Tverdokhlebov G.A.
Private Explorer
Russia, Tolyatti
- Summary
2. Electromagnetic induction
3. Electron and positron
4. Spatial configuration of charges
5. Interaction of free charges
6. "Naked" charges
7. Electrical interactions - Electromotive force
- P-n transition
- vacuum diode
- The principle of operation of the battery confirms
the uniqueness of the electron design
12. Superconductivity
13. One Hundred Years of Superconductivity
14. Photon - quantum of color
- quantum levitation and superconductivity is
as they say in Odessa, two big differences.
- anecdotal classical theory conduction current
Summary
A new concept of electricity is needed, first of all, because in modern concept electricity, the conduction current is considered to be the movement of free electrons with immobile ions. Whereas, two hundred years ago, Faraday in his experiment - which any schoolboy can repeat - showed that the conduction current is the movement of both negative and positive charges.
Besides,the modern concept of electricity is not able to explain, for example: how an electric current generates magnetism, how superconductivity is carried out, how batteries work, etc.
The new concept of electricity must begin with the realization that the ether is not only a medium for the propagation of light, but also a medium in which natural and artificial electric currents propagate.
The ether through its mini vortices forms gravitons, which by their rotation generate the north and south poles of the magnet.
All matter of the Universe is composed of gravitons and surrounded by them.
Drawn to each other opposite poles gravitons form graviton chains that form gravitational, magnetic and electric fields.
Gravitons are also quanta of the gravitational fields of atoms and their nuclei.
Gravitons with their magnetic induction attract gravitating bodies to each other, serve magnetic properties bodies, planets and stars, as well as attract opposite and repel like charges.
A graviton under the action of external forces can acquire an electronic or positron electric charge.
So, the friction of glass and resin rods is just that external force, which contributes to the acquisition by gravitons electric charges.
The electron-positron current propagates not in the conductor itself, but in the ether surrounding the conductor, which is why this current has not yet been discovered by anyone, and the movement of so-called free electrons was taken for the conduction current.
The electron-positron current propagates at the speed of light, therefore the electron-positron alternating current, covering a distance of thousands of kilometers, manages to pass from the source to the consumer (one half-wave) in one hundredth of a second (50 hertz). While the speed of movement of free electrons is three centimeters per second.
The electron-positron current is the movement of the energy of electrons and positrons, transmitted at the speed of light from one graviton to a neighboring graviton.
The reason for the electrical resistance of the electron-positron current is the fact that free electrons, whose speed is three centimeters per second, being attracted to the positron flow, slow down its movement.
That is why the "freezing" of free electrons to atoms is the cause of superconductivity.
A NEW CONCEPT OF ELECTRICITY
Summary
A new concept of electricity is needed primarily because the modern concept of electricity believes that the conduction current is the movement of free electrons with stationary ions. But Faraday two hundred years ago put an experiment that showed that the conduction current is a movement, both negative and positive charges , how batteries work, etc. The new concept of electricity must begin with the realization that the ether is not only the medium of light propagation, but the environment in which natural and artificial electric currents are distributed. Key words: superconductivity, photoelectric effect, current, electron, positron, graviton.
- electromagneticinduction
Two hundred years ago, Faraday set up an experiment demonstrating the generation of current in a galvanometer by moving a magnet in an inductor.
Today, comprehending this experience, we have to conclude: modern theory the conduction current is erroneous because the basis of this theory is the movement of free electrons with immobile ions.
Faraday's experiment demonstrates the movement of both negative and positive charges.
And since in the conductor, apart from moving electrons and immobile ions, there are no other charges, it should be concluded: Faraday two hundred years ago received, as a conduction current, an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around the conductors.
And that one known fact, what lines of force magnetic field, generated by the conduction current, propagates precisely around the conductors, is an indirect confirmation that the electronic and positron charges that generate the electrical and magnetic components also propagate around the conductors.
All matter consists of gravitons and is surrounded by them, including the conductor.
Electromagnetic induction is the transformation of gravitons surrounding the conductor into electrons and positrons, which is carried out by crossing the magnetic field lines of force with decreasing or increasing magnetic induction by the conductor.
Gravitons surrounding the conductor, moving in a magnetic field and crossing its lines of force, acquire electronic - and when the pole of the magnet changes - positron charges, which form an alternating current. This current was obtained by Faraday in his experiment. And the same current is received by all thermal, hydraulic and nuclear power plants.
- Electron and positron
The study of cathode rays, which are a stream of electrons, shows that the beam, passing between horizontally located charged plates, is attracted to a positively charged plate. And, passing between the vertically located poles of the magnet, the beam shifts to the left, or, if the poles are reversed, to the right.
The flow of positrons behaves in exactly the same way, only in reverse.
Hence the conclusion follows: the electron-positron current, just like an electromagnetic wave, generates a magnetic induction vector directed perpendicular to the current movement.
The attraction of an electron to a positively charged plate, and a positron to a negative one, is explained by the design of the charges.
According to our hypothesis, electric charges propagate not by themselves, but by means of gravitons.
A graviton is a magnetic dipole, and its charge is formed by means of a belt in the form of a torus (toroid). The axis of rotation of the torus passes through the poles of the dipole, and the outer part of its shell rotates, either from the north pole of the dipole to the south pole, or vice versa, generating by its rotation either the north pole of the magnet (electron) or the south pole (positron). Whereas opposite poles are generated inside Torah.
The ethereal gravitons surrounding the charges, attracted to the toroid, form the electric component of the charge.
And the gravitons located inside the toroids, with their poles, attach the ethereal gravitons, which form the magnetic component of the charge (red gravitons in the figure).
Thus, an electron on 2/3 of the surface is a magnetic dipole of the north pole, and a positron is a magnetic dipole of the south pole.
Each charge generates 1/3 of the surface magnetic induction of the opposite pole.
Apparently, these fractional charges form particles called quarks and antiquarks, which appear for thousandths of a second during the decay of electrons and positrons.
The electrical interaction differs from the magnetic one in that magnetic interaction is determined by gravitons having two magnet poles. And the electrical interaction is determined by two charges, which in interaction use one pole of the magnet: an electron - the north pole, a positron - the south pole.
Thus, specifically electric charges do not exist in nature.
- Spatial configuration of charges
When a potential difference is applied to the conductor, the conductor is electrified along its entire length, that is, the gravitons around the conductor turn into electrons or positrons and the electron-positron current begins to flow.
Moreover, the difference in electric potentials polarizes electrons and positrons so that the charges generate a magnetic induction vector, not only perpendicular to the current motion vector, but also parallel to the line drawing the conductor cross section.
Therefore, when the current moves, the perpendicular of the magnetic induction vector of the charges turns into helical magnetic field lines surrounding the conductor, and the direction of current propagation (the direction of propagation of charges) gives rise to the gimlet rule, by which you can determine the direction of the magnetic induction vector that is generated by these charges.
- Interaction of free charges
The spatial configuration of free charges, which ended up in the zone of interaction with each other, is characterized by the fact that the magnetic induction vector of these charges propagates perpendicular to the charge motion vector. And the vector of magnetic induction of gravitons, which form the electric component of the charges, propagate along the vector of motion of the charges, or at some angle to this vector.
Two unlike charges are united by numerous common gravitational chains for these charges with unidirectional magnetic polarization of gravitons.
Two charges of the same name are united by numerous gravitational chains common to these charges with opposite (south-north - north-south for electrons and north-south - south-north for positrons) polarization of gravitons.
Moreover, the number of chains connecting the charges is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
By the way, the fact that the formulas of the law gravity Newton and Coulomb's law of interaction of charges have the same mathematical form, is explained by the fact that these formulas reflect the same ratio between the number of gravitons participating in the interaction and the force generated by these gravitons.
And since the strength electrical interaction is incomparably greater than the gravitational one, then the magnetic induction vector of gravitons generated by electric charges is incomparably greater than the magnetic induction vector of gravitons generated by gravitating bodies, which is reflected by the coefficients of proportionality of these formulas.
- "Naked" charges
Electrons and positrons in the "naked" form do not exist because, as soon as at graviton, a charge appears, so the charged graviton is immediately surrounded by polarized gravitons.
Therefore, electrons and positrons exist only in the form of quanta. electromagnetic waves and quanta of the electron-positron current, even if they are in a state of so-called free charges.
The exception is electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom, which generate only their electrical component in the absence of a magnetic component.
- Electrical Interactions
The electric current around the conductors is the movement of electrons and positrons, which in the load circuits carries out electrical interactions.
The movement of electrons with positrons in the load circuits generates a magnetic field, which, interacting with the magnetic field of the stator, moves the rotor (armature) of the engine.
Part of the energy of electrons and positrons is spent on the emission of thermal photons, which heat the engine.
A hot electric burner is the result of the emission of photons by electrons and positrons, which generate thermal energy in heating elements.
- Electromotive force
The electromotive force is the force that moves electric charges.
The electromotive force is generated by the difference in electrical potentials.
When any generator generates a difference in electrical potentials, the conductor is electrified along its entire length, that is, the gravitons surrounding the conductor turn into electrons or positrons.
A direct current generator, generating similar charges, sets the direction of current flow by its design.
Charges move in the same way as permanent magnets repel each other. poles of the same name.
Similarly, the charges are repelled from each other by the same poles of gravitons, from which the charges are formed.
Thus, electromotive force is the force of repulsion of like charges from each other. And the generator sets the direction of this repulsion.
The so-called extraneous forces are nothing but magnetic forces, as well as electrical forces, which have the same magnetic forces.
