consonant sounds in different words sound different. Sometimes hard, sometimes soft. In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between soft and hard consonants and designate the softness of consonants in writing with the letters I, E, E, Yu, I and L. We will find out which consonants form pairs of hardness-softness, and which are only hard or only soft.
Compare the first consonants. When pronouncing the sound in the word KIT middle part the tongue rises to the palate, the passage through which the air flows narrows and a sound is obtained, which scientists conventionally called soft. And the opposite sound is called - solid.
Let's complete the task. You need to arrange the vegetables in two baskets. In the first place, we put those in the names of which any soft sounds are heard, in the second, those in the names of which all consonant sounds are hard. Beetroot, turnip, eggplant, cabbage, onion, tomato, onion, pumpkin, cucumber.
Let's check. In the first basket put: beets(sound [in ']), turnip(sound [p ']), tomato(sound [m ']),cucumber(sound [p ']). Second: cabbage, pumpkin, eggplant, onion .
It is important to listen to the sounds of spoken words. If you say the word HES otherwise - with a solid first sound, we get a completely different word - NOSE.
Let's listen and observe the movement of our tongue:
row - sound [p '] - glad - sound [p]
hatch - sound [l ’] - bow - sound [l]
Rice. 3. Bow ( )
crumpled - sound [m '] - small - sound [m]
Sounds can be written (conditionally) with icons. musical sounds are written in notes, and the sounds of speech are written in letters, but in special square brackets- in transcription. In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.
Most consonants form pairs of softness - hardness:
Some consonants are only hard or only soft. They do not form pairs in hardness / softness:
Only hard consonants: [w], [w], [c]. Only soft consonants: [th '], [h '], [u '].
Let's complete the task: indicate the paired sound.
[h] - ? [g] - ? [R'] - ? [h '] - ? [with'] - ? [l] - ? Let's check the correctness of the task: [s] - [s ']; [p '] - [p]; [s '] - [s]; [l] - [l ']. [g], [h ’] - unpaired soft-hard sounds.
In writing, the hardness of consonants is indicated by vowels A, O, U, Y, E, and the softness of consonants is indicated by vowels E, E, I, Yu, I.
There are words with soft consonants at the end of words or in the middle of words before other consonants. Listen to the words: salt, horse, notebook, coat, ring, letter. Then help will come soft sign. Even his name suggests - a sign soft, for soft consonants.
Let's make a memo on how to act while writing words:
I hear a solid consonant sound - I write letters after it in place of the vowel sound: A, O, U, Y, E.
I hear a soft consonant sound before a vowel - I denote its softness with vowels: E, E, I, Yu, I.
I hear a soft sound at the end of a word or before a consonant - I show softness b.
Rice. 5. Hard and soft consonants ()
So, today we learned that consonants can be soft and hard, and the softness of consonants in writing in Russian is indicated by the letters i, e, e, u, i and y.
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ()
- Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.
Additional web resources
- Knowledge hypermarket ()
- Russian language: a short theoretical course. ()
- Logosauria: site for children's computer games. ()
do at home
- Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 35, ex. 6, pp. 36, ex. 3.
- Count how many soft consonants are in the word electric train? (In the word train - 3 soft consonants ([l '], [p '], [h ']).
- Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, make puzzles or charades with words, where the softness-hardness of the sound changes the meaning.
All speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. In turn, consonants can be divided into hard and soft. This is one of the main characteristics of the consonant sound.
What sounds are called soft
Most students have no doubts whether the sound is soft or hard. Usually we distinguish them simply by ear. Indeed, these sounds are heard differently than solid ones. When pronouncing them, the tongue moves slightly forward towards the teeth and is localized in the region of the hard palate. That is why, after soft consonants, vowels are most often pronounced, which are also formed in front, next to the teeth.
Paired and unpaired soft consonants
Hard and soft sounds often form pairs. For example, a hard sound [B] corresponds to a soft [B ']. In transcription, softness is indicated by an apostrophe.
We see that in Russian there are several unpaired hard sounds and several unpaired soft sounds.
Hard and soft paired consonants can perform a meaningful function. For example, MAL and MYAL, CHALK and MEL. There are many linguistic riddles based on this.
How soft sounds are indicated in writing
As a rule, soft consonant sounds in writing can be indicated in different ways.
With a soft sign. However, we must remember that the soft sign indicates only the softness of the double consonant. If we have a hissing one in front of us, its softness cannot be indicated with a soft sign. Hissing ones are either always hard (and then they cannot be softened), or always soft (and then a soft sign is superfluous in this situation). After the hissing soft sign performs grammatical function, that is, with its help, nouns of the 2nd and 3rd declensions are distinguished.
Studying the Russian language already in the 2nd grade, the guys learn about dual role letters E, E, Yu, I. If these letters stand in the field of a double consonant, they are read E, O, U, A and simultaneously indicate the softness of the previous consonant: [L'E], [L'O], [L'U] , [L'A].
