Probably, each of us remembers how he stood at the chalkboard in the lesson of the beautiful and powerful Russian language and for some unknown reason drew an arc over the word, then a tick, then a square. This whole entertaining process was pathetically called parsing a word by morphemes, namely into: a prefix, a root, a suffix and, of course, an ending. About the latter, but only in English language, we'll talk today. There might be something you don't know!

Speaking purely in the language of grammar, then under the concept of "ending" ( ending) or the buzzword "flexion" ( inflexion) from the Latin "to bend" - to bind, implied variable part, responsible for the process of formation of various variations of the same word, to the main form of which special elements are added. Through these manipulations, grammatical meanings, i.e special role, which the unit of speech performs in a sentence. The endings in English grammar include: possessive case (" s); plural (- s / -es); present 3rd person + singular (- s); past tense (- d), (-ed) or (- t) and ending (- ing). Well, now in order.

Inflection ""s" in English

Possessive ( possessive case ) is used when we need to say that something belongs to someone. This very case is formed by adding to the end of the word special sign « " » apostrophe and endings «- s". Below are a few examples to illustrate.

Ending -s / -es / -ies in English

First, the simple present tense, known as present simple. It is used when we talk about some facts or ordinary actions.
We form the present tense using the basic form of the infinitive (without the particle to). Golden Rule: third person singular ( he / she / it) just requires an ending after itself - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Every morning Kelly eat s a sandwich with blueberry jam and peanut butter and drink s a mug of coffee for breakfast.
Every morning, Kelly eats a blueberry jam sandwich with peanut butter for breakfast and drinks a mug of coffee.

Secondly, when it is necessary to use a noun in plural (plural nouns), according to the rule of plural formation, to the form of a noun in singular, depending on which letter is at the end, the ending is added - s / -es / -ies. For example:

Pumpkin, don't forget to buy 10 donuts s.5 orange s and 3 bananas s, please.
Pumpkin, please don't forget to buy 10 donuts, 5 oranges and 3 bananas.

VERB / ​​NOUN + S	VERB / ​​NOUN + ES	VERB / ​​NOUN + IES
vowel + y / other cases	-ch / -sh / -s / -ss -x / -z / -o	consonant + y
to slay - he / she / it slays a gun - guns	to fuss - he / she / it fusses a coach - coaches	to ply - he / she / it plies a wherry - wherries

Ending -ed / -ied / -d / -t in English

First, the ending ed inherent regular English verbs(regular verbs), which are used in past simple . As you know, the simple past tense is used to state a fact or describe a series of actions that directly followed each other in the past. Education formula: verb(without to): bombinate ( buzz) + ed = bombed(buzzed). Example in context:

james got in the old clunker, started the engine and drove off.
James got into his wreck, started the engine, and pulled away.

VERB+ED	VERB+IED	VERB+D	VERB+T
consonant	consonant + y	vowel	irregular shapes
to yell - yelled to belong - belonged	to vary - varied to cry-cry	to whine to bake - baked	to send - sent to feel - felt

Secondly, - ed also found in the past participle ( participle II). Participle - golden mean, where the signs of the verb, adjective and adverb coexist comfortably, which answers the question " what (s) did?», « which?". For example:

The quote, present ed in the article caught my attention.
The quote presented in the article caught my attention.

The Quote which? or " what did?» — presented, i.e. the action, as it were, has already been completed - it has already been used in the article. The participle defines the subject in the sentence, supplementing it with new facts and signs.

Ending -ing in English

Firstly, the ing ending is used when constructing long English tenses continuous = Progressive. For example:

Currently, my bearded mate is play ing PS4.
At the moment my bearded friend is playing on PS4.

Here Present Continuous: linking auxiliary verb to be in the right form + infinitive semantic verb without to, but with the ending - ing. However, tenses that emphasize an action or state in the process also include Perfect Continuous = Perfect Progressive. For example:

A bearded mate of mine has been play ing PS4 for six hours already.
My bearded buddy has been playing PS4 for 6 hours now.

Present Perfect Continuous: Auxiliary linking verb to have in the right form + been + infinitive of a semantic verb (without to), but with the ending - ing.

