What is a frond in a fern. France in the middle of the 17th century

Dictionary Ushakov

Fronde

fro nda, fronds, pl. No, female (French fronde - from the name of a children's game, letters. sling).

1. Noble-bourgeois movement against absolutism in France 17 in. (ist.).

2. trans. Opposition to something for personal reasons, dissatisfaction, expressed in the desire to contradict, annoy ( books.).

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference

Fronde

(French fronde, lit. sling)

complex social movements, covering in 1648-53. France. Traditionally divided into two phases: the "parliamentary Fronde" (1648–49) and the "Princes' Fronde" (1650–53).

encyclopedic Dictionary

Fronde

(French fronde, lit. - sling), ..

the social movement of 1648-53 in France against absolutism, against the government of G. Mazarin, which included various social strata (parliamentary opposition, "front of princes") .
Unprincipled opposition, mainly based on personal or group motives.

Ozhegov's dictionary

FR O NDA, s, well.

1. In France in the 17th century: the noble-bourgeois movement against absolutism.

2. trans. Contrasting oneself with the environment out of a sense of contradiction, disagreement, personal dissatisfaction (outdated book).

Dictionary of Efremova

Fronde

well. Socio-political movement in France in the middle of the 17th century, directed against absolutism.
well. The state of opposition to smth. based on a personal nature, dissatisfaction, expressed in the desire to contradict, annoy; fronding.

