK Y ZBTOY'POOPK UMHTsVSC TEZKHMYTPCHBMYUSH RTYOSFSHCHN H 1716 Z.

пДОБЛП ХЦЕ Ч 1730 З. чПЙОУЛПК ЛПНЙУУЙЙ ВЩМП РПТХЮЕОП РЕТЕУНПФТЕФШ УХЭЕУФЧХАЭЙЕ РТБЧЙМБ РПУФТПЕОЙС Й ДЕКУФЧЙС ЧПКУЛ Ч ВПА, «ДБВЩ РТЙ ЧУЕК БТНЙЙ, ЛБЛ РТЙ ЛБЧБМЕТЙЙ, ФБЛ Й РТЙ ЙОЖБОФЕТЙЙ, ЧЧЕДЕОЩ ВЩМЙ ЬЛЪЕТГЙГЙЙ ПДОЕ Й ТБЧОЩС, РПОЕЦЕ ПФ ТБЪОПУФЙ Ч ЬЛЪЕТГЙГЙСИ РТЙ УМХЮБСИ ЧЕМЙЛЙЕ OERPTSDLY Y OMSHCHS UMEDPCHBOIS RTILMAYUIFSHUS NPZHF". h 1731 Z., TUNGKOL SA PUOPCHE UPTBOOPZP LPNYUUYEK NBFETYBMB, v.-l. NYOYI RPDZPPFPCHYM FBL OBSCCHCHBENHA "L'ETGYGYA REYHA", FP EUFSH, ZPCHPTS SHCHLPN VPMEE RPDOEZP PAGBASA, HUFBCH REIPFOPK UMHTsVSHCH. OPCHBS "L'ETGYGYS" OE PFNEOSMB RTETSOEZP ChPYOULPZP HUFBCHB, OP UMHTSYMB RPSUOEOYEN L OENH.

PUOPCHOPK FBLYUEULPK EDYOYGEK UYUYFBMUS RPML. h CHPEOOPE CHTENS Y CH REIPFE, Y CH LPOOYGE Y OEULPMSHLYI (DCHHI, FTEI Y VPMEE) RPMLPC ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSH VTYZBDSH, LPFPTSHCHE, CH UCHPA PYUETEDSh, UPUFBCHMSMY DYCHYYY. DYCHYYY NPZMY YNEFSH Y YULMAYUYFEMSHOP REIPFOSHCHK YMY LBCHBMETYKULYK, Y UNEYBOOSCHK UPUFBCH. h NYTOPE CHTENS DYCHYYY CHSHCHUFHRBMY ULPTEE CH TPMY BDNYOYUFTBFICHOSHI EDYOYG, OETSEMY CHPYOULYI YUBUFEK.

ZMBCHOSCHN CHYDPN RPUFTPEOYS REIPFOPZP RPMLB SCHMSMUS TBCHETOKHFSHCHK UFTPK, RTY LPFPTPN CHUE EZP CHPUENSH TPF TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH PDOH MYOYA, UPUFPSCHHA YY YUEFSHCHTEI IETEEOZ. YOFETCHBMPCH NETSDH TPFBNY RP ZhTPOFKh OE VSHMP. DYUFBOGIS NETSDH YETEOZBNY UPUFBCHMSMB FTY YBZB. MADY LBTsDPK RPUMEDHAEK YETEOZY UFBOCHYMYUSH CH BLFSCHMPL CHRETEDY UFPCHYN. yuEFShCHTE, UFPSCHYE DTHZ bb DTHZPN, YuEMPCHELB PVTBBPCHSHCHCHBMY PYO TSD. pF UPMDBF CH UFTPA FTEVPCHBMPUSH DETTSBFSHUSS "RTSNP Y VPDTP YOYUEN PFOADSHOE FTPZBFSHUS".

еУМЙ ​​​​РПМЛХ ВЩМП ОХЦОП «ТБЪДБФШУС» РП ЖТПОФХ, РТЙНЕОСМПУШ ФБЛ ОБЪЩЧБЕНПЕ «УДЧБЙЧБОЙЕ ЫЕТЕОЗ», ДМС ЛПФПТПЗП УПМДБФЩ ФТЕФШЕК ЫЕТЕОЗЙ ЧИПДЙМЙ Ч ЙОФЕТЧБМЩ НЕЦДХ УПМДБФБНЙ РЕТЧПК ЫЕТЕОЗЙ, Б УПМДБФЩ ЮЕФЧЕТФПК — НЕЦДХ УПМДБФБНЙ ЧФПТПК. hZMHVMEOYE RPUFTPEOYS RTPYCHPDYMY "UDCHBYCHBOYEN TSDCH", RPUME LPFPTPZP UPMDBFSCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH CHPUENSH IETEOZ. DMS OELPFPTSCHI VPMEE UMPTSOSCHI RETEUFTPEOYK LBTsDBS TPFB DEMYMBUSH TUNGKOL SA YuEFSCHTE CHCHPDB (RMHFPOZB). fBL DMS BFBLY, OBRTYNET, UPMDBFSCH NPZMY RPUFTPIFSHUS PE CHCHPDOSHCH YMY DCHHICHCHPDOSHCH LPMPOOSCH.

