Ing ending in English language- a sign of several grammatical forms. The ending ing is usually added to verbs, while the action takes on the meaning of a process, duration.
Ending ING in grammar
The ending -ing in English is used in the following cases:
In the times of the group Continuous.
The times of this group have two common features: firstly, the verb to be in the right tense, secondly, the semantic verb with - ing.
For example:
Lima is constantly chatting with her friends on the Internet. ( Present Continuous) - Lima is constantly chatting with her girlfriends on the Internet.
Rebecca was driving home at that time yesterday. (Past Continuous) - Rebecca was driving home at this time yesterday.
I will be having dinner at eight p.m. tomorrow. ( Future Continuous) - I will have dinner at eight o'clock tomorrow.
The meaning of the process, the duration of the action is common to all the above situations, regardless of the duration of the action. Ending - ing - a sign of the continuation of the action and common element in all continuous times.
When forming the form Participle 1 - Present participles.
The ending -ing to form participles is also added to the verb. The participle can be in a sentence:
1) Before a noun, characterizing it
Those laughing girls are well-known models. - Those laughing girls are famous models.
2) After a noun, in participial phrases.
The swans flying in the rays of the sun were amazing. - The swans flying in the sun were amazing.
3) At the beginning of a sentence, in adverbial phrases.
Having no sense of humour he couldn't understand his friends" jokes. - Having no sense of humor, he did not understand the jokes of his friends.
When forming a verbal noun.
A verbal noun is formed by adding -ing to the verb. You can distinguish it from other "ing" forms by placing in front of it possessive pronoun or a noun in the possessive case.
Debora's singing is always magnificent. - Deborah's singing is always magical.
When forming a gerund.
Gerund in English is a special verb form (also with the ending -ing), which combines the features of a noun and a verb.
The gerund can be:
1) Subject
Swimming is useful for health. - Swimming is good for health.
2) Part of the predicate
Lima's favorite leisure activity is dancing. - Lima's favorite form of recreation is dancing.
3)Supplement
Usually this member of the sentence is a gerund paired with a predicate with a preposition. This is the case when the combination "verb + preposition + gerund" is recommended for memorization in a complex.
Here are some options for such "links":
insist - insist on
Her parents insisted on moving to another city. Her parents insisted on moving to another city.
be afraid of
Vera was always afraid of leaving home. Vera was always afraid to leave the house.
accuse - accuse of
His granny accuses him of being rude. - His grandmother accuses him of being rude.
get tired - be tired of
I'm awfully tired of working round the clock. I'm terribly tired of working around the clock.
object to
They strongly object to cutting down the trees around their house. - They strongly object to cutting down the trees around the house.
We have considered the main cases of using the ing ending in English. From the examples given, it can be seen that the ing form of the verb is widespread in English. Its use cases cover several grammar rules. Despite the identity of education, this form can be different parts speeches with different features correct use.
Ending ING in orthography
There is one more thing to consider when considering the ending ing in English - the rules for writing it with a verb.
Any verb ending in English, be it -ed, -ing or -es, can change the original verb. Usually we are talking about substitution or omission of letters. These rules are the same for many endings. These rules also apply when adding the ending -ing to the word.
- if the original word consists of one syllable and ends in a consonant, this consonant is doubled: drop - dropping;
- if the original word ends in a consonant plus "e", "e" is omitted: hate - hating;
- if the original word ends with -ie, then the last two letters are changed to "y": tie - tying.
Ending ING in phonetics
Nothing gives out “Russian English” like a distinctly pronounced sound “g” in the ending -ing. As soon as the first words with this ending appeared in your English lessons, carefully monitor their pronunciation - there should not be a “g” sound in it. Practice pronouncing the nasal sound correctly. Given the prevalence of this form, the ability to pronounce it correctly is important. In addition, when listening, it is important to distinguish the verb with the ending -ing from the verb with the preposition in by sound in speech - the meaning of the statement depends on this.
ending ing very often used in English. Perhaps this is one of the most popular English affixes. But, nevertheless, most students, faced with the ending ing, feel confused in understanding and translating words with his participation. Today, we will talk about how to finally understand the intricacies of the ending ing and learn to understand, translate and use forms with its participation.
