As you know, the territory of our planet is washed by four oceans. The Atlantic and Indian Oceans rank second and third in terms of water volume, respectively.

These oceans are home to unique species of aquatic animals and vegetation.

History of the discovery of the Atlantic Ocean

The development of the Atlantic Ocean began in the era of early Antiquity. It was then that the ancient Phoenician navigators began to carry out the first voyages in the Mediterranean Sea and east coast Atlantic Ocean.

However, to cross Atlantic Ocean succeeded only in European northern peoples in the 9th century. " golden era» Atlantic exploration put famous navigator Christopher Columbus.

During his expeditions, many seas and bays of the Atlantic Ocean were discovered. Modern scientists - oceanologists continue to study the Atlantic Ocean, in particular the relief structures of its bottom.

History of the discovery of the Indian Ocean

The history of the discovery of the Indian Ocean is rooted in the days of ancient civilizations. The ocean served as the main trade route for the Persians, Indians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians.

The Chinese were the first to explore the Indian Ocean. It is to the Chinese navigator Ho's wife managed for the first time during his expedition to explore the shores of Sri Lanka, Arabian Peninsula, Persia and Africa.

The large-scale development of the Indian Ocean began with the first expeditions of the Portuguese Vasco de Gama, who managed not only to reach the coast of India, completely rounding the African coast, but also to discover many islands in the Indian Ocean.

Atlantic Ocean: general information

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean in the world in terms of its size. Its waters cover an area of ​​80 million square meters. km.

The formation of the Atlantic Ocean began more than 150 million years ago, at a time when the modern American continent began to separate from Eurasia. The Atlantic Ocean is considered the youngest among all existing oceans.

The maximum depth reaches 9 km(trough, which is located off the coast of Puerto Rico). The Atlantic Ocean washes the shores of such continents: Eurasia, Africa, South and North America, as well as Antarctica.

Indian Ocean: general information

Indian Ocean, with an area of ​​about 70 million km. sq., ranks third in size among other oceans. Most deep place Indian Ocean - a depression near Java islands(Indonesia), the depth of which reaches 7 km.

The waters of the Indian Ocean are characterized by frequent changes in the direction of the current. The Indian Ocean washes Eurasia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica.

This I know

2. In what climatic zones is the atlantic ocean?

The Atlantic Ocean is located in all climatic zones except the Arctic.

3. Name main feature atmospheric circulation in the northern Indian Ocean?

In the northern part, the ocean is subject to tropical monsoons.

4. How does human economic activity affect the nature of the oceans?

Economic activity negatively affects the nature of the oceans. Its influence is especially strong in the Atlantic Ocean. This ocean has long been a place of active fishing and fishing, transport communication, oil and gas production. The main problem of the ecology of the Atlantic (and, first of all, its northern area) is the increasing anthropogenic impact, which may have irreversible Negative consequences. In general, anthropogenic impact can be reduced to the following: 1) overfishing (especially in recent decades); 2) noise pollution ( geophysical exploration, drilling operations, ship propeller noise); 3) oil pollution; 4) pollution with pesticides; 5) domestic pollution(garbage, sewage); 6) radioactive background courts; 7) acid rain.

Water pollution by oil and refined products has become a major problem in the Indian Ocean. Its waters, flora and fauna. Accidents and spills of oil during production, pumping and transportation can and do lead to the death of marine animals, birds, fish, mollusks and other aquatic life.

This I can

7. Using the maps in figures 18 and 23, determine how the borders are lithospheric plates in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

The boundaries of the lithospheric plates in the Atlantic Ocean run from north to south along the mid-ocean ridges and divide the ocean almost in half. The Indian Ocean formed at the border of three lithospheric plates - Indo-Australian, African and Antarctic. The mid-ocean ridges Arabian-Indian, West Indian and Australo-Antarctic - divide the oceanic bed into separate basins.

8. Using search engines the Internet and biological knowledge, find information about such inhabitants of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans as the manatee and dugong.

Like whales, sirens are descended from land mammals that have mastered water element. However, despite the resemblance, whales and sirens have different ancestors. Apparently, the closest relatives of sirens in the animal kingdom are elephants. Complicated evolutionary path led to the appearance of these two outwardly completely different groups of animals. Fossil sirens have been proven to have many common features with elephants: a similar structure of the skull and teeth. In addition, modern manatees have small talon hooves on their flippers; elephants have similar hooves.

DUGONG AND MANATEES

It is easy to distinguish a dugong from a manatee by the shape of the tail - in manatees, the tail is rounded, without a notch, and in dugongs it is triangular with a deep notch in the middle. Dugongs are somewhat larger than manatees (the body length of a dugong is 3-5 m, and a manatee is 2-4 m), and they live only in the salty waters of the oceans and seas, and manatees have adapted to live not only in the seas, but also in fresh waters. The Brazilian manatee, for example, lives exclusively in the Orinoco and Amazon basins. Dugongs and manatees are exemplary parents. Newborns are born fully formed and quite large - their body length is about 1/3 of the mother's body length. A mother breastfeeds her only child for 18 months.