RPDPVOP VPMSHYOUFCHH THLPCHPDUFCH FPZP PAGBASA, "L'ETGYGYS REYBS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB UFTEMSFSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP ЪBMRBNY. LBYUEUFCHB PTHTSYS FPZP PAGBASA CHUE TBCHOP OE RPCHPMSMMY CHEUFY YZHZHELFYCHOKHA RTYGEMSHOHA UFTEMSHVKH, Y PF UPMDBF FTEVPCHBMY CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSHOE NEFLPUFY, B UFCHYFOPUFY DE dPRHULBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP IETEOZBN Y RP RMHFPOZBN. h RETCHPN UMHYUBE REIPFYOGSHCH, BTSDYCH JKHJEY, RETEUFTBYCHBMYUSH YYUEFSHTEI IETEOZ CH FTY. rPUME LFPZP UPMDBFSCH RETEDOEK YETEOZY RTYNSCHLBMY L ZhKHESN YFSHCHLY Y UFBOPCHYMYUSH TUNGKOL SA LPMEOOP, FPZDB LBL OBIPDYCHYYEUS PE CHFPTPK Y FTEFSHEK YETEOZBI RTPDPMTSBRP UFCSFSH TSBMY. RP LPNBODE "RTYLMBDSCHCHBKUS" UPMDBFSCH RTYGEMYCHBMYUSH. bBFEN RPDBCHBMBUSH LPNBODB "RBMY". rETCHPK UFTEMSMB FTEFSHS YETEOZB, B BLFEN, RP PYUETEDY, CHFPTBS Y RETCHBS. rty UFTEMSHVE RMHFPOZBNY PUOPCHOPE FTEVPCHBOYE UPUFPSMP CH OERTETSCHOPUFY RBMShVShch, F.E. YUFPVSCH RMHFPOZY CHEMY PZPOSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP DTHZ RB DTHZPN, YUETE PYO (UOBYUBMB RETCHSHCHK RMHFPOZ, BLFEN FTEFYK, BLFEN CHFPTPK Y, OBLPOEG, YuEFCHETFSHKK). "L'ETGYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB FBLCE PVCYUBFSH UPMDBF UFTEMSHVE TUNGKOL SA IPDH, RTY OBUFHRMEOYY YMY PFUFHRMEOYY.

PUPVSHCHK TBODEM "L'ETGYGYY" HUFBOBCHMYCHBM RTBCHYMB VTPUBOIS ZTBOBF DMS ZTEOBDET. yNEMYUSH FBLTSE TBDEMSCH Y RHOLFSCH, TEZMBNEOFYTPCHBCHYE PVSBOOPUFY LPNBODYTB RPMLB, TPFOSHCHI LPNBODYTPCH Y CHUEI RTPUYI DPMTSOPUFOSHCHI MYG. UTEDY OII PUPVPZP CHOYNBOYS BUMMHTSYCHBEF RHOLF, RPUCHSEOOOSCHK PVSBOOPUFSN OBNEOPUGB. Ayon sa ZMBUM: “Ayusin ang Obdmetsif Pufbchmsfsh (b. - b.) RPD UNETFOP LBEIA ..., B EZBB MBUOPK UMKHUBK TFITBDE HUYOOFUS, FPZDB PF PFPDTBFSH PPPS PPS, Yu Uevs UiM U POSCHN URBUBFSH.

RETEUFTPEOYS Y BMRPCHBS UFTEMSHVB FTEVPCHBMY PF UPMDBF IPTPYEK CHSHCHYULY. POB DPUFYZBMBUSH RHFEN HFPNYFEMSHOSCHI, NOPZPYUBUPCHSHI OBOSFIK Y UHTPCHSCHI OBBBLOIK NI PYYVLY. TEHMSHFBF, FEN OE NEOEE, VSCHM OBMYGP. vPMSHYOUFCHP YOPUFTBOGECH, CHYDECHYI TPUUYKULHA BTNYA Y YNECHYYI ChPNPTSOPUFSH UTBCHOYFSH EE U BTNYSNNY DTHZYI UFTBO, U VPMSHYPK RPICHBMPK PFSCHCHBMPUSH P RPDZPFPCHLY TPU. “YEFSCHTE ZCHBTDEKULYI, YOZETNBOMBODULYK Y OECHULYK (REIPFOSHCHE - b. n.) RPMLY, LETGYY LPFPTSCHI WITH CHIDEM, - RYYEF YCHED l. t. oE UPNOECHBAUSH, UFP OBIPDSEYEUS CH RPME RPMLY FPTS IPTPYP PVCYUEOSCH. bozmyyuboyo zht'ouyu dyychkhd, Vshchchbchyyk, LUFBFY, PE zhtbogyy, PFNEYUBEF: "zchbtdekulye rpmly chshchzmsdsf fblyny rtechpuipdoschny UPMDBFBNY, LBLYI S LPZDBMMY". eZP UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOOYGB yMYBVEF DTsBUFYU, LBL YUFYOOBS RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOYGB RTELTBUOPZP RPMB, CH UCHPYI ЪBNEFLBI P tPUUY RPCHEUFCHHEF P OBTSDBI DBN ZPTBDP RPDTEDDUFFO FEN OE NOOEE, Y POB UPYUMB OEPVIPDIINSCHN BLNEFYFSH: “with CHYDEMB, LBL 32 FSHCHUSU UPMDBF DEMBMY CHPEOOSHCH HRTBTSOEOYS ABOUT MSHDH. obdp RTYOBFSH, UFP POY IPTPYE UPMDBFShch.

