As a child, I could not understand why the globe is drawn strange lines. FROM full confidence in my case, I proved to my classmates that they are real. Once we even planned to go with the first - B class to look for them, but, thank God, our teacher explained to us what was happening. Why do we need non-existent stripes? Let's figure it out.

Parallel - what is it

Strange stripes on the map mean nothing more than latitude and longitude. For example, let's imagine ourselves standing near a huge school globe. Personally, in our class, he had not only the designations of parallels and meridians, but also the signatures of all the hooligans of the school and the prints of children's hands. In general, not the point. The rod in the school globe is an imaginary planetary axis, which connects opposite poles. Also between them to be equator. On the globe, it is often indicated as a horizontal connection of our makeshift planet. Equatorial latitude is indicated by zero, and lines with an increasing index are located above and below. All parallels display their quantitative sign and are measured in degrees relative to the equator.

Meridians - designation of planetary longitude

And yet, latitude alone will not be enough for us. To find out the location of an object, we need to know the position of the point relative to other cardinal points. The meridian, marked zero, passes through the observatory at Greenwich and divides the Earth into two hemispheres - western and eastern. All longitudes also have their own numerical designation and are calculated in degrees relative to the Greenwich meridian. We have repeatedly seen on the maps that they do not intersect and unite only at the pole.

Let's summarize the information:

• strange stripes on the map indicate longitude or latitude;
  
• equator - latitude indicated by zero, divides the planet into North and South;
  
• the meridian, marked zero, passes through Greenwich and divides the Earth from West to East;
  
• axis - connects opposite poles.

Why do we need these strange stripes

It's simple - for orientation within the world. Any point on the planet is just the intersection of parallels and meridians, and thanks to this coordinate system We have made our lives much easier. For example, the work of pilots would be very complicated without the existence of parallels and meridians.

In the form of what lines are the meridians and parallels drawn on the globe?

1. Lines of meridians and parallels on various maps. On a world map drawn up by aligning the strips of a globe along the equator, the meridians are straight lines of equal size. Parallels drawn perpendicular to them are also straight lines. Their length from the equator to the poles is not shortened, as on the globe, but remains the same. (What does this say?)
The equator and the median meridian of each hemisphere are shown as straight lines on the map of the hemispheres. Other meridians and parallels are curved lines of various lengths. From the middle meridian to the edges, the length of the meridians increases. (What does this say?)
On the map of Kazakhstan, the parallels are shown as arcs of circles. The meridians are represented by straight lines approaching the top of the map.
The map frame has longitude and latitude. On the map of the hemispheres, longitude is shown at the points of intersection of the meridians with the equator.
Meridians and parallels on the globe and maps pass through the same number degrees (determine how many degrees they are shown on the globe, the map of the hemispheres and the map of Kazakhstan). Therefore, grids formed by changing the lines of meridians and parallels are called degree grids.

2. With the help of meridian lines and parallels, it is very easy to determine geographical coordinates on the map. To do this, you first need to find out between which parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude is located desired point. For example, the point is between 40° and 45° northern latitude, 70° and 75° east longitudes (Fig. 32). To more accurately define latitude on the map, using a ruler, we measure the distance (AB) between the two parallels, as well as the distance between the lower parallel and the point H (AN). Segment on the map AB equals 5°.

Rice. 32. Definition of a coordinate point.

To the distance AN Add 40 degrees in degrees. If instead AN we would measure the HV and subtract this distance in degrees from 45 °, then we would still get the same result.
Longitude on the map is determined by the same method. Measure the segments SD and CH with a ruler.

We add 70 ° to the obtained value in degrees and get the longitude of the point H. Just as in determining the line of latitude, instead of the segment CH segment can be measured DN. Then subtract the value obtained from 75°.

Rice. 33. Parts of degree grids on various maps.

1. According to Figure 33, determine which maps each degree grid belongs to?

2. Find on the map of the hemispheres a point indicated by only one of the coordinates.

3. On the map of Kazakhstan, determine the approximate geographical coordinates of your area.

>> Degree network, its elements. Geographical coordinates

§ 3. Degree network, its elements. Geographical coordinates

Navigate the map and find the exact location geographical objects on the surface of the earth allows degree network, or a system of lines of parallels and meridians.

