Who in Russia could receive a field marshal's baton? Field Marshal. Countries where the title existed previously

The ranks of the Russian Army 1716-1722.

Preface.
In the article "Tables of military ranks. Russian Army 1716-1722" for lack of complete and reliable information, which can be obtained exclusively from primary sources, I outlined the system military ranks in a greatly simplified form, and I collected it from a large number of secondary sources, the authors of which were historians who did not take the trouble to understand this complex system in due measure, and often just people are incompetent. To my deepest regret, I went along with them, although partly due to the fact that it is extremely difficult to find the original documents of the Petrine era today. However, thanks to V.V. Golubtsov from St. Petersburg, I acquired a copy of the Military Charter of 1716, although, unfortunately, not a reprint edition, and now I have the opportunity to present the system of military ranks in a more correct form, although it is not completely accurate and correct. the creators themselves were able to state.

First of all, it should be noted that in those days military ranks in the sense in which we understand them today simply did not exist. For example, today a person with the rank of "captain" can hold positions company commander, head of the medical center of the regiment, conductor of the orchestra, battery commander, commander of the special forces group, head of the missile crew, head financial service regiment, assistant chief of staff of the regiment, head of physical training and sports of the regiment, and a bunch of other positions.
Those. the rank of an officer is divorced from his duties and, in fact, simply means the level of his military qualifications.

In the 18th century, things were very different. Military ranks did not exist at all. There were well-defined positions, or as they were then called - ranks. For example, the captain was an officer who commanded a company. If he was removed from command of the company, he ceased to be a captain. Those. based on philology, the words "captain" and "company commander" are synonyms.
If an officer of this level (rank) performed a different position, then he was called differently. For example, in the artillery, he was called the "Shtik-Hauptmann", and the officer used by the Field Marshal General to carry out his assignments was called the "Adjutant Wing of the Field Marshal General". Everything is strictly according to the duties performed.

Actually, in civil life so now. If a person manages a plant, then he is called "Director" or "Director of the plant". And if he was fired, then he is no longer a director.

From the author. Analyzing the ranks in the Charter, it turned out to be extremely difficult to build their hierarchy. Basically, there is a listing of ranks, i.e. positions available in a company, regiment, higher management structures without division into lines, say, command, rear, legal, medical. In many cases, the rank or level of a particular rank is not indicated, which will be determined somewhat later (Table of Ranks of 1722). Perhaps the only criterion by which it turned out to be possible to at least somehow arrange the ranks according to their levels is the number of portions and rations, i.e. products issued to military personnel. For example, a field marshal general received 200 servings, and a soldier received one serving. All other ranks received the appropriate amount of products, obviously depending on the hierarchical position of this rank in the army.

Readers' attention should also be drawn to the frequently used word "general". At that time the word was used in two senses. Firstly, "General" as the designation of the highest military leader, and secondly, "General" as the designation of the chief specialist (auditor general, professional general). Therefore, one should not be surprised to meet generals of rank below the captain in the table below.

I tried to give the names of the ranks in the spelling in which they are in the Charter. I did not dare to compare them with modern ranks in the way I usually do in the rank tables (using the coding of ranks that I developed). This will not be correct in all cases.

The names of the ranks given in the tables will in some cases be incomprehensible to the modern reader. Therefore, below the tables a brief explanation of these ranks is given, i.e. what did the military man wearing this rank do.

Each cell of the table lists all available ranks of the same level (rank). The charter divides all ranks into the following groups:
* General ranks;
* Headquarters officer ranks;
* Chief officer ranks;
* Non-commissioned officer ranks.

From the author. It is curious that later the non-commissioned officers in the Russian Army were somehow gradually and imperceptibly shifted to the soldiers and ceased to be considered related to officers, while the Charter of 1716 considered them to be officers, and not sergeants (as this category is called today) composition.

Category	№	Governing bodies	Infantry Regiment Headquarters	Infantry company
General ranks	1	Generalissimo
	2	Field Marshal General
	3	General-Kriegs-Komisar
	4	General Field Marshal Lieutenant
	5	General of Infantry General of the cavalry
	6	General Lieutenant
	7	General Major
	8	Brigadier
Headquarters officer ranks	9	General Quartermaster Oberster-Kriegs-Komisar Adjutant General Sovereign	Colonel
	10	Ober-Komisar Chief Engineer* Feld-Kriegs-Zalmeister** General Quartermaster Lieutenant High Field Priest Auditor General
	11	General Auditor Lieutenant Adjutant General of General Feldmarshalkov	Lieutenant colonel
	12	General Staff Quartermaster General-Adjutant General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant General Fiscal
	13	Field postmaster Chief Quartermaster
	14	General Wagenmeister
	15	Generals-Adjutant General of Infantry Generals Adjutant General of the Cavalry	Prime Major
	16		Secund Major
	17	Secretary General Feldmarshalkov Secretary of the Commissariat Feld-Medicus Ober-Fiscal
Chief officer ranks	18	Adjutant Wing of General Feldmarshalkov Wing-Adjutant of General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant Adjutant Wing of General Feldmarshalkov Wing-Adjutant General of Infantry Wing-Adjutant of the General from the cavalry Lieutenant General's Adjutant Wing		Captain
	19	Secretary General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant
	20	Secretary General of Infantry Secretary General of the Cavalry Chief Auditor Chief Quartermaster field doctor
	21	General Prophos General Gewaldiger Field Apothecary Captain over the reins
	22			Lieutenant Captain
	23			Lieutenant
	24			Sub-lieutenant
	25	Field courier Headquarters Furier	Fiscal
	26	Adjutant Major General	Quartermaster	Ensign
Non-commissioned officer ranks	27	Head physician	Komisar Adjutant
	28	Scribe to General Feldmarshalkov Under Commissar	Auditor Pop healer	Sergeant
	29	Scribe to General Feldmarshalkov-Lieutenant Infantry General's Scribe Cavalry General's Scribe Lieutenant General's Scribe Major General's Scribe Brigadier's clerk Scribe to provisions Apothecary gezel	Provisional master Obozny Clerk Profos	Ensign Captainarmus Furier Corporal Company clerk Company paramedic
privates	30			corporal
privates	31			Saldat Leibshitz pfeiffer Oboist Flaker Drummer

* It is not clear why the chief engineer was separated from the engineering troops and assigned to the administrative bodies. Obviously due to the fact that his place was with the commander.
** This rank in a number of cases is referred to in the Charter as "General-Kriegskalmeister". It turned out to be impossible to distribute on the table such ranks of this service as Kriegscalmeister, Kriegskasirer and Pisar. The ranks of these ranks are not defined in any way and the portion norms are not defined by them.