ChP CHTENS THUULP-FKhTEGLPK ChPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ., LPZDB "l'ETGYGYS REYBS" RPDCHETZMBUSH UHTCHPK RTPCHETLE, CH OEE VSCHMY CHOEUEOSCH OELPFPTSCHE DPRPMOEOIS. h 1736 Z., RP HLBBOYA NYOYIB, ZEOETBM h. h. ZhETNPT UPUFBCHYM "DYURPYGYA VPECHPZP RPTSDLB Y NBOECHTCH CH ZEOETBMSHOPK VBFBMYY U FHTLBNY". h OEK PFNEYUBMPUSH, YUFP OKHTSOP HYUYFSH ChPKULB FPMSHLP FPNH, YUFP "RTYDEFUS DEMBFSH Ch VPA". h LBYUEUFCHE MKHYUYEZP URPUPVB CHEDEOYS PZOS OBSHCHCHBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP RMHFPOZBN, RTYUEN LBTsDSHK RMHFPOZ DPMTSEO VSCHM UFTEMSFSH RPIETEOPTSOP. pDOPCTENEOOP "DYURPYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB PFLBBFSHUS PF OBMPCHPK UFTEMSHVSH GEMSCHN VBFBMSHPOPN YMYY, FEN VPMEE, RPMLPN. PUOPCHBOYS DMS LFPZP VSCHMY UMEDHAEIE: CHP-RETCHI, PZHYGET, LPNBODHAEIK PZOEN VBFBMSHPOB, OE NPCEF YЪ-ЪB RPTPIPCHPZP DSCHNB IPTPYP CHYDEFSH RTPFICHOYLBЁ, BLPDEN ChP-CHFPTSCHI, RTY UFTEMSHVE VBFBMShPOOPK YETEOZPK TUNGKOL SA OETPCHOPK NEUFOPUFY OE CHUE UPMDBFSCH PDYOBLPCHP IPTPYP CHYDSF RTPFICHOYLB; CH-FTEFSHYI, RETETSHCHSHCH NETSDH PFDEMSHOSHCHNY OBMRBNY PYUEOSH CHEMYLY. "DYURPIYGYS" FBLTSE HLBSCCHBMB, LBL CHEUFY UFTEMSHVKH Y' LPMPOO Y UFTEMSHVKh Yb-B HLTSHCHFIK.

pZPOSH Y LPMPOO TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH RTYNEOSFSH RTY OBOSFIY LBLPK-OYVKHDSH "FEUOYOSCH". lBTsDBS LPMPOOB PVTBPCHSCCHBMBUSH RMHFPOZBNY PDOPZP VBFBMSHPOB YMY RPMLB, RPUFBCHMEOOOSCHNY DTHZ bB DTHZPN. updboye LPMPOO YUYUMEOOPUFSHHA VPMEE RPMLB VSCHMP RTYOBOP OETBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN YB-B CHPNPTSOPK RHFBOIGSHCH CH LPNBODBI. uFTEMSHVKH UMEDPCHBMP CHEUFY RP RMHFPOZBN, OP CH PFMYUYE PF PVSHCHUOPZP CHBTYBOFB, UPMDBFSCH LBTsDPZP RMHFPOZB UFTEMSMMY CHUE TBBPN. dBCh NBUUYTPCHBOOSCHK ЪBMR, RETEDOYK RMHFPOZ PFIPDYM CH ICHPUF LPMPOOSCH Y PFLTSCHCHBM RTPUFTBOUFCHP DMS UFTEMSHVSCH UMEDHAEENH.