So, if you see a form with the ending ing, then it could be:
a) participle 1 (Participle 1)
Participle 1 is the first thing that should come to your mind when you encounter the ending ing. To translate participle 1 into Russian, you need to ask two questions - “what is he doing?” or “doing what?”
I want to speak to a student sitting over there. - I want to talk to a student sitting (sitting - what are you doing?) Over there.
If the question is “what is doing?” does not fit the meaning, then we ask the question “what are you doing?”, for example:
Mr Smith works hard having only five minutes for the rest. – Mr. Smith works hard, having only five minutes to rest.
b) gerund (Gerund)
The second thing you should think about when you encounter the ending ing is the gerund. A gerund is essentially a noun that names an action. For example: reading - reading, going - walking, typing - typing, etc.
I like reading English books very much. – I like reading English books very much.
I'm not good at swimming. - I'm not a good swimmer (lit.: I'm not very good at swimming).
c) a component of one of the long times
In English, there is a group of grammatical tenses, in the formation of which the ending ing is involved. These times are called Continuous, i.e. "long". Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they are formed with the help of certain auxiliary verbs and a semantic verb with the ending ing. For example, it is formed using the auxiliary verbs am, is, are and the ending ing, which is added to the main verb. For example:
He is sleeping now. - He is sleeping now.
If you assume that the ending ing encountered is a long tense component, then you should first of all pay attention to the other members of the sentence - among them there must be some kind of auxiliary verb. If you find this auxiliary verb, then your next task is to find out exactly what time you met. If you found the auxiliary verbs am, is, are, then you have Present Continuous, which must be translated by asking the questions “what do I do?”, “What do I do?”, “What do they do?” etc. If will and be were among the auxiliary verbs, then you met the time, and you need to ask questions “what will I do?”, “What will I do?” etc. If you see the verbs was, were, then you are dealing with, and you should translate the sentence by asking the questions “what did you do?”, “what did you do?”.
The ending ing can also be used in the formation of tenses Perfect Continuous, but these times are extremely rare, so we will not consider them within the framework of this publication.
So, friends, in this short article we tried to systematize the information related to the ending ing and give you practical rules for translating forms with this ending. We hope that now the ending ing has ceased to be an incomprehensible stain for you in English grammar.
English is categorized analytical languages: grammatical connections they are expressed in it not by changing the word and adding various morphemes to it (prefixes, suffixes, endings), but with the help of various auxiliary words - prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in English - only three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. By comparison, Russian is synthetic language, and it is the morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.
So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.
The ending -s (-es)
The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:
Plural Nouns
Almost all nouns form plural by adding -s (-es). For example:
dog - dog s
book - book s
When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:
Church—church es
box es
tomato - tomato es
Verbs in the 3rd person singular in Present Simple tense
It is used when it comes to events that occur constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular(he, she, it) the ending -s (-es) is also added as a verb ending. For example:
She play s tennis every weekend. She plays tennis every weekend.
Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas. Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.
Possessive case of nouns
By and large, the possessive case ending should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through apostrophe ("). For example:
John 's car - John's car
My daughter "s book - my daughter's book
If the word is in or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:
Her parent s" house - her parents' house
Jame s' coat - James's coat
At the same time, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr (ə) ntsiz], [‘ dʒeɪmziz].
The ending -ed
Second form of the regular verb
This form is used to express . For example:
yesterday he paint ed the window frame. Yesterday he painted the window frame.
Third form of the regular verb (past participle)
Used in - Present Perfect, past perfect and others. For example:
She has live ed here since childhood. She has been living here since childhood.
The rain had stopp ed when we left home. The rain stopped when we left the house.
The past participle often acts as a definition.
For example:
Clos ed door - closed door
well-dress ed woman - a well-dressed woman
The ending -ing
Fourth form of any verb (present participle)
As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:
She is sleeping ing now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)
Yesterday at six I was wash ing my car. Yesterday at 6 I was washing the car. (Past Continuous)
The present participle can also play the role of a definition. For example:
bark ing dog - barking dog
Bloom ing tree - flowering tree
Gerund / verbal adjective
swimm ing is good for health. - Swimming is good for health.
I like to eat ing outdoors. — I like to eat outdoors.
In this article, we will analyze one of the aspects of word formation in English, namely, words with the ending ing. Ing ending in English plays important role in grammar. We will tell you when the ending ing is added, what it means, and also give specific examples.
