) - an Arab historian and geographer from the Kurdish family of the Ayyubids, emir of Hama (Syria) in -1331.
Biography
His full name: al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad Imaduddin Abul-Fida Ismail ibn (al-Afdal) Ali ibn (al-Muzaffar) Mahmud ibn al-Mansur Muhammad ibn Taqi ad-din Umar ibn Shahanshah ibn Ayyub. Born in 1273; distinguished himself early in campaigns against the crusaders. In 1310, he received from Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad the principality of Hama, which he first ruled as a governor, and from 1312 until his death - as a full-fledged sultan.
Abu'l-Fida left some remarkable writings on Arabic, including chronicles brought up to 1328, of which "Historia anteislamica" was published in 1831 in the city of Leipzig by Fleischer; in the whole volume, with the exception of pre-Islamic history, they were published by Reiske under the title "Annales moslemici" (5 volumes, Copenhagen, 1789-94). The entire work was printed in Constantinople in 1870. Although it mainly constitutes only a compilation of earlier Arab historical studies, it nevertheless contains a very detailed survey of the Muslim dynasties. The style of Abu-l-Fida is quite simple and without any embellishment. Main essay - Short story the human race"(" Mukhtasar fi tarikh al-bashar "), covering events up to 1329 (largely an abridged presentation of the work of Ibn al-Asir.
Another remarkable work of his is geography " Ordering countries"("Takwîm al boldan" - "Takwim al-buldan") - geography in tables with coordinates of localities, published in full by Shire (Dresden, 1842), and based on other handwritten material - Renaud and Gouken de Slan (Paris, 1837-40) and translated into French with explanations by Renault. He also wrote on legal subjects, mathematics, logic and medicine.
Write a review on the article "Abu-l-Fida"
Notes
Literature
- Abulfedae Annales Moslemici Latinos ex arabicis fecit J. J. Reiske, Lipsiae, 1754;
- Geographie d'Aboulfede. Trad. de l'arabe en français... par M. Reinaud, t. 1-2, P., 1837-83;
- Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi ahbar al-bashar, 1-4, Cairo, 1325. (1907).
- Krachkovsky I. Yu., Selected writings, vol. 4, M. - L., 1957, p. 386-94.
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Links
- . Eastern Literature. Retrieved February 18, 2011. .
- . Eastern Literature. Retrieved February 18, 2011. .
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||
An excerpt characterizing Abu-l-Fida
“After all, it must be the Anferovs,” said the old deacon, turning to the pockmarked woman. “Lord have mercy, Lord have mercy,” he added in his usual bass.- Where are the Anferovs! - said the grandmother. - The Anferovs left in the morning. And this is either Marya Nikolaevna or the Ivanovs.
- He says - a woman, and Marya Nikolaevna - a lady, - said the courtyard man.
“Yes, you know her, her teeth are long, thin,” said Pierre.
- And there is Marya Nikolaevna. They went into the garden, when these wolves swooped in, - said the woman, pointing to the French soldiers.
“Oh, Lord have mercy,” added the deacon again.
- You go here and there, they are there. She is. She was still crying, she was crying, - the woman said again. - She is. Here it is.
But Pierre did not listen to the woman. For several seconds he had been staring at what was happening a few steps away from him without taking his eyes off him. He looked at the Armenian family and the two French soldiers who had approached the Armenians. One of these soldiers, a small fidgety little man, was dressed in a blue overcoat, belted with a rope. He had a cap on his head and his feet were bare. The other, who especially struck Pierre, was long, round-shouldered, blond, skinny person with slow movements and an idiotic expression. This one was dressed in a frieze hood, blue trousers and large torn over the knee boots. A little Frenchman, without boots, in blue, hissed, approaching the Armenians, immediately, saying something, took hold of the old man's legs, and the old man immediately began hastily taking off his boots. The other, in the hood, stopped in front of the beautiful Armenian woman and silently, motionless, holding his hands in his pockets, looked at her.
“Take, take the child,” Pierre said, giving the girl and imperiously and hastily addressing the woman. Give them back, give them back! he almost shouted at the woman, putting the screaming girl on the ground, and again looked back at the French and the Armenian family. The old man was already sitting barefoot. The little Frenchman took off his last boot and patted his boots one against the other. The old man, sobbing, said something, but Pierre only glimpsed it; all his attention was directed to the Frenchman in the hood, who at that moment, slowly swaying, moved towards the young woman and, taking his hands out of his pockets, took hold of her neck.
The beautiful Armenian woman continued to sit in the same motionless position, with her long eyelashes lowered, and as if she did not see and did not feel what the soldier was doing to her.
While Pierre ran those few steps that separated him from the French, a long marauder in a hood was already tearing the necklace that was on her from the neck of the Armenian woman, and the young woman, clutching her neck with her hands, screamed in a piercing voice.
– Laissez cette femme! [Leave this woman!] Pierre croaked in a frantic voice, grabbing a long, round-shouldered soldier by the shoulders and throwing him away. The soldier fell, got up and ran away. But his comrade, throwing down his boots, took out a cleaver and menacingly advanced on Pierre.
Voyons, pas de betises! [Oh well! Don't be stupid!] he shouted.
Pierre was in that ecstasy of fury in which he did not remember anything and in which his strength increased tenfold. He lunged at the barefoot Frenchman, and before he could draw his cleaver, he had already knocked him down and pounded him with his fists. Approving shouts of approval were heard from the surrounding crowd, at the same time, a horse patrol of French lancers appeared around the corner. The lancers rode up to Pierre and the Frenchman at a trot and surrounded them. Pierre did not remember anything from what happened next. He remembered that he was beating someone, he was being beaten, and that in the end he felt that his hands were tied, that a crowd of French soldiers were standing around him and searching his dress.
You are not a slave!