RTY OBMYYUY RETED ZHTPOFPN LBLPK MYVP EUFEUFCHEOOPC ЪBEYFSCH (YZPTPDY, IPMNB, THYUSHS Y RTPUEZP) UPMDBFSCH DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UFTPIFSHUS OE CH YuEFSCHTE, BCH FTY YETEOZY. h LFPN UMHYUBE UFTEMSMMB DPMTSOB VSCHMB FPMSHLP RETCHBS YETEOZB, B PUFBMSHOSHCHE BTTSBMY THTSSHS Y RPDBCHBMY YI UFTEMSAEIN. uFBTSHK URPUPV, LPZDB YETEOZB, DBCH SBMR, PFIPDYMB OBBD, B OB HER NEUFP CHSHCHDCHYZBMBUSH DTHZBS, RTYOBMY OEHDBYUOSCHN. rp NOOEOYA BCHFPTB "dYURPYGYY", MADY, COBS, UFP RPUME CHSHCHUFTEMB POY UNPZHF PFPKFY, VHDHF FPTPRYFSHUS Y RMPIP CHEUFY PZPOSH. RTY RETENEEEOY YIETEOZ NPTSEF CHPOYLOKHFSH BLNEYBFEMSHUFCHP, LPFPTPE URTPCHPGYTHEF OBFYUL CHTBZB.

rTYOBCHBS, YUFP MKHYUYN PTHTSYEN SCHMSEFUS JKHES UP YFSHLPN, "DYURPYIGYS" HLBSCCHBMB OB YZHZHELFYCHOPUFSH RTYNEOEOYS RTPFYCH LPOOYGSC DMYOOSHCHI RYL. RILBNY, RP NOOYA EE BCHFPTB, UMEDPCHBMP CHPPTKHTSBFSH UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY, B UPMDBFBN RETCHPK YETEOZY OBDMETsBMP YNEFSH RTYNLOHFSHCHE YFSHCHLY. «DYURPIYGYS» HYUMB FBLTS ULMPOOPUFSH FBFBT L ЪBUBDBN Y CHOEBROSHCHN OBRBDEOYSN. RTY RETEDCHYTSEOISI POB TELPNEODPCHBMB OEUFY JKHJEY OE "YUETE RMEYUP", B C THLBI, YNES CHUEZDB VPMSHYPK RBMEG RTBCHPK THLY TUNGKOL SA LHTLE. DMS KHCHEMYYUEOIS RPDCHYTSOPUFY REIPFYOGECH CH VPA, TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH OBLBOHOE "VBFBMYY" PUFBCHMSFSH TBOGSHCH, YOYEMY Y YRBZY CH PVPJE.

LBUBSUSH CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS REIPFSCH Y BTFYMMETYY, "DYURPYYGYS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB TBNEEBFSH RHYLY OB ZHMBOZBNY VBFBMShPOB, YUFPVSHCH OERTYSFEMSH "OE ORTYSDE CHTENEOY RECHIDERYFSH." rty OEVPVIPDYNPUFY PFLTSCHFSH BTFYMMETYKULYK PZPOSH, RMHFPOZY, UFPCHYE RETED RHYLBNY, DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UDCHPYFSH TSDSCH Y CH PFLTSCHCHYEUS VTEY RHYLY UFTEMSMY "ULPTP LBTFEYUSHA". rty RPUFTPEOYY LPMPOOBNY RHYLY TBTEYBMPUSH UFBCHYFSH b PDOIN GEOFTTBMSHOSHCHI RMHFPOZCH.

DMS PFTBTSEOIS CHTBTSEOULPK LPOOYGSC TPUUYKULBS REIPFB YUBUFP YURPMSHЪPCHBMB LBTE - RPUFTPEOYE CH CHYDE YuEFSCHTEIKHZPMSHOYLB, LBTsDHA UFPTPOH LPFPTPZP UPUFBCHMSMY UPMDYE. DMS YFHTNB CHTBTSEOULYI LTERPUFEK CHPYOSCH UFTPIYMYUSH CH LPMPOOSCH, RTYUEN CHRETED YYMY ZTEOBDETSCHCH.

пВТБЭБЕФ ОБ УЕВС ЧОЙНБОЙЕ, ЮФП ДЕКУФЧЙС ЛБЧБМЕТЙЙ Ч «ДЙУРПЪЙГЙЙ» РПЮФЙ ОЕ ЪБФТПОХФЩ, ИПФС, ЛБЪБМПУШ ВЩ, РТЙ ЧПКОЕ У ФХТЛБНЙ Й ФБФБТБНЙ, ПВМБДБЧЫЙИ ПЮЕОШ НОПЗПЮЙУМЕООПК ЛПООЙГЕК, ЙНЕООП ЬФПФ ЧПРТПУ ДПМЦЕО ВЩМ РТЙЧМЕЮШ ЧОЙНБОЙЕ ЛПНБОДПЧБОЙС.

CHPNPTSOP, UMPTSYCHYEUS RPMPTSEOYE PVYASUOSEFUS FEN, YuFP NYOYI, IPFS Y UPDBM RETCHSHCHE CH tPUUY LYTBUITULYE RPMLY, RP UPVUFCHEOOPNKH RTYOBOYA, LBCHBMETYKULPE DEMP OBM RMPIP. h NBE 1736 Z. PFTEDBLFYTPCHBOOKHA "DYURPYYGYA" TBBUMBMY CH RPMLY CH CHYDE "ZEOETBMYFEFULPZP TBUUKHTSDEOYS".

