Each of us from an early age knows that he breathes air, that life is impossible without air and breath. Looking at the cloudless blue summer sky, at the tops of the mountains, everyone asked himself if there, in the heights, the same air that we breathe on the surface of the Earth, how big is the “air ocean”, how deep it is, what it consists of, everywhere whether the same.
Research geographers and climbers have visited many of the most high peaks mountains and made sure that there is air there, although the higher the mountains, the more difficult it is to breathe.
Stratonauts and pilots climbed on stratospheric balloons and airplanes with special devices for normal breathing above the highest mountain peaks covered with eternal snow and ice. At an altitude of 5000 m and above, it is already difficult for a person to breathe without a special device that supplies oxygen. At this altitude, only some birds can breathe freely.
The most distant clouds, as measurements show, float at an altitude of about 80 km. If it wasn't there atmosphere , they could not keep at this height.
AT clear nights often you can see "shooting stars" - these are meteorites flying into the Earth's atmosphere. Some of the meteorites fall to the Earth's surface in the form of stone or iron fragments, flying through the entire thickness of the atmosphere.
Once in air shell Earth, a meteorite collides with air molecules. Ahead of it, a kind of pillow is formed - a layer of compressed and highly heated (up to 20 thousand degrees) air, which glows along with the meteorite itself. This glow begins at an altitude of about 120 km. Consequently, there is air at this height, although it is a million times rarer here than at the surface of the Earth.
Finally, upper bound polar lights reaches a height of 1000-1200 km from the Earth's surface. If there were no gases, auroras could not arise.
Near the earth's surface, nitrogen in dry air is 78.03% by volume, oxygen - 20.99%, argon - 0.94%, carbon dioxide- 0.03%, hydrogen - 0.01% and extremely insignificant fractions ("traces") of other gases - helium, neon, krypton, xenon, etc.
There is always a certain amount of water vapor in the air - from 0.1 to 4%. In addition to gases, there is quite a lot of tiny dust in the air. A grain of dust in 1 cm³ of air, even the purest, for example, in open space after rain, there can be up to 30,000 in the lower atmosphere, and under other conditions - hundreds of thousands, even millions.
Above 100 km from the Earth's surface, oxygen and nitrogen are not contained in the air in the same form as in the lower layers of the atmosphere. At the bottom, each oxygen molecule consists of two atoms (O2), and above 100 km, its molecules break up into individual atoms and atomic oxygen (O1) is obtained. Above 200 km, nitrogen also decays into atoms.
This is the composition outer shell Earth - atmosphere.
SPHERE OF LIFE
In addition to the main shells listed above, or geospheres that form the Earth, some scientists single out another one as an independent geosphere of the Earth - biosphere , i.e. the space in which life exists on our planet (in Greek "bios" - life).
This is a completely special geosphere in its qualities. After all, life in all the infinite variety of its forms is common in several of the geospheres listed above. It exists in the lower layers of the atmosphere, in the entire water column of the World Ocean, i.e., in the oceans, seas, rivers, swamps, etc., on the surface of almost the entire land and even at some depth in the crust of the globe.
The biosphere consists of all the most common in nature chemical elements, but characteristic of it are the elements that make up the living substances - hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and especially carbon.
DENSITY OF THE EARTH
Average density ( specific gravity) Earth was able to determine in the very late XVIII in. using an extremely sensitive device - a torsion balance. This device made it possible to compare the attraction of a small lead ball by a large lead ball and the Earth. A torsion balance is a light rod suspended by the middle on a thin metal thread. Two small lead balls are fixed at the ends of the rod. Two large lead balls are suspended so that they are in different sides from the rod.
When they started getting closer big balls to small ones, they attracted small balls to themselves and twisted the thread.
Since the force of resistance to twisting of the thread was measured in advance, it was possible to calculate the force of attraction by a large lead ball of a small ball from the angle through which the rod turned. The attraction of a small lead ball by the Earth is its weight. This means that it was easy to find out how many times weaker than the Earth, a large lead ball attracts a small ball of torsion balances.