Category	№	Headquarters dragoon regiment	Dragoon company	Artillery	Engineers
General ranks	5			Feldzeigmeister General
Headquarters officer ranks	9	Colonel		Colonel	Colonel
	10			Chief Commissar
	11	Lieutenant colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Lieutenant colonel
	15	Prime Major		Adjutant General of the Feldzeugmeister General Hauptmann-Head Ober Hauptmann Major	Major
	16	Secund Major
Chief officer ranks	18		Captain	Adjutant Wing of the Feldzeugmeister General Shtik-Hauptman Schanz-Hauptmann*	Captain
	20			Secretary General Feldzeugmeister Quartermaster
	23		Lieutenant		Lieutenant
	24		Sub-lieutenant
	25	Fiscal
	26	Quartermaster	Ensign	Shtik-Junker	Ensign Quartermaster
Non-commissioned officer ranks	27	Komisar Adjutant		Master saddleman Feldzeig-Warter. Zeigschreiber.
	28	Auditor Pop healer	Wahmister	Ober-Fireworksmeister Auditor Field Priest healer Ober-Wagenmeister (upper convoy) Artillery clerk Master blacksmith. saddlery clerk Brukenmeister (or bridge master) *.	Feld-webel healer
	29	Provisional master Obozny Clerk Profos	Furier Company clerk Company paramedic	Unter Wagenmeister (lower convoy). Provisional master Provisional clerk. Zeigdiner (corporal). Furier. Under blacksmith master. False master (corporal) Saddle master. belt master Core master. A carpenter suede master Vervosh Master Profos Unter-surrier clerk Konoval	Corporal
privates	30		corporal		corporal
privates	31		Dragoon Leibshitz Company Blacksmith, Company Saddleman	Zeigdiner horse. Zeigdiner infantry. Furier shitz. Medical apprentice. blacksmith apprentice false master Belt apprentice. Koret apprentice. carpentry apprentice suede apprentice Rope Apprentice Powder guard. Wagenbauer (cart builder). A servant at the shores. Artillery servant. Butcher. Khlebnik. Melnik. Drummer	Pioneer digger petarier A carpenter Private

* It is not entirely clear why the ranks of Schanz-Hauptmann and Brukenmeister are assigned to artillery, while these are just engineering specialists. The first is a specialist in the field of field fortification, and the second in the field of building bridges and crossings.

Let us explain the essence of the duties performed by some ranks.

Brigadier- this is the commander of a temporary formation, made up of 2-3 regiments, and the regiments of dragoons and infantry, or only dragoons, or only infantry, can be combined into a brigade. Since this connection is temporary, the rank of brigadier is also temporary.

The division and the corps were also temporary associations (a division of several brigades, a corps of several brigades or divisions). Naturally, it is wrong to correlate the ranks of major general and lieutenant general with the positions of division and corps commander. Actually, at the head of the army was a field marshal general, who had a deputy (field marshal lieutenant general). He was assisted by three generals (general of infantry, general of cavalry and general feldzeugmeister). The first of them was responsible for all infantry, the second for all cavalry, the third for artillery and engineering troops.

In general, they were only considered real generals. Below were lieutenant generals, i.e. assistant generals and even lower major generals, i.e. "chief majors", who, on an army scale, played approximately the same role as majors in regiments, i.e. senior officers are really responsible for everything. Usually in the army with real generals there was one lieutenant general and 4-6 major generals each. Naturally, as needed, several regiments were temporarily reduced to brigades, divisions, and sometimes even corps. Naturally, the general from infantry (from the cavalry) instructed one of his assistants to head one of these temporary associations.

But due to the importance of these ranks, they were all reduced to the category of generals.

The Feldzegmeister General was responsible for all the artillery and engineer troops, as well as for the infantry and cavalry transferred to him.

But regiments and companies, these were constantly existing military units. Here the ranks were more stable.

Colonel. Regiment in command.

Lieutenant colonel. Substitutes for the Colonel in his absence. In battle, he leads one of the two or three battalions into which the front of the regiment is divided.

Major. Senior officer of the regiment. Supervises the daily activities of the regiment, the training of personnel.

Captain. Commands a company.

Lieutenant Captain. Deputy captain.

Lieutenant. Senior assistant to the captain.

Sub-lieutenant. Mate.

Ensign. Junior Assistant Captain. Responsible for the safety of the company banner, but wears it only in battle. Also responsible for the supervision of the sick, wounded and otherwise infirm. In the campaign, he is responsible for the stragglers from the company.

From the author. It is worth noting that in the Russian Army, companies began to be divided not into corporals, but into platoons already in the middle of the 19th century. But even then the platoon was commanded not by an officer, but by a senior non-commissioned officer. Lieutenants, second lieutenants and warrant officers were assistants to the company commander, but not platoon commanders. True, it was a common practice that the company commander entrusted constant supervision of the first two platoons to a lieutenant and the second two platoons to a second lieutenant. In army usage, the name "half-company" has taken root. But this division was unofficial.