Closed educational course for children of the elite: "The true arrangement of the world."
http://noslave.org
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lua error in Module:CategoryForProfession on line 52: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).
| Abu'l-Fida | |
| Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). | |
|
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
|
| Name at birth: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
|---|---|
| Occupation: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Date of Birth: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Place of Birth: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Citizenship: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Citizenship: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| The country: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Date of death: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Place of death: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Father: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Mother: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Spouse: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Spouse: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Children: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Awards and prizes: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Autograph: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Website: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Miscellaneous: |
Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |
| Lua error in Module:Wikidata on line 170: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). | |
| [[Lua error in Module:Wikidata/Interproject on line 17: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value). |Artworks]] in Wikisource | |
Imaduddin Abul-Fida Ismail ibn Ali, known as Abu'l-Fida(arab. أبو الفداء ; (1273 ) , Damascus - October 27, Hama) - an Arab historian and geographer from the Kurdish family of the Ayyubids, emir of Hama (Syria) in -1331.
Biography
His full name is al-Malik al-Mu'ayyad Imaduddin Abul-Fida Ismail ibn (al-Afdal) Ali ibn (al-Muzaffar) Mahmud ibn al-Mansur Muhammad ibn Taqi ad-din Umar ibn Shahanshah ibn Ayyub. Born in 1273; distinguished himself early in campaigns against the crusaders. In 1310, he received from Sultan an-Nasir Muhammad the principality of Hama, which he first ruled as a governor, and from 1312 until his death - as a full-fledged sultan.
Abu-l-Fida left several remarkable works in Arabic, including chronicles brought up to 1328, of which Historia anteislamica was published in 1831 in the city of Leipzig by Fleischer; in the whole volume, with the exception of pre-Islamic history, they were published by Reiske under the title "Annales moslemici" (5 volumes, Copenhagen, 1789-94). The entire work was printed in Constantinople in 1870. Although it mainly constitutes only a compilation of earlier Arab historical studies, it nevertheless contains a very detailed survey of the Muslim dynasties. The style of Abu-l-Fida is quite simple and without any embellishment. Main essay - A Brief History of the Human Race"(" Mukhtasar fi tarikh al-bashar "), covering events up to 1329 (largely an abridged presentation of the work of Ibn al-Asir.
Another remarkable work of his is geography " Ordering countries"("Takwîm al boldan" - "Takwim al-buldan") - geography in tables with coordinates of localities, published in full by Shire (Dresden, 1842), and based on other handwritten material - Renaud and Gouken de Slan (Paris, 1837-40) and translated into French with explanations by Renault. He also wrote on legal subjects, mathematics, logic and medicine.
Write a review on the article "Abu-l-Fida"
Notes
Literature
- Abulfedae Annales Moslemici Latinos ex arabicis fecit J. J. Reiske, Lipsiae, 1754;
- Geographie d'Aboulfede. Trad. de l'arabe en français... par M. Reinaud, t. 1-2, P., 1837-83;
- Kitab al-Mukhtasar fi ahbar al-bashar, 1-4, Cairo, 1325. (1907).
- Krachkovsky I. Yu., Selected works, vol. 4, M. - L., 1957, p. 386-94.
- Abulfeda // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Links
- . Eastern Literature. Retrieved February 18, 2011. .
- . Eastern Literature. Retrieved February 18, 2011. .
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lua error in Module:External_links on line 245: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).
An excerpt characterizing Abu-l-Fida
Stella and I were stunned into silence, deeply shocked by the story of Isidora... Of course, we were probably still too young to comprehend the depth of the meanness, pain and lies that surrounded Isidora then. And surely our children's hearts were still too kind and naive to understand the full horror of the trial that lay ahead for her and Anna... But something was already becoming clear even to us, so small and inexperienced. I already understood that what was presented to people as the truth did not mean at all that it was true, and could actually turn out to be the most common lie, for which, oddly enough, no one was going to punish those who came up with it, and for some reason no one should have been responsible for it. Everything was accepted by people as a matter of course, for some reason everyone was completely satisfied with this, and nothing in our world became “upside down” from indignation. No one was going to look for the guilty, no one wanted to prove the truth, everything was calm and “calm”, as if there was a complete “calm” of contentment in our souls, not disturbed by crazy “seekers of truth”, and not disturbed by our fallen asleep, forgotten by everyone, human conscience ...The sincere, deeply sad story of Isidora mortified our children's hearts with pain, not even giving time to wake up ... It seemed that there was no limit to the inhuman torments inflicted by the callous souls of the ugly executioners on this amazing and courageous woman! .. I was sincerely afraid and anxious, only just thinking about what awaited us at the end of her amazing story! ..
I looked at Stella - my militant girlfriend was frightenedly clinging to Anna, not taking her eyes off Isidora with shocked round eyes ... Apparently, even she - so brave and not giving up - was stunned by human cruelty.
Yes, for sure, Stella and I saw more than other children in their 5-10 years. We already knew what loss is, we knew what pain means... But we still had to go through a lot to understand at least a small part of what Isidora felt now!.. And I only hoped that I would never have to really experience...
I was fascinated looking at this beautiful, courageous, surprisingly gifted woman, unable to hide the sad tears that welled up in my eyes ... How did “people” dare to be called PEOPLE, doing such things to her ?!. How did the Earth tolerate such a criminal abomination, allowing itself to be trampled on without opening its depths?!
Isidora was still far away from us, in her deeply hurting memories, and I honestly did not want her to continue to tell further ... Her story tormented my childish soul, forcing me to die a hundred times from indignation and pain. I wasn't ready for this. I didn't know how to protect myself from such atrocity... And it seemed that if this whole heart-rending story didn't stop right away, I would simply die without waiting for its end. It was too cruel and beyond my normal childish comprehension...
But Isidora, as if nothing had happened, continued to tell further, and we had no choice but to plunge with her again into her warped, but so high and pure, unlived earthly LIFE ...
