Pronouns are one of essential parts speech in any language, replacing an object, person, attribute. For the correct use of pronouns in speech, you need to know their meaning, categories and declension rules.

Pronoun classes

In total, there are 10 groups of pronouns in English, and students have been familiar with some of them since grade 3. Let's list them:

• Personal;
• Possessive;
• Returnable;
• Mutual;
• index;
• Interrogative;
• relative;
• Connecting;
• undefined;
• Negative.

Personal pronouns

This is the most popular class of pronouns used to replace persons and objects. Personal pronouns have two forms - the nominative case (when they act as a subject) and the objective case (similar to all other cases of the Russian language, except for the nominative).

How personal pronouns change can be seen in the table “Declination of pronouns in English”, which also shows the transcription for words.

It is easy to see that personal pronouns change according to persons, numbers, cases and genders (only in the 3rd person). Look at the following sentence:

He can't tell us the secret. (He couldn't tell us the secret.)

The pronoun He (he) is the subject and is in the nominative case, the pronoun us (to us) acts as an object.

The pronoun I (I) is always capitalized, no matter what part of the sentence it is in.

Possessive pronouns

Such pronouns answer the question "whose?", showing which person the object belongs to. They have two forms - attached and absolute. The following table of pronouns in English lists possessive pronouns with translation and pronunciation.

Attached Form	Absolute form	Translation
		my, my, my, my
		ours, ours, ours, ours
		yours, yours, yours, yours yours, yours, yours, yours

The attached form is used when it is followed by a definable noun. For example:

This is my daddy. (This is my daddy.) - After the word MY comes the noun DADDY.

The absolute form is used when the noun in question comes before the pronoun or is omitted altogether. Take a look at the options:

This pen is mine. (This pen is mine.) - PEN is in front of the word MY.

It's your bike and these are ours. (This is your bike, and these are ours.) - In the second part of the sentence, the noun "bicycles" is omitted.

Reflexive pronouns

This class of pronouns suggests that the action of the object is directed at itself or is performed independently. Pronouns with the meaning "self, itself, itself, themselves" are called amplifying.

He doesn't love himself. (He doesn't love himself.)

Reciprocal pronouns

Such pronouns show that the actions of objects are directed at each other. They exist as two expressions: each other (there are two items) and one another (there are more than two items).

Mary and Peter hated each other. (Mary and Peter hated each other.)

Demonstrative pronouns

The task of these pronouns is to indicate objects, persons and their signs. In the table you can see how demonstrative pronouns are pronounced.

These clouds are big. (These clouds are big.)

Interrogative pronouns

Similar pronouns are used in questions of sentences. The table shows how these words are read.

The whom form is no longer used in modern English and is being replaced by who.

Who are you talking to? (Who are you talking to?)

Relative pronouns

We deal with such pronouns in subordinate attributive sentences (they answer the question “which (which)?”)

Check out the examples:

Connective pronouns (Conjunctive pronouns)

This group of pronouns, like the previous one, is used in the subordinate parts of a complex sentence. Unlike relative clauses, an additional clause is introduced, not a determinative clause. This category includes words such as:

• Who (who);
• What (who what);
• Which (whom);
• Whose (whose, whose).

I didn't understand who came. (I did not understand who came.)

Negative pronouns

These pronouns are used to express negation in negative sentences.

The verb in sentences with negative pronouns will always be in the affirmative form!

So, the negative pronouns are:

• no (none - can be placed before any noun);
• None (none of);
• Neither (neither of the two);
• Nobody (no one - in relation to people);
• Nothing (nothing - in relation to objects).

She has no money. (She doesn't have (any) money.)

Indefinite pronouns

The most numerous group of pronouns, which has various types, and the most problematic for children who are just learning English. This, first of all, includes the pronouns some (some) and any (any), which form the following series of cognate words:

• Some - somebody (someone), something (something), someone (someone);
• Any - anybody (anyone), anything (something), anyone (anyone).

Pronouns derived from some are used in affirmative proposals. Pronouns with any in affirmative sentences mean "any", but are more often used in questions and negatives and are not translated in any way.

In addition, the group of indefinite includes the following pronouns:

• Each (each is about a group of objects);
• Every (each of the pro object separately);
• Either (one or the other);
• Everybody (everyone) (everyone);
• Everything (every object, everything);
• Other (other);
• Another (another, one more);
• Both (both, both);
• All (all, all, all, all);
• One (instead of a repeated noun or in an impersonal sentence).

Indefinite pronouns are put when it is not possible or necessary to accurately indicate a person, object, their features and quantity.

Examples:

• You have everything. (You have everything)
• Give me another whiskey. (Give me more whiskey)

What have we learned?

There are ten groups of pronouns in English. These are personal, possessive, reciprocal, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, connective, negative and indefinite pronouns. Each category of pronouns has its own character traits and usage rules to be learned.

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Pronouns

A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces or describes other parts of speech. Exist great amount pronouns in English. They can be divided into the following groups:

Now consider each group of pronouns:

1. Personal pronouns. These are the most common group of pronouns and appear in almost every sentence in English, so try to learn them so they come to mind. Personal pronouns are divided into two cases: nominative and objective.

The pronoun in the nominative case replaces the subject in the sentence, and in the objective case it replaces the object. Let's look at the personal pronouns in the table:

them [ðem] - them, them

Where l. - face; units h - singular; pl. h - plural.

I must go to you.- I have to go to you.
We should sleep every night.- We have to sleep every night.
Did you see them?- Did you see them?
You were there.- You were there.
He can work with her.- He can work with her.
She is having breakfast.- She is having a breakfast.
It is the gold coin.- It's a gold coin.
They left us.- They left us.

Personal pronouns in English have a number of features:

• Personal pronoun I always starts with a capital letter, regardless of the place in the sentence:
May I come in?- May I come in?


Personal pronoun you used in singular and plural. While the verb to be is always used with it in the plural, even if you stands in the sentence in the singular:


You are beautiful.- You're beautiful.


If there are several personal pronouns in the sentence, then their order is as follows - 2 liters. and 3 l. are placed before 1 l., 2 l. placed in front of 3 l. in any cases (remember that pronouns always replace other parts of speech, so if there is a noun instead of a pronoun, then the word order is determined by the same rule):


You and your brother should do the homework. You and your brother have to do your homework.
He asked father and me.- He asked his father and me.


The objective case of personal pronouns can be in the genitive (whom?, what?), dative (whom?, what?), instrumental (by whom?, what?) and prepositional (about whom, about what) cases, examples:


I did it for her.- I made it for her. (for whom?)
She gave me an apple. She gave me an apple. (to whom?)
It was bought by us.- It was bought by us. (by whom?)
The bird cared about them.- The bird took care of them. (about whom?)