Specifically electric, neither forces nor charges exist in nature, since the electron is 2/3 magnetic monopole the north pole, and the positron is 2/3 the magnetic monopole of the south pole.
According to our hypothesis, the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether surrounding the conductor.
The free electrons of the conductor are attracted by the positron flow of the electron-positron current, which determines their movement from plus to minus.
And the conduction current charges move: electrons move from minus to plus, and positrons move from plus to minus.
Thus, the current in metals, as an ordered movement of charges, is formed as follows: the positrons of the electron-positron current move from plus to minus. Together with the positrons, with a significant delay, the free electrons of the conductor move, forming the main value of the electrical resistance for the flow of the electron-positron current. The electrons of the electron-positron current move from minus to plus.
This is how the conduction current in metals is formed.
- P-n transition
The hypothesis that the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around the conductors also explains the riddle of the work of the blocking layer of the p–n junction.
When a direct current is applied to the p-n junction, which means that a positron current is applied to the junction, propagating around the p-n junction from plus to minus, then the positron flow attracts the free electrons of the barrier layer and moves them to the n region, where they fill the holes. As a result, the barrier layer disappears, and the positrons of the electron-positron current move freely through the p–n junction.
When a reverse current is applied to the p-n junction, which means that the junction is supplied with electronic current, propagating around the p–n junction from minus to plus, then the electron flow attracts the magnetic field of holes to itself, and repels free electrons from itself. As a result, free electrons, together with the magnetic field of holes, create a magnetoelectric gate that prevents the electron current from moving through the p–n junction.
Thus, p-n junctions and the bridges assembled from them pass the positron current and do not pass the electron current, which is what the oscillograms reflect.
- vacuum diode
The vacuum diode does not rectify alternating current.
The vacuum diode generates its own DC electronic current, generated by thermionic emission.
When an alternating current is applied to a vacuum diode, this means that an alternating electron-positron current is supplied to the diode, propagating in the ether around the conductors and diodes. And when the filament is turned off, an alternating electron-positron current flows through the diode.
When an alternating current is applied to a vacuum diode, this means that an alternating electron-positron current is supplied to the diode, propagating in the ether around the conductors and diodes.
And when the filament is turned off, an alternating electron-positron current flows through the diode.
When the filament is turned on, the cathode together with the filament emit free electrons, which, accumulating around the cathode, form an electron cloud that prevents the electron-positron current from flowing.
As a result, the current in the diode, when a positive potential is applied to the anode, is formed by the movement of free electrons that appeared as a result of thermionic emission. That is, in this case, the vacuum diode generates a constant electronic current, which in this device is a conduction current, unlike all other devices, for which the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around conductors and devices.
- The principle of operation of the battery confirms
the uniqueness of the positron design
The main mystery of how batteries work lies in the design of the positron.
Why does the same positron current flowing through the anode and cathode direct anions to the anode and cations to the cathode?
The answer is unequivocal: this behavior of the current is determined by the unique design of the positron.
According to our hypothesis, positrons are on 2/3 of the surface of the dipole of the south pole, called plus. And only on 1/3 of the surface is the north pole, called minus. The electron is the opposite.
It is this design of the positron that determines the deposition of cations on the negative areas of the positrons that are around the cathode. And the deposition of anions on the positive areas of positrons that are around the anode, which ensures the oxidation reaction.
The second riddle of battery operation is that batteries are charged by a positron current propagating from plus to minus in the ether, which surrounds the conductor charging the battery. The same current also flows around the anode and cathode.
The discharge current is formed by electrification by an anion-cation difference in electric potentials of the surface of the anode, cathode and external circuit of the battery. That is, on all these surfaces, the gravitons surrounded by them turn into positrons, which is the electrification of conductors.
Anode, cathode and electrolyte, in this case, turn into a DC generator for external battery load.
Discharge current movement reverse motion charge current. Therefore, the anode and cathode change their electrical sign to the opposite. Anions return to the cathode, and cations to the anode, the process of restoring the original chemical elements.
- Superconductivity
According to our hypothesis, the conduction current is the electron-positron current , propagating around the ether surrounding the conductor.
The main value of electrical resistance for the flow of electron-positron current is the attraction of free electrons of the conductor to the positron flow of electron-positron current.
The reason for the electrical resistance is the fact that the electron-positron current propagates in the ether at the speed of light, and the speed of free electrons, as experiments show, is equal to three centimeters per second. And thus, free electrons, being attracted to the positron flow, slow down the movement of the electron-positron current.
In a superconductor at ultralow temperatures, as was observed in experiments, free electrons disappear, which "freeze" to atoms, which determines the disappearance of electrical resistance for the flow of electron-positron current.
At DC source, an abrupt disappearance of electrical resistance occurs in the conductor due to the simultaneous “freezing” of electrons to atoms.
With an alternating current source, the electron-positron current, which propagates at the speed of light, tells the free electrons to return
translational vibrations that prevent them from "freezing" to the atoms. As a result, the process of the disappearance of electrical resistance is regulated.
- One Hundred Years of Superconductivity
By the 100th anniversary of superconductivity, the Russian scientist Fedyukin Veniamin Konstantinovich doubted that such a phenomenon exists.
He writes: “Based on general scientific, worldview provisions and practice that there is opposition to every action and there is resistance to any movement, it can be argued that the movement and electric current there must be resistance along the conductor. Therefore, there is no so-called "superconductivity" of electric current, and cannot be" (4).
We must pay tribute to the courage of this real scientist, who remained true to the theory, and was not afraid to challenge the majority of scientists, and even practice itself.
The research of Fedyukin Veniamin Konstantinovich enriched the theory, leading science to the need to make the discovery of the electron-positron current: “current electrical energy is not the movement of electrons, the carriers of electricity are a tense electromagnetic field that propagates not inside, but mainly outside the conductor” (4).
- Photon - quantum of color
According to our hypothesis, electromagnetic waves are waves formed by electrons and positrons, which have electric and magnetic components, formed by gravitons (magnetic dipoles), which are polarized by charges.
Yellow gravitons attracted to the torus form an electric field.
Red gravitons attracted to the central graviton form a magnetic field.
The intensity vectors of the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular both to each other and to the direction of wave propagation.
Electrons and positrons are formed when the central graviton, on which the charge appears, is surrounded by a torus. The axis of rotation of the torus passes through the poles of the graviton, and the outer part of its shell rotates, either from the north pole of the graviton to the south pole, or vice versa, generating either an electron charge or a positron charge by its rotation.
Toroids located inside electrons and positrons, we called photons.
In our opinion, the quanta of the electromagnetic wave are electrons and positrons, which determine the length of the electromagnetic wave. Photons, on the other hand, control the wavelength of the photon itself, or the color emitted by the photon. Thus, a photon is a quantum of one color or another, which is carried by one or another electromagnetic wave.
Thus, primordial photons are photons that are born inside electrons and positrons, and which are mostly organized in the universe in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Photons, as an independent particle, exist as secondary, radiated or annihilated, and which do not have the ability to organize themselves into electromagnetic waves, and do not have the ability to generate color, other than that which it generated during emission or annihilation.
Thus, electromagnetic waves are waves formed by electronic and positron charges, inside of which there are color quanta.
In electromagnetic waves, half-waves are formed by charges of the same name.
Each charge is surrounded by gravitons, which are polarized by charges.
Moreover, the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave is formed by gravitons, which are polarized perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. And the rest of the gravitons form electric potential charge.
That is, the charges of electromagnetic waves and the charges of the electron-positron current are the same charges - electrons and positrons.
Electrons and positrons, generating opposite signs of their charges, also generate opposite (counter to each other) vectors of their motion in space.
But the annihilation of electrons with positrons does not occur because the energy of an electromagnetic wave is distributed in portions, namely, charges that are separated from each other by time and space. That is, the charges move one after another sequentially without collisions.
An electromagnetic wave propagates in the ether by transferring the charge of electrons and positrons from one gravitons to neighboring ones.
Thus, gravitons practically resting in the ether, passing full cycle excitations (cycles of electrons and cycles of positrons), transfer the energy of an electromagnetic wave in space.
An electromagnetic wave, reaching the gravitons located around the receiving antenna, transfers its charges to it, generating an electron-positron EMF in the antenna.
Electrons with positrons of electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun, colliding with atoms and molecules of atmospheric gases, with earth's surface, with various objects, through bremsstrahlung, give birth to moving in various directions color photons, which, getting into the mechanism of human vision, draws our colorful world for us.
- Quantum levitation and superconductivity is,
as they say in Odessa, two big differences
A. Ampère's hypothesis about the nature of magnetism, based on the fact that the atoms of all substances, rotating around the nucleus of an atom, generate microcurrents that give rise to magnetism, is not true.
Magnetism is determined by gravitons - magnetic dipoles, of which the entire material world is composed.
Gravitons attracted to each other by opposite poles form magnetic, electromagnetic and gravitational fields.
Gravitons attracted to each other by opposite poles form the bodies of atoms and molecules.
The magnetism of atoms is determined by the charge imbalance:
electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom are concentrated in two north poles, which are called negative electric potential.
And perpendicular to the orbits where the electrons move, the nucleus of the atom generates two south poles, which are called positive electric potential.
It is this difference in electrical, and in fact magnetic potentials that determines the magnetism of atoms, determines the ability of atoms to combine into molecules.
By the way, this design of atoms was confirmed by an experiment established in 1952 by German physicists O. Stern and W. Gerlach, although they could not explain the result of the experiment.