The meaning of the word ABU-L-FIDA in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ABU-L-FIDA
Arab historian and geographer. Essays by world history(before 1329) and geography in tables with coordinates of localities.
Big encyclopedic dictionary. 2012
See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is ABU-L-FIDA in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- ABU-L-FIDA
ABU-L-FIDA (1273-1331), Arab. historian and geographer. Op. on general history (until 1329) and geography in Table. with coordinates... - ABU-L-FIDA in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
(1273-1331), Arab historian and geographer. Works on general history (before 1329) and geography in tables with coordinates ... - ABU The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
Bekr, gunsmith. Caucasus. XIX ... - FIDA in the Dictionary of Meanings of Muslim Male Names.
- ABU in Sayings of Great Men:
The history of civilization can be expressed in six words: the more you know, the more you can. E. Abu ... - ABU in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Edmond is a French novelist and publicist, adjoining the realist school of Flaubert (see). In 1855 he published a book - ... - ABU
mountain in India, in the state of Rajasthan, one of the religious centers of adherents of Jainism. It is famous for its white marble Jain temples, including … - ABU
in Arabic means "father" and corresponds to the Hebrew Ab. In both languages, this word is used to compose male names and means often ... - L in encyclopedic dictionary:
, union and particle (book). The same as (used after words ending in a vowel). * Not ... eh, the same as ... - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU YUSUF (731-798), Arab. author of the "Book of Taxes" - a source on the social and economic. Arab history. caliphate in 7-8 ... - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU SHADI Ahmed Zaki (1892-1955), Arab. writer (Egypt), philologist. Sat lyric. poems "Dews at Dawn" (1910), "Visions of Spring" (1933), plays ... - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU HANIFA AD-DINAVERI (? - c. 895), Arab. philologist, naturalist, historian. "The Book of Poetry and Poets", "The Book of Eloquence", "The Book of ... - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU FIRAS (932-967), Arab. poet knight. Poems about military exploits, love lyrics, patriotic … - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU TAMMAM (c. 796-843), Arab. poet. elegiac, panegyric, satirical poems. Arab anthologist. poetry "Kitab ... - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU NUWAS (762-813), Arab. poet. Loving and hedonistic. … - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU MUSLIM (c. 727-755), leader of the revolt of 747-750 in Khorasan against the Umayyads, who brought the Abbasids to power. Killed by order... - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU BEKR KELEVI (?-1366), craftsman, leader of the restoration. Serbedars (1365-66) in Samarkand. … - ABU in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
ABU BEKR (572-634), the first caliph (from 632) in Arab. caliphate. One of four " righteous caliphs", the closest associate of Muhammad, father ... - L in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
- L in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
<= … - L in the Dahl Dictionary:
whether the union Am I not great? my kids don't... - L in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
Cm. … - L in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
1. union dec. see whether (2*). 2. particle dec. see whether... - L in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
I dec. union; - whether II II rasg. frequent; - whether ... - L in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I dec. union; = whether V II dec. frequent ; = whether ... - ARAB CULTURE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
culture, medieval culture that developed in the Arab Caliphate in the 7th-10th centuries. in the process of cultural interaction between the Arabs and the peoples of the Middle East conquered by them ... - ARABIC LITERATURE in the Literary Encyclopedia.
- SHABBI ABU-L-QASIM in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Al-Shabbi Abu-l-Qasim (1909, the village of Shabbia, near Tauser, - 1934, Tunisia), Tunisian poet, one of the first romantics in Arabic poetry, a classic ... - TAJIK SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC
- IBN TAGRIBERDI ABU-L-MAHASIN JAMAL-AD-DIN YUSUF in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Tagriberdi, Ibn Tagribirdi Abu-l-Mahasin Jamal-ad-din Yusuf (1409 or 1410-5.6.1470), Arab historian and writer. Born into a noble Mamluk family in Egypt; … - EGYPT (STATE IN THE BL. EAST) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Arab Republic of Egypt, ARE (Gumhuriya Misr al-Arabiya). I. General information E. - a state in the Middle East, occupies the northeastern part of Africa ... - ABU-L-FIDA ISMAIL IBN ALI in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Ismail ibn Ali (1273, Damascus - 10/27/1331, Hama), Arab historian and geographer; from the family of the Ayyubid emirs of Hama (Syria). Main essay... - ABU AL-FIDA in Collier's Dictionary:
(1273-1331), Syrian prince, historian and geographer, born in Damascus in 1273. His uncle was the ruler of Hama and Syria. Being at… - RUSSIAN PROVERBS in Wiki Quote.
