Compositions

(c. 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack ataman, as well as a fur trader, the first of the famous European sailors, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, passed the Bering Strait separating Alaska from Chukotka.

It is noteworthy that Bering did not manage to pass the entire strait, but had to limit himself to swimming only in its southern part, while Dezhnev passed the strait from north to south, along its entire length.

Biography

Information about Dezhnev has reached our time only for the period from 1638 to 1671. Born in Veliky Ustyug (according to other sources - in one of the Pinega villages). When Dezhnev left from there to “seek happiness” in Siberia is unknown.

In Siberia, he first served in Tobolsk, and then in Yeniseisk. Among the great dangers of 1636-1646, he “humbled” the Yakuts. From Yeniseisk, in 1638, he moved to the Yakut prison, which had just been founded in the neighborhood of the still unconquered tribes of foreigners. Dezhnev's entire service in Yakutsk represents a series of tireless labors, often associated with danger to life: in 20 years of service here, he was wounded 9 times. Already in 1639-40. Dezhnev subjugates the native prince Sahey.

In 1641, Dezhnev, with a party of 15 people, collects yasak on the Yana River and delivers it safely to Yakutsk, having endured a fight with a gang of 40 people along the way. In 1642, together with Stadukhin, he was sent to collect yasak on the Oymyakon River, from where he descended into the Indigirka River, and along it went to the Arctic Ocean. Here Stadukhin and Dezhnev joined with Dmitry Mikhailov Zyryan.

After a three-year service, Stadukhin and Zyryan, with yasak and half of the people, went to Yakutsk, leaving Dezhnev and 13 other people in the Kolyma prison. Dmitry Mikhailov (Zyryan) returned from the road, and meanwhile Dezhnev had to repel an attack by more than 500 Yukaghirs who wanted to destroy the weak garrison of the prison.

Dezhnev served in the Kolyma until the summer of 1647, and then was included as a yasak collector in the fishing expedition of Fedot Popov.

Crashed, Dezhnev walked for ten weeks with 25 people. to the mouth of the Anadyr River, where another 13 people died, and with the rest he wintered here and in the summer of 1649, on newly built boats, went up the river to the first settlements of foreigners, whom he explained. Here, on the middle reaches of the Anadyr River, a winter hut was set up, later called the Anadyr prison. In 1650, a party of Russians from Nizhne-Kolymsk arrived here by land; Dezhnev (1653) also used this route, more convenient than the sea route, to send the walrus bones and furs he had collected to Yakutsk. In 1659, Dezhnev surrendered command over the Anadyr prison and service people, but remained in the region until 1662, when he returned to Yakutsk. From there, Dezhnev, with the sovereign's treasury, was sent to Moscow, where he arrived, probably by the middle of 1664. Dezhneva's petition has been preserved for the issuance of a salary to him, which he deserved, but not received, for 19 years, which was fulfilled. In 1665, Dezhnev went back to Yakutsk and served there until 1670, when he was again sent with the sovereign's treasury to Moscow, where he appeared in 1672.

Compositions

Semyon Dezhnev's replies about the campaign against Anadyr.//Notes of Russian travelers of the 16th-17th centuries.- M., 1988. pp.393-411.

Memory

• His name is given to: a cape, which is the extreme northeastern tip of Asia (named by Dezhnev - Big Stone Nose), as well as an island, a bay, a peninsula, a village.
• In the center of Veliky Ustyug in 1971, a monument was erected to Dezhnev.
• In Moscow there is a passage Dezhneva (North-Eastern District)
• In 1983, the film "Semyon Dezhnev" was released, filmed at the Sverdlovsk film studio with Alexei Buldakov in the title role.
• In 2001, the Bank of Russia, in a series of commemorative coins "Exploration and Exploration of Siberia", issued a coin "Expedition of F. Popov and S. Dezhnev" with a face value of 100 rubles.
• In September 2005, a monument to Semyon Dezhnev, his Yakut wife Abakayada Syuchyu and their son Lyubim was unveiled in Yakutsk.
• Since 1953, Dezhnev Street has existed in Kazan.
• There is a Command in Novosibirsk River School named after S.I. Dezhnev, opened on April 2, 1943 for the training of specialists from secondary special education for the West Siberian River Shipping Company.
• Released in 2009 Postage Stamp Russia with the image of Dezhnev.

Few people know the name of the strait that Dezhnev discovered. Little is known about this man's life. About the outstanding Russian navigator long time knew nothing. It should be noted that there is still not enough information about the history of the journey that Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev made. What this man discovered and what significance it had, we will discuss in this publication.