In law gravity, discovered by Newton, it was possible to calculate how many times the mass of the Earth more mass large lead ball. Since the radius of the Earth is known, it was easy to determine its volume, and by dividing the mass by the volume, find average density Earth; it is equal to 5.52
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Earth's air ocean
Earth
In this lesson, we will learn what an atmosphere is, get acquainted with its properties and characteristics. And also learn how it interacts with other parts of the planet.
Theme: Earth
Lesson: Air ocean of the Earth
Atmosphere- gas envelope celestial body held around by gravity. The atmosphere determines the weather on the Earth's surface, meteorology deals with the study of weather, and climatology deals with long-term climate variations. Earth's atmosphere was created by the release of gases volcanic eruptions. With the advent of the oceans and the biosphere, it was also formed due to gas exchange with water, plants, animals and their decomposition products in soils and swamps.
Air is a natural mixture of gases that forms earth's atmosphere. Air is necessary for the normal existence of the vast majority of terrestrial living organisms.
At present, the Earth's atmosphere consists mainly of gases and various impurities (dust, water drops, ice crystals, sea salts, combustion products).
The concentration of gases that make up the atmosphere is almost constant, with the exception of water and carbon dioxide.
Rice. 1. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere ()
The atmosphere can be called an ocean of air because of huge size, circulation and processes similar to the hydrosphere.
Air pollution is a variable process; many different pollutants are involved in this. After pollutants are released into the air, they interact with each other and environment, entering into complex reactions depending on temperature, humidity and other conditions external environment. Pollutants can be divided into two groups:
Primary pollutants - substances formed in the course of human activities;
Secondary pollutants - substances formed as a result of the interaction of primary pollutants with the atmosphere. The air is polluted by cars and factories.
Rice. 2. Air pollution ()
The thickness of the atmosphere is about 120 km from the Earth's surface.
The atmosphere has the following structure:
Rice. 3. The structure of the atmosphere ()
The higher from the Earth's surface, the lower the temperature becomes.
Clouds- accumulations of water droplets and ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Clouds form mainly in the troposphere.
Clouds are of three types:
Rice. 4. Cirrus clouds ()
Rice. 5. Cumulus clouds ()
Rice. 6. Layered clouds ()
Cumulus and stratus clouds contribute to precipitation.
The characteristics of the atmosphere include: temperature, pressure, wind speed.
Weather is the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere certain place and at a certain time.
Climate- long-term weather regime. Climate formation is influenced by a number of reasons, which are called climate-forming factors: the number solar energy, relief, world ocean, geographical position, sea currents.
The main characteristic of weather is air temperature.
There is a constant circulation of air in the atmosphere: cold air goes down, and hot air rises. Thus, there is a vertical movement of air.
Wind is the horizontal airflow. Its main characteristics are speed and direction.
Lightning is a giant electrical spark discharge in the atmosphere that can usually occur during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright flash of light and accompanying thunder. Lightning was also recorded on Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, etc. The current in a lightning discharge reaches 10-100 thousand amperes, the voltage is millions of volts (sometimes reaches 50 million volts), however, only 47 die after being struck by lightning, 3% of people.
Thunderstorm — atmospheric phenomenon, at which inside the clouds or between the cloud and earth's surface arise electrical discharges- Lightning accompanied by thunder. Typically, thunderstorms form in powerful cumulonimbus clouds and are associated with heavy rain, hail and scaling winds.
1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N. Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 cells. avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - 240 p.: ill.
2. Bakhchieva O.A., Klyuchnikova N.M., Pyatunina S.K. and others. Natural history 5. - M .: Educational literature.
3. Eskov K.Yu. et al. Natural History 5 / Ed. Vakhrusheva A.A. - M.: Balass.
1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N. Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 cells. avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - p. 173, tasks and question. 1, 2, 5.