The officer position of a platoon commander, at least in the Red Army, became only by the mid-thirties.

Kriegskomisar General(in the text of the charter, this rank is written both as General-Krigs-Komisar and as General-Krigskomisar) speaking in modern terms, this is the deputy commander for rear. He is responsible for all aspects of financial and economic activity, for providing the troops with money, clothing, food, transport property.
Because of the great importance logistic support the krieg commissar general was considered the second leader in the army after the field marshal, although he was not the head of the other generals.

Ober Ster Kriegskomisar Deputy General-Kriegskommissar.

Officials Those who have the word "commissar" in the name of their ranks, respectively, perform similar duties in the lower levels of the army hierarchy.

Quartermaster General. Although he is called a general, his rank is colonel and the word general here means the concept of "chief". He is responsible for providing the army with maps, drawing up maps, laying out routes for movement, for placing defensive fortifications and fortified camps on the ground. He also, during military operations and campaigns, assigns tasks to engineering troops for the construction of defensive structures, the repair and construction of roads and crossings on the routes of movement of troops. He also distributes the shelves to the places of quartering.

Officials who have the word "quartermaster" in the name of their ranks, respectively, perform similar duties in the lower levels of the army hierarchy. In the company, these duties are assigned to the furier.

General Auditor. Boss legal service army. Performs the duties of the main supervising body for the observance of laws in the army, i.e. prosecutor. But he also has the rights of a military judge.

Adjutants. This is far from what we are accustomed to understand by this word (something like a lackey in officer's shoulder straps or an officer for small personal assignments). They are rather the chiefs and employees of the personal headquarters of the corresponding generals. Their duties included the written fixation of orders and instructions given by the military leaders, the transfer of these orders to the appropriate lower commanders, control over the execution of orders and reporting to the military leaders of the results. Actually, all official communication of military leaders with subordinate units was carried out just through adjutants.
* The emperor had three adjutant generals (I remind you once again that the concept of "chief adjutant" is meant here) in the rank of colonels, and four adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* The Field Marshal General had three adjutant generals in the rank of lieutenant colonels, and four adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* Field Marshal Lieutenant General had two adjutant generals in the rank between lieutenant colonel and major, and three adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* The general (from the infantry, from the cavalry, feldzeugmeister) had one adjutant general (pay attention to the name of the rank) in the rank of major, and two adjutant wing in the rank of captains;
* The lieutenant general had one adjutant wing in the rank of captain;
*Major General had one adjutant in the rank of ensign.

And finally, the regiment had an adjutant in non-commissioned officer rank.

It is worth noting that each general also had secretaries and a clerk. Thus, we see that the post-graduate course really was a kind of headquarters system.

It is already much later with the development of a real staff service, which will happen by early XIX century, the service of adjutants will really be reduced to the execution of personal assignments, and the rank of adjutant general and adjutant wing of the emperor will become just an honorary title.

Callmeister. Modern accountant.

The captain of the reins. An official responsible for ensuring that the troops move along the desired routes and arrive at the intended points. He is obliged to find guides among the local residents who know the surrounding area and provide them to the troops. Something like the head of the conductor service.

Wagenmeister. Starting from the highest position in this service, the General Wagenmeister, and down to the lowest - the Convoy, these are the persons responsible for the convoys, i.e. carts with horses, on which items and supplies necessary for the troops are loaded. Wagenmeister determines the number of wagons in each convoy, the routes and order of their movement, directs the movement. He is also responsible for the repair of roads and bridges, through which convoy cargo is delivered.

Furier. There is the name furier. Responsible for the distribution of houses between units and military personnel, the location of units in the camp, the organization of the arrangement of tents in the camps, the placement of personnel in houses and tents.

Hoff headquarters. Court servants, providing comfortable accommodation and service to the reigning persons. At their head is Gough-Furier.

General Gewaldiger. He is Rumor Meister. The head of the service, which can be called the military police service. He oversees order and discipline among the soldiers, searches for and catches deserters, marauders. It has the right to execute fugitives and marauders.

Fiscal. What we now call the Special Section. He watches over all military personnel in order to timely identify enemy spies, traitors, pests, persons preparing to desert, entering into relations with the enemy. Investigates complex crimes. Reports to the top about all emergencies, disorders.

Prof. A person supervising prisoners and maintaining cleanliness in the locations of units. He also performs corporal punishment. The General Profos is responsible for the service of all Profos.

Sergeant. There is one sergeant in the company. talking modern language, this is the foreman of the company. In the cavalry, this rank is called Wahmister, in artillery Ober-Fierwerkmeister, in engineering units Feld-vebel. Manages all affairs in the company and commands all personnel in the absence of officers.

Captainarmus. A non-commissioned officer is one step below a sergeant. Responsible for the provision of ammunition, for the condition of weapons and their repair.

Ensign. In the campaign he carries the company banner, in battle he assists the ensign. Directly oversees the sick and those lagging behind on the march, being an assistant ensign in this matter.

Corporal. The name of this rank quickly transformed into a corporal. He commanded a corporal, i.e. 1/6 of the company (approximately 25-35 people. The company at that time was divided into 6 corporals.

From the author. A corporal is usually considered the most junior non-commissioned officer in command of a squad. However, it is worth knowing that the company was not divided into platoons and squads. The company was divided into corporals, which can be compared to a modern platoon. So corporal is a very high rank.

Corporal. Corporal's assistant.

From the author. For unclear reasons, this rank is not in the Charter in the lists of ranks of infantry and dragoon companies. He is mentioned only among the engineers, where he is called corporal. Obviously, before its publication, the Charter was not carefully read by anyone, ambiguities, uncertainties and inconsistencies were not eliminated by anyone.
Modern charters of the Russian Army also sin with this.

Leibshitz. A soldier in charge of the safety of an officer in combat. bodyguard.