From the life of Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev

Dezhnev was born in Veliky Ustyug, presumably in the first years of the 17th century. From there he went to Siberia, where he began his service in Tobolsk, and then in Yeniseisk. In 1641, together with him, he went on a campaign to Oymyakon.

The future pioneer Semyon Dezhnev took part in the founding of the Nizhnekolymsky prison, which became the reference point of Russian travelers who set off in search of a way out to the mouth of the Anadyr River. In addition, he made several trips along the Indigirka, Yana, to the mouth of the Lena. However, Dezhnev was most attracted. According to rumors, there were large stocks walrus bone, which was highly valued in Russia. In 1647, he was on the expedition of F., in which he made failed attempt get to the mouth of the Anadyr River and go around Chukotka. 63 travelers in four ships set off by sea to the east. However, large ice floes blocked their path, and the explorers were forced to turn back.

Start of a new trip

After an unsuccessful first campaign, it was decided to make a new journey to the mouth of the Anadyr River. On June 30, 1648, an expedition led by Semyon Dezhnev, consisting of 90 people, left Kolyma. The ships moved across the sea in an easterly direction. The journey was very difficult. Several ships of the Dezhnev expedition disappeared in sea storms (2 of them crashed on ice floes, and 2 more were carried away during a storm). Semyon Ivanovich noted in his memoirs that only 3 kochas (vessels) entered the strait. They were led by Dezhnev, Ankundinov and Alekseev. They reached the cape, which they called the Chukchi Nose, and saw several small islands. So Dezhnev opened the strait between Asia and America.

Founding of the Anadyr Fort

The strait, which Dezhnev discovered, solved the most important geographical problem. He became proof that America is an independent continent. In addition, this journey testified that there was a route from Europe to China through northern seas around Siberia.

After the ships passed the strait opened by Dezhnev, they went to the Gulf of Anadyr, and then went around the Olyutorsky peninsula. The ship of the expedition, on which there were 25 people, washed ashore. From here, the travelers set out on foot to the north. By the beginning of 1649, 13 people had reached the mouth of the Anadyr River. Then Dezhnev and his comrades went up the river and laid a winter hut there. In addition, sailors founded the Anadyr prison. Here Dezhnev lived for 10 years.

Dezhnev's research

From 1649 to 1659 Dezhnev explored the basins of the Anadyr and Anyui rivers. Reports on the work done were sent to Yakutsk. In these reports, the strait discovered by Dezhnev in 1648, the Anadyr and Anyui rivers were described in detail, and drawings of the area were also drawn up. In 1652, Semyon Ivanovich discovered a sandbank where a walrus rookery was located. After that, Dezhnev managed to establish a fishery for this animal in the Gulf of Anadyr, which brought a lot of income to Russia.

The further fate of the traveler

In 1659, Dezhnev transferred control of the Anadyr prison to K. Ivanov. A year later, the traveler moved to Kolyma. In 1661, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev went to Yakutsk, where he reached only in the spring of 1662. From there he was sent to Moscow in order to deliver the sovereign's treasury. Dezhnev presented reports to the tsar with detailed description their travels and research. In 1655, Semyon Ivanovich was granted the rank of Cossack ataman. Nothing is known about the further fate of the Russian navigator.

The value of Semyon Dezhnev's discovery

The main merit of the Russian traveler is that he discovered the passage from the Arctic to Pacific Ocean. He described this path and made a detailed drawing of it. Despite the fact that the maps developed by Semyon Ivanovich were very simplified, with approximate distances, they had a large practical value. The strait, which Dezhnev discovered, became an accurate evidence that Asia and America are separated by the sea. In addition, the expedition led by Semyon Ivanovich for the first time reached the mouth of the Anadyr River, where walrus deposits were discovered.

In 1736, the forgotten reports of Dezhnev were first found in Yakutsk. From them it became known that the Russian navigator did not see the shores of America. It should be noted that 80 years after Semyon Ivanovich, Bering's expedition sailed in the southern part of the strait, which confirmed Dezhnev's discovery. In 1778, Cook visited this area, who was only aware of the expedition. early XVIII in. It was he who named this

Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich (circa 1605 - death 1673) - Russian polar explorer, navigator-discoverer, Cossack ataman, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, North America. The first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than, opened the strait between Asia and North America(now the Bering Strait) and founded the first Russian settlement in Chukotka - the Anadyr prison. A cape, which is the northeastern tip of Eurasia, an island in the Laptev Sea, islands in the Nordenskiöld archipelago (Kara Sea) and other geographical objects are named after Dezhnev.

early years

There is information about Dezhnev only from 1638 to 1671. A native of Pomor peasants, was born in Veliky Ustyug; when Semyon Ivanovich got to Siberia is unknown. In Siberia, he first served in Tobolsk, and then in Yeniseisk, from where in 1638 he moved to the Yakut prison, which had just been founded in the neighborhood of the still unconquered tribes of foreigners.