2. What are clouds?
3. What is weather and climate?
4. * Prepare small message about a major storm. What damage did she do?
In this lesson, we will learn what an atmosphere is, get acquainted with its properties and characteristics. And also learn how it interacts with other parts of the planet.
Theme: Earth
Lesson: Air ocean of the Earth
Atmosphere- the gaseous shell of a celestial body, held around it by gravity. The atmosphere determines the weather on the Earth's surface, meteorology is the study of weather, and climatology is the study of long-term climate variations. The Earth's atmosphere arose as a result of the release of gases during volcanic eruptions. With the advent of the oceans and the biosphere, it was also formed due to gas exchange with water, plants, animals and their decomposition products in soils and swamps.
Air The natural mixture of gases that forms the earth's atmosphere. Air is necessary for the normal existence of the vast majority of terrestrial living organisms.
At present, the Earth's atmosphere consists mainly of gases and various impurities (dust, water drops, ice crystals, sea salts, combustion products).
The concentration of gases that make up the atmosphere is almost constant, with the exception of water and carbon dioxide.
Rice. 1. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere ()
The atmosphere can be called an air ocean because of its huge size, circulation, and processes similar to the hydrosphere.
Air pollution is a variable process; many different pollutants are involved in this. After the release of pollutants into the air, they interact with each other and the environment, entering into complex reactions depending on temperature, humidity and other environmental conditions. Pollutants can be divided into two groups:
Primary pollutants - substances formed in the course of human activities;
Secondary pollutants - substances formed as a result of the interaction of primary pollutants with the atmosphere. The air is polluted by cars and factories.
Rice. 2. Air pollution ()
The thickness of the atmosphere is about 120 km from the Earth's surface.
The atmosphere has the following structure:
Rice. 3. The structure of the atmosphere ()
The higher from the Earth's surface, the lower the temperature becomes.
Clouds- accumulations of water droplets and ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Clouds form mainly in the troposphere.
Clouds are of three types:
Rice. 4. Cirrus clouds ()
Rice. 5. Cumulus clouds ()
Rice. 6. Layered clouds ()
Cumulus and stratus clouds contribute to precipitation.
The characteristics of the atmosphere include: temperature, pressure, wind speed.
Weather- this is the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere, in a certain place and at a certain time.
Climate- long-term weather regime. Climate formation is influenced by a number of reasons, which are called climate-forming factors: the amount of solar energy, relief, the World Ocean, geographical location, sea currents.
The main characteristic of weather is air temperature.
There is a constant circulation of air in the atmosphere: cold air goes down, and hot air rises. Thus, there is a vertical movement of air.
Wind is the horizontal airflow. Its main characteristics are speed and direction.
Lightning is a giant electrical spark discharge in the atmosphere that can usually occur during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright flash of light and accompanying thunder. Lightning was also recorded on Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, etc. The current in a lightning discharge reaches 10-100 thousand amperes, the voltage is millions of volts (sometimes reaches 50 million volts), however, only 47 die after being struck by lightning, 3% of people.
Thunderstorm- an atmospheric phenomenon in which electrical discharges occur inside the clouds or between the cloud and the earth's surface - lightning, accompanied by thunder. Typically, thunderstorms form in powerful cumulonimbus clouds and are associated with heavy rain, hail and scaling winds.
1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N. Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 cells. avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - 240 p.: ill.
2. Bakhchieva O.A., Klyuchnikova N.M., Pyatunina S.K. and others. Natural history 5. - M .: Educational literature.
3. Eskov K.Yu. et al. Natural History 5 / Ed. Vakhrusheva A.A. - M.: Balass.
1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N. Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 cells. avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - p. 173, tasks and question. 1, 2, 5.
2. What are clouds?
3. What is weather and climate?
4. * Prepare a short report about a major thunderstorm. What damage did she do?