Secondly, - ing found in the present participle ( participle I), which answers the series following questions: « which?», « what doing?», « what doing? Example:

That woman chill ing on the sofa, is my future wifey.
That woman relaxing on the couch is my future wife.

We observe that the participle is formed by adding the ending - ing to basic verb form and introduces new features that are characteristic of the subject.

PARTICIPLE I
verb base + -ing
finagle + -ing = finagle ing

PARTICIPLE II
verb base + -ed
finagle + -ed = finagle ed

Thirdly, the same inflection is also used with the gerund ( gerund), a special form of the verb that behaves in a sentence like subject(subject), an object(predicate) or predicate(definition/circumstance). Gerundium to some extent resembles a verbal noun, for this reason it can be translated into Russian as an infinitive, subordinate clause or noun. A few examples to illustrate:

My buddy's favorite occupation is hang ing out with friends.
My friend's favorite pastime is hanging out with friends.

Well, to be honest, I'm not engrossed in pastel draw ing.
Well, to be honest, I'm not into pastels.

Types of English endings

Today we have put together the most common endings that are used everywhere in the English language. We hope that from now on you will have a complete picture of what the ending is, what it can be, when exactly and where it should be used. If there were few endings, then catch English suffixes for dessert. Yummy!

Big and Friendly family EnglishDom

Words ending in -ing are constantly found not only in English, but also in Russian: diving, training, marketing and dozens of other borrowings, which are increasing every year. What is it? What words are attached to? In what cases is it used?

In this article I will talk about the use of this ending and the diverse life of -ing words in English.

Rules for adding the ending -ing in English

In English, you can often notice that a mysterious -ing appears at the end of a word. He may be part various designs, but they all have one thing in common: the ending -ing is attached only to words denoting an action (run, jump, go, etc.).

In most cases, we just add -ing to the end of the word.

Play (play) + ing = playing.
Talk (talk) + ing = talking.

But there are a couple of exceptions to the rule.

1. If suddenly our action ends with -e, then -ing "eats" this -e.

Bite (bite) + ing = biting.

Hide (hide) + ing = hiding.

2. There are two -ie words where the next change occurs.

Lie (lie or lie) + ing = lying.

Die (to die) + ing = dying.

When does this happen, and most importantly, why? There are three main cases when we need -ing. Let's consider them in order.

3 uses of the -ing ending in English

So, we use this ending in the following cases:

1) -ing as part of continuous tenses

Among the English tenses there is a whole group of those that have the word Continuous (continued) in their name. They are called "continued" because they deal with a process, that is, long enough actions.

These are just those tenses that are formed with the help of be (to be) in different forms and actions on -ing.

Let's look at the most commonly used ones.

• Present Continuous(present continious).

Means an action that is happening right now, at the moment of speaking. To form it, use am/is/are + ___ing.

I am watching TV.
I I'm watching TV set.

Are you listening to me?
You me listening?

I told you in detail about Present Continuous.

• Past continuous(past continuous).

Means a long action that took place in certain moment in past. That is, we always specify when exactly: last night, at 10 am on Saturday, and so on. For this time, we need was/were + ___ing.

I was sleeping yesterday at 10 p.m.
I slept yesterday at 10 pm.

Today at breakfast we were talking about our upcoming trip.
Today at breakfast we spoke about our upcoming trip.

It is also used when we want to show that two actions in the past happened at the same time.

We were discussing John when he suddenly entered the room.
We discussed John when he suddenly entered the room.

I found this photo when I was sorting out my grandfather's papers.
I found this photo when took apart grandfather's papers.

While Tom was trying to sleep, his neighbors were listening to dance music.
Bye Tom was trying sleep, his neighbors listened to dance music.

I was having a shower when you were calling me. (That's why I didn't hear the call.)
I accepted shower, when you called to me. (That's why I didn't hear the call.)

• Future Continuous(future continued).

It means a long action that will take place at a certain point in the future. Just like with the past continuous, here you definitely need to specify the time: on Friday at 8, tomorrow at the same time, etc. We build it with will be + ___ing.