The ending ing in English can have four parts of speech:
Verbal nouns
- tense verbs Continuous groups
- participles of the first type
-gerund
Let's examine each case in turn.
Ending ing of verbal nouns
As the name implies, we will talk about nouns formed from verbs. The Russian language also has such examples. Running (from the verb to run), reading (from the verb to read), singing (from the verb to sing).
Examples of verbal nouns ending in ing:
In a sentence, nouns formed from verbs act as subjects or objects.
Example sentences with verbal nouns:
My hobby is reading. Reading is my hobby.
Smoking is prohibited in our office. Our office is non-smoking.
Singing is interesting but difficult for me. Singing is interesting to me, but difficult.
She will never forget their first meeting. She will never forget their first meeting.
How is the ending ing attached?
Before moving on to the second use of ing in English, let's dwell on the rules for adding the ending ing to words.
The ending ing is added to both correct and irregular verbs, and is pronounced as a syllable in all cases.
- If the verb ends in a silent vowel e, then this letter is removed.
For example:
write - writing (write - letter (writing process)
close - closing (close - closing)
smoke - smoking (smoking - smoking)
- If the verb ends in a vowel y, then the ending ing is added after the y.
copy - copying (copy - copy)
study - studying (study - study)
buy - buying (buy - buying)
- In cases where the verb ends in a closed syllable under stress, the final consonant is doubled.
spin - spinning (rotate - rotation)
plan - planning (plan - planning)
get - getting (get - getting)
If the stress is not on the preceding vowel, or if the vowel is long, then adding the ending ing does not double the consonants. For example: work - working (work - work), count - counting (count - account).
- In British English, words ending in an l preceded by a short vowel double the l when the ending ing is added.
travel - travelling (travel - travel)
- If the verb ends with the letter r in the stressed syllable, then the r is also doubled.
- Words to be memorized:
lie - lying (lie - lies)
die - dying (dying - dying)
tie - tying (tying - tying)
age - aging (get old - aging)
ski - skiing (skiing - skiing)
see - seeing (see - seeing)
agree - agreeing (agree - agreeing)
In all other cases, the ending ing is added without changing the original word.
Verbs with an ending in the Continuous tenses
The Continuous tenses express the fact of some action, emphasizing the duration of the process, and not its result.
Proposals in a long time are formed according to the following scheme:
Subject + to be in the appropriate form and tense + predicate ending in ing + additions.
Present Continuous denotes an action that is happening in the present tense, at the moment of speech or in exact time, and is formed as follows: subject + am, is, are + verb with ing + objects.
I am reading a book now. I'm reading a book now.
Children are playing piano every day from 2 till 3 o'clock. The children play the piano every day from 2 to 3 o'clock.
Past Continuous denotes an action that lasted for some time earlier and is completed by the time of speech. Scheme Education Past Continuous: subject + was, were + verb with ing + objects.
I was sleeping when you called me. I was sleeping when you called me.
They were playing tennis at this time yesterday. They were playing tennis at this time yesterday.
The Future Continuous is used when we talk about an action in the future tense that will take place in certain time. Future Continuous education scheme: subject + will be + verb with ing + additions.
Next Saturday at this time I will be swimming in the ocean. At this time next Saturday I will be swimming in the ocean.
My mother will be cooking when I come home. My mom will be cooking when I get home.
Also, verbs with an ing ending are used in the tenses of the Perfect Continuous group. Consider the present, past and future tenses in Perfect Continuous.
The Present Perfect Continuous is used when the action started in the past but is still going on. present perfect long time formed: subject + have/has + been + verb with ing + additions.
I have been doing this for three days. I've been doing this for 3 days now.
It has been snowing for a week. It's been snowing for a week now.
The Past Perfect Continuous is used to denote an action that has been going on and completed up to a certain point in the past. The past perfect continuous tense is formed: subject + had + been + verb with ing + additions.
Marry had been talking on the phone for an hour when her husband entered the room. Mary had been talking on the phone for an hour when her husband entered the room.
When I woke up my mother had been cooking breakfast for half an hour. When I woke up, my mother had already been preparing breakfast for half an hour.
Future Perfect Continuous is used to indicate an action that will take place and have some result on certain moment in future.
The future perfect continuous tense is formed as follows:
subject + will + have been + verb with ing + additions.