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Fronde

(La fronde, lit. "sling") - the designation of a number of anti-government unrest that took place in France in 1648-1652. Mazarin had a lot of court enemies; the war with Spain, which required huge financial costs, created discontent in other classes of the population. In 1646, Parliament refused to include in its registers the fiscal projects proposed by Mazarin; At the same time, open uprisings broke out in the south of the country (in Languedoc) and other places. The fiscal tendencies of Mazarin's policy affected the interests of not only the common people, but also the prosperous urban class. By the beginning of 1648, the situation had become so aggravated that in some places armed clashes began on the streets of Paris. In January, February and March, a number of parliamentary meetings took place, which reacted negatively to financial projects Queen Regent Anne of Austria and Mazarin. In the summer of 1648, Mazarin exiled several of his influential enemies; then parliament started talking about limiting government arbitrariness in imposing new taxes and in deprivation of liberty. Success English revolution, already determined by the end of the 40s, greatly contributed to the courage of the French opposition. Nevertheless, the regent ordered (August 26, 1648) to arrest the head of the parliamentary opposition, Brussels, and some other persons. The next day, the Parisian population built about one thousand two hundred barricades. Anna of Austria found herself locked in the Palais-Royal Palace whole system barricades in neighboring streets. After two days of negotiations with Parliament, the regent, seeing herself in a very critical situation, released Brussels. Full of anger, in mid-September, with Mazarin and her whole family, she left Paris for Ruelle. Parliament demanded the return of the king to the capital, but this was not done; nevertheless, having decided for the time being to show herself compliant, Anna signed the "Saint-Germain Declaration", which in general satisfied major requirements parliament. In the autumn of 1648, part of the troops approached Paris from the border; the powerful prince of Conde, thanks to the generous gifts of the queen, took the side of the government, and Anna (in December 1648) again began to fight with parliament. Conde soon laid siege to Paris (from where the queen left on January 5, 1649); parisian urban population, in alliance with dissatisfied aristocrats (Beaufort, La Rochefoucauld, Gondi, etc.), decided to resist by all means. In Languedoc, Guienne, Poitou, as well as in the north (in Normandy and other places), unrest of an anti-government nature began. "F.", as they began to call them first jokingly (after the name of the children's game), and then seriously - began to acquire strong allies. This again made the Queen and Mazarin compliant. Parliament, meanwhile, managed to discern that its noble allies were acting out of purely personal goals and would not renounce betrayal. Therefore, on March 15, the parliament came to a peace agreement with the government, and on a short time the excitement subsided. But as soon as this agreement was settled, Condé's enmity and envy towards Mazarin, whose policy he had supported until then, was revealed. Conde behaved so impudently towards not only Mazarin, but also towards the queen, that there was an open gap between him and the court. At the beginning of 1650, by order of Mazarin, Conde and some of his friends were arrested and taken to the Vincennes prison. ignited again internecine war, this time no longer under the leadership of Parliament, but under the direct leadership of Condé's sister, the Duke of La Rochefoucauld and other aristocrats who hated Mazarin. The most dangerous thing for the court was that the Fronders entered into relations with the Spaniards (who were then fighting against France). Mazarin began the military pacification of the rebellious Normandy and quickly brought it to an end; this "F. Conde" was not at all particularly popular (parliament did not support it at all). Equally successful (in the first half of 1650) was the pacification of other areas. The rebels everywhere surrendered or retreated before government troops. But the frondeurs had not yet lost their courage. Mazarin, with the regent, the little king and the army, went to Bordeaux, where in July the uprising flared up with a vengeance; in Paris, the Prince of Orleans remained, as a sovereign ruler for the duration of the absence of the court. In October royal army managed to take Bordeaux (from where the leaders of F. - La Rochefoucauld, Princess Conde, and others - managed to escape in time). After the fall of Bordeaux, Mazarin blocked the path of the southern Spanish army(connected with Turenne and other Fronders) and inflicted (December 15, 1650) a decisive defeat on the enemies. But the Parisian enemies of Mazarin complicated the position of the government by the fact that they managed to win over to the side of the "F. princes" the already quiet parliamentary F. The aristocrats united with parliament, their agreement was finalized in the very first weeks of 1651, and Anna of Austria saw herself in stalemate: a coalition of "two F." demanded from her the release of Conde and other arrested people, as well as the resignation of Mazarin. The Duke of Orleans also went over to the side of F. When Anna hesitated to fulfill the demand of Parliament, the latter (February 6, 1651) announced that he would recognize not the regent, but the Duke of Orleans as the ruler of France. Mazarin fled Paris; the next day, parliament demanded from the queen (obviously referring to Mazarin) that henceforth foreigners and people who swore allegiance to anyone other than the French crown could not occupy senior positions. On February 8, Parliament formally sentenced Mazarin to exile from France. The queen had to yield; in Paris, crowds of people sternly demanded that the underage king stay with his mother in Paris and that the arrested aristocrats be released. On February 11, the Queen ordered this to be done. Mazarin left France. But not even a few weeks after his expulsion, the Fronders quarreled among themselves, due to their too heterogeneous composition, and Prince Condé, bribed by the promises of the regent, went over to the side of the government. As soon as he broke off relations with his comrades, it turned out that Anna had deceived him; then Conde (July 5, 1651) left Paris. The queen, on the side of which her enemies began to pass one by one, accused the prince of treason (for relations with the Spaniards). Condé, supported by Rogan, Doignon and other nobles, stirred up a rebellion in Anjou, Bordeaux, La Rochelle, Berry, Guyenne, etc. The Spaniards disturbed the borders in the south; Anna's position was again desperate. She was helped by Mazarin, who came from Germany (in November 1651) at the head of a rather populous army of mercenaries. Together with the queen's troops, this army set out to quell the rebellion in the troubled provinces. The fight began hard. Condé and his allies made their way to Paris, and Condé rode into the capital. The vast majority of Parisians, after long, unceasing troubles since 1648, treated both warring parties quite indifferently, and if they began to remember Mazarin more and more sympathetically, it was solely because they hoped for a speedy restoration of order and tranquility under his administration. In the summer of 1652, Conde began violent actions against Mazarin's followers in Paris; at the gates of the capital took place, with mixed success, skirmishes between the troops of Condé and the royal. Part of the parliamentary advisers left Paris, at the royal request, and Mazarin went voluntarily "into exile" to show the government's compliance. This measure led to what it was designed for: almost all of Condé's aristocratic allies deserted him; the Parisian population sent several deputations to the regent and the king with a request to return to Paris, from where Condé, abandoned by all, left, joining the Spanish army. October 21, 1652 The Royal Family entered Paris in triumph. The surviving prominent Fronders were expelled from the capital (the most dangerous, however, negotiated an amnesty for themselves even before they left Conde); Parliament behaved crookedly. Anna restored all the financial edicts that had served four years earlier as the first pretext for turmoil; royal absolutism reigned all over. In January 1653, Mazarin returned again, taking the last fortresses that were in his hands from Conde. In some places, the Fronders still held out during the first half of 1653, but only with the help of Spanish troops. The capture, in September 1653, of the city of Periguet by the troops of the government is considered the final cessation of F.. F. was not marked bloody executions because the government was still afraid of its resumption for a long time. The suppression of the movement resulted in the complete consolidation of royal arbitrariness and the final humiliation of parliament and the aristocracy, i.e., two forces that had at least some chance in the fight against absolutism. In the memory of the people, F. remained surrounded by contempt and ridicule: the role of purely personal enmity and personal interests in this movement was too great, and it turned out to be too ruinous for the majority of the population. The unpopularity of F. and the relations of the Fronders with external enemies, the Spaniards, contributed a lot. Some historians tend to view F. as a caricature of the contemporary English revolution. F. left no traces in the history of the French people.