The charter does not explain the ranks of artillery - Zeugdiner equestrian and Zeigdiner infantry, but apparently, based on consonance with German words, this is a horse and foot artilleryman. Later, they will obviously be renamed gunners.

Also, the charter does not explain the ranks of Pioneer, Underminer, Petarier among engineers, but most likely this is a sapper, a miner and a bomber, respectively.

Sources and literature.

1. Charter of the military land. Printed by the command of the Tsar's Majesty in the St. Petersburg printing house of the Lord's Letter, 1716.
2. The book of the Charter of the sea. About everything related to good governance when the fleet was at sea. Printed by the command of the ROYAL MAJESTY in the St. Petersburg Printing House of the Lord's Letter 1720 April on the 13th day
3.O.Leonov, I.Ulyanov. Regular infantry. 1698-1801. AST. Moscow. 1995

Appeared in the Holy Roman Empire. Later it began to be used in other German states ah (Saxony, Bavaria, Braunschweig), as well as in Sweden, the Netherlands, Great Britain (since 1736). With mid-eighteenth century, the imperial field marshal began to be called Austrian (since 1867 - Austro-Hungarian).

Germany

Rank "Field Marshal" by country

Countries in which the title currently exists

The rank (rank) of a field marshal and the rank (rank) equated to it (mushir, eng. mushir , governor (Serbia), captain general, farik, eng. fariq ), available in:

Australia (honorary title)
Brazil (May 13, 2009, the only owner died this rank in the country, Marshal Waldemar Levi Cardoso, the title was awarded in 1966),
Brunei (in addition to the existing rank of field marshal, there is the highest military rank (rank) assigned to the Sultan of Brunei, which approximately corresponds to the rank of generalissimo),
Jordan (the holders of the title are usually the kings of Jordan or members of the royal family),
Yemen (December 24, 1997, the rank of marshal was awarded to the President of the Republic, Ali Abdullah Saleh),
Lesotho (has only the King of Lesotho
Malaysia (current rank Yang di-Pertuan Agong translated as the Supreme\Supreme Ruler is assigned to the newly elected head of state (king) from the heads of the Malaysian states and only for the duration of his tenure),
Morocco (has the king of Morocco),
New Zealand (honorary title, awarded in 1954 to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh,
Portugal (honorary title)
Saudi Arabia (there are two field marshal ranks in the country's armed forces - field marshal and Field Marshal 1st Class (mushir) which is assigned to the king Saudi Arabia upon accession to the throne, that is, this rank (rank) can be equated to the rank (rank) of generalissimo),
Swaziland (has only the king of Swaziland and only as an honorary title),
Sri Lanka (first awarded to Sarath Fonseka in 2015).

Countries where the title existed previously

Zaire (granted to President Mobutu Sese Seko in)
Iraq (1979-2003, last holder of the title - Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, title awarded in 1979)
Spain (there is a title captain general approximately corresponding to the rank of field marshal; this title was held by: Francisco Franco (), Agustin Muñoz Grandes () and Camillo Alonso Vega (), today only the King of Spain (with) as Supreme Commander has this title)
Manchukuo (in 1932-45 in the army of this state there was a rank Zong Shi Ling, which was the highest military rank and corresponded to the rank of field marshal in other countries)
Mozambique (1975-1990) (President of Mozambique Samora Moises Machel held the rank of marshal),
Portugal (exists only as an honorary title)
Russian Empire (cf. Field Marshal General (Russia))
North Yemen (1962-1990)
Taiwan (the air force of this country has had the rank T'e-Chi Shang-Chiang, which corresponds to the rank of field marshal in other countries)
Uganda (the only holder of the title, President Idi Amin, died, the title was awarded in)
Philippines (assigned to Douglas MacArthur)
Finland (May 16, 1933 the title was awarded to Carl Gustav Mannerheim (1867-1951))
Montenegro (in - there was a title Vrhovni Komandant, which had only the king of Montenegro Nicholas I)
Chile (the last holder of the title captain general, equated to the title field marshal Augusto Pinochet was
Yugoslavia (the only holder of the title was Josip Broz Tito)
Ethiopia (the title existed until 1976; its holders: since November 2, 1930 - Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie I and since 1934 - His Highness Prince Seyum Mangasha Tigrey (-)).

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Field Marshal

Here, on the extreme left flank, Bennigsen spoke a lot and ardently and made, as it seemed to Pierre, an important order from a military point of view. Ahead of the disposition of Tuchkov's troops was an elevation. This elevation was not occupied by troops. Bennigsen loudly criticized this mistake, saying that it was foolish to leave the high ground unoccupied and place troops under it. Some generals expressed the same opinion. One in particular spoke with military vehemence that they were put here to be slaughtered. Bennigsen ordered in his name to move the troops to the heights.
This order on the left flank made Pierre even more doubtful of his ability to understand military affairs. Listening to Bennigsen and the generals who condemned the position of the troops under the mountain, Pierre fully understood them and shared their opinion; but precisely because of this, he could not understand how the one who placed them here under the mountain could make such an obvious and gross mistake.
Pierre did not know that these troops were not sent to defend the position, as Bennigsen thought, but were put in hidden place for an ambush, that is, in order to be unnoticed and suddenly strike at the advancing enemy. Bennigsen did not know this and moved the troops forward for special reasons, without telling the commander-in-chief about it.