- ABOUT NOBILITY in the Wiki Quote:
Data: 2008-09-06 Time: 04:57:10 Quotes from the poem "On nobility", 1771 (author Alexander Sumarokov) * The nobles do their duty without me ... - Lysistrata in the Wiki Quote:
Data: 2008-09-06 Time: 05:07:57 Quotes from the play "Lizistrata" (author Filatov, Leonid Alekseevich) * - To put an end to male strife ... - FRIENDSHIP IS FRIENDSHIP AND SERVICE IS SERVICE… in the Wiki Quote:
Data: 2008-09-06 Time: 04:53:50 Quotes from the poem "Friendship is friendship, and service is service ...", 1954 (author Konstantin Simonov) "Friendship ... - SUFISM in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
(Arabic suf - coarse woolen fabric in the meaning of "rags") - a mystical direction in the development of Islam; an Islamic version of a mystical form of religious experience. … - SYRIA in the Historical Directory of Terrorism and Terrorists,:
Syria has been using terrorist methods for the past 29 years, since the establishment of the left-wing regime of Hafez al-Assad in 1970. The Syrians wanted... - PHONETICS in the Literary Encyclopedia:
[from the Greek word ph?n?? - voice, sounding speech] - department of linguistics 797 (see), studying the sound side of the language. F. is dismembered ... - KUMYK LITERATURE. in the Literary Encyclopedia:
Kumyks are about ninety thousand people. They occupy a flat part of Dagestan, most favorable for agriculture and rich in winter pastures, through which ... - UNITED ARAB EMIRATES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
United Arab Emirates (UAE), Al-Amirat al-Arabiya al-Muttahid, a state in Western Asia, on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders on the north with Qatar, ... - LEBANON (STATE) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Lebanese Republic (Al-Jumhuriya al-Lubnaniya). 1. General information L. is a state in Western Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders on… - IRAN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
- CALIPHATE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Arabic with a Latin ending) is a term that means both the title of caliph (see), and a vast state created after Mohammed by conquering Arabs under ... - TURKISH SPELLS AND LITERATURE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Numerous tribes and peoples now speak Turkish dialects, ranging from the Yakuts to the population of European Turkey, the Ottomans. … - SUFISM in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(Sufiism, in Arabic "tasavvof") is a concept that in the Western Islamic world means mysticism, and in the Eastern Islamic (Persian and Persian-Indian) - pantheistic theosophy, ... - SOYUTES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
Jalaleddin (born in 1445 in the city of Usyut in Upper Egypt, died in 1505) is a famous Arab encyclopedist. Lived... - MOHAMMED in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
founder of the Mohammedan religion. Born, as they think, on April 20. 571, in Mecca. He was by origin a koreyshit (see), from a clan, ... - BAGARIDES in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
also Baharites - the first of two Mameluk dynasties, who dominated Egypt from 1258 to 1390 - B. were Turkish ...
Abu-l-Fida Imad ad-din al-Malik al-Mu "ayyad Isma" il ibn Ali al-Ayyubi - Syrian emir, historian and geographer. Abu-l-Fida was born in 1273 in Damascus, where his father, the emir of the Syrian city of Hama, fled from the Mongols. The youthful years of Abu-l-Fida were spent in campaigns against the crusaders; later he participated in military expeditions under the command of the Mamluk sultans who captured Hama in 1299. Thanks to his diplomatic abilities, Abu-l-Fida managed to maintain and expand his father's possessions. Having achieved the location of Sultan an-Nasir, Abu-l-Fida maintained close ties with him: he often appeared in Cairo, where he was honored to be present at the receptions of foreign ambassadors, repeatedly accompanied the Sultan on his trips, as well as on pilgrimages to Mecca. Upon returning from one such pilgrimage in 1320, he received the high title of al-Malik al-Mu "ayyad (Ruler, assisted by Allah). Abu-l-Fida died in 1331 at his residence in Hama.
Abu-l-Fida is known as the author of two extensive compilation works - world history until 1329 and a geographical work entitled "The Book of Ordering Countries" ("Kitab takwim al-buldan"), which describes the Earth and all known by that time countries and peoples. Abu-l-Fida's writings on religious and literary subjects are considered lost.
"Takvim al-buldan" has been preserved in three lists from Paris, Leiden and St. Petersburg; The Leiden list was reviewed by the author. The differences between the lists are editorial in nature, on the basis of which it is believed that, having completed the work in 1321, Abu-l-Fida returned to work on it until his death.
The composition of Abu-l-Fida consists of two parts of a different nature. The first part is a vast introduction containing general information about the Earth, the equator, the seven "climates", the inhabited world, the extent of the earth and the seven climates, the five great seas. The following is a description of the seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, outlines the plan of the composition.
The second, larger part of the work consists of 28 sections. They are devoted to the description of geographical areas called "climates" - the so-called al-iklim sig-urfiyyu ("ordinary climate") as opposed to al-iklim al-haqiqiyyu, that is, "true climate" as an astronomical concept. The areas of the earth are characterized in the book of Abu-l-Fida in the following order: Arabia, Egypt, Maghreb, Sudan, Andalusia, the islands of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, the northern lands (the lands of the Franks and the Turks, which includes the description of Eastern Europe), Syria, Al -Jazira (Mesopotamia), Iraq, Khuzistan, Fars, Kirman, Sijistan, Sindh (Punjab), India, China, East Sea Islands, Rum (Asia Minor), Armenia (with Arran and Azerbaijan), Persian Iraq, Deylem (and Gilan ), Tabaristan (with Mazandaran), Khorasan, Zabulistan (and Gur), Tokharistan, Khorezm, Mavarannahr.
Each of the 28 departments is divided into two parts: descriptive and tabular. The descriptive part contains information about the boundaries of a particular region, its political structure, the ethnic composition of the population, its customs and beliefs, about the main cities; route information is also included. In addition, Abu-l-Fida brought information about the cities of various regions into tables, resembling the tables of al-Khwarizmi and al-Battani in form. Abu-l-Fida himself, however, says that he borrowed the system of tables from an Arab doctor of the late 11th - early 12th century. Yahyi ibn Jazli, who in his work "Ordering the Bodies" ("Takwim al-Abdan") systematized data on various diseases in the form of tables, taking astronomical tables as a model.
The countries and peoples of Eastern Europe are described in the section entitled "The story of the northern part of the Earth, covering the countries of the Franks, the Turks and other [lands]". In addition, extensive material about the region under consideration is contained in the general geographical introduction to the essay, as part of stories about the seas washing Eastern Europe and about the rivers flowing through its territory.
Edition: Geographie d "Aboulfeda / Texte arabe publie d" apres les manuscrits de Paris et de Leyde aux frais de la Societe Asiatique par M. Reinaud et Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris, 1840.
Translations: Geographie d "Aboulfeda / Traduite de l" arabe en frangais et accompagnee de notes et d "eclaircissements par M. Reinaud. Paris, 1848. T. II. Premiere partie; Geographie d" Aboulfeda Traduite de l "arabe par St. Guyard. Paris, 1883. Vol. II, Deuxieme partie.
Fragment translation: Konovalova, Perkhavko 2000. S. 207-211.