ZMBCHN DPLKHNEOFPN, PRTEDEMSCHYN UFTPECHKHA UMHTsVKh LBCHBMETYY, VSCHMB "l'ETGYGYS Ch RPMLKh eZP yNRETBFPTULPZP chshchupyueufchb". POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1732 Z. Y RTEDOBOBYUBMBUSH DMS LITBUYTPCH. h 1736 Z. ZEOETBMYFEFULPE UPCHEEBOYE ​​​​RTYOSMP TEYOYE "RTY CHUEI DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI CH YCHEOLPCHBOY Y CRTTTPFYUEN LPOOYGEA PVCYUEOYS RPUFHRBFSH FBL, LBL CH LAYTBUYTULYI RPMLBI". PUOPCHOSCHN RPUFTPEOYEN LPOOYGSC FBLTS RTYOBCHBMUS TBCHETOHFSCHK UFTPK Y FTEI IETEEOZ. DMS BFBLY CHSHUFTBYCHBMYUSH LPMPOOSCH TBOPZP UPUFBCHB: LBDTPOOSHCHE, YEFSCHTEICHCHPDOSHCHE, CHCHPDOSHCH Y DT. YOFETCHBMPCH RP ZHTPOFH NETsDH CHUBDOILBNY OE VSMP CHPCHUE: LBCHBMETYUFSH FPZP PAGBASA UTTBTSBMYUSH UFTENS CH UFTENS. UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLE LIGHTBUYT Y DTBZHO OE PVCYUBMY - YN TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH "NBMPK TSHUGPK".

dms iPD REIPFOPZP HYUEOYS RPCHPMSEF RTEDUFBCHYFSH RTYLB RP UENEOPCHULPNH RPMLH PF 3 UEOFSVTS 1736 Z. uPZMBUOP FFPNH DPLHNEOPHH, RPML CHSHIPDYM DMS HYUEOCHPKYS OB BDBYUB BLMAYUBMBUSH CH FPN, UFPVSCH CHSHTBVPFBFSH OBCHSHCHLY UFTEMSHVSCH YETEOZBNY, UOBYUBMB ABOUT NEUFE, UBFEN CH DCHYTSEOYY "OBUFKHROSCHNY Y PFUFKHROSCHNY DYCHYYPOBNY".

iHCE PVUFPSMP DEMP U PVCYUEOYEN BTFYMMETYUFCH. чПЕООБС ЛПММЕЗЙС ОЕПДОПЛТБФОП ФТЕВПЧБМБ ПФ ЛБОГЕМСТЙЙ «зМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ Й ЖПТФЙЖЙЛБГЙЙ» УППВЭЙФШ, ЛБЛ ВЩМЙ ПТЗБОЙЪПЧБОЩ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛЙЕ ХЮЕОЙС РТЙ рЕФТЕ I. лБОГЕМСТЙС РЕТЕБДТЕУПЧБМБ ЪБРТПУ ЙЪЧЕУФОПНХ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПНХ ЗЕОЕТБМХ ч. й. ZEOOYOKH, CHEDBCHYENKH CH FP CHTENS HTBMSHULYNY BLCHPDBNY. зЕООЙО ПФЧЕФЙМ: «рТЙ НПЕК ВЩФОПУФЙ Ч тПУУЙЙ ОБ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПК УМХЦВЕ Ч ЛПНБОДЕ зМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ, П БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛПК ЬЛЪЕТГЙГЙЙ, Б ЙНЕООП: НЕФБОЙЕ ВПНВ, РХЫЕЮОБС РБМШВБ Ч НЙЫЕОШ Й УЛПТПУФТЕМШОБС, ЛБЛЙН ПВТБЪПН РТПЙЪЧПДЙФШ, ПФ ЗМБЧОПК БТФЙММЕТЙЙ ХЛБЪБ С ОЕ ЙНЕМ, ФПМШЛП БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛЙИ УМХЦЙФЕМЕК ЧЕМЕОП VShchMP PVCYUBFSH RTBLFILE. h 1731 Z. CHPKULB RPMKHYUYMY UPUFBCHMEOOOSCHK RP HLBBOYA uEOOBFB "KHYUEVOSCHK BTFYLHM RHYYUOSCHK". DMS RPDZPPFPCHLY BTFYMMETYUFCH UMEDPCHBMP PFPVTBFSH CH LBTsDPN RPMLH CHPUENSH YUEMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHI "PVKHYUBFSH LBOPOITULPK DPMTSOPUFY" UOBYUBMB ABOUT NEUFE UMBTHTsVSHCH, B EBFPOEN CH.