A feature of the English language is that the division by gender in speech is expressed only with people. In other cases, the personal pronoun is used It. It is put in place of inanimate objects, animals or children. This greatly simplifies the process of learning the language, since we do not need to learn what kind of this or that noun to replace it with the corresponding pronoun, as we do in Russian. However, if we want to emphasize the gender of some phenomenon, animal, it is allowed to use pronouns he and she. Also pronoun It can be as a formal subject (when there is no subject in the Russian translation - see general information about the sentence), examples:


I took a pen. It is black- I took the pen. She is black.
It is hot now.- It is hot now.

Possessive pronouns. They denote the belonging of a noun to an object or subject. As a rule, they correspond to a personal pronoun in a sentence. There are basic and absolute forms.

Main form The possessive pronoun stands in the sentence together with the noun and characterizes its ownership.

Absolute form replaces a noun in a sentence, but it is implied that the noun was previously spoken of. This allows you to get rid of unnecessary repetition of the same word in the text.

Please note that the possessive pronoun in English is used much more often than in Russian. In English, when talking about body parts, clothing, personal belongings, then the possessive pronoun is necessarily put, although in Russian it is usually omitted:

He waves his hand.- He waves his hand.

Let's look at possessive pronouns:

mine

my you

your

yours

your he

his

his

his she

her

hers

her it

its

its

his her you pl. h.

your

yours

your we

our

ours

our they

their [ðeə(r)]

theirs [ðeəz]

them

Examples of the main form:

I gave you my pen.- I gave you my pen.
You can go with you friend.- You can go with your friend.
It was his phone.- It was his phone.
We came to her mother.- We came to her mother.
The dog gives me its paw.- The dog gives me a paw.
They can't do our work.- They can't do our job.
They left me their child.- They left me their child.

Absolute form examples:

This is her car. Mine is broken.- It's her car. Mine is broken.
Your table is dirty. Ours is cleaner.- Your table is dirty. Our table is cleaner.
I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?- I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?

Similarly, sentences are constructed with other possessive pronouns. And yet, if there is an adjective before the noun, then the possessive pronoun is placed before the adjective:

I like your red coat.- I like your red coat

Possessive pronoun its often confused with the combination it "s - a short form of it is (I am). Its surface was damaged.- Its surface has been damaged.
It is its hair.- It's her hair.

You need to look at the place in the sentence and the adjacent words.

Also, reflexive pronouns act as determiners of nouns, so the use of articles with them is not allowed.

reflexive pronouns. They show that the subject directs the action to itself and is translated into Russian as an addition to the ending of the verb -sya (-s) or the pronoun itself, itself, itself .... Each reflexive pronoun corresponds to a personal pronoun. All of them are shown in the table:

You hit yourself.
- You hit yourself.
he It happened by itself.
- It just happened.
you (pl.) They will introduce themselves tomorrow.
They will introduce themselves tomorrow.

However, when using reflexive pronouns, you need to remember a number of rules:

Instead of a personal pronoun, the corresponding noun can stand:


My dog ​​opened a door itself. My dog ​​opened the door on her own.


Reflexive pronouns are not used with verbs that themselves imply that the action is directed at themselves, or at each other. These include wash (wash), bath (take a shower), feel (feel), shave (shave), dress (dress), undress (undress), change (change clothes), relax (rest), hide (hide):


She felt bad (you can't say felt herself).- She felt bad.
They kissed on the street.- They kissed on the street.


Reflexive pronouns cannot be used with prepositions of place. Since the personal pronoun in the objective case can also be translated to itself, to itself, confusion can arise. In order not to be confused which pronoun to put (reflexive or personal pronoun in the objective case), use the rule: if in the Russian translation of the sentence you can put "himself", then the reflexive pronoun is used, otherwise the personal pronoun in the objective case is used:


She spent all the money herself. She spent all the money herself.
She put an ambrella in front of her.- She put the umbrella in front of her (you can’t tell in front of her).

Interrogative pronouns (words). Also a very common type of pronoun, which is used in interrogative sentences. Let's look at the main ones:

What do you do? What are you doing? When could this happen? When could this happen? Why do we work here? Why are we working here?

how - how

How is it possible? How is this possible?

In general, English interrogative words correspond to Russian ones, but there are a number of features:

Interrogative pronoun who acts as a subject, and is used when questioning people.


Who runs with him? - Who is running with him?

Although the interrogative pronoun who has an objective case whom - whom, but more and more often it plays this role in the sentence itself:


Who (whom) did they invite to us? - Whom did they invite to us?

Pronoun which used in interrogative sentences when a choice is offered from a limited number of items:


Which lock of these three do you prefer? - Which of these three castles do you prefer?


But if we were talking about an unlimited number of locks of all types, the pronoun would be used what:

What lock do you prefer? - Which of these three castles do you prefer?

Relative pronouns. These pronouns are used in complex sentences and belong to subordinate clauses. Most of them also apply to interrogative pronouns. Unlike unions, they act as a member of the sentence in the subordinate clause (usually the subject). Consider the main relative pronouns:

Who- who, who. It is used in sentences with animated objects - people: I saw the gardener who planted this tree. - I saw the gardener who planted this tree.


Whose- which (whose)

It means that an object belongs to some object:

We know a man whose spoon you took. We know the person whose spoon you took.


Which- which. Applies to inanimate objects or animals:


Parents knocked the door which was closed. The parents knocked on the door, which was closed.


That[ðæt] - which

Replaces previous pronouns who and which, and can refer to both animate and inanimate objects:

This was the writer that can "t finish his last book.- It was a writer who couldn't finish his last book.
Mother bought the new knives that were very sharp. Mom bought new knives that were very sharp.

Demonstrative pronouns. Point to an object or person. Basic demonstrative pronouns:

those [ðəʊz] - those

Demonstrative pronouns denote remoteness not only in distance, but also in time. In a proposal, they can be as the following members of the proposal:

Subject:


This is my ball.- This is my ball.
Those were their friends.- These were their friends (Although this is translated, it means that the friends are in a different place).


Noun determiner:

These cars are very beautiful.- These cars are very beautiful.
I like that place.- I like that place.


Addition:

Remember this!- Remember it!
A doctor chose these. - The Doctor chose these.

Please note that if the noun is preceded by a demonstrative pronoun in the form of a determiner, then you do not need to use the article, since the pronoun itself acts as an article.

Two more pronouns can be classified as demonstrative pronouns:

such - such
the same - the same

For example:

Such a big room looks nice.- Such a big room looks good.
It happened at the same time.- It happened at the same time.

quantitative pronouns.

The most famous of this group are the two quantitative pronouns, which can come before any noun in almost any situation: some

And any["eni]. Therefore, in case of difficulty in choosing a determiner for a noun, you can always use one of these pronouns. They indicate the quality or quantity of an object. Moreover, the pronoun some usually used in affirmative sentences, and the pronoun any in negative or interrogative sentences:
I have some questions.- I have a question (some question).
I don't have any questions.- I don't have any questions.
Do you have any questions?- Do you have any questions?
Some boy calls you.- Some guy is calling you (quality).