Dugongs It is not uncommon to see how a cub, tired of swimming on its own, rides on its mother's carefully substituted back. The father also takes part in the upbringing of the baby, bravely protecting his child from any danger, whether it be a shark or a person.

Manatees are very trusting and sociable, quickly tamed and easily tolerate captivity. Dugongs, on the contrary, feel good only in natural conditions, and it is extremely difficult to breed them in special nurseries.

1. South America is washed by ... 1 = Indian Ocean from the west, Atlantic - from the east 2 = Atlantic - from the east, Pacific - from the west

3=Quiet - from the east, Atlantic - from the west

4=Atlantic - from the east, Indian - from the west

2. In places where the South American Platform rises,...

1=lowlands

2=plateau

3=high mountains

4=medium high mountains

3.Most intense action internal forces The earth is manifested within...

1=Brazilian Plateau

2=Guiana Plateau

4=Amazon lowland

4. Moisture on most mainland comes from... the ocean

2=Atlantic

3=Indian

4=Arctic

5.Formation of large river systems contribute to... the mainland

1=soils and vegetation

2=vegetation and climate

3=climate and relief

4=relief and animal world

6. The lowest position of the snow line in the Andes is characteristic of ... parts of the mountains

1=northern

2=central

4=eastern

7. Llanos occupies mainly the territory ...

1=Amazon lowland

2=La Plata lowland

3=Orinok Lowland

4=Guiana Plateau

8. Back to top European colonization greatest development reached the tribes living ...

1=in the Amazon

2=Brazilian Plateau

4=in Patagonia

9. extreme south point The expedition reached the mainland...

1=Christopher Columbus

2=Amerigo Vespucci

3=Fernand Magellan

4=Alexander Humboldt

10. In the colonization of the mainland, the most Active participation accepted...

1=England and France

2=France and Holland

3=Holland and Spain

4=Spain and Portugal

11 The descendants of Europeans and Indians are called...

12In most countries South America state language counts...

1=Portuguese

2=English

3=Spanish

4=French

13. South America is the birthplace of...

Answer1=wheat, banana, cotton

Answer2=tomatoes, tobacco, potatoes

Answer3=grapes, pumpkins, sugarcane

Answer4=millet, beans, coffee

14. Most of the population of South America professes ...

1=Orthodoxy

2=catholicism

4=Buddhism

HELP PLEASE URGENTLY NECESSARY (((1.Climatic zones: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean. 2.

Circles current: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean. 3. organic world: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean.

Indian Ocean

1) geographic location
2) a brief history of the discovery and study of the nature of the ocean
3) Bottom relief and minerals.
4) Climate and water properties (temperature, salinity, etc.)
5) Surface currents in the ocean.
6) Organic world.
7) Zonal natural complexes and non-zonal aquatic complexes.
8)Kinds economic activity man in the ocean; major ports.
Plzzzzzz urgently needed About the Indian Ocean, please help

Oceans and seas cover 361.26 million km2, or 70.8% earth's surface. In the northern hemisphere, land occupies 39.4% of the surface of our planet, oceans - 60.6%, in the southern hemisphere, land accounts for only 19%, while the ocean - 81%.

More than one third of the earth's surface is Pacific Ocean. It is the deepest, coldest and least saline ocean, although it receives a relatively small part of the river flow. Near the equator, the width of the Pacific Ocean reaches 17 thousand km.

The second largest ocean, the Atlantic, is relatively narrow. Its width is approximately 5000 km. It is stretched like a winding ribbon between the poles. If the area occupied by the Pacific Ocean reaches 178.7 million km2, then the area of ​​the Atlantic Ocean is 91.6 million km2. It is smaller than the Pacific Ocean. Its average depth is 3597 m (Tikhoi - 3940 m). In this regard, it is inferior to the Indian Ocean, the average depth of which is 3711 m with an area of ​​76.17 million km2. Many large rivers discharge water into the Atlantic Ocean. The volume of water carried only by the Amazon and the Congo is about 25% of the total flow of rivers flowing into the ocean. Despite this, the Atlantic waters are the most salty - 34-37.3% ( average salinity ocean waters 34.71%). This is the most warm waters, their average temperature reaches 3.99 ° C (of the World Ocean - 3.51 °). So paradoxical situation conditioned high level exchange of the Atlantic Ocean with marginal seas, mediterranean sea and Gulf of Mexico, whose waters differ high temperature and high salinity.

The third largest ocean, the Indian Ocean, is mostly located in the southern hemisphere. It reaches its maximum width in the very south, between South Africa and New Zealand - 15 thousand km. The three largest rivers flow into the Indian Ocean basin - the Ganges, the Indus and the Brahmaputra. The average water temperature in the Indian Ocean is 3.88 ° C, the average salinity is 34.78%, i.e., close to the average for the World Ocean.

The smallest and smallest is the Northern Arctic Ocean. Its salinity is low, since it is surrounded on all sides by land, from which many small and major rivers. A significant part of the ocean surface is covered with ice.