Parallels(from the Greek parallelos - letters, going side by side) - these are lines conventionally drawn on the surface of the Earth parallel to the equator. Parallels on the map and globe you can spend as much as you like, but usually on training maps they are carried out with an interval of 10-20 °. Parallels are always oriented from west to east. The circumference of the parallels decreases from the equator to the poles.

Equator(from lat. aequator - equalizer) - an imaginary line on earth's surface, obtained by mental dissection of the globe by a plane passing through the center of the Earth perpendicular to the axis of its rotation. All points on the equator are equidistant from the poles. The equator divides the globe into two hemispheres - Northern and Southern.

Meridian(from lat. meridians - midday) - the shortest line conventionally drawn on the surface of the Earth from one pole to the other.

table 2

Comparative characteristics meridians and parallels

Geographic poles(from Latin polus - axis) - mathematically calculated points of intersection of an imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth with the earth's surface. Meridians can be drawn through any point on the earth's surface, and all of them will pass through both poles of the Earth. Meridians are oriented from north to south, and all have the same length (from pole to pole) - about 20,000 km. Average length 1° meridian: 20004 km: 180° = 111 km. The direction of the local meridian at any point can be determined at noon by the shadow of any object. In the Northern Hemisphere, the end of the shadow always points north, at southern hemisphere- South.

degree, or cartographic, network is used to determine geographic coordinates points on the earth's surface - longitudes and latitudes - or mapping objects by their coordinates. All points of a given meridian have the same longitude, and all points of a parallel have the same latitude.

Geographic latitude is the arc of the meridian in degrees from the equator to given point. So, St. Petersburg is located in the Northern Hemisphere, at 60 ° north latitude (abbreviated N), the Suez Canal - at 30 ° N. To determine the geographic latitude of any point on a globe or map is to determine which parallel it is located on. Any point south of the equator will have south latitude(abbreviated as S).

Geographic longitude is the magnitude of the parallel arc in degrees from the prime meridian to the given point. The initial, or zero, meridian is chosen arbitrarily and passes through the Greenwich Observatory, located near London. To the east of this meridian is determined Eastern longitude(east), to the west - western (west) (Fig. 10).

The latitude and longitude of any point on the Earth make up its graphical coordinates. So, the geographical coordinates of Moscow are 56 ° N. and 38° E. d.

Maksakovskiy V.P., Petrova N.N., Physical and economical geography peace. - M.: Iris-press, 2010. - 368 pp.: ill.

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Meridians and parallels

Meridians and parallels

Meridians and parallels
coordinate lines on a map or globe. Meridians are lines of constant longitude that pass through both poles of the planet and indicate the direction "north - south", and parallels are lines of constant latitude that run parallel to the equator in the direction "west - east". Intersecting, these lines form a grid on the map. geographical coordinates. Usually, integer meridians and parallels are drawn, but for accurate drawing and removal of coordinates, the grid can be thickened to minutes (and on large-scale maps, even to seconds). To do this, the cards have a minute frame, where fractions of degrees are marked. Depending on the method of determination, astronomical, geodetic, geographic and geomagnetic meridians and parallels are distinguished, and on celestial sphere, respectively, are celestial meridians and parallels.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "meridians and parallels" are in other dictionaries:

Geographic Encyclopedia

Small circles of the sphere, composed by its intersection with a plane parallel to some basic plane (horizon, equator, ecliptic); otherwise a circle, all points of which have equal latitude, declination or altitude. Daily P. stars small circles, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (historical) Initial concept about K. can be found even among savages, especially those who live along the coast and about you and who have a more or less clear idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe areas surrounding their territory. Travelers who questioned the Eskimos of S. America and ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Mappings of the entire surface of the earth's ellipsoid (See Earth's ellipsoid) or any part of it onto a plane, obtained mainly for the purpose of constructing a map. Scale. K. items are built on a certain scale. Reducing mentally ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Map projection example Mercator projection Map projection mathematically certain way displaying the surface of an ellipsoid on a plane. The essence of projections is connected with the fact that the figure of the Earth ... Wikipedia