Literature: Reinaud 1848; Krachkovsky 1957. S. 386-389; EI2. Vol. 1. R 118-119; Konovalova 2003; Konovalova 2005a; Konovalova 2005b; Konovalova 2005c; Konovalova 2005d; Konovalova 2008a.
ORDERING COUNTRIES
The story of the sea Nitash
The Manitash Sea connects with the Nitash Sea and is known today as the al-Azak Sea, after the city that stands on its northern shore and is a trading harbor. The Nitash Sea is known today [also] as the al-Kirim Sea and as the Black Sea. Its waters flow to [the city] al-Qustantiniya, wash it and, forming a canal, flow into the sea ar-Rum, therefore, ships heading from [the city] al-Kirim to the sea ar-Rum sail quickly, and those arriving from al- Iskandariyyas in al-Kirim swim slowly because of the oncoming flow of water. The sea of al-Kirim joins [with the sea of ar-Rum] south of [the city] of al-Qustantiniya through the channel of al-Qustantiniya. This channel, although it represents the tip of the al-Kirim sea, is, however, the most famous part of it. Therefore, we begin with a description of the eastern coast [of the sea], which lies opposite [the city] of al-Qustantiniya. We will tell about what is on the east coast, then we will turn to the north coast, then to the west, until we reach [again] al-Qustantiniya.
[City] al-Qustantiniya - aka Istanbul - stands on the western bank of the aforementioned canal. Opposite it, on the other, eastern, bank, there is a fortress lying in ruins, called al-Jarun. The distance between it and Istanbul is equal to the width of the canal, and this is such a [small] distance that, being on one side, you can see a person standing on the opposite. The latitude of al-Jarun and al-Qustantiniya is the same, but the longitude of al-Jarun is somewhat longer [than the longitude of al-Qustantiniya]. The latitude of al-Jarun is 45 degrees, as is the latitude of al-Qustantiniya, and the longitude is 50 degrees, which is 10 degrees more [the longitude of al-Qustantiniya].
From al-Jarun, the mentioned canal al-Qustantiniya flows north with a slight deviation to the east to a city called Karbi, from the region of Istanbul. Karbi lies on the northern side of the entrance to the said channel. From Karbi the sea extends to the city called Bantarikli. Then it goes northeast to a city called Catru, the last of the cities of Custantiniyya [located] on this coast. Further, the sea stretches from Catru to a city called Kinley, and continues to the northwest. On the eastern coast, the land protrudes [into the sea] with a slope to the west. On the edge of [this] ledge is the port of Sinub, it is located at 57 degrees of longitude and 46 degrees 40 minutes of latitude. On the opposite bank, to the west, there is also a ledge [land] lying opposite the said ledge. On the edge of it [the city stands] Saru Karman, it is opposite Sinub, located on the eastern bank.
The sea then extends from Sinub towards the east and continues to Samsun, which lies at 59 degrees 20 minutes longitude and 46 degrees 40 minutes latitude, equal to the latitude of Sinub. Further, the sea also goes east to [the city] Atrabzun - a port belonging to [the country] al-Rum and located at 64 degrees 30 minutes of longitude and 46 degrees 50 minutes of latitude, almost at the latitude of Samsun. Then the sea continues from Atrabzun to the north with a slight deviation to the west to the city [of the people] al-kurj, called Sukhum. Then the sea narrows [toward] towards the west; it also narrows from the opposite, western coast until both coasts approach and between them there remains a strip of water in the form of a strait connecting the sea of al-Azak with the sea of al-Kirim. On the eastern shore of this strait stands a city called at-Taman. It is the border point of the state of Berke. The current ruler of this state is called Uzbek, his ambassadors often visit Misr. Then the indicated strait turns from the city of at-Taman [first] to the east, [and then to] the north and west and becomes like a round reservoir. At the end of the eastern shore of the reservoir is a city called ash-Shakrak. From al-Shakrak [the body of water] no longer spreads to the east, but turns to the north and continues in this direction to the city of al-Azaq. This is the port to which merchants from [different] countries aspire. There is the mouth of the Tan River. If you then turn from al-Azak, [you can sail further] until you find yourself on the western shore of [this] sea of al-Azak. Then they pass the strait, which is located between the al-Azak sea and the al-Kirim sea, [and head] to the city lying at the entrance to this strait on the western coast and called al-Karsh. This city lies opposite [the city] at-Taman, located on the other side of the [strait] mentioned above. Then they sail south until the indicated strait ends, in the sea of al-Kirim. The sea then turns southwest towards [the city of] al-Kafa. This is a port on the west coast, lying opposite [the city] of Atrabzun, which was already mentioned earlier. Then the sea also extends southwest to [the city] of Sudak, located at 56 degrees of longitude and 51 degrees of latitude, turns from Sudak to the south and deviates to the east until it reaches a land protruding into the sea, where the city of Saru Karman is located, lying opposite Sinub mentioned above. Further from Saru Karman, the sea turns to the west with a deviation to the south. It also extends to the city called Akja-Karman. Then the sea turns south towards a city called Sakja. There is the mouth of Tuna - the great and famous river. After the sea passes Sakja, it begins to narrow and turns to the southeast until it reaches the entrance to the al-Qustantiniya canal. Then the sea turns to the south, and both its shores approach each other; thus the sea extends to [the place] opposite [the city] Karbi, which was discussed earlier. Further, the sea flows into the al-Kustantiniyya channel, while [its] current intensifies so that it makes it difficult for ships to pass through the channel if a favorable wind does not blow. The channel also extends to [the city] al-Qustantiniya, located at 49 degrees 50 minutes of longitude and 45 degrees of latitude. At al-Qustantiniya and downstream [downstream], the channel narrows [so] that one person sees another from the opposite bank. The canal also flows south until it joins the sea al-Rum, west of the city, which lies at the entrance [to the canal] and is called Abzu. The longitude of this city is equal to the longitude of al-Qustantiniya - 49 degrees 50 minutes, and its latitude is less than the latitude of al-Qustantiniya, since it lies to the south.