Often, when translated into Russian, they are omitted as articles:

Some stranger asked you.- A stranger asked you.

There are a number of features with these pronouns:

In questions of requests, the pronoun is used some:


Will you give us some water?- Will you give us some water?


If the pronoun some stands before a numeral, then it translates about, approximately:


Some twenty time he went past her.- About twenty times he passed her.


Pronouns some and any before the preposition of is translated as some, any:


Some of them can go away. Some of them might leave.
Did you see any of us there?- Did you see any of us there?


Pronoun any translated in affirmative sentences - any:


You can arrive there by any car.- You can come there by any car.

The remaining quantitative pronouns have similar qualities, so let's summarize them in one table:

Pronoun	Application condition	Examples
a lot of [ə lɒt ɒv] - a lot	In affirmative sentences before countable and uncountable nouns	She has a lot of problems.- She has a lot of problems. Workers brought a lot of coal.- The workers brought a lot of coal.
many ["meni] - many	In interrogative and negative sentences before countable nouns	Do you have many pairs of shoes?- Do you have many shoes? There weren "t many trees in the park. There weren't many trees in the park.
much - a lot	In interrogative and negative sentences before uncountable nouns	Does he have much water?- Does he have a lot of water? They don't have much time.- They don't have much time.
few - little	In sentences before countable nouns	He gives few coins.- He gives few coins.
little ["litl] - little	In sentences before uncountable nouns	A plane has little fuel.- The aircraft is low on fuel.
a little [ə "litl] - a little	There is a little tea in the cup.- There is some tea in the mug.
a few [ə fju:] - a little	I want a few new t-shirts.- I want some new T-shirts.

Often these pronouns are referred to as adverbs, since they are translated into Russian by adverbs, and one cannot say that this will be a mistake (look at the formation of degrees of comparison of adverbs).

And there is another quantitative pronoun-determinant of nouns: several["sevrəl] - several

: Several new students took the wrong books. Several new students took the wrong books.

Indefinite and negative pronouns. This is the largest group of pronouns in the English language.

First look at the negative pronoun no

Which is involved in the formation of other negative pronouns. Stands before a noun and denotes the absence of something in a categorical form (that is, this issue is not discussed further):

I saw no children.- I haven't seen the kids.
A cat has no toys.- The cat has no toys.

For the formation of indefinite and negative pronouns are used some, any and no. It must be remembered that in English there cannot be a double negation, that is, if in Russian we can say: Nobody can help me in English, this sentence would contain only one negation: Nobody can help me or Anybody can't help me. Also derivatives formed from particles -one and -body, mean the same thing. For clarity, consider these pronouns in one table:



I cooked something for you. -
I have prepared something for you.
Did the professor ask you anything? -
Did the professor ask you anything?
Somebody will come here. -
Someone will come here.
I don't see anyone. -
I don't see anyone.
He is somewhere over there. -
He's out there somewhere.
Did we meet anywhere else? -
Have we met somewhere else?


Pronouns each- everyone

And every["evri] - although each has a similar meaning, they still differ in meaning:

Pronoun each selects an object from a group (therefore only applies to countable nouns):


Each forester could do it differently.- Each forester could do it differently (each of the foresters separately).

Pronoun every in the general integer value (all):


Every forester likes a forest.- Every forester loves the forest (all foresters).

Derivatives from every- (everyone):

everything["evriθiŋ] - everything

For better memory let's break the pronoun into two words: every - each and thing - a thing. And if you add both parts of the Russian translation: each + thing = everything, example:

I know everything about him.- I know everything about him. Everything will start here.- Everything starts here.

everybody["evribɒdi] - all

To remember, let's resort to the same method: every - each and body - the body. And if you add both parts of the Russian translation: each + body = all, an example:

Our teacher said to do this exercise to everybody.- Our teacher told everyone to do this exercise. Everybody likes ice cream.- Everyone loves ice cream.

everywhere["evriweə (r)] - everywhere

: There were pencils everywhere.- There were pencils everywhere. It was dangerous everywhere.- Everywhere was dangerous.

Please note that all these pronouns correspond to 3l. units hours (from the word each), so the verb after them takes the appropriate form.

Pronoun one applies:

As an indefinite personal pronoun and usually not translated into Russian:


One must not smoke here.- You can't smoke here.
One never can go faster this area.- No one can go faster in this area.


In the form of a substitute word, to avoid unnecessary repetition of a word in a sentence:


I buy new book. This one more interesting.- I'm buying a new book. This book is more interesting.


Pronouns other["ʌðə (r)] - another, one more

, another[ə "nʌðə (r)] - another.

Other stands before a noun and indicates that the noun is definite, but not the one that was mentioned earlier in the sentence:


I took this glass and you take the other glass on the table.- I took this glass, and you take another glass on the table. (There were 2 glasses on the table, I took one and you take the second glass)


That is the pronoun other used when selected from a certain number of certain items. If the other subject is unknown, then before other the indefinite article an is put and the pronoun takes the form another:


I took this glass and you take another glass.- I took this glass, and you take another glass.


It means any other glass. But if the noun is in the plural, then the pronoun is always used. other:


Give me other glasses.- Give me other glasses.


In the case when the pronoun stands without a noun, then it itself is put in the plural:


These are my glasses. You can take others.- These are my glasses. You can take others.

• Pronoun both- both, both

  : I like both colors.- I like both colors.
  They are both twenty years old.- They are both 20 years old.
  

• Reciprocal pronouns. This group includes two pronouns:

  each other	each other, one to another
  one another	each other, one to another

  These pronouns mean the same thing, and in principle they can be interchanged in a sentence:
  

  We love each other.- We love each other. Parents didn't see one another for a long time.- Parents did not see each other for a long time.

Quick jump:

A pronoun is a part of speech that is used instead of a noun.

Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799
Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799.

Pronouns in English can be used in a sentence in the function:

Not a doctor.
He is a doctor.

The red pencil is mine.
My red pencil.

I have not seen him.
I didn't see him.

I cannot find my pencil.
I can't find my pencil.

simple form possessive pronouns always require a noun after itself and being its definition, excludes the use of the article before this noun:

My pencil is on the table.
My pencil is on the table.

Absolute form possessive pronouns are used independently - nouns are never put after them.

This pencil is mine.
This pencil is mine.

Refundable pronouns come after many verbs and correspond in Russian to the particle - "sya" ("si"), which is attached to verbs, showing that the action passes to the actor himself:

Not defended himself.
He defended himself.

Don't cut yourself.
Don't cut yourself.

Pronouns in English: table with translation and examples

Table. Pronouns.