On this clear August evening on the 25th, Prince Andrey was lying, leaning on his arm, in a broken barn in the village of Knyazkov, on the edge of his regiment. Through the hole in the broken wall, he looked at the strip of thirty-year-old birch trees with the lower branches cut off along the fence, at the arable land with smashed heaps of oats on it, and at the bushes, along which the smoke of fires - soldiers' kitchens - could be seen.
No matter how cramped and no one needs and no matter how hard his life now seemed to Prince Andrei, he, just like seven years ago in Austerlitz on the eve of the battle, felt agitated and irritated.
Orders for tomorrow's battle were given and received by him. There was nothing more for him to do. But the simplest, clearest and therefore terrible thoughts did not leave him alone. He knew that tomorrow's battle was to be the most terrible of all those in which he participated, and the possibility of death for the first time in his life, without any regard for worldly, without considerations of how it would affect others, but only in relation to himself, to his soul, with liveliness, almost with certainty, simply and terribly, she presented herself to him. And from the height of this idea, everything that had previously tormented and occupied him was suddenly illuminated by a cold white light, without shadows, without perspective, without distinction of outlines. All life seemed to him like a magic lantern, into which he looked for a long time through glass and under artificial light. Now he suddenly saw, without glass, in bright daylight, these badly painted pictures. “Yes, yes, here they are, those false images that agitated and delighted and tormented me,” he said to himself, turning over in his imagination the main pictures of his magic lantern of life, now looking at them in this cold white light of day - clear thought about death. - Here they are, these roughly painted figures, which seemed to be something beautiful and mysterious. Glory, public good, love for a woman, the fatherland itself - how great these pictures seemed to me, what deep meaning they seemed to be completed! And it's all so simple, pale and crude in the cold white light of that morning that I feel is rising for me." The three main sorrows of his life in particular caught his attention. His love for a woman, the death of his father and the French invasion that captured half of Russia. “Love! .. This girl, who seemed to me full of mysterious powers. How I loved her! I made poetic plans about love, about happiness with her. O dear boy! he said out loud angrily. - How! I believed in some kind of ideal love, which was supposed to keep her faithfulness to me for whole year my absence! Like the gentle dove of a fable, she must have withered away from me. And all this is much simpler ... All this is terribly simple, disgusting!
My father also built in the Bald Mountains and thought that this was his place, his land, his air, his peasants; and Napoleon came and, not knowing about his existence, like a chip from the road, pushed him, and his Bald Mountains and his whole life fell apart. And Princess Marya says that this is a test sent from above. What is the test for, when it no longer exists and will not exist? never again! He is not! So who is this test for? Fatherland, death of Moscow! And tomorrow he will kill me - and not even a Frenchman, but his own, as yesterday a soldier emptied a gun near my ear, and the French will come, take me by the legs and by the head and throw me into a pit so that I don’t stink under their noses, and new conditions will develop lives that will also be familiar to others, and I will not know about them, and I will not be.
He looked at the strip of birch trees, with their motionless yellowness, greenery and white bark, shining in the sun. "To die so that they would kill me tomorrow, so that I would not be ... so that all this would be, but I would not be." He vividly imagined the absence of himself in this life. And these birches with their light and shadow, and these curly clouds, and this smoke of bonfires - everything around was transformed for him and seemed something terrible and threatening. Frost ran down his back. Rising quickly, he went out of the shed and began to walk.
Voices were heard behind the barn.
- Who's there? - called Prince Andrew.
The red-nosed Captain Timokhin, Dolokhov's former company commander, now, due to the loss of officers, the battalion commander, timidly entered the shed. Behind him entered the adjutant and treasurer of the regiment.
Prince Andrei hurriedly got up, listened to what the officers had to convey to him in the service, gave them some more orders and was about to let them go, when a familiar, whispering voice was heard from behind the barn.
– Que diable! [Damn it!] said the voice of a man who had bumped into something.
Prince Andrei, looking out of the barn, saw Pierre coming up to him, who stumbled on a lying pole and almost fell. It was generally unpleasant for Prince Andrei to see people from his own world, especially Pierre, who reminded him of all those difficult moments that he experienced on his last visit to Moscow.
- That's how! - he said. - What fates? That's not waiting.
While he was saying this, there was more than dryness in his eyes and the expression of his whole face - there was hostility, which Pierre immediately noticed. He approached the barn in the most lively state of mind, but, seeing the expression on Prince Andrei's face, he felt embarrassed and awkward.
“I arrived ... so ... you know ... I arrived ... I’m interested,” said Pierre, who had so many times that day meaninglessly repeated this word “interesting”. “I wanted to see the fight.
– Yes, yes, but what do the Masons brothers say about the war? How to prevent it? - said Prince Andrei mockingly. - What about Moscow? What are mine? Have you finally arrived in Moscow? he asked seriously.
- We've arrived. Julie Drubetskaya told me. I went to them and did not find. They left for the suburbs.

The officers wanted to take their leave, but Prince Andrei, as if not wanting to remain eye to eye with his friend, invited them to sit and drink tea. Benches and tea were served. The officers, not without surprise, looked at the fat, huge figure of Pierre and listened to his stories about Moscow and the disposition of our troops, which he managed to travel around. Prince Andrei was silent, and his face was so unpleasant that Pierre turned more to the good-natured battalion commander Timokhin than to Bolkonsky.

FIELD MARSHAL

(German: Feldmarschall) - the highest general rank in pre-revolutionary times. Russia and some other state-wahs (Great Britain, Prussia, Germany, Austria, Austria-Hungary, etc.), corresponding to the rank of marshal in other countries. First introduced in the 16th century. in Austria; in the 17th century - in Prussia; in Russia it was introduced in 1699 (cancelled in 1917) and was awarded to the commander-in-chief of the army for the successful conduct of the war, a prominent military man. and Mrs. figures, members imperial family, as well as some-eye foreign. military figures. In total, from 1699 to 1917 in Russia there were 62 F. and 2 F. Lieutenants (G. B. Ogilvy (1702) and G. Goltz (1707)). The title of F. has been preserved in Great Britain and some other countries.