We are already finishing the description of the Nitash Sea, having reached [the] place from which we started. Nitash - the name of this sea in ancient books; it is also called Armenian, [however] Allah knows best. According to travelers, the entrance to the al-Kustantiniya canal from the sea of ar-Rum is so narrow that travelers can see both shores there [immediately] - eastern and western. When travelers enter the al-Qustantiniya canal, it expands and becomes like a round reservoir. There is the island of Marmara, on which there is a marble quarry. From here the island got its name "Marmara", in Greek - Marmara. It is said that there are 70 miles between the entrance to the canal from the sea of al-Rum and the entrance [from the canal] to the sea of al-Kirim. This is the length of the al-Kustantiniyya canal from south to north with a slight deviation to the east. The sea of al-Kirim is also called the Black Sea in our time. It is said that there are 16 miles between [the city] Kustantiniya and the entrance to the canal from the Black Sea.
(Translation by I.G. Konovalova according to: GA. R. 31-34)
Tale of the Varank Sea
I [nowhere] find mention of this sea, except in the writings of Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and in the book of an-Nasir, and I adhere to the opinion expressed by al-Biruni. He says that the Sea of Varank separates from the Surrounding Sea in the north and extends in a southerly direction; its length and width are considerable. Varank is the people [living] on its coast.
(Translated by I.G. Konovalova according to: GA. R. 35)
Description of the rivers
Next [we will describe] the main rivers in the country of the Turks, known to merchants visiting that country. Most book authors pass them over in silence. In this section, to the best of my ability, I will talk about them, in accordance with what people who have been in those parts say about these rivers.
The Tuna River (with damma at ta without a dot, fatha at nun and alif) is a large river, much larger than the Tigris and Euphrates combined. Starting in the more remote northern regions, it flows south and flows east from a mountain called Kashka-Tag, that is, "difficult mountain", because it is difficult to cross it. This mountain gives shelter to many infidel peoples, such as al-avlak, al-majar, as-sarb and others. So the river Tuna flows east from this mountain and, as it moves south, approaches the Nitash Sea, now called the Sea of al-Kirim. It flows between the mountain and the sea until it flows into the sea to the north of the city called Sakja, which is located in the land of al-Kustantishshya and is located north-north-west of [the city] al-Kustantiniyya. Thus the latitude of Saqji is greater than that of al-Qustantiniya: while the latter is 45 degrees, the latitude of Saqji is about 50 degrees, a little more or less.
The Azzu River is a fairly large river that originates in the north and flows east of the Tuna River. First it turns to the west, then to the east and flows into the bay of the al-Kirim sea between Saru Karman and Akja Karman, two cities located on the coast of this sea. The latitude of these cities is approximately the same as the latitude of Sudak, and their longitude is much less, since they are at a great distance west of Sudak, which is located at 56 degrees of longitude and 51 degrees of latitude. This is what Ibn Sa'id says in the fourth section of his description of countries outside the seventh climate.
The al-Atil River is one of the greatest and most famous rivers of that country.(countries of the Turks) . It comes from areas located in the extreme north and east, where no one lives, flows near the city of Bulara, surrounding it from the north and west. This is the city, which in Arabic is called the Inner Bulgar; its latitude exceeds 50 degrees. The mentioned [river] al-Asil flows from Bular to the town lying on its bank, called Ukak. Then she passes it and [comes] to a village called Baldzhaman, and flows south, then turns and flows east and south, flowing past the city of Sarai from the south and west. The barn is located on the bank of the [river] al-Atil, to the north and east of the river. Thus, al-Atil bypasses the city of Saray, branching near the sea al-Khazar, as they say, into 1001 rivers. All of them flow into the al-Khazar Sea from the northern and western sides.
The Tan River is a huge river [flowing] east of the [river] Azzu and west of the [river] al-Asil. It flows from north to south and empties into Lake Manitash, known in our time as the sea of al-Azaq, [being named after] a port on its shore, where merchants seek. The river Tan flows into the mentioned sea near [the city] al-Azak, to the west of it.
(Translated by I.G. Konovalova according to: GA. R. 63)
The story of the cities in the tables
13. Akja Karman. Longitude measured 45 degrees and latitude 50 degrees; [located] in the seventh climate, in the country of al-Bulgar and at-Turk.
Vocalization of the name: fatha with hamza, sukun at a cafe, fatha with jim, drying oil, fatha with a cafe, ra without a dot, mim, alif and nun at the end.
Akja Karman is a small settlement on the coast of the Nitash Sea. It is to the west of Saru Karman, and there are fifteen days [of travel] between them. Akja Karman is located on a plain. It is inhabited by Muslims and infidels. Not far from it, the Turlu River flows into the sea, which in size can compete with [the Orontes River in] Hama. Between Akja Karman and Sakja, the distance is five days [travel]. [Name] Turlu [written] with damma pri ta, sukun pri ra without a dot, lam and vav.
(Translation by I.G. Konovalova according to: GA. R 212-213)
37. Rusiya. Longitude according to Ibn Sa "id - 57 degrees 32 minutes and latitude - 56 degrees; [located] in the north of the seventh climate, [is] the main city of the ar-rus people.
Vocalization of the name: ra without a dot, vav, son without dots, then ya with two dots below and alif at the end.
Ibn Sa'id says that Rusiya is the main city of the Rus, and the Rus are a numerous people, distinguished by their strength among the bravest peoples of Allah. They have many settlements on the Nitash Sea, the names of which are unknown [to us]. The Book of Longitudes says, that the longitude of [this] city is 77 degrees, and the latitude is 45 degrees.It also [there] says that Kutaba is the city of the Rus, and its longitude is 77 degrees, latitude is 58 degrees.