In this lesson, we will learn what an atmosphere is, get acquainted with its properties and characteristics. And also learn how it interacts with other parts of the planet.
Theme: Earth
Lesson: Air ocean of the Earth
Atmosphere- the gaseous shell of a celestial body, held around it by gravity. The atmosphere determines the weather on the Earth's surface, meteorology is the study of weather, and climatology is the study of long-term climate variations. The Earth's atmosphere arose as a result of the release of gases during volcanic eruptions. With the advent of the oceans and the biosphere, it was also formed due to gas exchange with water, plants, animals and their decomposition products in soils and swamps.
Air The natural mixture of gases that forms the earth's atmosphere. Air is necessary for the normal existence of the vast majority of terrestrial living organisms.
At present, the Earth's atmosphere consists mainly of gases and various impurities (dust, water drops, ice crystals, sea salts, combustion products).
The concentration of gases that make up the atmosphere is almost constant, with the exception of water and carbon dioxide.
Rice. 1. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere ()
The atmosphere can be called an air ocean because of its huge size, circulation, and processes similar to the hydrosphere.
Air pollution is a variable process; many different pollutants are involved in this. After the release of pollutants into the air, they interact with each other and the environment, entering into complex reactions depending on temperature, humidity and other environmental conditions. Pollutants can be divided into two groups:
Primary pollutants - substances formed in the course of human activities;
Secondary pollutants - substances formed as a result of the interaction of primary pollutants with the atmosphere. The air is polluted by cars and factories.
Rice. 2. Air pollution ()
The thickness of the atmosphere is about 120 km from the Earth's surface.
The atmosphere has the following structure:
Rice. 3. The structure of the atmosphere ()
The higher from the Earth's surface, the lower the temperature becomes.
Clouds- accumulations of water droplets and ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. Clouds form mainly in the troposphere.
Clouds are of three types:
Rice. 4. Cirrus clouds ()
Rice. 5. Cumulus clouds ()
Rice. 6. Layered clouds ()
Cumulus and stratus clouds contribute to precipitation.
The characteristics of the atmosphere include: temperature, pressure, wind speed.
Weather- this is the state of the lower layer of the atmosphere, in a certain place and at a certain time.
Climate- long-term weather regime. Climate formation is influenced by a number of reasons, which are called climate-forming factors: the amount of solar energy, relief, the World Ocean, geographical location, sea currents.
The main characteristic of weather is air temperature.
There is a constant circulation of air in the atmosphere: cold air goes down, and hot air rises. Thus, there is a vertical movement of air.
Wind is the horizontal airflow. Its main characteristics are speed and direction.
Lightning is a giant electrical spark discharge in the atmosphere that can usually occur during a thunderstorm, manifested by a bright flash of light and accompanying thunder. Lightning was also recorded on Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus, etc. The current in a lightning discharge reaches 10-100 thousand amperes, the voltage is millions of volts (sometimes reaches 50 million volts), however, only 47 die after being struck by lightning, 3% of people.
Thunderstorm- an atmospheric phenomenon in which electrical discharges occur inside the clouds or between the cloud and the earth's surface - lightning, accompanied by thunder. Typically, thunderstorms form in powerful cumulonimbus clouds and are associated with heavy rain, hail and scaling winds.
1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N. Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 cells. avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - 240 p.: ill.
2. Bakhchieva O.A., Klyuchnikova N.M., Pyatunina S.K. and others. Natural history 5. - M .: Educational literature.
3. Eskov K.Yu. et al. Natural History 5 / Ed. Vakhrusheva A.A. - M.: Balass.
1. Melchakov L.F., Skatnik M.N. Natural history: textbook. for 3.5 cells. avg. school - 8th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - p. 173, tasks and question. 1, 2, 5.
2. What are clouds?
3. What is weather and climate?
4. * Prepare a short report about a major thunderstorm. What damage did she do?