Cardinal Mazarin

Bust of Louis Condé the Great. Sculptor A. Kuazevo, 1688

Mazarin left France. But not even a few weeks after his expulsion, the Fronders quarreled among themselves, due to their too heterogeneous composition, and Prince Condé, bribed by the promises of the regent, went over to the side of the government. As soon as he broke off relations with his comrades, it turned out that Anna had deceived him; then Conde (July 5, 1651) left Paris. The queen, on the side of which her enemies began to pass one by one, accused the prince of treason (for relations with the Spaniards). Condé, supported by Rogan, Doignon and other nobles, stirred up a rebellion in Anjou, Bordeaux, La Rochelle, Berry, Guyenne, etc. The Spaniards disturbed the borders in the south; Anna's position was again desperate. She was helped by Mazarin, who came from Germany (in November 1651) at the head of a rather populous army of mercenaries. Together with the queen's troops, this army set out to quell the rebellion in the troubled provinces. The fight began hard. Condé and his allies made their way to Paris, and Condé rode into the capital. The vast majority of Parisians, after long, unceasing troubles since 1648, treated both warring parties quite indifferently, and if they began to remember Mazarin more and more sympathetically, it was solely because they hoped for a speedy restoration of order and tranquility under his administration. In the summer of 1652, Conde began violent actions against Mazarin's followers in Paris; at the gates of the capital there were, with varying success, skirmishes between the troops of Condé and the royal. Part of the parliamentary advisers left Paris, at the royal request, and Mazarin went voluntarily "into exile" to show the government's compliance. This measure led to what it was designed for: almost all of Condé's aristocratic allies deserted him; the Parisian population sent several deputations to the regent and the king with a request to return to Paris, from where Condé, abandoned by all, left, joining the Spanish army. On October 21, 1652, the royal family entered Paris in triumph. The surviving prominent Fronders were expelled from the capital (the most dangerous, however, negotiated an amnesty for themselves even before they left Condé); Parliament behaved crookedly. Anna restored all the financial edicts that had served four years earlier as the first pretext for turmoil; royal absolutism reigned wholly. In January 1653, Mazarin returned again, taking the last fortresses that were in his hands from Conde. In some places the Fronders still held out during the first half of 1653. , but only with the help of Spanish troops. The final cessation of the Fronde is considered to be the capture, in September 1653, of the city of Periguet by government troops. The Fronde was not marked by bloody executions, for the government was still afraid of its renewal for a long time. The suppression of the movement resulted in the complete consolidation of royal arbitrariness and the final humiliation of parliament and the aristocracy, i.e., two forces that had at least some chance in the fight against absolutism. In the memory of the people, the Fronde remained surrounded by contempt and ridicule: the role of purely personal enmity and personal interests in this movement was too great, and it turned out to be too ruinous for the majority of the population. The unpopularity of the Fronde and the relations of the Fronders with external enemies, the Spaniards, contributed a lot. Some historians tend to view the Fronde as a caricature of the contemporary English revolution. The Fronde left no traces in the history of the French people.