(Translated by I.G. Konovalova according to: GA. R. 222-223)
Azak is the Turkic name of the Golden Horde city near the mouth of the Don, the ruins of which are located on the territory of the modern. Azov (Bartold 1965a, p. 313). The city's name is derived from the Turkic azak (adak, ayak - lit.: "foot"), which was used in geographical terminology to designate the mouth of the river and its lower reaches (Murzaev 1984, p. 39).
Lit.: Crimean Sea. Al-Kirim - the city of Solkhat (to the west of modern Feodosia), which was the administrative and political center of the possessions of the Golden Horde in Crimea and received the name "Crimea" from the Golden Horde, which subsequently spread to the entire peninsula (Bartold 1965, p. 467-469) .
The name of the Mediterranean Sea in the Arab-Persian sources, according to the Arabic name of Byzantium al-Rum.
City of Alexandria Egyptian.
Under the "Strait of Constantinople" or "channel" Arab authors meant the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus. A similar idea existed in Western Europe, where the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, together with the Sea of Marmara, since the time of the first Crusade, were called the "Sleeve of St. George" (according to the monastery of St. George in the suburb of Constantinople Manganah or according to the arsenal in the fortress of Constantinople, which dominated the Bosphorus) or simply "Sleeve" (see: Villehardouin. S. 33, 52, 56, 58, 61, 66, 68, 77-80, 88, 93, 98, 115, 116, 121-123, 251, comment. 285 ; Robert de Clary. S. 31, 57, 78, 141, comment. 200), as well as the "Roman Strait" (Clavijo. S. 31-32).
Distorted Arabic transmission of the name of the city of Chalcedon, located on the Asian side of the Bosphorus, not far from the modern. Istanbul.
Port of Carpi in Paphlagonia.
Arabic transmission of the name of Pontiraclia (Heraclia Pontus; tour. Eregli), a port city in western Paphlagonia, on the way from Constantinople to Trebizond.
Port city in Paphlagonia.
Port city in Paphlagonia.
Arabic transmission of the Turkic name of the city of Chersonesos in the Crimea (from sary - yellow, kerman - fortress).
The Turkish name for the port city of Amissa (Genoese Simiso), located in the eastern part of the Samsun Bay.
Arabic transmission of the Turkish name of Trabzon, the largest commercial port of the Southern Black Sea region.
This remark indicates that Abu-l-Fida considered the Empire of Trebizond as an integral part of the "Roman" statehood, which was in principle uncharacteristic for Muslim authors of his time (Shukurov 2001, p. 44).
Arabic transmission of the ethnonym "Georgian" (Minorsky 1963, p. 32).
A city in the Eastern Black Sea region, which arose near the Greek colony of Dioscuria. In Roman times it was called Sebastopol. In the XIII-XIV centuries. was an important trading center, from where trade routes went inland, to the mountain peoples of the Central Caucasus, as well as to the cities of the Southern Black Sea region.
The Arabic transmission of the Turkic name Tmutorokani, which became widespread after the Mongol conquest of the North Caucasus.
Berke - Khan of the Golden Horde (1256-1266).
Uzbek - Khan of the Golden Horde (1312-1342).
The Arabic name for the capital of Egypt, Cairo. Sometimes the word Misr meant the whole of Egypt.
Tables from "Takwim al-buldan" contain vertical columns with the following names (from right to left): 1) serial number; 2) the name of the locality; 3) indications of the source from which information about it was borrowed (names of authors and titles of works); 4) the name of the country (this column also includes smaller divisions: the geographical longitude and latitude of the settlement, also with a division of columns for degrees and minutes; two columns to indicate the "true climate" (al-iklim al-haqiqiyyu, i.e. climate as an astronomical concept) and "ordinary climate" (al-iklim al-"urfiyyu, i.e. region, country) to which the settlement belongs; 5) a column for voicing the name of the settlement; 6) a column for describing the settlement .
Abu-l-Fida's information about Akkerman dates back to the time when Akkerman was in dual subordination - he was owned by the Bulgarian king, who was a vassal of the Golden Horde Khan (Konovalova, Russev 1988), so that, placing the city within the country of "Bulgarians and Turks", the geographer reflected the actual state of affairs.
Abu-l-Fida knew the Dniester under its Turkic name.
"The Book of Longitudes" ("Kitab al-atval") is one of the Arabic revisions of Ptolemy, compiled in the 10th century.
The description of the city by Abu-l-Fida is in no way connected either with the statements about the northern location of the Russian lands, or with the detailed modern information he gives about the port cities of the Black and Azov Seas, about the Don River flowing into the latter. Unable to fit Ibn Sa'id's message about the city of Rusiya into the context of his story about the Black and Azov Seas, Abu-l-Fida tried to correlate the data of the Spanish geographer with the information from the Book of Longitudes, which contains coordinates other than those of Ibn Sa'id city, and, relying on the testimony of these two sources, expressed an opinion about the possible identity of the city of Rusiya with the city of the Rus Kutaba from the Book of Longitudes. J.T. Renault believes that the toponym Kutaba means Kyiv: GA/ tr(l). P. 321. Indeed, the name taken by Abu-l-Fida from the "Book of Longitudes" may be a distorted form from Kuyab - the name of Kyiv, found among Arab-Persian geographers of the 10th-13th centuries. in a story about three "groups" of Russians.
Ismail ibn Ali (1273-1331) - Arab. historian and geographer. As the hereditary ruler of the Emirate of Hama (Syria), he was in the service of the Mamluk sultans. Compiled a compilation op. "An Abridged History of the Human Race" ("Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Bashar") (like the Muslim "General History") based on Op. Ibn al-Athir, but with his additions. In this op. events are described from ancient times to 1329. A. also compiled a description. geography "Ordering of countries" ("Takwim al-buldan"), for the first time partially publ. in London (1650) by Greaves.