My grandparents will have been living together for 60 years next year. AT next year It will be 60 years since my grandparents live together.
When you visit us in January, I and my brother will have been studying English for seven months. When you visit us in January, my brother and I will have been studying English for 7 months.
Ending ing for participles of the first type
The participle in English is the non-personal form of the verb. Participle I or participle of the first type is formed by adding the ending ing to the verb. In Russian, Participle I corresponds to participle or participle. In English, there are no gerunds as a separate part of a part of speech.
Participle I is used in the following cases:
- To determine the action that occurs in parallel and simultaneously with the verb-predicate. In this case, the verb with the ing ending is translated as a gerund and answers the question "What are you doing?".
I often call my friends while walking in the park. Walking in the park, I often call my friends.
When reading a book he usually writes down interesting thoughts. When reading a book, he usually writes out interesting thoughts.
- To describe a noun. In this case, Participle I is translated into Russian as a participle and answers the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.
The boy standing in the gate is my brother. The boy standing at the gate is my brother.
I can't forget the girl sitting by the window during the concert. I can't forget the girl who was sitting by the window during the concert.
Gerund with the ending ing in English
Gerund is an impersonal form of the verb, which is formed by adding the ending ing to the verb, and combines the features of a verb and a noun. The gerund can be translated into Russian various parts speech. Accordingly, he can act different members suggestions.
I enjoy spending time with my family. I like spending time with my family.
She likes painting. She likes to draw.
Thanks you for helping. Thanks for helping.
He left the room without shaking our hands. He left without shaking hands with us.
In English, a number of verbs require the use of a gerund after themselves. Here are the main ones:
Admit - to recognize
Avoid - avoid
Carry on - continue
Consider - consider, consider
Delay - postpone
Deny - to deny
Discuss - discuss
Enjoy - enjoy
escape
Finish - finish
Imagine - represent
Involve - involve
Look forward to - look forward to (something)
Postpone - Postpone
Resist - resist, resist
Suggest - suggest
understand - understand
Let's look at specific examples:
I avoid answering embarrassing questions. I avoid answering awkward questions.
He often delays doing homework. He often puts off doing his homework.
We enjoy playing basketball. We like to play basketball.
She postponed returning to Moscow. She postponed her return to Moscow.
He suggests writing them. He offers to write to them.
So, we have analyzed the rules for using the ending ing in English. Now you know in what cases it is used and how it is translated into Russian. In the following articles, we will take a closer look at each case separately. Good luck learning English!
Many students often confuse -ed and -ing endings in English. For example, you want to say that you miss ( bored ), but it turns out that you are boring ( boring ) or vice versa. Between these two values big difference, embarrassment can happen, and this is due to misapplication endings. But the rule is actually very simple. You will find in this article the rules for using adjective endings, and examples of their use, and exercises with answers, and.
Rules of use -ed and -ing endings in english
Many adjectives have endings -ing or -ed. The best way to understand the difference is by looking at specific examples:
Oleg has been reading the same story for a very long time. He does it for his little son John, because John likes the story very much. Oleg is already bored with it.
(Oleg spends a lot of time reading the same story for his little son John, because John really likes this story. Oleg is already bored with this story.)
The ending -ed used to express the feelings and emotions of a person or any living being.
The ending -ing used in an adjective that describes an object that evokes feelings or emotions.
Oleg is reading the very boring story. Oleg is bored because the story is boring. (Oleg is reading a very boring story. Oleg is bored because the story is boring)
Can a person be boring? Of course, then he causes boredom in others:
Oleg is boring, I am bored with him.(Oleg is boring, I'm bored with him)
Comparisons and examples
IMPORTANT: you cannot use –ed endings with things, because things do not have feelings and emotions.
Exercises for endings in English -ed and -ing
- It's very irritated irritating when people don't listen when you're tlaking to them.
- I think the whale is the most fascinated fascinating creature in the ocean.
- I heard some really interesting interesting news yesterday.
- The new project sounds excited exciting. I'm looking forward to working on it.
- It was a really terrified terrifying experience. Everybody was very shocked.
- The hot chocolate was comforted comforting.
- the storm was threatened.
- I was really amazing when I was offered the job.
- I was very annoyed annoying when my sister forgot our dinner date.
- My children were very hungry. The apples were satisfying satisfied.