Literature about the Fronde

Saint-Oler. History of the Fronde

Bouchard. religious wars and the Troubles of the Fronde in Bourbonnais

Sheruel. History of France in infancy Louis XIV

Sheruel. History of France during the Ministry of Mazarin

Lavisse and Rambo. General history

This is social movement against absolutism in France in 1648-53, in which various sections of society participated, sometimes pursuing opposite goals. Tax oppression, the disasters of the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48 led to many peasant and plebeian uprisings. The tax policy of the government of G. Mazarin aroused opposition from the Parisian parliament and the circles of the bourgeoisie associated with it. The Paris Parliament was temporarily blocked with the people's anti-feudal forces and demanded a series of reforms, some of which were of a bourgeois nature. In response to Mazarin's attempt to arrest the leaders of the opposition (P. Brussel and others), a mass armed uprising began in Paris on August 26–27, 1648. Mazarin took the young Louis XIV from the rebellious capital, and royal troops began the siege of the city (January - February 1649). The Parisians supported a number of provinces. However, the Parisian bourgeoisie and the parliamentary "nobility of the mantle", frightened by the rise of the popular movement, the radicalism of leaflets and pamphlets, entered into negotiations with the royal court. In March 1649, the “parliamentary fundraiser” ended, but popular unrest continued. From the beginning of 1650, opposition to absolutism was led by reactionary court circles (F. Princes), who only wanted to put pressure on the government in order to obtain profitable positions, pensions, and so on. (hence the expression "fronted" - to be in a frivolous, non-dangerous opposition). The nobles and princes who fronded, relying on their noble retinues and foreign (Spanish) troops, used the uprisings of the peasants and the democratic movement in the cities to their advantage. The most revolutionary elements of the French bourgeoisie in the period of "F. princes" tried to continue the struggle against absolutism; thus, in Bordeaux, F. of this period acquired the character of a bourgeois-democratic republican movement. The aristocratic Frondeurs achieved in 1651 the resignation and expulsion of Mazarin, but he soon returned to France with mercenary troops. A long internecine war began. By the end of 1652, Mazarin, with handouts and concessions, persuaded most of the noble frondeurs to reconciliation, and their head, Prince L. Condé, who had already transferred to the service of the Spanish king in 1651, was forced to leave Paris, despite the help of the Spanish detachments. By the middle of 1653, the most persistent and radical focus of F., in Bordeaux, was suppressed. F.'s defeat led to a feudal reaction in the French countryside in the 1950s and 1970s. 17th century and contributed to the establishment of unlimited autocracy of Louis XIV. Results: The Fronde was not marked by bloody executions, for the government was still afraid of its resumption for a long time. The suppression of the movement resulted in the complete consolidation of royal arbitrariness and the final humiliation of parliament and the aristocracy, that is, two forces that had at least some chance in the fight against absolutism. The matter ended with the victory of Cardinal Mazarin. After the death of Cardinal Mazarin (1661) Louis XIV personally began to rule the state. The turmoil of the Fronde and the English Revolution inspired in him hatred of any manifestation of public initiative, and all his life he strove for more and more strengthening of royal power. His reign was the apogee of French absolutism. The State Council, which previously included members of the royal family, representatives of the nobility, and the higher clergy, was replaced by a narrow council consisting of three ministers who came from among the new nobility. The king personally supervised their activities. The reform of the central and local administration, the strengthening of the institute of quartermasters ensured control over the collection of taxes, over the activities of parliaments and provincial states, urban and rural communities. The development of industry and trade was encouraged. The reform of the army, carried out by Minister of War Louvois, allowed Louis XIV to intensify French expansion in Europe. The history of his reign is replete with wars. The Revolutionary War of 1667-68 pressed Spain into the Southern Netherlands. The Dutch War of 1672-78 brought Franche-Comté to France. But Louis XIV did not limit himself to the territories received under the Nimwegen peace treaties of 1678-79. In order to "order the French borders," his troops captured Strasbourg in 1681, took Luxembourg in 1684, and invaded the Rhineland in 1688. Alarmed by the exorbitant appetites of France, the League of Augsburg put up a powerful coalition against it: the War of the Palatinate Succession 1688-97 ended in a serious defeat for Louis XIV. The Ryswick Peace of 1697 deprived him of all his conquests, except for Alsace and Franche-Comté. The result of the War of the Spanish Succession 1701-14 was the further weakening of France. Endless wars drained the French treasury. By the end of the "century of Louis XIV" France experienced a deep economic recession. Louis XV- King of France from September 1, 1715 from the Bourbon dynasty. After the death of his great-grandfather, Louis XIV, on September 1, 1715, Louis acceded to the throne at the age of 5, under the tutelage of regent Philippe d'Orléans, the late king's nephew. Foreign policy the latter represented a reaction against the direction and policy of Louis XIV: an alliance was concluded with England, a war was started with Spain. Internal management was marked by financial turmoil and the introduction of the John Law system, which led to the strongest economic crisis. On October 1, 1723, Louis was declared of age, but the power continued to remain in the hands of Philip of Orleans, and after the death of the latter passed to the Duke of Bourbon. In 1726, the king announced that he was taking over the reins of power, but in fact power passed to Cardinal Fleury, who led the country until his death in 1743, trying to stifle any desire in Louis to enter politics. The reign of Fleury, who served as an instrument in the hands of the clergy, can be characterized as follows: inside the country - the absence of any innovations and reforms, the exemption of the clergy from paying duties and taxes, the persecution of Jansenists and Protestants, attempts to streamline finances and bring great savings in costs and the inability to achieve this due to the complete ignorance of the minister in economic and financial matters; outside the country - the careful elimination of everything that could lead to bloody clashes, and, despite this, the waging of two ruinous wars, for the Polish inheritance and for the Austrian. The first annexed Lorraine to the possessions of France, on the throne of which the king's father-in-law Stanislav Leshchinsky was elevated. The second, beginning in 1741 with favorable conditions, was conducted with varying success until 1748 and ended with the Peace of Aachen, according to which France was forced to cede to the enemy all its conquests in the Netherlands in return for ceding Parma and Piacenza to Philip of Spain. In the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis personally participated at one time, but in Metz he fell dangerously ill. Cardinal Fleury died at the beginning of the war, and the king, reiterating his intention to govern the state himself, appointed no one as first minister. In view of the inability of Louis to deal with affairs, this had extremely unfavorable consequences for the work of the state: each of the ministers managed his ministry independently of his comrades and inspired the sovereign with the most contradictory decisions. Since 1745, having fallen entirely under the influence of the Marquise de Pompadour, who ruined the country with her extravagance. The Parisian population became more hostile to the king. The disastrous state of the country led the inspector general Machot to the idea of reforming the financial system: he proposed to introduce an income tax (vingtième) on all classes of the state, including the clergy, and to restrict the right of the clergy to buy real estate in view of the fact that the possessions of the church were freed from payment of all kinds of duties. In 1756 broke out Seven Years' War, in which Louis took the side of Austria, the traditional opponent of France, and (despite the local victories of Marshal Richelieu), after a series of defeats, was forced to conclude the Peace of Paris in 1763, which deprived France of many of its colonies (by the way, India, Canada) in favor of England, who managed to take advantage of the failures of her rival to destroy her maritime significance and destroy her fleet. France sank to the level of a third-rate power. The financial situation of the country was terrible, the deficit was huge. New taxes were required to cover it, but the Parlement of Paris in 1763 refused to register them. The king compelled him to do this by the principle of the supremacy of the royal court over any other, according to which, as soon as parliament decides in the name of the king, then in the presence of the king himself, parliament has no right to do anything. the parliaments followed the example of Paris: Louis in 1766 declared the parliaments simple judicial institutions, which should be considered an honor to obey the king. Parliaments, however, continued to resist.