Watch value Abu-l-fida in other dictionaries
Ali, Ibn Abu Talib- (? - 661) - Imam, the fourth Caliph (from 656) of the Arab Caliphate. Cousin and adopted son and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. Shiites revere Ali as a saint, with special bonds........
Political vocabulary
Abu-muk-muk- an infectious disease of unknown etiology, clinically reminiscent of chicken pox; registered in Central Africa.
Big Medical Dictionary
Abu Bakr (572-634)- the first Caliph (from 632) in the Arab Caliphate. One of the closest companions of Muhammad.
Abu Bekr Kelevi (?-1366)- artisan, leader of the Serbedar uprising (1365-1366) in Samarkand. Executed.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Muslim- (c. 727-755) - the leader of the uprising of 747-750 in Khorasan against the Umayyads, who brought the Abbasids to power. He was killed on the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur, who feared the influence of a.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Nuwas- (between 762-813) - Arabic poet. Love and hedonistic lyrics.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Tammam- (c. 796-843) - Arabic poet. Elegiac, panegyric, satirical poems. Compiler of an anthology of Arabic poetry.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Firas (932-967)- Arabic poet Poems about military exploits, love lyrics, patriotic elegies.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Hanifa ad-dinaveri- (? c. 895) - Arabic philologist, naturalist, historian. "The Book of Poetry and Poets", "The Book of Eloquence", "The Book of Plants", the historical essay "The Book of Long News".
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Shadi- Ahmed Zaki (1892-1955) - Arabic writer (Egypt), philologist. Collections of lyrical poems "Dew at Dawn" (1910), "Visions of Spring" (1933), plays in verse, historical stories; works on Arabic poetics.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Yusuf (731-798)- Arab author of the "Book of Taxes" - the source of the socio-economic history of the Arab Caliphate in the 7-8 centuries.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Bakar- (real name Abakarov) Akhmedkhan (1931-91) - Dargin writer, People's Writer of Dagestan (1969). Tales about the life of modern Dagestan: "Dargin girls" (1958), "Necklace ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Dhabi- (Abu Zabi) - the capital (temporary) of the United Arab Emirates. St. 363 thousand inhabitants (1989). Port in the Persian Hall. International Airport. Extraction and processing of oil. Fishing.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu-l-ala- al-Maarri - see Maarri.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu-l-vefa- Mohammed ibn Mohammed (940-998 - according to other sources, 997), an Arab astronomer and mathematician from Khorasan. Investigated the movement of the moon, a commentator on the works of Greek mathematicians.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu-l-ghazi- Bahadur Khan (1603-63) - Uzbek writer and historian. Khan of Khiva. The books "Family tree of the Turks" and "Genealogy of the Turkmens" are valuable literary and historical sources.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu-l-faraj- (literary name Gregory John Bar-Ebrey) (1226-86) - Syrian writer, scientist. Head of the Monophysites. Works on medicine, history, philosophy, grammar. "The book of entertaining ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abul-Faraj Al-Isfahani (897-967?)- Arabic writer, scientist, musician. Works on ancient history, philology. Compiler of the fundamental anthology of Arabic and Arabic-language poetry of the 7th-10th centuries. "Book of Songs".
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu-l-fida (1273-1331) Arab historian and geographer. Works on general history (until 1329) and geography in tables with coordinates of localities.
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Safa- an oil field in Saudi Arabia, in the waters of the Persian Gulf. (Persian Gulf oil and gas basin). Opened in 1963. Lie at a depth of approx. 2000 m. Reserves........
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu Simbel- an area on the west bank of the Nile (Egypt). 2 rock ancient Egyptian temples 1st floor. 13th c. BC e. Statues, reliefs. On the facade of the main temple there are 4 seated colossi of Ramses II (with ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary
Abu al-fida- Abu Al-Fida (1273-1331), Syrian prince, historian and geographer, born in Damascus in 1273. His uncle was the ruler of Hama and Syria. While in his service, Abu al-Fida took part ........
Geographic Encyclopedia
Abu Dhabi- Abu Dhabi1) (Abu Dhabi) Abu Zabi, the largest emirate (principality) in the United Arab Emirates, on the coast of the Persian Gulf., Sq. 67.3 thousand km². Capital of Abu Dhabi..........
Geographic Encyclopedia
Abu Simbel- Abu Simbel - a historical monument on the west bank of the Nile in Egypt (see Egypt), almost on the border with Sudan, 280 km south of Aswan. In the middle reaches of the Nile there is a historical ........
Geographic Encyclopedia
Abu Dhabi- the temporary capital of the state of the United Arab Emirates, adm. c. emirate of Abu Dhabi. Arab, the name of the city and emirate of Abu Zabi (traditional Russian Abu Dhabi) from the personal name of Zabi ........
Geographic dictionary
Abu Zabi- see Abu Dhabi
Geographic dictionary
Abu Bakr- Arab Caliph, who ruled in 632-634. Genus. 571 † Aug 22 634 According to legend, he was one of the first Meccans to convert to Islam. He became a Muslim at a time when the number of followers........
Historical dictionary
Abu Klea Anglo-Sudanese War- Location of the battle on 17 Jan. 1885 between English. troops (1500 people) under the command of General. Sir Herbert Stuart and the Mahdists (12,000 people), of which 5,000 people participated in the battle. English.........
Historical dictionary
Abu Kru Anglo-Sudanese War- Location of the battle on 19 Jan. 1885 between English. troops under the command of Gen. Sir Herbert Stuart (1200 people) and large forces of the Mahdists. The Mahdists attacked at a short distance ........
Historical dictionary
Abu Hamed Anglo-Sudanese War— 7 Aug. 1897 The Sudanese brigade of Major General Hunter, which was given two pieces of royal artillery, stormed the Mahdist fortifications near Abu Hamed. Mahdist........
Historical dictionary