Similarly to the first case, after the hissing E, Yo, Yu, I cannot indicate the softness of the previous consonant, therefore the spelling of E and Yo after the hissing is difficult and is also learned in the form of a rule and also performs the grammatical function of distinguishing parts of speech. for example, the word "arson" is a noun, and the word "arson" is a verb.
In what cases it is not necessary to indicate softness in writing
Some soft consonant sounds and combinations are "not friendly" with a soft sign.
This is an unpaired soft sound [Y ']. The field is never put a soft sign.
In combinations CHK, CHN-LF, HF, TH, SCH-NShch, SC, a soft sign is not needed.
It is not required in combinations of ST, SN, ZD, ZN and some others, in which C or Z are softened when pronounced before a soft consonant: verses [S'T '], difference [Z'N '], etc.
After the hissing, a soft sign usually performs a grammatical function, but it can also be a dividing one: “sews”, “whose”, etc.
In Russian, not all speech sounds are indicated, but only the main ones. There are 43 basic sounds in Russian - 6 vowels and 37 consonants, while the number of letters is 33. The number of basic vowels (10 letters, but 6 sounds) and consonants (21 letters, but 37 sounds) also do not match. The difference in the quantitative composition of the main sounds and letters is determined by the peculiarities of Russian writing. In Russian, hard and soft sounds are denoted by the same letter, but soft and hard sounds are considered different, which is why there are more consonant sounds than the letters they are denoted by.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Voiced consonants: [b] [b "] [c] [c "] [g] [g "] [d] [d "] [h] [h "] [g] [l] [l "] [ m] [m "] [n] [n"] [r] [r "] [th]
Deaf consonants: [n] [n "] [f] [f "] [k] [k "] [t] [t "] [s] [s "] [w] [x] [x"] [ h "] [u"]
Paired and unpaired consonants
Many consonants form pairs of voiced and voiceless consonants:
Voiced [b] [b "] [c] [c "] [g] [g "] [d] [d "] [s] [s"] [g]
Deaf [n] [n "] [f] [f "] [k] [k "] [t] [t "] [s] [s "] [w]
The following voiced and voiceless consonants do not form pairs:
Voiced [l] [l "] [m] [m "] [n] [n "] [r] [r "] [th]
Deaf [x] [x "] [h "] [u"]
Soft and hard consonants
Consonants are also divided into hard and soft. They differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hard and soft consonants:
Solid [b] [c] [g] [d] [h] [k] [l] [m] [n] [p] [r] [s] [t] [f] [x]
Soft [b "] [c"] [g "] [d"] [h "] [k"] [l"] [m "] [n"] [n "] [p"] [s"] [ t "] [f"] [x"]
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs:
Solid [w] [w] [c]
Soft [h "] [u"] [th"]
Hissing consonants
The sounds [w], [w], [h ’], [u ’] are called hissing.
[w] [w] [h "] [u"]
Whistling consonants
[s] [s "] [s] [s "] [c]
Whistling sounds s-s, s-z anterior-lingual, slotted. When articulating solid s-z the teeth are bare, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the back of the tongue is slightly arched, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars, which causes a groove in the middle. Air flows through this groove creating frictional noise.
When pronouncing soft s, z, the articulation is the same, but additionally the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. When pronouncing sounds, the z-z ligaments are closed and vibrate. The palatine curtain is up.
No doubt when small child parents are sent to study in the first grade, the baby may face new and unforeseen difficulties. Most he receives knowledge from his teacher, but not everything can be assimilated and remain forever in the head. The problem may be that the child is still too small to have time to “grab” everything at once.
Such barriers can be given in many subjects and topics. And no, it's not only exact sciences, such as mathematics and natural science. The Russian language can also be overwhelming for many children, because it is one of the the most difficult languages peace!
As you know, everything big starts small, and Russian, as a rule, begins to be studied with children from sounds, which in turn are classified into soft consonants or hard, stressed consonants and unstressed. This topic includes many aspects, the study of which is extremely necessary so that every child can perfectly know the basics of the Russian language.
First of all, in order for the student to begin to study sounds and their features, you need to familiarize yourself with the letters, which in their own way are divided into consonants and vowels. You also need to know that there are as many as 33 letters in the alphabet, of which only 21 are consonant sounds in Russian, which in pronunciation can give 36 different sound pronunciations.
Consonants are always classified. There are hard and soft consonants, deaf or voiced, sonorous and noisy, paired or unpaired. At the same time, the voiceless and voiced consonants of the word being defined depend on the pronunciation. They are made up of noise and voice. Thus, deaf sounds are formed with the help of noise and give only deafness, while the latter are distinguished by the presentation of sonority due to the voice.