Cossack service

Service in Yakutsk for the first couple of years was difficult. Semyon Dezhnev was an ordinary Cossack, a modest salary was not paid for years. Serving people had nothing to "buy a dress and shoes." Dezhnev began to engage in fur business and got a farm. Soon he married a Yakut woman, Abakayada Syuchu. From this marriage, he had a son, Lyubim, who, over time, will also serve as a Cossack in Yakutsk.

Collection of yasak by the Cossacks

Beginning in 1640, Semyon repeatedly took part in campaigns in Eastern Siberia. In these campaigns, he was most often a yasak collector (a tax collector mainly with furs), while he often had to reconcile the tribes that were at war with each other. All Dezhnev's service in Yakutsk was often associated with danger to life; in 20 years of service here, he was wounded 9 times.

1641 - Semyon Ivanovich, with a party of 15 people, collected yasak on the Yana River and was able to deliver it to Yakutsk, having withstood a fight with a gang of 40 people along the way. 1642 - he, along with Stadukhin, was sent to collect yasak on the Oemokon River (now Oymyakon), from where he descended into the Indigirka River, and along it went to the Arctic Ocean, then reached the Alazeya and Kolyma Rivers. So in the summer of 1643, Dezhnev, as part of a detachment of explorers under the command of Mikhail Stadukhin, discovered the Kolyma River.

Discovery of the Bering Strait

Semyon served in the Kolyma until the summer of 1647, and after that he was included as a yasak collector in the fishing expedition of Fedot Popov. 1648, summer - Popov and Dezhnev went to sea on the 7th boat.

The expedition went to sea with 90 people. Part of it soon separated, but three kochas, with Dezhnev and Popov, continued to head east, turned south in August, and entered the Bering Strait in early September. Then they had a chance to go around the “Big Stone Nose”, where one of the koches was smashed, and on September 20, some circumstances forced them to land on the shore, where F. Popov was wounded in the battle with the Chukchi and Dezhnev remained the only boss.

Having passed the strait and, of course, without even realizing the full significance of his discovery, Dezhnev went with his companions further south, along the coast; but the storms broke the last two kochas and carried Dezhnev across the sea until he was thrown ashore.

Dezhnev's "Big Stone Nose" should mean Cape Chukotsky, as the only one whose location fits the description of the navigator. This circumstance, together with Semyon Ivanovich's indication (in the petition of 1662) that his koch was thrown "beyond the Anadyr River", undoubtedly asserts the honor of Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev as the first explorer of the strait, called the Bering Strait only out of ignorance of Dezhnev's feat.

Founding of the Anadyr Fort

Having been wrecked, for ten weeks Dezhnev walked with 25 comrades to the mouth of the Anadyr River, where another 13 people died, and with the rest he wintered here and in the summer of 1649, on newly built boats, climbed 600 kilometers along the river, to the first settlements foreigners, whom he explained. Here, on the middle reaches of the Anadyr River, they set up a winter hut, later called the Anadyr prison. 1650 - a party of Russians from Nizhne-Kolymsk arrived here, by land; Dezhnev (1653) also used this route, more convenient than the sea route, to send the walrus ivory and “soft junk” he had collected to Yakutsk.

Further fate sailor. Death

1659 - Semyon Ivanovich handed over the command over the Anadyr prison and service people, but did not leave the region until 1662, when he returned to Yakutsk. He delivered a large load of "bone treasury" to Yakutsk. With this luggage, the navigator was sent to Moscow, he arrived there in January 1664. In Moscow, in the Siberian order, Dezhnev was able to secure a salary for many years of service in Eastern Siberia. By decree of the tsar, it was decided: "... for evo, Senkin, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, turn into chieftains."

Returning to Eastern Siberia, the explorer served for some time in winter quarters on the Olenyok, Vilyui and Yana rivers.

1671, December - he came from Yakutsk to Moscow for the second time, this time with a "sable treasury". In the capital, he lingered, apparently fell ill. He died in Moscow in 1673.

Monument to S. I. Dezhnev

The value of the discoveries

The main merit of the polar explorer is that he opened a passage from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean. The sailor described this route and made a detailed drawing of it. Despite the fact that the maps developed by Semyon Ivanovich were very simplified, with approximate distances they were of great practical importance. Strait, discovered by Semyon Ivanovich, became an accurate evidence that Asia and America are separated by the sea. In addition, the expedition led by Semyon Dezhnev for the first time reached the mouth of the Anadyr River, where walrus deposits were discovered.