1. Personal (Personal Pronouns)	nominative (Nominative Case)	objective case (objective case)
	I- I you- you you he- is he she- she is it- he she it we- we you- you they- they	me- me, me you- you, you, you, you him- him, him her- her, her it- him, her, him, her us- us, us you- you, you them- them, them
2. Possessive (Possessive Pronouns)	I form	II form
	mu- my (I, -e, -i) your- your (-i, -e, -i), your (a, -e, -i) his- his her- her its- his her our- our (a, -e, -i) your- your (-a, -e, -i) their- them all these pronouns can also be translated with the word your	mine- my (I, -e, -i) yours- yours (I, -e, -i), your (a, -e, -i) his- his hers- her its- his her ours- our (-a, -e, -i) yours- your (-a, -e, -i) theirs- them
3. Return and amplifying (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns)	myself- (I) myself, myself (-a) yourself- (you, you) yourself, yourself (s) himself- (he) himself, himself herself- (she) herself, herself itself- (it) itself, itself ourselves- (we) ourselves, ourselves yourselves- (you) yourself, yourself themselves- (they) themselves, themselves
4. Mutual (Reciprocal Pronouns)	each other- each other one another- one another
5. pointing (Demonstrative Pronouns)	this (these) - this, this, this, (these) that (those) - that, then, that, (those) such- such same- the same, the same
6. Interrogative (Interrogative Pronouns)	who (whom) - who will win) whose- whose what- what, which, what, who which- which, which, who, what
7. Relative and connective (Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns)	who (whom) - who (of whom), which (of whom) whose- whose, whom what- what, what which- which, which, who, what that- which
8. indefinite (Indefinite Pronouns)	some- some, some, a little (approved suggestion) any- some, some (in question and negative sentences), any one- someone, someone all- all, all, all, all each- everyone every- everyone, everyone other- other(s) another- another both- both many- many, many much- lot few- few, few little- few either- any (of two) no- none, none, none none- nobody, nothing neither- neither one nor the other, no one, nothing
Use
1. Personal	subject I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. addition I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. part of the predicate That was he. - That was him.
2. Possessive	definition Her paper was interesting. - Her article was interesting. subject My room is large, yours is larger. My room is big, yours is bigger. part of the predicate This paper is his. - This article is his. addition We haven't seen your paper, we have seen only theirs. We haven't seen your article, we've only seen them.
3. Return and amplifying	addition I wash myself. - I wash my face. Not himself saw it. - He saw it himself. Didn't see it himself. - He saw it himself.
4. Mutual	addition they greeted each other.- They greeted each other.
5. pointing	subject This were pleasant. - It was nice. addition He likes this. - He likes it. part of the predicate It was that. - It was (just) that. definition I know these songs. - I know these songs.
6. Interrogative	subject Who knows this story? - Who knows this story? addition What did you see there? - What did you see there? part of the predicate What has she become? - What did she become? definition Which month is the warmest? - Which month is the warmest?
7. Relative and connective	subject The man who is sitting there is my friend. - The man who sits there is my friend. addition I don't know whom he sent there. I don't know who he sent there. part of the predicate The question is who will go there. - The question is who will go there. definition I don't know whose paper this is. - I don't know whose article this is.
8. indefinite	subject One must do it. - We need to do it. addition He told us something. - He told us something. definition Any student can do it. - Any student can do it. part of the predicate It is too much for me. - It's too much for me.
Translation: pronouns

Pronoun- a part of speech that denotes persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in speech or text, and replaces them. A pronoun is usually used in a sentence instead of a noun or an adjective, sometimes instead of an adverb or numeral. Thus, pronouns allow you to avoid repeating the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

English pronouns differ in person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person singular) and case. A pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to. Accordingly, if the noun is in the singular, then the pronoun that replaces it must be in the singular, and vice versa. If the noun is feminine, then the pronoun must also be feminine, and so on.

For example:
The train was late, it had been delayed.
A train was late is he stuck somewhere.

The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Trains were late they stuck somewhere.

Grammatically pronouns in English are divided into several types. They are presented in the table below. Each type of pronoun will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.

Type	Description	Examples
Personal Pronouns	They replace nouns when it is already clear from the context or situation who or what they are talking about.	I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
Possessive Pronouns	Express belonging.	Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
Reflexive Pronouns	They show that the action returns to the one who performs this action.	Myself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself, yourselves, yourself
Interrogative Pronouns	Used in questions.	Who, what, which, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns	They point to a specific object, place, etc.	This, that, these, those
Relative Pronouns	Used to connect the main and subordinate clauses.	Who, whose, which, that, etc.
Indefinite Pronouns	They point to unknown, indefinite objects, signs of quantity.	Some, any, something, nothing, nobody, etc.
Reciprocal pronouns (Reciprocal Pronouns)	They indicate that some action is performed together, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.	each other, one another

• Personal pronouns in English (Personal Pronouns)

- these are pronouns I, we, he, she, it, we, they. The main purpose of personal pronouns is to replace nouns, if it is clear from the context what or who is being discussed.

Pronouns I and we refer to the speaker, and correspond to the Russian pronouns "I" and "we". They are first person pronouns ( I has a singular form, we- plural form).

For example:
I am free now.
Now I free.

We have to go.
We must go.

Pronoun you refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, and is a second person pronoun. Note that in modern English you always has a plural form, and, accordingly, the verb after it always follows in the plural form. In Russian, it corresponds to both the pronoun "you" when referring to a group of people, or to one person (in a polite form), and the pronoun "you", depending on the context.

For example:
You are a good worker.
You you good worker.

You have completed your assignments successfully.
You successfully completed their tasks.

Pronouns he, she, it, they, are third person pronouns. All of them have the singular form, except for the pronoun they, which is plural. In addition, pronouns he and she are used to refer to male and female people, respectively, and the pronoun it denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, etc. (that is, it corresponds to the middle gender in Russian). Also it often used to refer to animals.

Pronoun they used to refer to both people and objects:

Pronoun it can also be used in relation to people when the speaker is trying to identify the interlocutor:

It used in divisive issues when the subject is expressed in words nothing,everything and all:

Everything is all right, isn't it?
It's all right, isn't it?

Nothing happened, did it?
Nothing happened, did it?

It can be used as an introductory subject or object in such sentences where the subject or object is actually expressed by an infinitive or a subordinate clause. In Russian, in such cases, the pronoun it there is no equivalent.

For example:
It is not easy to solve this math problem.
It is not so easy to solve this mathematical problem.

It used as a formal subject, without meaning, in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, etc.:

It is raining.
It's raining.

It is six o "clock.
Six o'clock.

It is a cold day.
Cold day.

Personal pronouns in English have different forms, depending on the case. Distinguish nominative case of personal pronouns (Subject Pronoun), and subjective case of personal pronouns (Object Pronouns).