On the night of January 19-20, 1771, soldiers were sent to all members of Parliament demanding an immediate answer (yes or no) to the question of whether they wished to obey the king's orders. The majority answered in the negative; the next day it was announced to them that the king was depriving them of their posts and expelling them, despite the fact that their posts were bought by them, and they themselves were considered irremovable. Instead of parliaments, new judicial institutions (Mopu) were established, but lawyers refused to defend cases before them, and the people reacted with deep indignation to the violent actions of the government. The king died of smallpox, having contracted it from a young girl sent to him by Dubarry. throne inherits Louis XVI (1754-1793).

What is a Fronde? The definition of this term, although it has a strictly historical justification - it refers to a number of anti-government demonstrations in France in the middle of the 17th century - nevertheless, it is ironic and derisive. Events have shown that all major characters those long-standing events turned out to be hypocrites, who in words stood up for the well-being of the country and its people, but in reality pursued only their own selfish interests.

A little excursion into linguistics

Let us linger a little longer on the very word "front". This is nothing more than the Russian pronunciation of French - Fronde, which means "sling". Once upon a time, this was the name of a popular children's game, belonging to the category of empty and frivolous fun. For the reasons stated above, it is customary to use it in relation to people who verbally show dissatisfaction with the authorities, but are not able to decide on any specific actions.

France mid 17th century

The events that gave impetus to the emergence of this term began to unfold in France starting in the twenties of the 17th century. By this time most of The population of the country, which consisted of peasants, was actually ruined by wars, exorbitant taxes and looting both on the part of its own army and a number of enemy hordes. This served as a pretext for social tension, resulting in open riots.