1736 - Dezhnev's forgotten reports were first discovered in Yakutsk. From them it is clear that the navigator did not see the shores of America. It should be noted that 80 years after Dezhnev, the Bering expedition visited the southern part of the strait, which confirmed the discovery of Semyon Ivanovich. 1778 - James Cook visited these parts, who knew, as mentioned above, only about the first expedition of Bering half of XVIII centuries. It was at the suggestion of Cook that this strait was named the Bering Strait.

Semyon Dezhnev short biography and Interesting Facts from the life of a Cossack chieftain, explorer and Arctic navigator, one of the discoverers of the strait between North America and Asia, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, the Chukchi Sea and Chukotka Peninsula outlined in this article.

Message about Semyon Dezhnev

Dezhnev years of life — 1605 – 1673

He was born in Veliky Ustyug in a family of Pomors. Little is known about childhood. At the end of 1630, he began to serve as an ordinary Cossack in Tobolsk, after which he transferred to Yeniseisk. In 1638 he changed one more place of service - he moved to the Yakut prison. In the period 1639 - 1640 he was engaged in collecting yasak (natural tax). A year later, Dezhnev was assigned to serve in the Stadukhin detachment. In 1641, under his leadership, 14 people (including Dezhnev) went to Oymyakon to collect yasak from the Yakuts and Evenks. During the expedition, troubles constantly arose between two outstanding personalities. Having reached the left tributary of the Indigirka River, the detachment of Mikhailo Stadukhin from local residents heard about the fact that down the river there is a certain deep river Kolyma. They were the first to reach the mouth of a previously unknown, mysterious river.

The explorer Semyon Dezhnev in 1647 was included in the expedition of the merchant Fedot Alekseev. Together they tried to swim near the coast of Chukotka, but the operation ended unsuccessfully. A year later, they make a second attempt, sailing from the mouth of the Kolyma River to sailing ships. They got to extreme point northeast Asia, which will be called Cape Dezhnev. On the expedition, the merchant died of scurvy, and further command passed to Semyon Ivanovich. On October 1, 1648, he made a landing at the mouth of the Anadyr, drew up a drawing of the rivers, described the nature of Anadyr and the life of the Eskimos. Here he stayed for 11 years. In 1650, the traveler Semyon Dezhnev made an unsuccessful attempt to explore the Kamchatka Territory.

In the biography of Semyon Ivanovich there were also two campaigns against the indigenous inhabitants of Kamchatka in 1654. During the first skirmish, he was stabbed in the chest. In 1671, after another trip, Dezhnev went to Moscow, where he fell seriously ill and died, never returning to his native Yakutia.

What is interesting about Semyon Dezhnev?

• Interestingly, during the expedition, a Yakut woman, who was the first woman to participate in a polar expedition, was with them as part of the merchant Alekseev.
• After a 40-year stay in Siberia, the traveler actively participated in skirmishes and battles. As a result, Dezhnev had more than 13 wounds. Although members of his team describe Semyon Ivanovich as an honest and peaceful person who sought to settle all matters without bloodshed.
• Pathfinder Dezhnev was an illiterate person. All petitions and replies under his dictation were written by other people.
• He was twice married to Yakuts. His first wife is Abakayada Sichu, who gave birth to Dezhnev's son Lyubim. After her death, he married an elderly woman named Kanteminka. Another son, Athanasius, was born in the marriage.

What discoveries were made by Semyon Dezhnev, the Cossack chieftain, traveler and explorer, you will learn from this article.

Semyon Dezhnev discovered what? briefly

On June 30, 1648, the great Russian traveler set off on a great voyage, in which he made grand opening- The Bering Strait, proving that there is a passage between Asia and North America. It all started with the fact that his team of 90 people sailed from Kolyma on seven ships to the sea, heading for eastbound. During a long voyage, three ships sank in a storm. But Semyon Ivanovich managed to successfully complete the expedition and become the first person in history to leave the Northern Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. In September 1648, Dezhnev reached Chukchi Cape(it was later renamed in honor of Semyon Ivanovich). His sailors entered the strait and discovered 2 small islands. So Semyon Dezhnev opened the strait which, only 80 years later, will reach Vitus Bering, after whom it will be named. And those two small islands discovered by Dezhnev, Bering will call Small and Big Diomede. Semyon Dezhnev, whose discoveries did not end there, crossed the Bering Strait from north to south, from Chukotka to Alaska. And Vitus Bering explored only its southern part.

Other important discovery traveler is study of the mouth of the Anadyr River. At its mouth, he founded a prison and lived here for 10 years. Not far from the habitat, Semyon Ivanovich found a scythe, which was dotted with walrus tusks. He twice delivered walrus tusks and furs to Moscow. Dezhnev was the first to describe in detail life in Chukotka, the nature and life of local residents.