Nominative	subjective case
I	me - me, me, me, etc.
You	you - you, you, you, etc.
He	him - him, him, etc.
She	her - her, her, etc.
It	it - him / her, him / her, etc. (of inanimate objects)
We	us - us, us, us, etc.
They	them - them, them, them, etc.

• I and Me: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

• For example:
  I am a teacher (and NOT me).
  I- teacher.

  Give that to me(but not I).
  Give it to me.

  Sometimes it is difficult to choose the correct pronoun and speakers make mistakes when using them. choose between I / Me it is more difficult when these pronouns are paired with another pronoun or noun. In this case, they must be used in accordance with the rules for using the subject or object in the sentence.

  For example:

  How right?

  "It was I who did the homework." or "It was me who did the homework."
  This is I did homework.

  Simplify the statement:

  "I did the homework." So that"It was I who did the homework." is the correct option.

  me(but not I).
  The teacher gave homework to my friend and to me.

  If you don't understand why the above sentence is correct, just simplify it again. Break down the offer by participants.

  The teacher gave the homework to my friend.
  +
  The teacher gave the homework to me.
  =
  The teacher gave the homework to my friend and me.

  Personal pronouns in the nominative case in the sentence perform the function of the subject or nominal part of the predicate:

  Mike hasn't come back yet. He is still in his office.
  Mike hasn't returned yet. He is still at work. ( he replaces proper name Mike, and performs the function of the subject.)

  Personal pronouns in the subjective case in a sentence perform the function of a direct or indirect object:

  We called her to congratulations her.
  We called her to congratulate her. ( In this sentence, the pronouns her perform the function of a direct complement.)

  We apologized to him.
  We apologized to him. ( In this sentence, the pronoun him performs the function of an indirect complement.)

• Reflexive pronouns in English (Reflexive Pronouns)

Reflexive pronouns in English are formed from possessive pronouns with the addition of a particle -self for the singular and –selves for plural.

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
The only thing number	I	myself
	You	yourself
	He	himself
	She	herself
	It	itself
plural number	We	ourselves
	You	yourselves
	They	themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object in the sentence are the same person, or, in other words, when the action is directed at oneself.

For example:
Alice saw herself in the mirror.
Alice saw myself into the mirror.

John doesn't know what to do with himself.
John doesn't know what to yourself to do.

In Russian, recurrence can be conveyed by a particle of the verb -sya or -ss:

We had to explain ourselves to the teacher.
We had to explain myself in front of the teacher.

In addition, reflexive pronouns in English can be used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without outside help.

For example:
She herself admitted her mistake.
She is herself admitted her mistake.

The manager spoke to me himself.
Manager myself talked to me.

I myself cleaned the house.
I myself got into the house.

Reflexive pronouns can often be used instead of personal pronouns after words. as, like, but (for), and except (for):

These shoes are especially designed for fast runners like yourself(= like you).
This shoe is specially designed for such fast runners, how are you.

Everybody was happy except myself(= except me).
Everyone was happy, except for me.

Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. As a rule, such verbs coincide in Russian and in English.

For example:
Suddenly the door opened. (NOT Suddenly the door opened itself.)
Suddenly the door opened.

His books are selling well. (NOT His books are selling themselves well.)
His books are good sold.

I tried to concentrate. (NOT I tried to concentrate myself.)
I've tried focus.

However, some of these verbs in Russian and English do not coincide:

He washed and shaved in the morning.
In the morning he washed up and shaved.

She feels happy.
She is feels himself happy.

• Interrogative pronouns in English (Interrogative Pronouns)

Interrogative pronouns in English used to ask questions. Some of them can only specify people (for example, " Who") and some on objects and people (for example, " What"). They are not divided into singular and plural, therefore they have only one form. Interrogative pronouns introduce the so-called. special questions that cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no".

There are the following English interrogative pronouns:

who? - who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
what? - what? which?
which? - which? which?
whose? - whose?

For example:
What is her phone number?
Which does she have a phone number?

What do you want?
What you need?

As can be seen from the table, interrogative pronouns in a sentence can function as a subject, object, or possessive pronoun.

Subject	Addition	Possessive pronoun
who	whom	whose
which

Pronoun who refers to persons and is used without a subsequent noun or pronoun. When used who the predicate, as a rule, has the singular form.

The exceptions are those cases when the questioner knows that the answer to his question will be a noun in the plural.

Pronoun whom is the indirect form of the pronoun who and is used as a question word in the complement function, especially in formal style. In colloquial speech, these functions are performed by the pronoun who.

For example:
whom did you phone? (= Who did you phone?)
To whom did you call? ( The first option has a more formal connotation.)

For whom will you vote?
Behind whom will you vote? ( Official speech.)

Pronoun what has two meanings - "what?" and which?". Meaning "what?" pronoun what used separately, while in the meaning of "what?" pronoun what is a member of the question group leading the question.

For example:
What is your name?
how Your name is?

What film are you watching?
Which movie are you watching?

Pronoun which translated as "what?", "which?" and offers a choice from a limited number of items, unlike the pronoun what, which requires, rather, characteristics, or offers a choice from an unlimited number, not predetermined.

For example:
Which jumper do you like?
Which do you like the jumper? ( It means one of the several presented.)

What jumpers do you like?
What kind do you like jumpers? ( I mean in general, regarding coloring, models, etc.)

• What and Which: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns and Which, and What are used in interrogative sentences, and both translate as " which", "what kind", etc. Which can also be translated as " which", "which", etc.

What used in questions where the number of possible answers is not known in advance. The questioner knows that there are many answers to the question asked, and wants to hear from the respondent only options that interest him.

For example:
What movie did you go to see?
Which did you go to see the movie?

Which used in questions where the number of answers is already known in advance.

For example:
Which shoes should I wear with this dress – my blue ones or my black ones?
What kind Should I wear shoes with this dress - blue or black?

Often in the same situations, you can use and Which, and What, depending on what the speaker means.

For example:
Which bus goes to the centre?
Which does the bus go to the center?

What bus shall I take?
On the which do I need to take the bus?

Both suggestions are possible. In the first sentence, the speaker probably means fewer possible buses than in the second sentence.

Note: about pronouns What and Which You can also read in the section on interrogative pronouns.

Pronoun whose- "whose?" performs the functions of possessive pronouns in a sentence, expressing belonging. And can be used immediately before the noun to which it refers, or used alone, without a subsequent noun, similar to the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

For example:
Whose did you drive in?
AT whose did you drive the car?

Whose is this book?
Whose this is a book?

• Demonstrative pronouns in English (Demonstrative Pronouns)

As the name suggests, they are used to refer to something or someone.

Demonstrative pronouns can have singular and plural forms:

This(singular) and These near speaker.

That(singular) and Those(pl.) indicate an object or person that is on distance from the speaker.

In addition to indicating distance in space, pronouns this, these, that, those, can indicate distance in time. This and these can indicate something that has already happened, or is about to happen, pronouns that and those may indicate something that has just happened, or some time ago.