In our opinion, the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect is carried out as follows
Every massive body has, both around it and inside it, a gravitational field formed by mini ether vortices - gravitons. And when ceramics are placed in an ultra-low temperature, then gravitons gravitational field ceramics experience compression of their volume, which increases their energy. That is, the gravitational field of ceramics, by the level of its energy, turns into a magnetic field, or, to be more precise, turns into a gravimagnetic field. Gravitons of the gravimagnetic field of ceramics, attracted to each other by opposite poles, displace the gravimagnetic field from the body of ceramics. But, despite this displacement, the body of ceramics and its gravimagnetic field remain a single and inseparable object capable of different kinds motion in its own gravimagnetic field over a permanent magnet.
Thus, the levitation of ceramics in the field of permanent magnets, or magnets in the gravimagnetic field of ceramics, is carried out without an ordered movement of electric charges, and without superconductivity.
A. A. Grishaev . Video demonstrating a magnet levitating over ceramics and electrical resistance ceramics, as it was before cooling, remains the same.
- Anecdotal of the classical theory of conduction current
The anecdote of the classical theory of conduction current in metals lies, first of all, in the fact that theorists cannot find mobile positive charges, without which it is impossible to draw an intelligible picture of the flow of current in general, and especially alternating current.
It got to the point that, to save the day, some hotheads offer to admit positive charges holes. But the holes in the electrolyte are mobile positive ions, and holes in metals are immobile positive ions. In addition, it has been repeatedly experimentally proven that currents in metals do not carry matter.
To this anecdote is added the fact that two hundred years ago Faraday set up an experiment demonstrating the generation of current in a galvanometer when a magnet moves in an inductor. And the galvanometer shows the movement of the arrow in opposite directions from zero, which means the movement of oppositely charged particles towards each other.
By the way, with the advent of oscilloscopes, you can see for yourself that alternating current is two half-waves, one of which has a positive potential, the other has a negative potential.
And if the alternating current is rectified by means of a semiconductor bridge, then all half-waves will be positive.
And if the alternating current is rectified by means of a vacuum diode, then all half-waves will be negative.
From the experience of Faraday to the truth, as they say, at hand. Only now, the "hand" must have logical thinking.
And logical thinking should begin with the realization that if there are no other charges in the conductor, except for mobile free electrons and immobile ions, then, therefore, Faraday discovered charged particles propagating in the ether surrounding the conductor. The ether differs from vacuum in that the ether is filled with "bricks" of matter - gravitons - microscopic ether vortices, which, by their rotation, form magnetic dipoles, which, being attracted to each other by opposite poles, form gravitational, magnetic and electric fields.
The ether in certain processes generates two more mini vortices in the form of a torus, which, encircling gravitons, turns them into electrons and positrons.
An atom is a nested doll, with graviton spheres nested into each other - the lines of force of the gravitational field of the atom, along which electrons move.
All matter is formed by gravitons and surrounded by them, including the conductor.
Gravitons surrounding the conductor, moving in a magnetic field with decreasing or increasing magnetic induction, and crossing its lines of force, acquire electronic - and when the pole of the magnet changes - positron charges, which form an alternating current. This current was obtained by Faraday in his experiment. And the same current is received by all thermal, hydraulic and nuclear power plants.
Literature
- Maxwell D.K. Selected writings theory electromagnetic field. - M.:
2. Mendeleev D. I. Attempt of chemical understanding of the world ether
http://www.alt-tech.org/files/fizika/Popytka.pdf
3. Faraday M. Selected works on electricity.
4. Fedyukin V.K. Not the superconductivity of electric current, but the supermagnetization of materials.
UDC 537New concept of electricity
Faraday experience 1. Resume
2. Electromagnetic induction
3. Electron and positron
4. Spatial configuration of charges
5. Interaction of free charges
6. "Naked" charges
7. Electrical interactions
8. Electromotive force
9. P-n transition
10. The principle of operation of the battery confirms the uniqueness of the design of the electron and positron
11. Vacuum diode
12. Superconductivity
13. One Hundred Years of Superconductivity
14. Photon - quantum of color
15. Photoelectric effect as a reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the cathode
16. Anecdotal of the classical theory of conduction current
1. Resume
A new concept of electricity is necessary, first of all, because in the modern concept of electricity, the conduction current in metal conductors is considered to be the movement of free electrons with immobile ions. Whereas, two hundred years ago, Faraday in his experiment - which any schoolboy can repeat - showed that the conduction current is the movement of both negative and positive charges.
In addition, the modern concept of electricity is not able to explain, for example: how an electric current generates magnetism, how superconductivity is carried out, how batteries work, etc.
The new concept of electricity must begin with the realization that the ether is not only a medium for the propagation of light, but also a medium in which natural and artificial electric currents propagate.
The ether through its mini vortices forms gravitons, which by their rotation generate the north and south poles of the magnet.
All matter of the Universe is composed of gravitons and surrounded by them.
Gravitons attracted to each other by opposite poles form graviton chains that form gravitational, magnetic and electric fields.
Gravitons are also quanta of the gravitational fields of atoms and their nuclei.
Gravitons, by their magnetic induction, attract gravitating bodies to each other, maintain the magnetic properties of bodies, planets and stars, and also attract unlike and repel like charges.
A graviton under the action of external forces can acquire an electronic or positron electric charge.
Thus, the friction of glass and resin rods is precisely that external force that contributes to the acquisition of electric charges by gravitons.
The electron-positron current propagates not in the conductor itself, but in the ether surrounding the conductor, which is why this current has not yet been discovered by anyone, and the movement of so-called free electrons was taken for the conduction current.
The electron-positron current propagates at the speed of light, which is why the electron-positron alternating current, covering a distance of thousands of kilometers, manages to pass from the source to the consumer (one half-wave) in one hundredth of a second (50 hertz). While the speed of movement of free electrons is three centimeters per second.
The electron-positron current is the movement of the energy of electrons and positrons, transmitted at the speed of light from one graviton to a neighboring graviton.
The reason for the electrical resistance of the electron-positron current is the fact that free electrons, whose speed is three centimeters per second, being attracted to the positron flow, slow down its movement.
That is why the "freezing" of free electrons to atoms is the cause of superconductivity.
2. Electromagnetic induction
Two hundred years ago, Faraday set up an experiment demonstrating the generation of current in a galvanometer by moving a magnet in an inductor.
Today, comprehending this experience, we have to conclude: the modern theory of conduction current in metal conductors is erroneous because the basis of this theory is the movement of free electrons with fixed positive charges.
Faraday's experiment demonstrates the movement of both negative and positive charges.
And since in the conductor, apart from moving electrons and immobile ions, there are no other charges, it should be concluded: Faraday two hundred years ago received, as a conduction current, an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around the conductors.
And the well-known fact that the lines of force of the magnetic field generated by the conduction current propagates precisely around the conductors is an indirect confirmation that the electronic and positron charges that generate the electrical and magnetic components also propagate around the conductors.
All matter consists of gravitons and is surrounded by them, including the conductor.
Electromagnetic induction is the transformation of gravitons surrounding the conductor into electrons and positrons, which is carried out by crossing the magnetic field lines of force with decreasing or increasing magnetic induction by the conductor.
Part of the gravitons surrounding the conductor, moving in a magnetic field and crossing its lines of force, acquire electronic - and when the pole of the magnet changes - positron charges.
Electronic and positron charges polarize the ethereal gravitons surrounding them. Moreover, the magnetic component of charges is formed by gravitons, which are polarized perpendicular to the direction of charge propagation. And the remaining gravitons determine the electric field of the charge.
3. Electron and positron
The study of cathode rays, which are a stream of electrons, shows that the beam, passing between horizontally located charged plates, is attracted to a positively charged plate. And, passing between the vertically located poles of the magnet, the beam shifts to the left, or, if the poles are reversed, to the right.
The flow of positrons behaves in exactly the same way, only in reverse.
Hence the conclusion follows: the electron-positron current, just like an electromagnetic wave, generates a magnetic induction vector directed perpendicular to the current movement.
The attraction of an electron to a positively charged plate, and a positron to a negative one, is explained by the design of the charges.
According to our hypothesis, electric charges propagate not by themselves, but by means of gravitons.
A graviton is a magnetic dipole, and its charge is formed by means of a belt in the form of a torus (toroid). The axis of rotation of the torus passes through the poles of the dipole, and the outer part of its shell rotates, either from the north pole of the dipole to the south pole, or vice versa, generating by its rotation either the north pole of the magnet (electron) or the south pole (positron). Whereas the opposite poles are generated by the inside of the torus.
The ethereal gravitons surrounding the charges, attracted to the toroid, form the electric component of the charge.
And the gravitons located inside the toroids, with their poles, attach the ethereal gravitons, which are polarized perpendicular to the charge movement and form the magnetic component of the charge.
Thus, the electron is 2/3 of the volume is the magnetic dipole of the north pole, and the positron is the magnetic dipole of the south pole. Each charge generates 1/3 of the volume of magnetic induction of the opposite pole.
Apparently, these fractional charges form particles called quarks and antiquarks, which appear for thousandths of a second during the decay of electrons and positrons.
The electrical interaction differs from the magnetic one in that the magnetic interaction is determined by gravitons, which have two magnet poles. And the electrical interaction is determined by two charges, which in interaction use one pole of the magnet: an electron - the north pole, a positron - the south pole.
Thus, specifically electric charges do not exist in nature.
4. Spatial configuration of charges
When a potential difference is applied to the conductor, the conductor is electrified along its entire length, that is, the gravitons around the conductor turn into electrons or positrons and the electron-positron current begins to flow.
Moreover, the difference in electric potentials polarizes electrons and positrons so that the charges generate a magnetic induction vector, not only perpendicular to the current motion vector, but also parallel to the line drawing the conductor cross section.