Tomorrow at 9 we'll be dancing in a club!
Tomorrow at 9 we will be dancing in the club!

I will be having lunch with Prime Minister at this time on Friday.
I will be having lunch with the Prime Minister at this time on Friday.

It's not all the time Continuous groups but only the most common ones. They should be enough to give you an idea of ​​how -ing works in their composition.

2) -ing to form participles

What is a sacrament? Take, for example, the action "sleep". It can be changed in such a way that a practically sign will turn out: what? - sleeping. These are the words formed from actions, but answering the questions “What? Which? Which? What kind?" and there are sacraments.

In English, such things are formed with -ing. Please note that in Russian you can say “reading” (at the moment), or you can say “reading” (in the past). In English there is no such difference, you will understand the time from the whole sentence.

Also, the -ing "form is used after actions that denote perception with the help of the senses: see (see), hear (hear), feel (feel), smell (smell).

In English, shortened constructions can be made with these verbs, allowing you to shorten the sentence. Compare:

BUT) Fullphrase

She saw that a strange man was climbing into neighbors' window.
She saw that an unfamiliar man was climbing into the window of the neighbors.

B) Abbreviateddesign

She saw a strange man climbing into neighbors' window.
Literally: she saw an unfamiliar man climbing into the neighbors window.

I saw him entering the building.
I saw, How is he comes in into the building. (literally: I saw his coming into the building.)

I heard my neighbor singing.
I I heard like my neighbor sang. (literally: I I heard your neighbor singing.)

In Russian there are words like “reading, knowing, reasoning” - that is, an action that takes place against the background of some other action: while reading a book, he marked with a pencil important places; aware of the situation on the roads, she drove carefully.

In English, such actions, again, are transmitted using -ing.

Three young people walking by laughing and shouting.
Three young people passed by laughing and screaming.

Reading my grandfather's diary I wondered what kind of man he was.
Reading grandfather's diary I wondered what kind of person he was.

3) -ing when forming a gerund

We come to the worst - gerund. What is it? Essentially, this is when we use -ing to turn an action into an item: sing+ing = singing, watch+ing = (watching), etc.

Fashionable people who came to the Russian language foreign words like diving (dive (dive) + ing) and coaching (coach (train) + ing) are formed just like that.

So, when is this gerund used?

• The main character in the sentence

The gerund can be the protagonist of a sentence! Sometimes in Russian we want to speak about some action. For example: smoking is harmful, eating vegetables is healthy, it was difficult to start a car in such a frost.

In English, all this can be said with the help of -ing "s.

Calling people in the middle of the night is impolite.
call people in the middle of the night are impolite. (Literally: " naming to people in the middle of the night is impolite.)

Convincing him to believe us was hard.
Convince It was hard for us to believe him. (Literally: " belief It was difficult for us to believe him.)

• Use after prepositions

The ing form is also required after small words like about, without, for, at, with, and so on.

What about going to the cinema together?
What about go to the movies together? (literally: what about « walking to the cinema together?)

He said this without thinking.
He said it not thinking. (literally: he said it without « thinking»)

Some words have little word, which you just need to remember: good at (good at some activity), forgive for (forgive for something), etc.

He is very good at running.
He is very well succeed run. (Literally: he is very good in « running around»)

She forgave him for coming late.
She forgave him for being late. (literally: she forgave his behind « arrival late")

• Used after specific words

Finally, there are certain words(usually denoting action) that simply require -ing after them. There is no logic here, they need to be memorized when you learn the word itself. The list of such words, by the way, includes fairly common actions: enjoy ([ɪn "dʒɔɪ] / [inzh`oy] - enjoy) and suggest (/ [saj`est] - offer someone an idea to do something).

Sarah enjoys meeting new people.
Sarah enjoys meeting new people. (Literally: enjoys « meeting»)

Frank suggested having a break.
Frank proposed arrange break. (Literally: proposed « arrangement» break)

That's all. We've reviewed all use cases -ing forms in English. Now let's put what we've learned into practice.

Reinforcement task

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Leave your answers in the comments.