For example:
Listen to this. It's going to be interesting.
Listen This. It will be interesting.

watch this. It's worth seeing.
look This. It's worth seeing.

Did you see that? That was wonderful!
You This seen? This is it was wonderful!

Who said that?
Who This said?

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns in English can act not only as independent words (as described above), but also as definitions for nouns. In this case, they are also called demonstrative adjectives.

For example:
This book is mine.
This my book.

What is that noise?
What This for noise?

These flowers are very beautiful.
These flowers are very beautiful.

Those days were the best.
Those the days were the best.

This horse is faster than that horse.
This horse faster than that horse.

Sometimes pronouns that and those can be used to avoid repeating the same words:

The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
The streets in Mumbai are busier than the streets in Paris.

In the example above, the pronoun those used to avoid repeating words the streets. In the singular in such cases, the pronoun is used that.

• Relative pronouns in English (Relative Pronouns)

Relative pronouns in English (who, whom, that, which) are used to enter subordinate clauses, and introduce additional information about someone or something already said.

For example:
I know the book that you are describing.
I know the book you are talking about. ( In this offer that replaces the previously specified word book, and enters additional information.)

In a subordinate clause that introduces relative pronouns, they can act as the subject. AT this case pronouns can be used who, which, that. Who used to refer to people which- to designate things that can refer to both people and objects.

For example:
The boy who stole the watch was punished.
Boy, which stole a watch, was punished.

It is a book which will interest children of all ages.
This is a book, which will interest children of all ages.

The people that/who live next door keep having all-night parties.
People, which live in the neighborhood, continue to have night parties.

These are the keys that open the front and back door.
These are the keys which open the front and back doors.

Also pronouns who, whom, which and that can perform the function of an object in a subordinate clause. In this case, the pronouns who and whom interchangeable, but whom bears a somewhat formal connotation.

• Who and Whom: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronoun Who used as a subject (about other uses of the pronoun Who see That, Which and Who). talking plain language, anywhere in a sentence where pronouns can be used I, she or he, you can also use Who.

In interrogative sentences Who used when talking about a person or group of people who did something, or when someone's name is asked. Factual, in informal speech and writing pronoun Who used very often.

Pronoun whom used in formal language as the complement of a verb or preposition.

note

Pronoun whom rarely used in questions.

For example:
To whom do you wish to speak? ( Sounds old-fashioned, pompous and unnatural.)
With by whom do you want to talk?

Attention

If you can't decide what to use, try the test " he or him" - try rewriting the sentence using pronouns he or him.

For example:
"He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores." – "He adores he." sounds wrong. So it will be right"He adores him."

From the above, it follows that they serve two purposes: they serve as the subject or object of the subordinate clause, and at the same time, they connect the main clause with the subordinate clause.

For example:
I have found the car keys. You were looking for them.
I found the car keys which you were looking for.
I found my car keys you were looking for.

This is Mr. Peter. You met him last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.

Indefinite Pronouns in English (Indefinite Pronouns)

Indefinite pronouns in English indicate unknown, indefinite objects, signs, quantities. They do not point to specific objects or people, but are used to describe them in general, as a whole.

For example:
None of them have come yet.
None of them have not yet arrived.

Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Some great are born, and some become great.

Nobody came to his rescue.
None did not come to his rescue.

Somebody has let the cat in.
Someone let the cat in.

Few escaped unhurt.
few managed to get out intact.

Indefinite pronouns can take the form of the singular, plural, and can change their form of the number depending on the context.

Below is a table with all indefinite pronouns, which indicates what form they can take.

Singular		Plural	singular or plural
anyone- anyone	anyone- someone	several- some	all- all
anything- anything	each- everyone	both- both	more- more
either- any (of two)	everybody- all	others- other	some- some
everyone- all	everything- all	few- Little	most- majority
much- lot	nobody- none	many- lot	none- nobody, nothing
neither- none (out of two)	no one- none	any- any
nothing- nothing	one- one
other- another	somebody- anyone
someone- someone	something something

Many indefinite pronouns in English can be used as adjectives:

one day my prince will come.
My prince will come one day.

He is man of few words.
He is a man of few words.

some milk was split.
Some milk was spilled.

• Any and Some: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronouns Any and Some are determinants. They are used when talking about indefinite quantities, numbers, in cases where the exact amount or number is not important. Mainly, Some used in narrative sentences, a Any- in interrogative and negative. into Russian Some and Any are usually not translated.

For example:
I asked the barman if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, have you got any sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have any.
I asked the bartender if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, do you have sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have it.

note

Sometimes Some can be found in interrogative sentences, and Any- in affirmative sentences.

Some used in interrogative sentences if the question is an invitation, a request, or if a positive answer to the question is expected.

For example:
Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you "re at the shops?
Buy me some gummy bears, please, while you're at the store.

Any can also be used in affirmative sentences if it comes after a word that has a negative or restrictive connotation.

For example:
"She gave me some bad advice." "Really? She rarely gives any bad advice."
She gave me bad advice. - Seriously? She rarely gives bad advice.

Note: pronouns Any and Some belong to the type indefinite pronouns. Such pronouns are discussed in more detail in the section on indefinite pronouns.

• Much and Many: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Adverbs Much and Many are used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences in the sense of " lot". There are also synonyms for these adverbs - a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, large amounts of, etc., depending on the context.

Interrogative sentences

how much ( how much= how many) ... + uncountable nouns

For example:
how much sugar do you take in your coffee?
How much do you put sugar in your coffee?

how much money do you want for this?
How much(money) do you want it?

Do you have much work to do?
By you lot work?

How many (how many = how many) ... + countable nouns

Negative sentences

In negative construction sentences Not Much and not many usually translated as " few", "Little".

For example:
He doesn't earn much money ( noun money- uncountable).
He earns few (= Little) of money.

Not many people have heard of her noun people- countable).
Few heard about her.

Barbara doesn't have many friends.
Barbara few (= Little) friends.

• Each and Every: usage rules, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns have the same meaning - "everyone". The general rule for using these pronouns is that each used when talking about two or more objects or things, Every- when it comes to three or more objects or things.

For example:
The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. (NOT …every half.)
The orange was divided into two parts, and each part was given to them.

Pronoun use each it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented separately, the use of the pronoun Every it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented as a whole.

For example:
each boy in the class was given a present.
To every boy The class was given a gift. ( To each separately.)

Every boy in the class went on a picnic.
Every boy (= all boys) went on a picnic in class. ( All boys as one.)

Every, but not each, can be used with abstract nouns:

You have every reason to be happy. (NOT You have each reason to be happy.)
You have every reason to be content.

The same way, Every(but not each) can be used with nouns with cardinal numbers:

Buses leave every ten minutes. (NOT …each ten minutes.)
Buses run every ten minutes.