Vowel sounds have a smaller number, there are only 10 of them in the alphabet, giving only six sounds. They can also be shock and unstressed. When future first grader already familiar and well-understood given material, we proceed to that increase in that skill, when the student could easily distinguish a soft consonant sound from a hard one.
At the same time, you need to learn to distinguish using different signs Because just learning doesn't always help. There are times when a consonant sound in a word can sound both soft and hard, but there are exceptions. Now let's start learning the rules.
Before what vowel?
Which vowels give softness and which hardness? Let's try to figure it out. The first rule sounds like this: “In the case when one of the following vowels comes after a consonant - a, o, y, e, s, then the sound will always be solid. And "e, u, i, e" always make consonants soft. As a result, they give the last all consonants soft words. Let's take the word "mom" as an example.
The consonant “m” is followed by the vowel “a”, which makes the sound hard, and in the word “uncle”, the sounds “ya - ya” give softness to the consonant “d”. If children learn this simple rule and learn how to use it, the subsequent determination of the softness or hardness of the sound will not be difficult for them.
To consolidate the material "Hard and soft consonants" even better, let the children similar exercises, denoting the fixing of these rules. We advise you to start with the simplest words.
Two consonants in a row
In the case of subsequent consonants, we figured it out without difficulty, but what to do when two consonants are in a row and how to determine the sound characteristic in this case? Here another rule applies. Such cases always mean that the consonant will always be hard. Only soft consonants do not appear in this rule.
- As an example, you can take the word "pen". After “h”, the sound “k” follows, and the child must understand that “h” will automatically become a solid sound, since the next “k” is a consonant.
- Take your time when you explain to your child these simple, but important and sometimes confusing rules. Make sure that the child understands, ask questions and do not be lazy to explain several times.
Designation of hardness and softness in writing
Traditionally, all sound recordings are made through transcription. So, in transcription, if the sound is soft, put an apostrophe after it, which looks like a comma on top. I show: `. Let's take the letter "b" for example. In the word "lamb" - the sound is solid, its sound recording is as follows: [b], and in the word "white" - already [b`]. In the word "icy" only "l" and "d" will be soft. That is, in fact, the child writes the same letter, but it, in turn, has different pronunciations.
In transcriptions and in writing a similar moment can be defined in different ways, that is, in two ways:
- In the case when soft consonants in Russian are at the end of a word or before another consonant (in most cases, hard), softness is indicated by a soft sign, transcription - an apostrophe. For example, “horse”, “ash”
- If a consonant is followed by a softening vowel (which one, see above in the rule), then it is with its help that the softness of consonant sounds is indicated. For example: “chalk”, “sang”, “hatch” - the first sounds are always soft.
It is important to know that you should not ignore the fact that any way of indicating the softness of the sound applies only to those who have a pair of hardness. This means that, for example, in the words “carcass” and “carcass”, the soft sign in the second case indicates only that the given object/phenomenon/creature belongs to feminine. Similar words are: “pike”, “sew”, “drink”, “thicket”.
Constant hardness and softness of the consonant sound
You need to know that there are sounds that, regardless of position, rule, or even exceptions, do not change their position. These are “zh, sh, ts” - they are always hard, and “h, u, d” are invariably soft, where zh, sh, h, u are hissing consonant sounds.
But it can be difficult for children to remember this aspect well, and then a parent can easily prepare a reminder in a notebook that will look something like this: w, w, c, h`, sh`, y`or just underline the last three letters.
"Soft" words
So you can call words in which all soft consonant sounds are soft. Them great amount. For example: “hoarfrost”, “glasses”, “skullcaps”, “fun”, “predators”, “squint” - these are words with soft consonants.
- A very exciting and developing activity not only for the child, but also for the parent will be the search for such new words in which all consonants are soft.
- If you have any difficulties, please refer to our hint! “Pike”, “uncle”, “blizzard”, “aunt”, “rulers”, “fives”, “ten”, “lilac”, “dates”, “nannies”, “cherries”, “ten” - words, where all consonants are soft. Also play the other way around: we are looking for all the consonants in the words are now solid.
Learning by playing
Some sources and reference books recommend focusing on educational games. That is, a child who is carried away by such an activity does not notice how he grasps and learns difficult material. An example of such a game can be the familiar “Find a Pair”.
All that is needed is to give the child words with solid sounds, and he must come up with another answer, but with soft ones. This is how easily and naturally you can learn soft consonant sounds in grade 1!
What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [h] — [s], [f] — [sh].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,AT,G,D,F,W,Y,To,L,M,H,P,R,With,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonants are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:
| Solid | [f] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [n❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)
Note: in primary school hard consonants are indicated in blue, soft consonants - in green, vowels are in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , O , At , S , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], injection[injection] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired ringing sounds[d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.
Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