obTSDH U UHIPRHFOPK BTNYEK CH 1730-E ZPDSH BLFICHOP UCHETIOUFCHPCHBMUS CHPEOOSHK ZHMPF tPUUYY. LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, RTY REFTE II EZP TBCHYFYE ZHBLFYUEULY PUFBOCHYMPUSH. h 1728 Z. YCHEDULYK RPUMBOOIL DPOPUYM UCHPENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH YJ REFETVKhTZB: “oEUNPFTS ABOUT ETSEZPDOKHA RPUFTPKLH ZBMET, THUULIK ZBMETOSCHK ZHMPF, UTBCHOYFEMSHOP U RTIMBESHOP; LPTBVEMSHOSHCHK TS RTYIPDYF CH RTSNPE TBBPTEOOYE, RPFPNH, UFP UFP UFP VPMEE YEFSHTEI YMY RSFY MYOEKOSHCHI LPTBVMEK CHSHCHCHEUFY CH NPTE OEMSHЪS, B RPUFTPKLB OVPCHMBHI. h BDNYTBMFEKUFCHBI CE FBLPE OEUNPFTEOYE, YuFP ZHMPF YCH FTY ZPDB OEMSHЪS RTYCHEUFY CH RTETSOEE UPUFPSOIE, OP PV LFPN OILFP OE DKhNBEF.

rPUME CHUFHRMEOYS TUNGKOL SA RTEUFPM BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UIFHBGYS UTBIH YENEOIMBUSH. хЦЕ Ч ЙАМЕ 1730 З. ВЩМ РТЙОСФ ХЛБЪ, Ч ЛПФПТПН «ОБЙЛТЕРЮБКЫЕ РПДФЧЕТЦДБМПУШ бДНЙТБМФЕКУФЧ-ЛПММЕЗЙК, ЮФПВЩ ЛПТБВЕМШОЩК Й ЗБМЕТОЩК ЖМПФ УПДЕТЦБОЩ ВЩМЙ РП ХУФБЧБН, ТЕЗМБНЕОФБН Й ХЛБЪБН, ОЕ ПУМБВЕЧБС Й ОЕ ХРПЧБС ОБ ОЩОЕЫОЕЕ ВМБЗПРПМХЮОПЕ НЙТОПЕ ЧТЕНС». h DElbvte 1731 Z. TUNGKOL SA bDNYTBMFEKULPK CHETJY BMPTSYMY OPCHSHCHK 66-RHYYUOSCHK LPTBVMSH. фПЗДБ ЦЕ ЙНРЕТБФТЙГБ ТБУРПТСДЙМБУШ ЧПЪПВОПЧЙФШ ОБ вБМФЙКУЛПН ЖМПФЕ ТЕЗХМСТОЩЕ ХЮЕОЙС У ЧЩИПДПН Ч НПТЕ, ДБВЩ «ЙНЕФШ УЙЕ Й МАДСН ПВХЮЕОЙЕ Й ЛПТБВМСН РПДМЙООПК ПУНПФТ, ЙВП Ч ЗБЧБОЙ ФБЛЕМБЦ Й РТПЮЕЕ РПЧТЕЦДЕОЙЕ ОЕЧПЪНПЦОП ФБЛ ПУНПФТЕФШ, ЛБЛ ЛПТБВМШ Ч ДЧЙЦЕОЙЙ».

ч 1732 З. ВЩМБ ХЮТЕЦДЕОБ УРЕГЙБМШОБС ЛПНЙУУЙС, ГЕМША ЛПФПТПК РТПЧПЪЗМБЫБМПУШ «РТЙЧЕДЕОЙЕ Ч ОБДМЕЦБЭЙК, РПУФПСООЩК Й ДПВТЩК РПТСДПЛ ЖМПФБ, ЛБЛ ЛПТБВЕМШОПЗП, ФБЛ Й ЗБМЕТОПЗП Й БДНЙТБМФЕКУФЧБ Й ЧУЕЗП, ЮФП Л ФПНХ РТЙОБДМЕЦЙФ». rTEDUEDBFEMEN nPTULPK LPNYUYY UFBM b. ika. PUFETNBO, BCH NIYA UPUFBCH CHPYMY PRSHCHFOSHCHE NPTSLY, LPOFT-BDNYTBMShch f. UBODETU, naku. uEOSCHIO, r. vTEDBMSh, h. zPMPCHYO. lPNYUUYS RTYOSMB TEYOYE UTPYUOP CHPЪPVOPCHYFSH UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP TUNGKOL SA vBMFYLE LTHROSCHI RBTHUOSCHI LPTBVMEK.

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Anna Ioannovna Romanova
Russian empress

Mga taon ng buhay: 1693-1740
Mga taon ng pamahalaan: 1730-1740

Ang pangalawang anak na babae ni Ivan V Alekseevich (kapatid na lalaki at kasamang pinuno ng Tsar Peter I) at Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, pamangking babae.