F. in Russia (in brackets the year of rank assignment): F. A. Golovin (1700), K. E. de Croa (1700), B. P. Sheremetev (1701), A. D. Menshikov (1709), A I. Repnin (1725), M. M. Golitsyn (1725), Ya. K. Sapega (1726), Ya. V. Bruce (1726), V. V. Dolgorukov (1728), I. Yu. 1728), B. K. Minikh (1732), P. P. Lasi (1736), A. G. Razumovsky (1756), N. Yu. Trubetskoy (1756), A. B. Buturlin (1756), S. F. Apraksin (1756), P. S. Saltykov (1759), A. I. Shuvalov (1761), P. I. Shuvalov (1761), A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin (1762), K. G. Razumovsky (1764), A. M. Golitsyn (1769), P. A. Rumyantsev (1770), Z. G. Chernyshev (1773), G. A. Potemkin (1784), A. V. Suvorov (1794), N I. Saltykov (1796), N. V. Repnin (1796), I. G. Chernyshev (1796), I. P. Saltykov (1796), I. K. Elmpt (1797), V. P. Musin- Pushkin (1797), M. F. Kamensky (1797), V. F. de Broglie (1797), A. A. Prozorovsky (1807), I. V. Gudovich (1807), M. I. Kutuzov (1812) , M. B. Barclay de Tolly (1814), P. X. Wittgenstein (1826), F. W. Osten-Saken (1826), I. I. Dibich-Zabalkans cue (1829), I. F. Paskevich (1829), P. M. Volkonsky (1843), M. S. Vorontsov (1856), A. I. Baryatinsky (1859), R. R. Berg (1865), great. book. Nikolai Nikolaevich (1878), leader. book. Mikhail Nikolaevich (1878), I. V. Gurko (1894), D. A. Milyutin (1898). In addition, the rank of Ross. F. had foreign. state and military figures: book. Ludwig Wilhelm of Hesse-Coburg (1742), Duke Carl Ludwig of Holstein-Beck (1761), Prince Peter August of Holstein-Beck (1762), Prince Georg Ludwig of Holstein-Schleswig (1762), Landgrave Ludwig IX of Hesse-Darmstadt (1774), A Wellington (1818), Austrian Archduke Johann (1837), J. Radetzky (1849), Austrian Archduke Albrecht (1872), Prussian. Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (1872), H. Moltke the Elder (1872), King of Montenegro Nikola Negosh (1910).

Lit .: Bartenev A., Biographies of Generalissimo and General Field Marshals Russian Imp. Army, "Military-historical collection", 1911-13, no. 1-4; 1914, No 1-3.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

Synonyms:

See what "FIELD MARSHAL" is in other dictionaries:

Field Marshal ... Spelling Dictionary

- (German, from Feld field, and Marschall marshal). The main military rank in the Russian, German and English armies. Vocabulary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. FIELD MARSHAL the highest military rank in the Russian army. Vocabulary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (German Feldmarchall) the highest military rank in the armies of some states. In the 16th century in the German states, in 1700 the military rank of General Field Marshal was introduced in Russia. The rank of field marshal has been preserved in Great Britain and some other states ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

German, see General Field Marshal, the same thing. Under Paul there was a field marshal in the fleet, gr. Ivan Grieg. Chernyshev. Field marshal's baton, complained at the dignity of this; spyglass, with black double-headed eagles on gold. Field Marshal, rank, rank, rank ... ... Dictionary Dalia

Cm … Synonym dictionary

- (German Feldmarchall) the highest military rank in the armies of some states. In the XVI century. in the German states, in 1700 the military rank of General F. was introduced in Russia. The rank of F. was preserved in Great Britain and some other states ... Law Dictionary

FIELD MARSHAL, field marshal, husband. (German: Feidmarschall) (military pre-revolutionary and foreign). The highest military rank in Russian tsarist army and some armies of the west. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

FIELD MARSHAL, a, husband. In the pre-revolutionary Russian and some other armies: the highest general rank, as well as a person with this rank. | adj. field marshal, oh, oh. F. rod. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (German Feldmarschall), or General Field Marshal (German Generalfeldmarschall) the highest military rank that existed in the armies of the German states, Russian Empire, Holy Roman Empire and Austrian Empire. Corresponds to ... ... Wikipedia

BUT; m. [it. Feldmarschall] In the Russian army until 1917 and some other armies: the highest general rank; person holding this rank. F. Kutuzov. ◁ Field Marshal, oh, oh. F. rod. F. uniform. * * * Field Marshal (German Feldmarshall), higher ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

Field Marshal Rumyantsev, Zamostyanov Arseny Alexandrovich. Field Marshal Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky is one of the most glorious commanders in the history of Russia. More than once he managed to defeat the strongest army that time -…

Author - Bo4kaMeda . This is a quote from this post.

Brought up in battles, in the midst of abusive bad weather | Portraits of Field Marshals of the Russian Army
Russian Army
You are immortal forever, O Russian giants,
In battles, they were brought up in the midst of abusive bad weather!
A. S. Pushkin, "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo"
“In their gigantic thousand-year work, the creators of Russia relied on three great foundations - spiritual power Orthodox Church, the creative genius of the Russian People and the valor of the Russian Army.
Anton Antonovich Kersnovsky

His Serene Highness Prince Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1850

In battle and battle, the soldier wins, but it is known that the mass of even excellently trained fighters is worth little if it does not have a worthy commander. Russia, having shown the world an amazing type of ordinary soldier, whose combat and moral qualities became a legend, gave rise to many first-class military leaders. The battles fought by Alexander Menshikov and Pyotr Lassi, Pyotr Saltykov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov, Ivan Paskevich and Iosif Gurko entered the annals of military art, they were studied and are being studied in military academies all over the world.
Field Marshal General - the highest military rank in Russia from 1700 to 1917. (The Generalissimo was outside the system of officer ranks. Therefore, the field marshal general was actually the highest military rank.) According to the "Table of Ranks" of Peter I, this is an army rank of the 1st class, corresponding to the general admiral in the navy, the chancellor and the actual privy councilor of the 1st class in civil service. AT military regulations Peter retained the rank of generalissimo, but he himself did not assign it to anyone, since “this rank only belongs to crowned heads and great sovereign princes, and especially to one whose army is. In his non-existence, he gives command over the entire army to his general field marshal.