Therefore, when the current moves, the perpendicular of the magnetic induction vector of the charges turns into helical magnetic field lines surrounding the conductor, and the direction of current propagation (the direction of propagation of charges) gives rise to the gimlet rule, by which you can determine the direction of the magnetic induction vector that is generated by these charges.
5. Interaction of free charges
The spatial configuration of free charges, which ended up in the zone of interaction with each other, is characterized by the fact that the gravitons that form the magnetic field have a propagation vector perpendicular to the charge motion vector. And the gravitons that form the electric field have a propagation vector along the charge motion vector, or at some angle to this vector. 
Two unlike charges are united by numerous gravitational chains with unidirectional magnetic polarization of gravitons.
Two charges of the same name are united by numerous gravitational chains with opposite (south-north - north-south for electrons and north-south - south-north for positrons) polarization of gravitons.
Moreover, the number of chains connecting the charges is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
By the way, the fact that the formulas of Newton's law of universal gravitation and the law of interaction of Coulomb's charges have the same mathematical form is explained by the fact that these formulas reflect the same ratio between the number of gravitons involved in the interaction and the force generated by these gravitons.
And since the force of electrical interaction is incomparably greater than the gravitational one, then the vector of magnetic induction of gravitons generated by electric charges is incomparably greater than the vector of magnetic induction of gravitons generated by gravitating bodies, which is reflected by the coefficients of proportionality of these formulas.
6. "Naked" charges
Electrons and positrons in a "naked" form do not exist, because as soon as a graviton has a charge, the charged graviton is immediately surrounded by polarized gravitons.
Therefore, electrons and positrons exist only in the form of quanta of electromagnetic waves and quanta of electron-positron current, even if they are in a state of so-called free charges.
The exception is electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom, which generate only their electrical component in the absence of a magnetic component.
7. Electrical interactions
The electric current around the conductors is the movement of electrons and positrons, which in the load circuits carries out electrical interactions.
The movement of electrons with positrons in the load circuits generates a magnetic field, which, interacting with the magnetic field of the stator, moves the rotor (armature) of the engine. Part of the energy of electrons and positrons is spent on the emission of thermal photons, which heat the engine.
A hot electric burner is the result of the emission of photons by electrons and positrons, which generate thermal energy in the heating elements.
8. Electromotive force
In our opinion, the electromotive force is the force that moves electric charges, both inside the current source and in load circuits.
The electromotive force is generated by electromechanical, electrosolar and electrochemical current sources.
Current generators create a difference in electric potential, which just gives rise to an electromotive force.
The flow of both electronic and positron current is carried out by means of the movement of charges, which push each other with the same poles of gravitons in the direction determined by the difference in electric potentials, either from plus to minus (positrons), or from minus to plus (electrons).
9. P-n transition
The hypothesis that the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around the conductors also explains the riddle of the work of the blocking layer of the p–n junction. 
When a direct current is applied to the p-n junction, which means that a positron current is applied to the junction, propagating around the p-n junction from plus to minus, then the positron flow attracts the free electrons of the barrier layer and moves them to the n region, where they fill the holes. As a result, the barrier layer disappears, and the positrons of the electron-positron current move freely through the p–n junction.
When a reverse current is applied to the p-n junction, which means that an electronic current is applied to the junction, propagating around the p-n junction from minus to plus, the electron flow attracts the magnetic field of holes to itself and repels free electrons from itself. As a result, free electrons, together with the magnetic field of holes, create a magnetoelectric gate that prevents the electron current from moving through the p–n junction.
Thus, p-n junctions and the bridges assembled from them pass the positron current and do not pass the electron current, which is what the oscillograms reflect.
10. Vacuum diode
The uniqueness of this device lies in the fact that it combines two types of conduction current.
The first type is the conduction current, which is determined by the movement of free electrons with immobile ions.
The second type is the current that Faraday obtained in his experiment two hundred years ago, and which we called the electron-positron current.
The vacuum diode generates an output of free electrons from the cathode by means of thermionic emission.
And when the electron-positron current forms an electric potential difference between the cathode and the anode, where there is a plus on the cathode and a minus on the anode, then free electrons are attracted to the cathode, and there is no current in the circuit.
If the electron-positron current forms a difference in electrical potential between the cathode and the anode, where there is plus on the anode and minus on the cathode, then free electrons through the anode move along the circuit of the vacuum diode.
Thus, the vacuum diode generates a thermionic current, which in this device is a conduction current, unlike all other devices, for which the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around the conductors and around the conductive parts of various devices.
11. Superconductivity
According to our hypothesis, the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating around the ether surrounding the conductor.
The main value of electrical resistance for the flow of electron-positron current is the attraction of free electrons of the conductor to the positron flow of electron-positron current.
The reason for the electrical resistance is the fact that the electron-positron current propagates in the ether at the speed of light, and the speed of free electrons, as experiments show, is equal to three centimeters per second. And thus, free electrons, being attracted to the positron flow, slow down the movement of the electron-positron current.
In a superconductor at ultralow temperatures, as was observed in experiments, free electrons disappear, which "freeze" to atoms, which determines the disappearance of electrical resistance for the flow of electron-positron current.
With a constant source current, an abrupt disappearance of electrical resistance occurs in the conductor due to the simultaneous "freezing" of electrons to atoms.
With an alternating current source, the electron-positron current, which propagates at the speed of light, imparts reciprocating oscillations to free electrons, preventing them from "freezing" to atoms. As a result, the process of the disappearance of electrical resistance is regulated.
Naturally, there is a threshold value of the electron-positron current, after which the electrons "frozen" to the atoms "break away" from the atoms. The same thing happens if the superconductor experiences a magnetic field of a threshold value.
12. One Hundred Years of Superconductivity
By the 100th anniversary of superconductivity, the Russian scientist Fedyukin Veniamin Konstantinovich doubted that such a phenomenon exists.
He writes: “Based on general scientific, ideological positions and practice that there is opposition to every action and there is resistance to any movement, it can be argued that there must be resistance to the movement and electric current along the conductor. Therefore, there is no so-called "superconductivity" of electric current, and cannot be" (12).
We must pay tribute to the courage of this real scientist, who remained true to the theory, and was not afraid to challenge the majority of scientists, and even practice itself.
The research of Fedyukin Veniamin Konstantinovich enriched the theory, leading science to the need to make the discovery of the electron-positron current: “the current of electric energy is not the movement of electrons, the carriers of electricity are an intense electromagnetic field that propagates not inside, but mainly outside the conductor” (12).
13. Photon - quantum of color 
According to our hypothesis, the charges of an electron and a positron are formed when the central graviton, on which the charge appears, is surrounded by a torus. The axis of rotation of the torus passes through the poles of the graviton, and the outer part of its shell rotates, either from the north pole of the graviton to the south pole, or vice versa, generating by its rotation either the north pole of the magnet (electron) or the south pole (positron). Whereas the opposite poles are generated by the inside of the torus.
Toroids located inside electrons and positrons, we called photons.
In our opinion, the quanta of the electromagnetic wave are electrons and positrons, which determine the length of the electromagnetic wave. Photons, on the other hand, control the wavelength of the photon itself, or the color emitted by the photon. Thus, a photon is a quantum of one color or another, which is carried by one or another electromagnetic wave. 
Thus, primordial photons are photons that are born inside electrons and positrons, and which are mostly organized in the universe in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Photons, as an independent particle, exist as secondary, radiated or annihilated, and which do not have the ability to organize themselves into electromagnetic waves, and do not have the ability to generate color, other than that which it generated during emission or annihilation.
Thus, electromagnetic waves are waves formed by electronic and positron charges, inside of which there are color quanta.
Regardless of the wavelength, half-waves are formed by charges of the same name. Each charge is surrounded by gravitons, which are polarized by charges. 
Moreover, the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave is formed by gravitons, which are polarized perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. And the remaining gravitons form the electric potential of the charge.
That is, the charges of electromagnetic waves and the charges of the electron-positron current are the same charges - electrons and positrons.
Electrons and positrons, generating opposite signs of their charges, also generate opposite (counter to each other) vectors of their motion in space.
But the annihilation of electrons with positrons does not occur because the energy of an electromagnetic wave is distributed in portions, namely charges, which are separated from each other by time and space. That is, the charges move one after another sequentially without collisions.
An electromagnetic wave propagates in the ether by transferring the charge of electrons and positrons from one gravitons to neighboring ones.
Thus, gravitons practically resting in the ether, passing through a complete cycle of excitation (cycles of electrons and cycles of positrons), transfer the energy of an electromagnetic wave in space.
An electromagnetic wave, reaching the gravitons located around the receiving antenna, transfers its charges to it, generating an electron-positron EMF in the antenna.
Electrons with positrons of electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun, colliding with atoms and molecules of gases of the atmosphere, with the earth's surface, with various objects, by means of bremsstrahlung, give rise to randomly moving color photons, which, falling into the mechanism of human vision, draw us our colorful world.
14. The principle of operation of the battery confirms the uniqueness of the design of the positron and electron
The main mystery of how batteries work lies in the design of the positron.
Why does the same positron current flowing through the electrolyte direct anions to the cathode, and cations to the anode?
The answer is unequivocal: this behavior of the current is determined by the unique design of the positron.
According to our hypothesis, positrons are generated by 2/3 of the volume of the south pole, called the plus. And only 1/3 of the volume is the north pole, called minus. The electron has an inverse relationship of poles.