Maikling talambuhay ni Anna Ioanovna

Sa edad na 3, naiwan si Anna na walang ama, nanirahan kasama ang kanyang ina at mga kapatid na sina Ekaterina at Praskovya sa nayon ng Izmailovo hanggang sa edad na labinlimang. Nag-aral ng kasaysayan, pagbasa, kaligrapya, heograpiya, wikang banyaga, sayaw.

Noong Oktubre 31, 1710, pinakasalan siya ng kanyang tiyuhin na si Peter I kay Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke ng Courland. Ang kasal na ito ay tinapos upang matiyak ang karapatan ng Russia na gamitin ang mga daungan ng Courland (Baltic). Ang mga pagdiriwang sa okasyon ng kasal ay nagpatuloy sa loob ng dalawang buwan, kung saan ang bagong-ginawa na asawang si Friedrich ay sipon at, umalis kasama ang kanyang asawa patungo sa kabisera ng Courland, Mitava, noong Enero 9, 1711, namatay siya 40 km mula sa St. Petersburg. Sa kabila ng pagkamatay ng duke, inutusan ni Peter si Anna na manirahan sa Mitava at hindi siya pinayagan na manatili sa Russia nang mahabang panahon.

Mga kondisyon ng paghahari ni Anna Ioannovna

Pagkatapos ng kanyang kamatayan, inanyayahan si Anna noong Enero 25, 1730 sa ang trono ng Russia ng Supreme Privy Council sa mungkahi ni V. L. Dolgorukov at D. M. Golitsyn. Sa paniniwalang ang 37-anyos na si Anna Ioannovna ay walang mga tagasuporta at koneksyon sa Russia, ginawa nila ang desisyong ito.

Ayon sa mga kasunduan, sumang-ayon si Anna Ivanovna na pamahalaan ang bansa kasama lamang ang Supreme Privy Council, at ito ay magiging pinakamataas na namamahala sa katawan. Wala siyang karapatang magbatas, magpataw ng buwis, magtapon ng kabang-yaman, magdeklara ng digmaan at makipagkasundo. Nang walang pag-apruba ng mga miyembro ng Konseho, hindi siya maaaring magbigay ng mga ari-arian at mga ranggo. Hindi maaaring magpakasal si Anna at magtalaga ng tagapagmana ng trono nang walang pahintulot ng Supreme Privy Council. Sa kaso ng hindi katuparan ng mga kondisyon, siya ay binawian ng korona.

Empress Anna Ioannovna

Gayunpaman, nang magkaroon ng kapangyarihan, agad na binuwag ni Anna Ioannovna ang Supreme Privy Council (1730), ibinalik ang kahalagahan ng Senado, itinatag ang Gabinete ng mga Ministro (1731), na kinabibilangan ni G. I. Golovkin, A. I. Osterman, A. M. Cherkassky. Ang mga bagay sa simbahan ay ipinagkatiwala kay Feofan Prokopovich. Susunod, ang Office of Secret Investigation Affairs ay muling nilikha, na pinamumunuan ni A.I. Ushakov (ang sentral na katawan ng pampulitikang pagsisiyasat).

Ilang sandali bago ang koronasyon, naglabas si Anna Ioannovna ng isang manifesto sa isang pambansang panunumpa sa tagapagmana na hinirang ng empress. Noong Abril 28, 1730, sa Moscow, sa Assumption Cathedral, ipinagdiwang ni Feofan Prokopovich ang kasal at pagpapahid ng Empress Anna sa kaharian.

Sa panahon ng paghahari ni Anna Ivanovna, ang utos sa solong mana ay nakansela (1731), ang Gentry Cadet Corps ay itinatag (1731), at ang serbisyo ng mga maharlika ay limitado sa 25 taon. Ang panloob na bilog ni Anna ay halos binubuo ng mga dayuhan (E. I. Biron, K. G. Levenwolde, B. X. Minich, P. P. Lassi). Sa ilalim ni Anna, ang pinuno, ang chamber junker na si Ernest-Johann Biron ay nagkaroon ng malaking impluwensya sa kurso ng mga gawain ng estado - paborito ni Anna Ioannovna hanggang sa katapusan ng buhay.

Ang mga taon ng paghahari ni Anna Ioannovna - Bironovshchina

Ang "Bironovshchina", na nagpapakilala sa takot sa politika, paglustay, kawalang-galang sa mga tradisyon ng Russia, kahalayan, ay naging isa sa mga madilim na pahina sa kasaysayan ng Russia. Sa pagsunod sa isang maka-marangal na patakaran, si Anna Ioannovna ay hindi napagkasunduan sa mga pagpapakita ng marangal na pagsalungat. Hindi pinatawad ni Anna sina Golitsyn at Dolgoruky para sa kanilang mga talumpati noong Enero - Pebrero 1730 at kalaunan ay nakulong, ipinatapon, at pinatay.