1. He (ask) for (take) my pen.
2. (Smoke) is bad for your health.
3. I was (work) when you were (have) a rest.
4. We (sit) in the kitchen (discuss) the news.
5. I have been (study) English for many years.
6. He (suggest) (discuss) the problem together.
7. I (hear) John (talk) to our boss.
8. This (smile) girl on the photo is my sister.

ending ing very often used in English. Perhaps this is one of the most popular English affixes. But, nevertheless, most students, faced with the ending ing, feel confused in understanding and translating words with his participation. Today, we will talk about how to finally understand the intricacies of the ending ing and learn how to understand, translate and use forms with its participation.

So, if you see a form with the ending ing, then it could be:

a) participle 1 (Participle 1)

Participle 1 is the first thing that should come to your mind when you encounter the ending ing. To translate participle 1 into Russian, you need to ask two questions - “what is he doing?” or “doing what?”

I want to speak to a student sitting over there. - I want to talk to a student sitting (sitting - what are you doing?) over there.

If the question is “what is doing?” does not fit the meaning, then we ask the question “what are you doing?”, For example:

Mr Smith works hard having only five minutes for the rest. – Mr. Smith works hard, having only five minutes to rest.

b) gerund (Gerund)

The second thing you should think about when you encounter the ending ing is the gerund. A gerund is essentially a noun that names an action. For example: reading - reading, going - walking, typing - typing, etc.

I like reading English books very much. – I like reading English books very much.
I'm not good at swimming. - I'm not a good swimmer (lit.: I'm not very good at swimming).

c) a component of one of the long times

In English, there is a group of grammatical tenses, in the formation of which ending ing. These times are called Continuous, i.e. "long". Their peculiarity lies in the fact that they are formed with the help of certain auxiliary verbs and a semantic verb with the ending ing. For example, it is formed using the auxiliary verbs am, is, are and the ending ing, which is added to the main verb. For example:

He is sleeping now. - He is sleeping now.

If you assume that the ending ing encountered is a long tense component, then you should first of all pay attention to the other members of the sentence - among them there must be some kind of auxiliary verb. If you find this auxiliary verb, then your next task is to find out exactly what time you met. If you found the auxiliary verbs am, is, are, then you have Present Continuous, which must be translated by asking the questions “what do I do?”, “What do I do?”, “What do they do?” etc. If will and be were among the auxiliary verbs, then you met the time, and you need to ask questions “what will I do?”, “What will I do?” etc. If you see was verbs, were, then you are dealing with, and you should translate the sentence by asking the questions “what did you do?”, “what did you do?”.

The ending ing can also be used in the formation of the Perfect Continuous tenses, but these tenses are extremely rare, so we will not consider them in this publication.

So, friends, in this short article we tried to systematize the information related to the ending ing and give you rules of thumb translation of forms with this ending. We hope that now the ending ing has ceased to be an incomprehensible stain for you in English grammar.

English is categorized analytical languages: grammatical connections in it are expressed not by changing the word and adding various morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, endings) to it, but with the help of various service words prepositions, modal and auxiliary verbs. And therefore there are not so many endings in English - only three: -s (-es), -ed and -ing. By comparison, Russian is synthetic language, and it is the morphemes that carry the grammatical load in it.

So, let's look at the most common cases of using English endings.

The ending -s (-es)

The ending -s (-es) can be found in the following cases:

Plural Nouns

Almost all nouns are pluralized by adding -s (-es). For example:

dog - dog s

book - book s

When a word ends in -ss, -x, -z, -ch, -sh, or -o, the ending takes the form -es. For example:

Church—church es

box es

tomato - tomato es

Verbs in the 3rd person singular in Present Simple tense

Used when we are talking about events that happen constantly, every day, systematically. It uses the base form of the verb, and in the 3rd person singular(he, she, it) the ending -s (-es) is also added as a verb ending. For example:

She play s tennis every weekend. She plays tennis every weekend.

Sometimes my grandmother watch es soap operas. Sometimes my grandmother watches soap operas.