It is this design of the positron that determines the deposition of cations on the negative areas of the positrons that are around the anode. And the deposition of anions on the positive areas of the positrons that are around the cathode, which forms the difference in electrical potentials between the anode and the cathode and ensures the oxidation reaction.
The second riddle of battery operation is that batteries are charged by a positron current propagating from plus to minus in the ether, which surrounds the conductor charging the battery.
The discharge current is formed by electrification by an anion-cation difference in electric potentials of the surface of the anode, cathode and external circuit of the battery. That is, on all these surfaces, the gravitons surrounded by them turn into positrons, which is the electrification of conductors.
The anode, cathode and electrolyte generate a positron direct current for the external load of the battery, as a result of which anions return to the anode, and cations to the cathode, the process of restoring the original chemical elements begins.
15. How electrons and positrons turn into each other
The theory of this phenomenon must begin with the realization that there is no electric current in metal conductors, which spreads from plus to minus.
The potential difference that gives rise to the force of movement of charges is formed not between plus and minus, but between plus and zero potential (positron current) and between minus and zero potential (electronic current).
That is, the electronic current has a potential difference - / 0.
The positron current has a potential difference of +/0.
According to our hypothesis, the transformation of electrons and positrons into each other occurs by replacing the charge motion vector by opposite vector.
This is explained by the fact that all elements of the magnetoelectric system of the electron are opposite to all elements of the magnetoelectric system of the positron. And this opposition is determined by the vector of their movement in space.
Therefore, one has only to change the motion vector of one of the charges to the opposite vector, so immediately this charge turns into its antipode.
The animation shows how a semiconductor bridge passes a positron current driven by a potential difference of + / 0. But when the electronic half-wave supplies a potential difference of - / 0 to the bridge, this is where the electron motion vector is replaced by the positron motion vector, with the transformation of electrons into positrons .
Similarly, positrons are converted into electrons in a bridge assembled on vacuum diodes.
The only difference is that the conversion of positrons into electrons occurs when a + / 0 potential difference is applied to the bridge. Diodes work in pairs. A pair of diodes is always open, the other is always closed.
In addition, DC generators generate positron current with right rotation, and generate electron current with left rotation.
This phenomenon is explained by the fact that the charge that is formed first sets the motion vector, and the antipode is forced to follow the accepted motion vector.
The electron motion vector is opposite to the positron motion vector, both in conductors and in electromagnetic waves.
Conclusion:
1. Any inquisitive eighth grader is able to carry out the described experiments.
2. The comicality of the situation lies in the fact that with the widespread use of oscilloscopes, any inquisitive eighth grader sees on the screen that the current is the movement of both negative and positive charges.
3. Faraday two hundred years ago received a current with negative and positive charges, which propagates in the ether layer adjacent to the conductor.
4. All modern thermal, hydraulic and nuclear power plants receive Faraday current.
16. Photoelectric effect as a reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the cathode
The hypothesis that the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether surrounding the conductor, together with the hypothesis that the photoelectric effect is not the knocking out of an electron from the cathode, but the reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the cathode, completely overturns our understanding of this process.
In addition, both the charge current and the discharge current of batteries are carried out by positron current, as evidenced by the oscillograms.
And if a minus is applied to the anode, and the cathode is irradiated with light, then the photocurrent will be formed by the battery discharge current, plus the positrons of the electromagnetic wave reflected by the cathode, which are also attracted by the anode.
The negative potential at the anode does not allow the electrons of the electromagnetic wave to participate in the formation of the photocurrent.
If a plus is applied to the anode, then the positrons of the electromagnetic wave will not be able to participate in the formation of the photocurrent, and the electrons of the electromagnetic wave will participate in the formation of the photocurrent. But in this case, the potential of the battery discharge current will be opposite to the current generated by the electrons of the electromagnetic wave. Therefore, when the negative voltage is increased, when these potentials are equalized, the photocurrent will be equal to zero.
Our hypothesis is consistent with the laws of the photoelectric effect.
1. The number of charges reflected by the cathode in one second is proportional to the intensity of the light falling on the cathode.
2. Kinetic energy charges does not depend on the intensity of the light incident on the cathode, but linearly depends on its frequency.
3. The red border of the photoelectric effect is determined by the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, which is not reflected by this cathode material, but is completely absorbed.
4. The inertia of the photoelectric effect proves that there is no work function for an electron from a metal, there is a reflection of an electromagnetic wave from the cathode.
17. Anecdotal of the classical theory of conduction current
The anecdote of the classical theory of conduction current in metals lies, first of all, in the fact that theorists cannot find mobile positive charges, without which it is impossible to draw an intelligible picture of the flow of current in general, and especially alternating current.
It got to the point that, in order to save the situation, some hotheads propose to recognize holes as positive charges. But holes in an electrolyte are mobile positive ions, and holes in metals are immobile positive ions. In addition, it has been repeatedly experimentally proven that currents in metals do not carry matter.
To this anecdote is added the fact that two hundred years ago Faraday set up an experiment demonstrating the generation of current in a galvanometer when a magnet moves in an inductor. And the galvanometer shows the movement of the arrow in opposite directions from zero, which means the movement of oppositely charged particles towards each other.
By the way, with the advent of oscilloscopes, you can see for yourself that alternating current is two half-waves, one of which has a positive potential, the other has a negative potential.
And if the alternating current is rectified by means of a semiconductor bridge, then all half-waves will be positive.
And if the alternating current is rectified by means of a vacuum diode, then all half-waves will be negative.
From the experience of Faraday to the truth, as they say, at hand. Only now, the "hand" must have logical thinking.
And logical thinking should begin with the realization that if there are no other charges in the conductor, except for mobile free electrons and immobile ions, then, therefore, Faraday discovered charged particles propagating in the ether surrounding the conductor. The ether differs from vacuum in that the ether is filled with "bricks" of matter - gravitons - microscopic ether vortices, which, by their rotation, form magnetic dipoles, which, being attracted to each other by opposite poles, form gravitational, magnetic and electric fields.
The ether in certain processes generates two more mini vortices in the form of a torus, which, encircling gravitons, turns them into electrons and positrons.
An atom is a nested doll, with graviton spheres nested into each other - the lines of force of the gravitational field of the atom, along which electrons move.
All matter is formed by gravitons and surrounded by them, including the conductor.
Gravitons surrounding the conductor, moving in a magnetic field with decreasing or increasing magnetic induction, and crossing its lines of force, acquire electronic - and when the pole of the magnet changes - positron charges, which form an alternating current. This current was obtained by Faraday in his experiment. And the same current is received by all thermal, hydraulic and nuclear power plants.
Literature
1. Atsyukovsky V.A. http://alaa.ucoz.ru/Atsukovsky_Ether_Dynamics_2003.pdf
2. Bohr N. On the structure of atoms
3. Bor N. quantum postulate and the new development of atomism
4. Bohr N. Capture of a neutron and the structure of the nucleus
5. Grishaev A.A. A New Look for annihilation and pair production. http://newfiz.narod.ru/annigil.html
6. Ivchenkov G. Displacement currents in metals, dielectrics and in vacuum http://refdb.ru/look/1835860.html
7. Maxwell DK Selected works on the theory of electromagnetic field. - M.:
8. Mendeleev D. I. Attempt of chemical understanding of the world ether http://www.alt-tech.org/files/fizika/Popytka.pdf
9. Rykov A. V. Fundamentals of the Theory of Ether http://scorcher.ru/art/theory/rykov/rykov.htm
10. Selas A. Polar model of the atom www.kodatoma.info/
11. Toptunova L.M. Graviton theories of gravity http://astrogalaxy.ru/836.html
12. Fedyukin V.K. Not the superconductivity of electric current, but the supermagnetization of materials. http://window.edu.ru/resource/138/53138/files/Fedukin2.pdf
13. Einstein A. On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. http://interstellar-flight.ru/03/kedt.pdf
Tverdokhlebov G.A.
Private Explorer
Russia, Tolyatti
- Summary
2. Electromagnetic induction
3. Electron and positron
4. Spatial configuration of charges
5. Interaction of free charges
6. "Naked" charges
7. Electrical interactions - Electromotive force
- P-n transition
- vacuum diode
- The principle of operation of the battery confirms
the uniqueness of the electron design
12. Superconductivity
13. One Hundred Years of Superconductivity
14. Photon - quantum of color
- Quantum levitation and superconductivity is,
as they say in Odessa, two big differences.
- Anecdotal of the classical theory of conduction current
Summary
A new concept of electricity is needed, first of all, because inIn the modern concept of electricity, the conduction current is considered to be the movement of free electrons with immobile ions. Whereas, two hundred years ago, Faraday in his experiment - which any schoolboy can repeat - showed that the conduction current is the movement of both negative and positive charges.
Besides,the modern concept of electricity is not able to explain, for example: how an electric current generates magnetism, how superconductivity is carried out, how batteries work, etc.
The new concept of electricity must begin with the realization that the ether is not only a medium for the propagation of light, but also a medium in which natural and artificial electric currents propagate.
The ether through its mini vortices forms gravitons, which by their rotation generate the north and south poles of the magnet.
All matter of the Universe is composed of gravitons and surrounded by them.
Gravitons attracted to each other by opposite poles form graviton chains that form gravitational, magnetic and electric fields.
Gravitons are also quanta of the gravitational fields of atoms and their nuclei.
Gravitons, by their magnetic induction, attract gravitating bodies to each other, maintain the magnetic properties of bodies, planets and stars, and also attract unlike and repel like charges.
A graviton under the action of external forces can acquire an electronic or positron electric charge.
Thus, the friction of glass and resin rods is precisely that external force that contributes to the acquisition of electric charges by gravitons.