• Little and Few, A Little and A Few: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Like an adverb Little, so is the adverb Few means " few", "a small amount of something". The difference is that Little used with not, a Few- with countable nouns.

For example:
They have very little money.
They have very few of money.

There seems little hope.
Seems like hope few.

Heate very little at lunch.
He ate a lot few at lunch.

Only few people can afford to pay such prices.
Few who can afford such prices.

I know few places that I could recommend to you.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you.

note

Adverbs Little and Few have a somewhat negative connotation.

For example:
I know few places that I could recommend to you. = I would like to be able to recommend more places, but unfortunately there aren't more.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you. = It’s a pity that I can’t recommend you more places, but unfortunately there are no other places.

If before adverbs Little and Few the indefinite article is used a, they take on a positive connotation, and have a meaning similar to the word some – "some", "some amount", "Little" etc.

A Few used with countable nouns.

For example:
We need to get a few things in town.
We need something pick up in the city.

We've got a few cakes left over from the party. = We've got some cakes left over from the party.
We have left from the evening some cakes.

A Little used with .

For example:
With a little training Mike could do very well.
A little with practice, Mike will succeed.

• The use of the pronoun all in English

Pronoun all in English It can be used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. All means "all", "all", "all", etc.

Often all used with uncountable nouns, and with plural nouns (in this case, the described objects should be more than two).

For example:
All children need love.
To all children need love. ( Pronoun all children. )

I love all music.
I like all (= any, different) music. (Pronoun all used with an uncountable noun music. )

All the invitees turned up.
All invitees came. ( Pronoun all used with a plural noun invitees. )

If a all used with a plural noun, the verb usually also has a plural form. After an uncountable noun, the verb is singular.

For example:
All cheese contains fat.
Any (= all) cheese contains fat.

All the lights were out.
All fires were extinguished.

Pronoun all followed by a noun is not normally used as a subject with a verb in the negative form. In this case, as a rule, the construction is used not all + noun + positive verb.

For example:
not all birds can sing. (NOT All birds cannot sing.)
Not all birds can chirp.

All or All of

Before a noun without a determiner (articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc.), use all:

All children need love.
All cheese contains fat.
All lights were out.

Before a noun with a determiner (for example: the, my, this, etc.) can be used as all, and all of:

All the lights were out. = All of the lights were out.
All fires were extinguished.

I have invited all my friends to my birthday party. = I have invited all of my friends to my birthday party.
I invited all my friends to my birthday party.

Used before a personal pronoun all of:

All of us love music. (NOT All us love music.)
We all love music.

I have invited all of them. (NOT …all of them.)
I invited them all.

Using all with nouns and pronouns

Pronoun all can define both nouns and pronouns, and is usually placed before the word it defines.

For example:
I have invited all (of) my friends.
I invited all my friends.

All of us love music.
We all love music.

I love all of you.
I love you all.

All of us are going to the movies.
We all go to the cinema.

All can be used after a defined pronoun if it performs the function of an object:

I love you all. (= I love all of you.)
I love you all.

Give my love to them all. (= Give my love to all of them.)
Say hi to them all for me.

I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.)
I have prepared food for all of you.

Using all with verbs

All can be used with a verb that acts as the subject of a sentence.

If the verb consists of only one word, and is not a form be(i.e. is, am, are, was, were), all any used in negative and interrogative sentences, and can be connoted with doubt, disbelief, or denial. into Russian pronoun any usually not translated.

For example:
Is there any water in the bottle?
There is in the bottle water?

Have you got any friends?
You have friends?

Are there any witnesses?
There is witnesses?

Do you need any help?
Help need?

I haven't got any money.
I do not have of money.

I have hardly any food in the larder.
I have in my closet almost no food.

You never give me any help.
You to me never don't offer help.

Also any often used after union if:

If you need any help let me know.
If a you will need help, let me know.

Any, no, not any

Note that the pronoun itself any has no negative value. It takes a negative value only together with a particle not.

For example:
See that you don't do any damage. (NOT See that you do any damage.)
Try not to do any damage.

Instead of a combination not any you can use the pronoun no, which means the same thing, but has a more expressive connotation.

For example:
He has got no friends. Him no (no) friends. (More expressive than He hasn't got any friends. )

Any and any of

Before a pronoun and a noun with a determiner (for example, the, this, my, your, etc.) the form is used any of.

For example:
Do any of these books belong to you?
belongs to you at least one of these books?

I don't think any of us want to work tomorrow.
It seems to me, none of us does not want to work tomorrow.

She doesn't like any of my friends.
None of my friends she does not like.

It should be noted when the noun after any of has a plural form, the verb following the noun can also take the plural form, or it can take the singular form.

For example:
If any of your friends is interested, let us know. ( formal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know. ( informal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know.

Using any with singular countable nouns

Pronoun any is the equivalent of the article a/an, but in the plural. It is often used before plural nouns and uncountable nouns.

"Which is your boy?" " The one in the blue shirt."
Which child is yours? - The one in the blue shirt.

"I"d like to buy a magazine." " This one?" "No, that one."
I want to buy a magazine. - This? - No, that one is over there.

"Can you lend me a pen?" Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a pen? Sorry, I don't have a pen.

I "ve already read this book, I" m going to get a new one.
I have already read this book and I am going to buy a new one.

As you can see from the examples above, one can be used as a substitute for a specific noun (when it is clear what exactly is being discussed) - in this case one used with a definite article, or with a demonstrative pronoun, and to replace a common noun - in this case one used either without an article or with an indefinite article if an adjective precedes the noun.

To replace a plural noun, use ones.

For example:
Green apples often taste better than red ones.
Green apples are often tastier than red ones.

In what cases one / ones can be omitted

Substitute words one / ones can be omitted immediately after superlative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite pronouns ( either, neither, another), as well as after some other determinant words ( which, which ever, and etc.).

For example:
I think my dog ​​is the fastest (one).
I believe that my dog ​​is the fastest.

Either (one) will suit me.
Any will suit me.

let us have another (one).
Let's take one more.

"Which (one) would you like?" "That looks the nicest."
What would you like? - That one is the best.

Substitute word one not used immediately after possessive pronouns ( my, your, etc.), indefinite pronouns some, any, both, and also after the numbers.

For example:
Take your coat and pass me mine. (NOT ... my one.)
Take your coat and hand me mine.

I need some matches. Have you got any? (NOT…any ones?)
I'd like some matches. You have?

"Are there any grapes?" "Yes, I bought some today." (NOT ... some ones today.)
Are there grapes? Yes, I bought it today.

However, note that one will be used in all of the above cases if an adjective is used.

For example:
"Are there any mangoes?" "Yes, I bought some sweet ones today."
Is there a mango? Yes, I bought sweet mangoes today.

"Has the cat had her kittens?" "Yes, she had four white ones." (NOT ... four white.)
Has the cat already given birth to kittens? – Yes, she gave birth to four white kittens.