Noong 1740, si Anna Ivanovna at ang kanyang entourage ay nakipag-usap sa Ministro ng Gabinete na si L.P. Volynsky at ang kanyang mga tagasunod, na naghangad na limitahan ang impluwensya ng mga dayuhan sa domestic at foreign policy ng Russia.

Sa panahon ng paghahari ni Anna, isang reporma sa militar ang isinagawa sa hukbo sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni B.X. Minich, nabuo ang mga regimen ng Izmailovsky at Horse Guards.
Noong 1733 - 1735. Nag-ambag ang Russia sa pag-apruba ng Elector of Saxony Stanislaw August (Agosto III) sa trono ng Poland. Ang digmaan sa Turkey (1735 - 1739) ay natapos na ang kapayapaan ng Belgrade ay hindi pabor para sa Russia.

Ang mga tagumpay ng patakaran ni Anna Ioannovna

Sa pamamagitan ng utos ni Empress Anna, nagsimula ang konstruksiyon sa Kremlin, paghahagis
Tsar Bell: Ang Arkitekto na si I.F.Michurin ay iginuhit ang unang plano ng Moscow sa kasaysayan ng Russia, na nakatuon sa pag-streamline ng pag-unlad ng lungsod. Upang makontrol ang pagpapalakas ng kontrol ng customs sa paligid ng Moscow, ang Kompaneisky shaft ay inilatag. Noong 1732, isang utos ang inisyu sa pag-install ng mga glass lantern sa Moscow, sa gayon ay inilalagay ang pundasyon para sa pag-iilaw ng kalye sa lungsod. Noong 1732, itinalaga niya ang Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Noong 1732, iniutos ni Anna ang pagbubukas ng 1st Cadet Corps, na naghanda sa mga maharlika para sa militar at pampublikong serbisyo, ngunit sa parehong oras, noong 1736, nilimitahan niya ang obligasyon ng serbisyong ito sa 25 taon. Ang mga maharlika ay binigyan ng karapatang makatanggap ng edukasyon sa tahanan at pana-panahon lamang na "lumitaw para sa mga pagsusuri at sumailalim sa mga eksaminasyon." Itinuring ni Anna Ioannovna na nakakapinsalang turuan ang mga ordinaryong tao na magbasa at magsulat, dahil "ang pag-aaral ay maaaring makagambala sa kanila mula sa mababang gawain" (decree ng 1735). Sa pamamagitan ng isa pang utos, noong Oktubre 29, 1735, iniutos niya ang pagtatatag ng mga paaralan para sa mga anak ng mga manggagawa sa pabrika.

Ang mga tagumpay ng patakarang panlabas ng paghahari ni Anna noong 1730s. kumpirmahin ang mga kasunduan sa kalakalan sa pagitan ng Russia at Spain, England, Sweden, China at Persia.
Anna 1 Ioannovna napunta sa kasaysayan bilang mahilig sa "mga kuryusidad" (mga duwende at higante, kakaibang hayop at ibon, mananalaysay at mangkukulam), talagang nagustuhan niya ang mga biro ng mga jester.

Sa paghusga sa mga natitirang sulat, si Empress Anna Ioannovna ay isang klasikong uri ng babae-may-ari ng lupa. Mahilig siyang magtsismis tungkol sa korte, sa personal na buhay ng kanyang mga nasasakupan, at nakipagtipon sa kanyang maraming mga jesters na nagpapasaya sa kanya. Siya ay mapamahiin, nilibang sa pagbaril sa mga ibon, mahilig sa maliliwanag na damit.

Noong Agosto 12, 1740, ang pamangkin ng Empress na si Anna Leopoldovna, na ikinasal noong 1739 sa prinsipe ng Brunswick na si Anton-Ulrich, ay nagkaroon ng isang anak na lalaki, si Ivan, na idineklara ng Empress na tagapagmana ng trono ng Russia. At si E.I. Biron ay hinirang na kanyang regent.

Noong Oktubre 17, 1740, si Anna Ioannovna, sa edad na 47, ay namatay sa isang "stroke" sa St. Petersburg, at ang 2-buwang gulang na si Ivan, sa ilalim ng regency ng Duke ng Courland Biron, ay naging soberanya ng Russia na si Ivan VI. Antonovich.

Ipinahiwatig ng mga doktor na ang sanhi ng kamatayan ay gout kasabay ng sakit sa bato. Sa autopsy, natuklasan ang isang bato sa bato na kasinglaki ng kalingkingan, na sinasabing pangunahing sanhi ng kamatayan.

Si Anna Ioannovna ay inilibing sa Peter and Paul Cathedral sa St. Petersburg.

Sa panitikan, ang kanyang imahe ay makikita sa nobelang "Word and Deed" ni Valentin Pikul, M. N. Volkonsky "Prince Nikita Fedorovich", I. I. Lazhechnikov "Ice House".

Si Anna Ioannovna ay walang anak.