His Serene Highness Prince Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov (the one whose wife Pushkin molested). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1856

His Serene Highness Prince Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1929

Count Ivan Ivanovich Dibich-Zabalkansky (a native of Prussia in the Russian service). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1729.

His Serene Highness Prince Peter Khristianovich Wittgenstein (Ludwig Adolf Peter zu Sein-Wittgenstein). The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1826

Prince Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1814

1812 - Most Serene Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov Smolensky. Promoted to Field Marshal 4 days after the Battle of Borodino.

Count Valentin Platonovich Musin-Pushkin. A courtier and a very mediocre commander, whom Catherine II favored for her zeal in enthroning her. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1797.

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

Count Ivan Petrovich Saltykov.

Count Ivan Grigoryevich Chernyshev - Field Marshal General for the Navy (this is a strange title, awarded in 1796, Paul I came up with for him in order not to give the rank of Admiral General). He was more of a courtier than a soldier.

Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

His Serene Highness Prince Nikolai Ivanovich Saltykov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1796

Prince Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1794. Five years later, in 1799, he received the title of Generalissimo.

His Serene Highness Prince Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin-Tavrichesky. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1784

Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1773

Count Zakhar Grigorievich Chernyshev.

Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1770

Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1769

Count Kirill Grigoryevich Razumovsky, the last hetman of the Zaporizhia Army from 1750 to 1764. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1764

Count Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin. In 1744-1758 - state chancellor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762.

Count Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin.

Duke Peter August of Schleswig-Holstein-Sondergburg-Beck. Quite a "career" general in the Russian service. Governor-General of St. Petersburg from 1761 to 1762. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1762

Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov (Mosaic portrait, workshop of M.V. Lomonosov). The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761

Count Pyotr Ivanovich Shuvalov

Count Alexander Ivanovich Shuvalov. The title of Field Marshal was awarded in 1761

Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Count Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Count Alexander Borisovich Buturlin. Better known as the Moscow mayor. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Prince Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1756.

Pyotr Petrovich Lassi. Irish in the Russian service. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1736.

Pyotr Petrovich Lassi.

Count Burchard Christopher Munnich. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1732.

Count Burchard Christopher Munnich.

Prince Ivan Yurievich Trubetskoy. The last boyar in Russian history. The rank of Field Marshal was awarded in 1728.

Soldiers and non-commissioned officers

Private soldier - geminer(Gemeiner). Depending on the type of troops, he could be dragooner(dragoner) grenadier(Grenadier), Husar (Husar), jaeger(Jäger), fusilier(fusilier) gunner(Canonier) musketeer(Musketier) pioneer(Pionier) or lancer(Ulan).

The next rank- corporal. In the local way - gefreiter(Gefreiter). In the huntsmen he was called patrollenfuehrer(Patrouillenführer), in the artillery - formeister(Vormeister).

Next comes the rank sergeant major(or sergeant major in the cavalry) Feldwebel(Feldwebel). In the huntsmen - guardian(Oberjäger), in the cavalry - watchman(Wachtmeister), in the artillery oberfeuerwerker(Oberfeuerwerker).

There was another special non-commissioned officer rank – furier, “on the othetic” furier(Fourier). It was a sergeant-major engaged in economic and organizational activities - one per company. Another "narrow specialist" - company shoemaker, aka shuster company(Compagnie-Schuster). Was equated to non-commissioned officers and the executor of punishments (military policeman) - profos(Profoß) in field units and stafffuehrer(Stabsführer) in the rear and recruit depots.

Well, each regiment had its own team pioneers- pioneer(Pionier), led by two pioneer corporal – pioneer corporal(Pionier-Corporale). And in each company there was one a carpenter(two in war time) – zimmerman(Zimmermann), a rank higher than a corporal, but paid at the same rate.

There was another privileged group of soldiers. If you try to look for a Russian analogue, then these were right-flank – prima plan(Prima Plana), from the Latin expression "first in the list". These were in fact the soldiers listed first on the regimental list, the most honored, who led the column in parades, received increased salaries and had the privilege of resigning from the army at will. These lists were kept by a special soldier (or even an officer), called primaplanist(Primaplanist).

An intermediate rank "between soldiers and officers in the Austrian army was junker- in it he was called cadet(Cadet), and it was a “purely noble” title for the children of nobles who began serving in the regiment. During the described period, graduates were promoted to cadets Teresian Military Academy, but, by the way, only those who had average grades and a mediocre graduation score (excellent students were made immediately in Fenrihi). They "studied to be officers." There were two “types” of cadets in the regiment - orderly cadet(ordinare cadet), or kaisers cadet(Kaisers-Cadet), one per company, often the sons of officers of the regiment, and private cadet(Privat-Cadet), whom the chiefs of the regiments recruited "over the staff" at their discretion. During the battle, the cadets "hung out" at the regimental banner, having the "honorable duty" to guard it.

The first officer rank was ensign- fenrich(Fähnrich - depending on dialectical nuances speaking German also fenrich or fenrisch). However, at the time described, they no longer wore flags, but still had the function of protecting them in battle, and, unlike the cadets, they also commanded banner soldiers who carried flags (they were called Fuhrers).

The next officer rank was Ensign – unterleutnant(Unterleutenant, although the spelling Unterlieutenant also comes across). In the elite troops (grenadier companies and battalions), this was generally the first officer rank - there were no fenriches in them. In artillery, this rank was called fireworkslayertnant(Feuerwerksleutnant).