According to the established tradition, the fronde is the term used to denote the speeches of representatives of the highest French aristocracy who tried to use popular discontent for their own personal purposes. During that period, under the juvenile Louis XIV reign the state was carried out by his mother - the Austrian and the first minister, Cardinal Mazarin. Their policy caused discontent not only populace but also of the court elite. As a result, an opposition was formed, which was headed by parliament.

Scattered actions of the masses

The confrontation between representatives of the highest strata of power was preceded by folk performances. And although rebellion is often senseless and merciless, whether it breaks out in Orenburg steppes or under the windows of Versailles, in this case the queen and the cardinal were lucky - the matter was limited only to the construction of barricades, and there was no bloodshed. But Anna of Austria suffered fear and made concessions to the rebels and parliament.

A new turn of events was taken when, in 1648, Prince Condé, bribed with generous gifts, took the side of the queen - the recognized hero of the just ended. This desperate adventurer and corrupt warrior surrounded Paris with his troops, which provoked a new outbreak of discontent among the masses, who are in alliance with a whole group of aristocrats took to the streets again.

Court struggle and continued turmoil

The Fronde is exactly what was formed as a result of such a striking misalliance - the union of the poor people and the satiated rich. If the former were quite sincere in their anti-government slogans, the latter tried to derive only personal benefit from what was happening. This was well understood by the main initiators of the turmoil - members of parliament. Not relying on the help of the aristocracy, they hurried to conclude a peace treaty with the queen, and everything calmed down for a while.

But lasting peace failed in the country. The calmness was broken by the same Prince Condé. As it turned out, he was consumed by exorbitant envy of Mazarin and the desire to impose on the Queen Regent the adoption of political decisions pleasing to him personally. Not possessing the ability to conduct subtle court intrigues, he set the court against himself with his rude antics and eventually ended up in prison.

General in cassock

While the distinguished troublemaker was sitting in the cell of the Vincennes castle, a new rebellion broke out in the country, this time organized by his own sister, along with the Duke of La Rochefoucauld and a group of aristocrats who hated the cardinal. The main danger for the court was that the Princess of Conde and her friends, neglecting national interests, attracted the Spaniards as their allies - the traditional enemies of France. No wonder the opinion was established that the Fronde is, first of all, a struggle of personal interests.

The cardinal had to leave for a while the service of masses in and go at the head of the army to pacify the rebellious regions. He was successful, and soon the bulk of the rebels laid down their arms. Bordeaux resisted the government troops the longest, but its defenders also surrendered in July 1650. It should be noted that Mazarin, despite the fact that he was a person of high spiritual dignity, knew military affairs very well. Having pacified the rebels, he quickly and competently stopped the advance of the Spaniards advancing to their aid.

Freedom and betrayal of the Prince of Condé

However, after the defeat of the rebels, the Fronde in France did not give up - Mazarin had too many enemies in Paris itself. The aristocrats who hated him and rushed to power entered into an agreement with the parliament, which had pacified for some time, and created a coalition that demanded that the queen remove Mazarin from power and release Prince Condé from prison. Encouraged by the confusion of Anna of Austria, the frondeurs tried to declare not her, but the Prince of Orleans, the ruler under the infant king Louis XIV.

The first two requirements were met and the Prince of Condé was released from prison. Once free, he, contrary to the expectations of his former associates, was seduced by the queen's generous promises and joined her camp. However, soon finding out that the promises of wealth - only empty sound, considered himself deceived and immediately went over to the frondeurs. Oddly enough, his former friends gladly accepted him - apparently, venality among them was considered quite normal.

War hated by the people

By this time, the situation in the country was very serious, and the safety of the queen was threatened real threat. In many cities, a rebellion began, provoked by Prince Conde and his entourage, and detachments of the Spaniards began another offensive from the south. Events could have taken a very bad turn, but Cardinal Mazarin saved the situation.

Shortly before this, under pressure from Parliament demanding his resignation, he left the territory of France. And now, at the most critical moment, he appeared again, but not alone, but accompanied by a powerful detachment of mercenaries, whom he recruited in Germany. It should be noted that he managed in time, since the Prince of Conde with his troops had already entered Paris.