The electron-positron current propagates not in the conductor itself, but in the ether surrounding the conductor, which is why this current has not yet been discovered by anyone, and the movement of so-called free electrons was taken for the conduction current.
The electron-positron current propagates at the speed of light, which is why the electron-positron alternating current, covering a distance of thousands of kilometers, manages to pass from the source to the consumer (one half-wave) in one hundredth of a second (50 hertz). While the speed of movement of free electrons is three centimeters per second.
The electron-positron current is the movement of the energy of electrons and positrons, transmitted at the speed of light from one graviton to a neighboring graviton.
The reason for the electrical resistance of the electron-positron current is the fact that free electrons, whose speed is three centimeters per second, being attracted to the positron flow, slow down its movement.
That is why the "freezing" of free electrons to atoms is the cause of superconductivity.
A NEW CONCEPT OF ELECTRICITY
Summary
A new concept of electricity is needed primarily because the modern concept of electricity believes that the conduction current is the movement of free electrons with stationary ions. But Faraday two hundred years ago put an experiment that showed that the conduction current is a movement, both negative and positive charges , how batteries work, etc. The new concept of electricity must begin with the realization that the ether is not only the medium of light propagation, but the environment in which natural and artificial electric currents are distributed. Key words: superconductivity, photoelectric effect, current, electron, positron, graviton.
- electromagneticinduction
Two hundred years ago, Faraday set up an experiment demonstrating the generation of current in a galvanometer by moving a magnet in an inductor.
Today, comprehending this experience, we have to conclude: the modern theory of conduction current is erroneous because the basis of this theory is the movement of free electrons with immobile ions.
Faraday's experiment demonstrates the movement of both negative and positive charges.
And since in the conductor, apart from moving electrons and immobile ions, there are no other charges, it should be concluded: Faraday two hundred years ago received, as a conduction current, an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around the conductors.
And the well-known fact that the lines of force of the magnetic field generated by the conduction current propagates precisely around the conductors is an indirect confirmation that the electronic and positron charges that generate the electrical and magnetic components also propagate around the conductors.
All matter consists of gravitons and is surrounded by them, including the conductor.
Electromagnetic induction is the transformation of gravitons surrounding the conductor into electrons and positrons, which is carried out by crossing the magnetic field lines of force with decreasing or increasing magnetic induction by the conductor.
Gravitons surrounding the conductor, moving in a magnetic field and crossing its lines of force, acquire electronic - and when the pole of the magnet changes - positron charges, which form an alternating current. This current was obtained by Faraday in his experiment. And the same current is received by all thermal, hydraulic and nuclear power plants.
- Electron and positron
The study of cathode rays, which are a stream of electrons, shows that the beam, passing between horizontally located charged plates, is attracted to a positively charged plate. And, passing between the vertically located poles of the magnet, the beam shifts to the left, or, if the poles are reversed, to the right.
The flow of positrons behaves in exactly the same way, only in reverse.
Hence the conclusion follows: the electron-positron current, just like an electromagnetic wave, generates a magnetic induction vector directed perpendicular to the current movement.
The attraction of an electron to a positively charged plate, and a positron to a negative one, is explained by the design of the charges.
According to our hypothesis, electric charges propagate not by themselves, but by means of gravitons.
A graviton is a magnetic dipole, and its charge is formed by means of a belt in the form of a torus (toroid). The axis of rotation of the torus passes through the poles of the dipole, and the outer part of its shell rotates, either from the north pole of the dipole to the south pole, or vice versa, generating by its rotation either the north pole of the magnet (electron) or the south pole (positron). Whereas the opposite poles are generated by the inside of the torus.
The ethereal gravitons surrounding the charges, attracted to the toroid, form the electric component of the charge.
And the gravitons located inside the toroids, with their poles, attach the ethereal gravitons, which form the magnetic component of the charge (red gravitons in the figure).
Thus, an electron on 2/3 of the surface is a magnetic dipole of the north pole, and a positron is a magnetic dipole of the south pole.
Each charge generates 1/3 of the surface magnetic induction of the opposite pole.
Apparently, these fractional charges form particles called quarks and antiquarks, which appear for thousandths of a second during the decay of electrons and positrons.
The electrical interaction differs from the magnetic one in that the magnetic interaction is determined by gravitons, which have two magnet poles. And the electrical interaction is determined by two charges, which in interaction use one pole of the magnet: an electron - the north pole, a positron - the south pole.
Thus, specifically electric charges do not exist in nature.
- Spatial configuration of charges
When a potential difference is applied to the conductor, the conductor is electrified along its entire length, that is, the gravitons around the conductor turn into electrons or positrons and the electron-positron current begins to flow.
Moreover, the difference in electric potentials polarizes electrons and positrons so that the charges generate a magnetic induction vector, not only perpendicular to the current motion vector, but also parallel to the line drawing the conductor cross section.
Therefore, when the current moves, the perpendicular of the magnetic induction vector of the charges turns into helical magnetic field lines surrounding the conductor, and the direction of current propagation (the direction of propagation of charges) gives rise to the gimlet rule, by which you can determine the direction of the magnetic induction vector that is generated by these charges.
- Interaction of free charges
The spatial configuration of free charges, which ended up in the zone of interaction with each other, is characterized by the fact that the magnetic induction vector of these charges propagates perpendicular to the charge motion vector. And the vector of magnetic induction of gravitons, which form the electric component of the charges, propagate along the vector of motion of the charges, or at some angle to this vector.
Two unlike charges are united by numerous common gravitational chains for these charges with unidirectional magnetic polarization of gravitons.
Two charges of the same name are united by numerous gravitational chains common to these charges with opposite (south-north - north-south for electrons and north-south - south-north for positrons) polarization of gravitons.
Moreover, the number of chains connecting the charges is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.
By the way, the fact that the formulas of Newton's law of universal gravitation and the law of interaction of Coulomb's charges have the same mathematical form is explained by the fact that these formulas reflect the same ratio between the number of gravitons involved in the interaction and the force generated by these gravitons.
And since the force of electrical interaction is incomparably greater than the gravitational one, then the vector of magnetic induction of gravitons generated by electric charges is incomparably greater than the vector of magnetic induction of gravitons generated by gravitating bodies, which is reflected by the coefficients of proportionality of these formulas.
- "Naked" charges
Electrons and positrons in the "naked" form do not exist because, as soon as at graviton, a charge appears, so the charged graviton is immediately surrounded by polarized gravitons.
Therefore, electrons and positrons exist only in the form of quanta of electromagnetic waves and quanta of electron-positron current, even if they are in a state of so-called free charges.
The exception is electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom, which generate only their electrical component in the absence of a magnetic component.
- Electrical Interactions
The electric current around the conductors is the movement of electrons and positrons, which in the load circuits carries out electrical interactions.
The movement of electrons with positrons in the load circuits generates a magnetic field, which, interacting with the magnetic field of the stator, moves the rotor (armature) of the engine.
Part of the energy of electrons and positrons is spent on the emission of thermal photons, which heat the engine.
A hot electric burner is the result of the emission of photons by electrons and positrons, which generate thermal energy in the heating elements.
- Electromotive force
The electromotive force is the force that moves electric charges.
The electromotive force is generated by the difference in electrical potentials.
When any generator generates a difference in electrical potentials, the conductor is electrified along its entire length, that is, the gravitons surrounding the conductor turn into electrons or positrons.
A direct current generator, generating similar charges, sets the direction of current flow by its design.
The movement of charges is carried out in the same way as permanent magnets repel each other with the same poles.
Similarly, the charges are repelled from each other by the same poles of gravitons, from which the charges are formed.
Thus, the electromotive force is the force of repulsion from each other of the same charges. And the generator sets the direction of this repulsion.
The so-called extraneous forces are nothing but magnetic forces, as well as electrical forces, which are the same magnetic forces.
There are no specific electric forces or charges in nature, since the electron is 2/3 of the magnetic monopole of the north pole, and the positron is 2/3 of the magnetic monopole of the south pole.
According to our hypothesis, the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether surrounding the conductor.
The free electrons of the conductor are attracted by the positron flow of the electron-positron current, which determines their movement from plus to minus.
And the conduction current charges move: electrons move from minus to plus, and positrons move from plus to minus.
Thus, the current in metals, as an ordered movement of charges, is formed as follows: the positrons of the electron-positron current move from plus to minus. Together with the positrons, with a significant delay, the free electrons of the conductor move, forming the main value of the electrical resistance for the flow of the electron-positron current. The electrons of the electron-positron current move from minus to plus.
This is how the conduction current in metals is formed.
- P-n transition
The hypothesis that the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around the conductors also explains the riddle of the work of the blocking layer of the p–n junction.
When a direct current is applied to the p-n junction, which means that a positron current is applied to the junction, propagating around the p-n junction from plus to minus, then the positron flow attracts the free electrons of the barrier layer and moves them to the n region, where they fill the holes. As a result, the barrier layer disappears, and the positrons of the electron-positron current move freely through the p–n junction.
When a reverse current is applied to the p-n junction, which means that an electronic current is applied to the junction, propagating around the p-n junction from minus to plus, the electron flow attracts the magnetic field of holes to itself and repels free electrons from itself. As a result, free electrons, together with the magnetic field of holes, create a magnetoelectric gate that prevents the electron current from moving through the p–n junction.
Thus, p-n junctions and the bridges assembled from them pass the positron current and do not pass the electron current, which is what the oscillograms reflect.
- vacuum diode
The vacuum diode does not rectify alternating current.
The vacuum diode generates its own DC electronic current, generated by thermionic emission.