Possessive case of nouns

By and large, the possessive case ending should be considered separately, since it has a different history and is written through apostrophe ("). For example:

John 's car - John's car

My daughter "s book - my daughter's book

If the word is in or initially ends in -s, only an apostrophe is placed at the end of the word. For example:

Her parent s" house - her parents' house

Jame s' coat - James's coat

At the same time, the ending is read in full in all cases: [‘pɛːr (ə) ntsiz], [‘ dʒeɪmziz].

The ending -ed

Second form of the regular verb

This form is used to express . For example:

yesterday he paint ed the window frame. Yesterday he painted the window frame.

Third form of the regular verb (past participle)

Used in - Present Perfect, Past Perfect and others. For example:

She has live ed here since childhood. She has been living here since childhood.

The rain had stopp ed when we left home. The rain stopped when we left the house.

The past participle often acts as a definition.

For example:

Clos ed door - closed door

well-dress ed woman - a well-dressed woman

The ending -ing

Fourth form of any verb (present participle)

As you know, the fourth form of the verb is used in the group of continuous tenses. For example:

She is sleep ing now. - She's sleeping now. (Present Continuous)

Yesterday at six I was wash ing my car. Yesterday at 6 I was washing the car. (Past Continuous)

The present participle can also play the role of a definition. For example:

bark ing dog - barking dog

Bloom ing tree - flowering tree

Gerund / verbal adjective

swimm ing is good for health. - Swimming is good for health.

I like to eat ing outdoors. — I like to eat outdoors.

Often there is a need to refer to an action, activity or process in a general sense. In this case, a noun is used that has the same form as the present participle of the verb.

In different grammars, these nouns have received different names: gerunds (gerunds), verbal nouns (verbal nouns) or forms in -ing (-ing forms). In this grammar, we use the term nouns with -ing (-ing nouns).

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish a -ing noun from a present participle, and usually there is no particular need to do so. However, in some cases it is obvious that such a word is a noun, for example, when it is the subject of a verb, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.

Singing's one of my interests - I belong to a choir.
They were at school when the emphasis was on teaching rather than learning.
He told how hard the days of walking had been, how his muscles had ached.
The coming of the transistor could not have been foreseen.
Some people have never actually done anything computing.

countable nouns

Since the nouns -ing refer to activities in a general sense, they are usually uncountable nouns(uncount nouns); in other words, they have only one form, are not used with numerals, and are usually not used with determiners that precede them.

Nouns in -ing often used because they are the only forms noun derived from verbs such as hear, go, come, bless. Other verbs have derivative nouns that are not nouns in -ing: for example, see and sight, arrive and arrival, depart and departure.

Eating, unlike fighting, is a puisuit in which both sexes freely indulge.
… loss of hearing in one ear.
Only 6 per cent of children receive any further training when they leave school.

Usage with adjectives

If you want to describe an action denoted by a noun on -ing, you can use one or more adjectives before it.

The fight against reckless driving is directed extremely skilfully.
Better training is one of the big challenges of the 1940s.
Not called for a national campaign against under-age drinking.

Several nouns for -ing, denoting sports or recreation, are used much more often than their corresponding verbs. In some cases there is no corresponding verb, although such a verb can always be formed if necessary. For example, a proposal We went caravanning around France much more likely than a suggestion We caravanned around France.

angling, caravanning , paragliding, surfing, blackberrying, electioneering, shoplifting, weightlifting, boating, hang-gliding, sightseeing, window-shopping, bowling, heliskiing, skateboarding, windsurfing, canoeing, mountaineering, snorkelling, yachting

Although these words are not always associated with a verb, most of them can be used as the present participle.

Didn't feel fully-clothed into the lake while boating with a girl-friend.
I spent the afternoon window shopping with grandma.

countable nouns

Some nouns associated with verbs -ing are countable nouns. They usually denote the result of an action or process, or a single example of such an action. Sometimes their meaning is not very close to the meaning of the verb.

The following is a list of the most common nouns of this type:

beginning, feeling, meeting, setting, being, finding, offering, showing, building, hearing, painting, sitting, drawing, meaning, saying, suffering,