Desperate clashes began on the streets of the French capital and at the city gates. An interesting detail - historical documents testify that the common people in this case adhered to neutrality, with the same hostility towards both sides of the conflict. Everyone is already tired of the endless and leading to nothing enmity, so old that the reasons that gave rise to it have ceased to be relevant. The Fronde lost the support of the masses and developed into a struggle for power within the state elite.

The end of the political game

The actions of the Queen Regent put an end to everything. She temporarily removed from the capital the cardinal, who irritated the oppositionists so much, and announced her readiness to yield to the demands of Parliament. It was another political maneuver, but with its help, she attracted former opponents from among the aristocrats to her side. All of them received honorable and warm places in the government. Conde was left alone and soon committed another betrayal, joining the Spanish army.

This ended the infamous Fronde. Briefly summing up what happened, we can say with all confidence that, having begun as an outbreak of mass social protest, this process choked in the selfish struggle for power of the highest dignitaries of the state. Despite the scale of events, everything that happened in France between 1648 and 1653 was due to the personal interests of a limited circle of people. That is why it is commonly believed that the Fronde is a kind of empty game of politicians satiated with wealth and power.

France, mid 17th century. The situation after the war in the country is difficult. The working people, ruined after the war and looting, are forced to pay high taxes imposed by the state. For non-payment of tax dues, peasants were imprisoned. This led to daily riots. Not a day passed without city riots. In 1648, the Parliament, dissatisfied with the rule of the royal court, united with the bourgeoisie. An uprising begins, the name of which is the Fronde.

What is Fronde

Historians define the meaning of the word Fronde as a series of unrest directed against the power of France. Fronde - what is it - a social movement formed against absolutism, under sonorous name, operated from 1648 to 1653. XVII century. French Fronde is translated as "sling", from the name of children's frivolous fun. The Fronde united the bourgeoisie (the bulk of the population) as well as members of the aristocracy who were dissatisfied with government policies. The English revolution, which was crowned with success, contributed to the courage of the French opposition.

Movement history

The history of the movement began in the middle of the 17th century, when France was ruled by the mother of Louis XIV, Queen Anne of Austria with the minister-cardinal Mazarin. The main part of the population of the country at that time was the bourgeoisie, ruined by high taxes, attacks like own army, hordes of enemies and many years of war. Popular dissatisfaction with the current situation has led to daily riots. As a result, representatives of the aristocracy, dissatisfied with the reign of the queen and Mazarin, enlisted the support of the peasants, formed the Fronde movement.

Fronde of Parliament

AT summer period 1648 The Supreme Judicial Chambers of the capital merged with Parliament. They developed the 27 Articles reform program. The reforms were aimed at reducing taxes, withdrawing quartermasters, releasing non-taxpayers, and so on. There were confrontations between the government and the board. The hero of the 30-year war, the Prince of Conde, came to the side of the kingdom. The result was the signing of a peace agreement in 1649. Neither the government nor the parliament got their way; only part of the requirements of the parliament was fulfilled, an agreement was signed on the refusal to expel the minister.

Fronde of Princes

In 1650, the Paris Parliament approved the arrest of the Prince of Condé, his brother, and the Duke of Longueville. The war broke out between the government and the "princes", whose allies were the Spaniards. The unpopularity of the Fronde Conte allowed the kingdom to succeed. The queen's troops attacked Bordeaux, after the fall of Bordeaux, Mazarin blocked the way for the Spaniards. But the princes of Condé attracted allies, the opponents of absolutism, who had already quieted down by that time - the Parliamentary Fronde. And they began an active offensive.

Condé's troops were victorious. Mazarin left France, after the verdict by Parliament on his expulsion from the country. A long feud followed, Conde rushing from the Fronders to the royal court. The cardinal, together with mercenary troops, was able to provide decent resistance. Almost all of Conde's aristocratic allies left him in the summer of 1652. The result was the victory of the government and the expulsion of the Fronders, Conde joined the Spaniards, and the royal family returned to the capital in triumph. Absolutism reigned again.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Dictionary Ushakov

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference

encyclopedic Dictionary

Ozhegov's dictionary

Dictionary of Efremova

Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Literature about the Fronde

A little excursion into linguistics

France mid 17th century

Scattered actions of the masses

Court struggle and continued turmoil

General in cassock

Freedom and betrayal of the Prince of Condé

War hated by the people

The end of the political game

What is Fronde

Movement history

Fronde of Parliament

Fronde of Princes

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