When an alternating current is applied to a vacuum diode, this means that an alternating electron-positron current is supplied to the diode, propagating in the ether around the conductors and diodes. And when the filament is turned off, an alternating electron-positron current flows through the diode.
When an alternating current is applied to a vacuum diode, this means that an alternating electron-positron current is supplied to the diode, propagating in the ether around the conductors and diodes.
And when the filament is turned off, an alternating electron-positron current flows through the diode.
When the filament is turned on, the cathode together with the filament emit free electrons, which, accumulating around the cathode, form an electron cloud that prevents the electron-positron current from flowing.
As a result, the current in the diode, when a positive potential is applied to the anode, is formed by the movement of free electrons that appeared as a result of thermionic emission. That is, in this case, the vacuum diode generates a constant electronic current, which in this device is a conduction current, unlike all other devices, for which the conduction current is an electron-positron current propagating in the ether around conductors and devices.
- The principle of operation of the battery confirms
the uniqueness of the positron design
The main mystery of how batteries work lies in the design of the positron.
Why does the same positron current flowing through the anode and cathode direct anions to the anode and cations to the cathode?
The answer is unequivocal: this behavior of the current is determined by the unique design of the positron.
According to our hypothesis, positrons are on 2/3 of the surface of the dipole of the south pole, called plus. And only on 1/3 of the surface is the north pole, called minus. The electron is the opposite.
It is this design of the positron that determines the deposition of cations on the negative areas of the positrons that are around the cathode. And the deposition of anions on the positive areas of positrons that are around the anode, which ensures the oxidation reaction.
The second riddle of battery operation is that batteries are charged by a positron current propagating from plus to minus in the ether, which surrounds the conductor charging the battery. The same current also flows around the anode and cathode.
The discharge current is formed by electrification by an anion-cation difference in electric potentials of the surface of the anode, cathode and external circuit of the battery. That is, on all these surfaces, the gravitons surrounded by them turn into positrons, which is the electrification of conductors.
The anode, cathode and electrolyte, in this case, turn into a DC generator for external battery load.
The movement of the discharge current is opposite to the movement of the charge current. Therefore, the anode and cathode change their electrical sign to the opposite. Anions return to the cathode, and cations to the anode, the process of restoration of the original chemical elements begins.
- Superconductivity
According to our hypothesis, the conduction current is the electron-positron current , propagating around the ether surrounding the conductor.
The main value of electrical resistance for the flow of electron-positron current is the attraction of free electrons of the conductor to the positron flow of electron-positron current.
The reason for the electrical resistance is the fact that the electron-positron current propagates in the ether at the speed of light, and the speed of free electrons, as experiments show, is equal to three centimeters per second. And thus, free electrons, being attracted to the positron flow, slow down the movement of the electron-positron current.
In a superconductor at ultralow temperatures, as was observed in experiments, free electrons disappear, which "freeze" to atoms, which determines the disappearance of electrical resistance for the flow of electron-positron current.
With a constant source current, an abrupt disappearance of electrical resistance occurs in the conductor due to the simultaneous “freezing” of electrons to atoms.
With an alternating current source, the electron-positron current, which propagates at the speed of light, tells the free electrons to return
translational vibrations that prevent them from "freezing" to the atoms. As a result, the process of the disappearance of electrical resistance is regulated.
- One Hundred Years of Superconductivity
By the 100th anniversary of superconductivity, the Russian scientist Fedyukin Veniamin Konstantinovich doubted that such a phenomenon exists.
He writes: “Based on general scientific, ideological positions and practice that there is opposition to every action and there is resistance to any movement, it can be argued that there must be resistance to the movement and electric current along the conductor. Therefore, there is no so-called "superconductivity" of electric current, and cannot be" (4).
We must pay tribute to the courage of this real scientist, who remained true to the theory, and was not afraid to challenge the majority of scientists, and even practice itself.
The research of Fedyukin Veniamin Konstantinovich enriched the theory, leading science to the need to make the discovery of the electron-positron current: “the current of electric energy is not the movement of electrons, the carriers of electricity are a tense electromagnetic field that propagates not inside, but mainly outside the conductor” (4).
- Photon - quantum of color
According to our hypothesis, electromagnetic waves are waves formed by electrons and positrons, which have electric and magnetic components, formed by gravitons (magnetic dipoles), which are polarized by charges.
Yellow gravitons attracted to the torus form an electric field.
Red gravitons attracted to the central graviton form a magnetic field.
The intensity vectors of the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular both to each other and to the direction of wave propagation.
Electrons and positrons are formed when the central graviton, on which the charge appears, is surrounded by a torus. The axis of rotation of the torus passes through the poles of the graviton, and the outer part of its shell rotates, either from the north pole of the graviton to the south pole, or vice versa, generating either an electron charge or a positron charge by its rotation.
Toroids located inside electrons and positrons, we called photons.
In our opinion, the quanta of the electromagnetic wave are electrons and positrons, which determine the length of the electromagnetic wave. Photons, on the other hand, control the wavelength of the photon itself, or the color emitted by the photon. Thus, a photon is a quantum of one color or another, which is carried by one or another electromagnetic wave.
Thus, primordial photons are photons that are born inside electrons and positrons, and which are mostly organized in the universe in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Photons, as an independent particle, exist as secondary, radiated or annihilated, and which do not have the ability to organize themselves into electromagnetic waves, and do not have the ability to generate color, other than that which it generated during emission or annihilation.
Thus, electromagnetic waves are waves formed by electronic and positron charges, inside of which there are color quanta.
In electromagnetic waves, half-waves are formed by charges of the same name.
Each charge is surrounded by gravitons, which are polarized by charges.
Moreover, the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave is formed by gravitons, which are polarized perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. And the remaining gravitons form the electric potential of the charge.
That is, the charges of electromagnetic waves and the charges of the electron-positron current are the same charges - electrons and positrons.
Electrons and positrons, generating opposite signs of their charges, also generate opposite (counter to each other) vectors of their motion in space.
But the annihilation of electrons with positrons does not occur because the energy of an electromagnetic wave is distributed in portions, namely, charges that are separated from each other by time and space. That is, the charges move one after another sequentially without collisions.
An electromagnetic wave propagates in the ether by transferring the charge of electrons and positrons from one gravitons to neighboring ones.
Thus, gravitons practically resting in the ether, passing through a complete cycle of excitation (cycles of electrons and cycles of positrons), transfer the energy of an electromagnetic wave in space.
An electromagnetic wave, reaching the gravitons located around the receiving antenna, transfers its charges to it, generating an electron-positron EMF in the antenna.
Electrons with positrons of electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun, colliding with atoms and molecules of gases of the atmosphere, with the earth's surface, with various objects, by means of bremsstrahlung, give rise to colored photons moving in different directions, which, falling into the mechanism of human vision, draws our colorful world to us .
- Quantum levitation and superconductivity is,
as they say in Odessa, two big differences
A. Ampère's hypothesis about the nature of magnetism, based on the fact that the atoms of all substances, rotating around the nucleus of an atom, generate microcurrents that give rise to magnetism, is not true.
Magnetism is determined by gravitons - magnetic dipoles, of which the entire material world is composed.
Gravitons attracted to each other by opposite poles form magnetic, electromagnetic and gravitational fields.
Gravitons attracted to each other by opposite poles form the bodies of atoms and molecules.
The magnetism of atoms is determined by the charge imbalance:
electrons revolving around the nucleus of an atom are concentrated in two north poles, which are called negative electric potential.
And perpendicular to the orbits where the electrons move, the nucleus of the atom generates two south poles, which are called positive electric potential.
It is this difference in electrical, and in fact magnetic potentials that determines the magnetism of atoms, determines the ability of atoms to combine into molecules.
By the way, this design of atoms was confirmed by an experiment established in 1952 by German physicists O. Stern and W. Gerlach, although they could not explain the result of the experiment.
In our opinion, the Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect is carried out as follows
Every massive body has, both around it and inside it, a gravitational field formed by mini ether vortices - gravitons. And when the ceramics is placed in an ultra-low temperature, the gravitons of the gravitational field of the ceramics experience compression of their volume, which increases their energy. That is, the gravitational field of ceramics, by the level of its energy, turns into a magnetic field, or, to be more precise, turns into a gravimagnetic field. Gravitons of the gravimagnetic field of ceramics, attracted to each other by opposite poles, displace the gravimagnetic field from the body of ceramics. But, despite this displacement, the ceramic body and its gravimagnetic field remain a single and inseparable object capable of various types of movement in its own gravimagnetic field over a permanent magnet.
Thus, the levitation of ceramics in the field of permanent magnets, or magnets in the gravimagnetic field of ceramics, is carried out without an ordered movement of electric charges, and without superconductivity.
A. A. Grishaev . A video demonstrating that a magnet levitates over the ceramic, while the electrical resistance of the ceramic, as it was before cooling, remains the same.
- Anecdotal of the classical theory of conduction current
The anecdote of the classical theory of conduction current in metals lies, first of all, in the fact that theorists cannot find mobile positive charges, without which it is impossible to draw an intelligible picture of the flow of current in general, and especially alternating current.
It got to the point that, in order to save the situation, some hotheads propose to recognize holes as positive charges. But holes in an electrolyte are mobile positive ions, and holes in metals are immobile positive ions. In addition, it has been repeatedly experimentally proven that currents in metals do not carry matter.
To this anecdote is added the fact that two hundred years ago Faraday set up an experiment demonstrating the generation of current in a galvanometer when a magnet moves in an inductor. And the galvanometer shows the movement of the arrow in opposite directions from zero, which means the movement of oppositely charged particles towards each other.