One not used to replace uncountable and abstract nouns.

For example:
If you haven "t got fresh cream I will take tinned cream. (NOT ... tinned one.)
If you don't have fresh cream, I'll use canned.

The Dutch grammatical system is very similar to the English system. (NOT … the English one.)
The Dutch grammar system is very similar to the English grammar system.

Substitute word one and pronoun it

To replace a noun that has been very clearly marked, the pronoun is used it, not a word one.

Compare:
"Could you lend me a bicycle?" "Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a bike? Sorry, I don't have a bike.

"Could you lend me your bicycle?" "Sorry, I need it."
Can you lend me your bike? Sorry, I need him.

One as an indefinite pronoun

Pronouns one or you can be used to describe people in general.

For example:
One / you should not do such an unkind thing as that.
There is no need to do such bad deeds.

One / you should love one "s / your country.


Note that the pronoun one has a more formal connotation than you.

Pronoun one not used to describe people in general unless the speaker is one of them, pronoun you not used to describe people in general unless the interlocutor is one of them.

For example:
One / you must believe in something.
A person needs to believe in something.

In the sixteenth century people believed in witches. (NOT ... one / you believed in witches, since this pronoun does not include either the speaker or the interlocutor.)
In the sixteenth century people believed in witches.

In American English, in sentences where one, in order to point to one, often used pronouns he, him, his, himself. In British English, the possessive form is usually used in this case. one – one's and oneself.

Compare:
One should love his country. ( AmE)
One should love one "s country. ( BrE)
Everyone should love their country.

• Reciprocal pronouns in English (Reciprocal Pronouns)

English reciprocal pronouns (one another, each other- each other, one another) indicate that some action is performed together, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.

For example:
Peter and Mary kissed each other.
Peter and Mary kissed each other.

With the help of reciprocal pronouns, the same idea can be expressed twice as short and simpler.

For example, a proposal

On their wedding day John gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave John a gold ring.
On the wedding day, John gave Mary a gold ring, and Mary gave John a gold ring.

using a reciprocal pronoun each other can be expressed more simply:

On their wedding day Mary and John gave each other gold rings.
On their wedding day, Mary and John gave each other gold rings.

Differences between pronouns each other and one another no. However, when it comes to more than two people or objects, the pronoun is more often preferred. one another.

For example:
The students in this classroom help one another.
The students in this class help each other.

A pronoun, instead of a name, helps to replace a noun in speech to avoid annoying repetitions. In English, as in Russian, there are several types of pronouns. We will talk today about what these pronouns are, how they are expressed and how to learn them easily and quickly. How easy is it to learn English pronouns?

Getting to know the types of pronouns in English

The first type and the most important Personal Pronouns (personal). This type of pronoun is the most common in speech. Everyone, both beginners and people who have been practicing English for a long time, knows simple and short words:

I - I You - you / you
He - he She - she
It - it, it
We - we They - they

Pay attention to the suggestions:

• I'm busy now. - I'm busy now.
• They are going to take their sister with them. They are going to take their sister with them.
• We must learn English pronouns. We must learn English pronouns.

The same Personal Pronouns, but in the genitive and dative cases:

Me - me, me
You - you, you / you, you
Him - him, him
Her - her, her Its - him, him
Us - us, us
Them - them, them For example:

• Tell us that you are not guilty! Tell us you're not to blame!
• Allow them to pass, please. “Let them pass, please.
• Take me with you. - Take me with you.

The next type of English pronouns is Possessive Pronouns (possessive):

My - mine (mine, mine)
Your - yours / yours
His - his
Her - her Its - his
Our - our
Their - their

• Give me my copy-book, please. Give me my notebook, please.
• Where is your coat? - Where is your coat?
• She is walking with her dog. — She walks with her (her) dog.

Reflexive Pronouns or reflexive pronouns, look like this:

Myself - I myself / myself (myself, myself, etc.)
Yourself - you yourself / yourself
Himself - he himself
Herself - she herself
Itself - it is itself
Ourselves - ourselves
Yourselves - you yourself
Themselves - they themselves

• It switches itself off. - It turns itself off.
• She does everything herself. She does everything herself.
• You should think about yourselves. “You should think about yourself.

And finally, the absolute form or Absolute Pronouns, which is used without nouns:

Mine - mine, mine, mine
yours - yours
His - his
Hers - her Its - his
Ours - our
Theirs - their For example:

• Do not touch this bag; it's mine! Don't touch this bag, it's mine!
• This is our classroom; where is yours? This is our class, where is yours?
• My flat is on the first floor, theirs is on the last floor. My apartment is on the first floor, and theirs is on the top.

We will not dwell on each type of English pronouns, because we considered them in detail in our past articles. We will just focus on how to learn them quickly and effectively.
Demonstrative pronouns in English

Learn English pronouns quickly and effectively!

So, you have decided to master the pronouns in English, remember them once and for all! A very correct decision, because not a single dialogue, not a single conversation can do without these words. We want to offer you several ways to quickly and firmly learn all these types of English pronouns. Moreover, this can be done without interrupting work, household chores or leisure.

To begin with, make yourself such a tablet, in which there will be all of the above types of “substitutes” for English nouns. For example, this one:

PersonalPronouns	Genitive and Dative	PossessivePronouns	ReflexivePronouns	AbsolutePronouns
I - I You - you / you He - he She - she It - it, it We - we They - they	Me - me, me You - you, you / you, you Him - him, him Her - her, her Its - him, him Us - us, us Them - them, them	My - mine (mine, mine) Your - yours / yours His - his Her - her Its - his Our - our Their - their	Myself - I myself / myself (myself, myself, etc.) Yourself - you yourself / yourself Himself - he himself Herself - she herself Itself - it is itself Ourselves - ourselves Yourselves - you yourself Themselves - they themselves	Mine is mine yours - yours His - his Hers - her Its - his Ours - our Theirs - theirs

Make several copies of this tablet, each type of pronoun separately and all together. Fortunately, English pronouns are short words, and each type is consonant with the previous one, that is, they are similar in sound and even in spelling.

So you've made a table; now place the leaves or funny colored stickers with the sign wherever possible: on the desktop, on the bookshelf, in the work bag, in the case along with the mobile phone, in the kitchen near your favorite cup, near the cupboard with dishes. Let these pronouns be in front of your eyes until you “click” them like seeds.

Seeing English pronouns at every step before your eyes, just repeat them out loud several times. Also, substitute auxiliary words with which pronouns will be more firmly deposited in memory: my book, his cup etc. Make the task more difficult, add more auxiliary words: this is our house, that is their car etc.

Name objects around you with pronouns

“Run through” English pronouns with your eyes at every opportunity and free minute: on the way to work, from work or from school, at night before going to bed, etc. You yourself will not notice how your visual memory will serve you well, and you will memorize pronouns in just a few days.