An example of a map projection Mercator projection A map projection is a mathematically defined way of displaying the surface of an ellipsoid on a plane. The essence of the projections is related to the fact that the figure of the Earth is an ellipsoid that is not deployable in ... ... Wikipedia

Mapping of the entire surface of the earth's ellipsoid or any part of it onto a plane, obtained mainly for the purpose of building a map. K. p. draw on a certain scale. Mentally reducing the earth's ellipsoid to Mraz, one gets its geometric. model ... ... Mathematical Encyclopedia

Meridian(s) meridians and parallels coordinate lines on a map or globe. Meridians are lines of constant longitude that pass through both poles of the planet and indicate the direction "north - south", and parallels are lines of constant latitude that go ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Meridians and parallels are coordinate lines on a map or globe. Meridians are lines of constant longitude that pass through both poles of the planet and indicate the direction "north - south", and parallels are lines of constant latitude that run parallel ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia

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Work with text and work with the atlas p.22.

Students are divided into groups and answer questions.

- What are meridians?

What do they look like and why are they called that?

- The length of the meridians.

– What are parallels?

Why are they called that, what do they look like?

is the length of the parallels.

Teacher: Guys, what did you learn about parallels?

Students response.

Parallels are lines that are conventionally drawn along the surface of the earth parallel to the equator. Do you remember what the equator is? Show on the map and on the globe. At each point, the parallel points east and west. Parallels are circles that decrease in length from the equator to the poles. Do you remember what a pole is? The longest parallel is the equator. Its length is 40,000 km. All parallels are circles, the length of which decreases from the equator to the poles. On the map of the hemispheres, parallels are curved lines (arcs), and the equator is a straight line.

Meridians. Translated into Russian, the word "Meridian" means " noon line". Its direction coincides with the direction of the shadow from objects at noon. If you go all the time in the direction of this shadow. You will definitely come to north pole, and in reverse side- to the South.

Meridians - shortest lines, conventionally drawn on the surface of the earth from one geographic pole to another. All meridians are semicircles, converge at the poles and have the same length. On the physical map hemispheres the median meridian is a straight line, and the rest are arcs.

Teacher: Parallels and meridians are drawn through a certain number of degrees.

Work with maps and atlases.

Teacher: Find the equator on a physical map and on a globe. On the contour map mark the equator. He shares Earth into two hemispheres (Northern and Southern). The parallels are measured from the equator. Parallels 10, 20, ... 80 degrees of the Northern or Southern Hemisphere.

Label the parallel 10 degrees of the Northern Hemisphere and 20 degrees of the Southern Hemisphere.

Parallels are signed in a circle on the map of the hemispheres and on the meridian (zero) on the globe.

Teacher: By agreement between the countries, the meridian passing through the Greenwich Observatory in the suburbs of London is considered the initial meridian. Therefore, this meridian is also called the Greenwich meridian. On the map, it is shown with a bolder line than the rest of the meridians.

Select the prime meridian on the map. It divides the globe into two hemispheres (Western and Eastern). The meridians are signed at the equator.

We complete task 43 p. 36.

Teacher: What are parallels and meridians for?

Students: For orientation, determine and indicate the location of various geographical objects on the surface of the Earth.

Teacher: Correctly. ancient greek scientist Eratosthenes who lived in 276-194. BC e., for the first time proposed to apply conditional lines on images of the earth's surface - parallels and meridians.

Determination of directions by meridians and parallels.

Teacher: What do we know. What directions show conditional lines.

Students: Parallels - West, East.

Meridians - north, south.

Teacher: At each point, the parallel is perpendicular to the meridian. Therefore, if you stand on the ground facing north, in the direction of the meridian, spread your arms to the sides, then they will indicate the direction of the parallels, i.e. West East.

By meridians and parallels, the main and intermediate parties horizon.

1. In what direction is Cairo from St. Petersburg?
2. In what direction is Moscow from St. Petersburg?
3. In what direction is the Red Sea from Moscow?

By using conditional lines it is possible to determine not only directions, but also indicate the position of parts of territories, objects. To determine, for example, the northern and southern parts of Australia, you need to put a pointer on the map along a parallel that runs approximately in the middle of the mainland. To the north of the pointer will be the northern part, and to the south - the southern. How do you define Western and Eastern Australia.