By the way, with the advent of oscilloscopes, you can see for yourself that alternating current is two half-waves, one of which has a positive potential, the other has a negative potential.
And if the alternating current is rectified by means of a semiconductor bridge, then all half-waves will be positive.
And if the alternating current is rectified by means of a vacuum diode, then all half-waves will be negative.
From the experience of Faraday to the truth, as they say, at hand. Only now, the "hand" must have logical thinking.
And logical thinking should begin with the realization that if there are no other charges in the conductor, except for mobile free electrons and immobile ions, then, therefore, Faraday discovered charged particles propagating in the ether surrounding the conductor. The ether differs from vacuum in that the ether is filled with "bricks" of matter - gravitons - microscopic ether vortices, which, by their rotation, form magnetic dipoles, which, being attracted to each other by opposite poles, form gravitational, magnetic and electric fields.
The ether in certain processes generates two more mini vortices in the form of a torus, which, encircling gravitons, turns them into electrons and positrons.
An atom is a nested doll, with graviton spheres nested into each other - the lines of force of the gravitational field of the atom, along which electrons move.
All matter is formed by gravitons and surrounded by them, including the conductor.
Gravitons surrounding the conductor, moving in a magnetic field with decreasing or increasing magnetic induction, and crossing its lines of force, acquire electronic - and when the pole of the magnet changes - positron charges, which form an alternating current. This current was obtained by Faraday in his experiment. And the same current is received by all thermal, hydraulic and nuclear power plants.
Literature
- Maxwell D.K. Selected works on the theory of electromagnetic fields. - M.:
2. Mendeleev D. I. Attempt of chemical understanding of the world ether
http://www.alt-tech.org/files/fizika/Popytka.pdf
3. Faraday M. Selected works on electricity.
4. Fedyukin V.K. Not the superconductivity of electric current, but the supermagnetization of materials.
May be incomprehensible to some readers. I hope that the theories presented here explain everything simply enough.
I'll start with what me not satisfied current theory of electricity transmission. She says. The ordered movement of free electrons in one direction is an electric current.
1. Free electrons are only particles with a minus charge. One gets the impression that the positive charge always sits in a battery or generator and cannot go into the wire in any way, since only minus particles, free electrons, can move in the wires, and the operation of electrical appliances is explained by the run of minus particles to plus or potential difference. Only the whole incident is that the plus particles, even without turning on the load, that is, when there is no electron flow, are already in the wire connected to the plus and the devices show this. How does a diode work if only negative particles can approach and leave it? How the battery is charged with a plus charge, etc.
2. The current theory assures that in any conductor there is a huge (since we need to adjust to the consumed kilowatts of electricity) the number of free electrons moving wherever they please. And this means that it is enough to cut off a piece of conductor in which there are no or very few free electrons and it will not transmit current. Has anyone seen a copper wire that does not transmit electricity? Why don't scientists who believe in the current theory pull out free electrons from a piece of conductor and thereby prove that it does not conduct current?
3. The presence of free electrons in a conductor means that a large number of conductor atoms, lost them. These atoms have become inferior. In connection with the huge volumes of energy transferred, isn't it time to change the numbering of elements in the periodic table for conductors, in which the serial number of the element corresponds to the number of electrons in the atom?
4. Potential difference. It is not clear what is meant by these words. Is it the difference in the parameters of one substance? for example 200atm. pressure in one oxygen cylinder, and 5 in a different. Or is it a difference between different substances and is it appropriate to use such an expression for them? Pumping only one substance through the load is like pouring only one reagent into a flask. The effect can be from the pumping speed, and if two substances or a plus and a minus converge in a flask or a light bulb, then there will be an effect. In the current theory, only negative charges can approach and leave a light bulb. One gets the impression that current theory considers the proton and electron to be one substance with opposite charges. But after all, the copper proton, in addition to the charge, is still somewhat different from the aluminum proton, and even more so the electron. If it were that simple, adding or subtracting protons and electrons would make gold out of sand.
5. This theory is half-hearted, focused only on electrons. She forgets that in the same carbon-zinc battery, when zinc atoms are dissolved, there is equal to the number electrons, the number of protons with a plus charge.
NEW THEORY OF ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION
An electric current is an energy particle of two types, moving in the interatomic space of conductors, from a zone of its greater accumulation or pressure, to a zone of a smaller one. The main difference of my theory is that, converging in a light bulb, these particles react and are converted into light, heat, that is, they are consumed. In the old one, negative electrons run through the light bulb, are not consumed, and it is not clear what they brought to it, what burns in it. Potential difference? And if they didn’t bring anything and didn’t spend it themselves, then this perpetual motion machine.
NEW THEORY OF THE APPEARANCE OF ENERGY PARTICLES IN A CONDUCTOR
MOVING IN THE FIELD OF A MAGNET
To understand it, it is desirable to first understand my theory of transmission of electricity, proposed earlier. Why do I not like the current one? The simplest generator is permanent magnet and located between the poles of the conductor in the form of a frame, the ends of which are connected to slip rings. When this frame is rotated, the slip rings will show EMF, electricity, potential difference.
1. Since only free electrons can move in the conductor of the frame, and these are particles with a minus sign, the words EMF electricity, potential difference, mean that many particles with a minus charge are collected on one contact ring, and particles with a minus charge are also collected on the other, but there are few of them.
2. The device cannot show a positive component, but it does.
3. Why, when crossing the frame and the northern and south poles in the frame there should be only a negative component, electrons?
4. We consume kilowatts, megawatts of electricity, that is, we get some kind of consumable substance, and according to the current teaching, only free, negative electrons that are not consumed can move through a light bulb. So what are we spending?
5. The words. mechanical energy turned into electrical is only a formulation, if there is no indication of a specific mechanism for this transformation. It is not at all clear how southern and north pole affect the electrons of the conductor.
6. Magnet. The movement of a conductor in the field of a magnet produces electricity. The movement of the conductor near water, stone, wood does not give electricity. So the magnet somehow affects the conductor. And if it works, then it does the job. Does the job - wastes energy. Waste energy - must fill it up or run out. If it does not dry up and replenish, then this perpetual motion machine, which contradicts the basic law of physics.
Let me give you 2 more examples.
1. Imagine the experience. An ordinary magnet is fixed above the conveyor with balls. The ball approaches, bounces and sticks to the magnet, after which we tear it off with our hand and put it back on the conveyor. In a minute, a magnet lifts a kilogram of balls to a height of several cm, in a day 1440 kg, per month 43 tons. That is, without any energy supply, to a height of several cm, the weight is raised equal to weight 4x auto brands KrAZ. Isn't it strange??? But we did not take into account that there was also the energy of retention when we tore off the ball with our hand.
2. A magnet and an electromagnet of the same weight are stuck to the ceiling. For some time, the electromagnet spent some energy to hold its weight, but the magnet did not. Is he a perpetual motion machine? Now for my theory. To understand it, you need to name 5 properties of the magnet necessary for its understanding.
1st property . The penetration of the energy particles of the magnet ECM through the interatomic space of some conductors and other substances. ECM easily penetrate through the space of some substances and do not penetrate through others. This can be verified by experience. Try moving a paperclip with a magnet by placing steel and copper plates between them.
2nd property . Penetration rate ECM through different substances. It cannot be the same everywhere. In some substances, the interatomic space is larger, in others it is smaller, in some the interaction of plus and minus charges of atoms with ECM stronger, weaker in others. And this means that some substances for ECM they represent an impenetrable obstacle, others are a viscous obstacle through which one can pass and exit with difficulty, through still others one can easily pass and exit. I think that this speed can be measured at institutes using plates different materials thickness is slightly less than the distance from the magnet to the place from which it attracts something else. We are only interested in those conductors that represent for ECM sticky barrier.
3rd property . Ripple magnetic field. It can be torn to pieces by breaking the magnet, or you can bring the magnet to a substance representing for ECM viscous barrier and quickly remove the magnet. distant ECM they will not have time to return to it and remain in the interatomic space of matter.
4th property . Full restoration of the magnetic field after its repeated breaking. You can check recovery different ways, but how it happens and most importantly, what kind of energy, this is work for institutions, and not for one person. I can assume that the Earth's magnetic field compensates for the magnetic vacuum that has arisen somewhere.
5th property . The field of a magnet consists of the same ECM that run on wires.
This is indirectly confirmed by an electromagnet, which gives the same picture of the magnetic field and the pole as the usual one. I also think that there is a lot in common between ECM and energy particles of the atom ECM i.e. protons and electrons.
A magnet is somewhat similar to an atom, only one has a positive charge inside, and a negative one on the surface, at the other pole, and it is very likely that they are recharged by one type of energy. Now about how everything happens. Since the flow ECM appears in the conductor only when crossing the field of the magnet, it is reasonable to assume that part ECM somehow remained in the conductor. With the rapid movement of the conductor, near the magnet, part ECM they do not have time to quickly leave the conductor and remain in it, and then from the zone of their greater accumulation or pressure they move to the zone of a smaller one, along the interatomic space of the conductor. When asked why the southern and northern ECM in a light bulb they interact with each other, but not in a magnet, you can answer that for the same reasons as protons with electrons in an atom. There is a binding to the main base, there is also a balance, there is no binding - interaction begins. And the reason that destroyed the connection with the base is not important, whether it is the dissolution of zinc atoms in the battery, or the mechanical separation of its field from the magnet. Of course, other questions arise, in particular for generators with electromagnetic excitation, but without studying it is impossible to get answers. Proceeding from the wrong dimensions, only a house can be built incorrectly, and an erroneous theory starts all science on the wrong path.