Closed the chief officer ranks captain- hauptmann(Hauptmann), much rarer captain or captain(Kapitan, Capitain - most often in irregular troops). In the cavalry, this rank corresponded captain- rittmeister(Rittmeister), in the artillery feuerwerkshauptmann(Feuerwerkshauptmann).

The first chief officer rank was major- major(Major), or obristwachtmeister(Obristwachtmeister - this word was used often until it was finally abolished in 1807). In the artillery he was called fireworksmeister(Feuerwerksmeister).

lieutenant colonel called oberstleutnant(Oberstleutnant).

Colonel was called oberst(Oberst), sometimes obrist(Obrist), but there was a nuance. An ordinary colonel who commanded a regiment on a campaign, in battle or in a garrison was an oberst. And the colonel is the chief of the regiment (as it were, the “owner”, the regiment was named after him by his last name). rare exceptions, for example, Archduke Karl's infantry regiment, or Radetzky's hussar regiment) was already called oberst-inhaber(Oberst Inhaber), and was “in authority” higher than a simple colonel. By the way, inkhaber, of course, could grow in ranks further, being a general, but retaining patronage over the regiment.

With the ranks of generals, everything was simpler. First - major general(Generalmajor), the second - field marshal lieutenant(Feldmarschall-Leutnant - Field Marshal Leutnant). In the third, differences appeared according to the types of troops - infantry general(General der Infanterie - general der infanteri),cavalry general(General der Kavallerie - general der cavalleri), in artillery - feldzeugmeister(Feldzeugmeister- feldzeugmeister).

The highest military rank was field marshal. Here in Austria there was a nuance. The emperor (first SRIGN, then Austria) granted the rank of imperial field marshal - Kaiserlisch Field Marshall(Kaiserliche Feldmarschall). But in SRIGN there was a rank Reich Field Marshal General – ReichsGeneralfeldmarshall(Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall). There must have been two of them - one Catholic, the other Protestant. In the era from 1800 to 1806 (before the liquidation of the SRIGN), this rank was worn “from the Protestants” by Prince Friedrich Josias von Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (although he was retired from 1794), and “from the Catholics” by Archduke Karl von Habsburg .

“Finishing off” the Austrian army (almost in a dance). In addition to soldiers, officers and generals, the army was filled with “ narrow specialists”, as well as mandatory positions. About some of them (about which I found info) - see below ...

Regimental Adjutant – Adjutant Regime(Regiments-Adjutant). Non-commissioned officer, “first assistant” to the colonel for personnel, office work and administrative affairs. Equal in rank to Fenrich. In grenadier battalions (in Austrian army there were no grenadier regiments, only battalions) it was called battalion adjutant – adjutant battalion(Bataillons-Adjutant). And since 1803, adjutant battalions appeared in every infantry battalion.

Regimental doctor – regiments-arzt(Regiments-Arzt), or regiments paramedic(Regiments-Feldscher), equated to lieutenants. In 1803 they received the name regiments-feld-arzt(Regiments-Feld-Arzt) and were equated to captains. The battalions also had a doctor - Oberfeld-Arzt(Ober-Feld-Arzt), equated to a lieutenant. They both relied on assistants, special non-commissioned medical officers, that is paramedics- unter artzt(Unter-Arzt). Well, at the bottom of the “medical chain” was orderly- blessirtetreger(Blessiertenträger - literally "carrier of the wounded").

Each regiment had auditor- auditor(Auditor). He was appointed chief of the regiment (inhaber) and, in fact, checked the expenditure of funds (a significant part of which, by the way, was allocated by the same chief almost out of his own pocket - theoretically they could be reimbursed from the treasury, but in practice it was, as always, a long time and boring). In 1807, he was included in the official "table of ranks" and equated to the captain. AT frontier on the shelves it was called syndicus(Syndicus) and received 200 florins a month.

Each regiment had an officer responsible for maintaining weapons in combat condition - waffen officer(Waffen-offiziere). Similar officers in the battalions were subordinate to them - the battalion-waffen-officer (Bataillonswaffenoffiziere), and those, in turn, weapons sergeant – buchsenmacher(Büchsenmacher).

Until 1805, the most senior lieutenant of the regiment in terms of production time was called lieutenant commander -lieutenant captain(Captain-lieutenant), but then this rank was canceled, and it remained only as honorary title commander half a company or some separate department.

Soldiers' children were supposed to be trained, and this was done regimental teacher in the rank of non-commissioned officer - Erziungshaus Commandant(Erziehungshaus-Commandant).

Each officer, especially holding some position in the regiment, had batman- furierschütze(Fourierschütze - at first they were soldiers guarding the Fourier) or privatdiner(Privatdiener).

The regimental bands were led Kapellmeisters- bandmaster(Kapellmeister). These were people specially hired by the chief (inhaber) with a conservatory education under a separate contract. In his charge were drummers- vestibule(Tambour) flutists- pfeiffer(Pfeiffer) and oboists- houtboyste(Hautboiste). Moreover, the latter term sometimes denoted in general all musicians hired by the orchestra who were not drill drummers or flutists. In light infantry, the role of drummers and flutists was performed by horn player(Hornists). The musicians also had their own "corporal" - battalion vestibule(Bataillons-Tambour) or horn battalions(Bataillons-Hornist).

All regimental materiel (economic unit) was subordinated to quartermaster- rechtungsführer(Rechnungsführer). He was considered the “most senior lieutenant” of the regiment (and this position was usually assigned to old-time officers, who often had served), did not participate in battles and was subordinate only to special officers at the headquarters of the regiment and further along the line of the quartermaster general of the army. All furiers (see), as well as special non-commissioned officers responsible for the food part, obeyed him - food master(Proviantmeister), or food officer(Proviant-offizier).

Portal for the student. Self-training

Who in Russia could receive a field marshal's baton? Field Marshal. Countries where the title existed previously