Although modern oceans have different sizes, their structure is about the same. In any ocean, approximately three equivalent zones can be distinguished: continental margins, abyssal basins, and mid-ocean ridges. Continental margins, including the shelf, slope and its foot, occupy approximately 20.5% of the surface of the ocean floor, abyssal basins account for 41.8% of their area, and mid-ocean ridges and rises of the central ocean type, 32.7%. The latter value is typical for all oceans. The ratio between continental margins and abyssal basins varies within fairly significant limits. Thus, in the Atlantic Ocean, where the width of the shelves is greatest, the continental margins occupy approximately 28% of the bottom area, and the abyssal basins, 38%. In the Pacific Ocean, the situation is reversed: 15.7% are the underwater margins of the continents, 43% are the abyssal basins. Indeed, there are many deep sea trenches, but their area is only 2.9% of the total area of ​​the ocean. Free-standing submarine volcanoes and volcanic ridges are most numerous in the Pacific Ocean, but they occupy a smaller area here than in the Indian Ocean (2.5% compared to 5.4%). However, many of these figures still need to be clarified.

formed in the oceans sustainable systems surface and bottom currents. Scheme of distribution of warm and cold surface currents in the largest ocean basins is approximately the same. In the equatorial regions, wind transport from east to west dominates, which generates the northern and southern equatorial currents. The first operates in the northern hemisphere, the second in the southern. They are separated by a rather narrow zone, within which water transfer occurs in the opposite direction, eastbound. This is the so-called Equatorial countercurrent.

Each of the equatorial currents is associated with a relatively closed system other currents forming a macrocirculation cell. Thus, the North Equatorial Current in the Atlantic Ocean, deviating to the north near the Lesser Antilles, generates warm current Gulfstream. The latter moves first along the continental margin of North America, and then crosses North Atlantic. From here, the cooled waters begin to move south, towards the equator, forming the cold Canary Current. In the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, the role of the Gulf Stream is played by another warm current, the Kuroshio, which rises to temperate and high latitudes along the coast of Japan. Cooling, the waters brought by Kuroshio rush south, moving near the Pacific coast of North America. This cold border current is called the California Current. Large macrocirculatory cells arose in southern half Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Here, in high latitudes ah, under the influence of the prevailing westerly winds, a powerful current of the West Winds acts around Antarctica. Some of its branches, deviating to the north, in the form of cold border currents rush to the equator along western coasts Africa, Australia and South America. Deviating under the influence of the trade winds, the main branches of these currents follow further through the tropics to the western continental margins, from where they move south in the form of warm sewage currents. These subtropical macrocirculation cells, as in the northern hemisphere, are anticyclonic in nature. Other branches of cold compensatory currents, deviating to the east, form small circulation cells of the cyclonic type in the eastern periphery of the tropical zone of the oceans. In subpolar and polar regions northern hemisphere, in the areas of the Icelandic and Aleutian lows, there are cyclonic gyres, well expressed in the autumn-winter seasons.

Differences in the density and temperature of surface and bottom waters give rise to vertical water exchange. The consequence of this is the emergence of near-bottom geostrophic currents directed from high latitudes to the equator. Since these underwater rivers flow along the continental slopes and above their foothills, that is, along the contours of the continents in western regions oceans, they are called contour currents. The most powerful of them cross the equator, penetrating into the other hemisphere.

These are in the most common features ah features of modern oceanic circulation. All of the above indicates that ocean basins are separate cells of a single complete system, built in a structural-morphological and oceanological respect, is quite of the same type. Further, we will show that the evolution of the oceans and the geological processes occurring in them obey the same laws.

Differences and common features of the oceans.

On the this moment the differences between the Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic and Indian oceans are rather conditional. All of them represent one huge World Ocean. It all depends on which continents and continents are washed by these waters and at what latitudes they are.

What is the difference between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic: comparison, similarities, differences

The Pacific waters are the largest and deepest. They are the warmest. We can say that the name Tikhiy originated from the time of Magellan's travels. He found that for several months, as long as they were in the voyage, the water did not storm. On the whole, they had a successful expedition.

Features and differences:

• The Mariana Trench is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is thanks to her that the ocean is the deepest. There are many similarities between the Atlantic and the Pacific. These oceans are predominantly located in warm tropical latitudes. That is why the water in them is warm enough.
• Regarding the differences, the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are different in salinity. More salty is the Atlantic. This is due to the fact that its size and depth are much smaller than that of the Pacific.
• High salinity and temperature in Atlantic waters due to the fact that they are fed by many coastal rivers and seas that depart from warm continents with high air temperatures. Therefore, the water flowing into the Atlantic Ocean is much warmer.
• The most interesting thing is that if you like a resort holiday, it is recommended to spend your vacation in Pacific waters. There are rarely storms here. The islands rarely experience heavy rainfall or hurricanes.

What is the difference between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean: comparison, similarities, differences

These oceans have a lot in common. The common continents that wash these oceans are Asia, Antarctica and Australia. Pacific and Indian waters merge into one. The conditional border is located along the Malay Archipelago, south coast New Guinea. Also, this border passes through the Bass Strait and from Tasmania, along the meridian to Cape Williams.

What is the difference between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean: comparison, similarities, differences

• Atlantic and Indian waters differ in area, depth and salinity.
• It is worth noting that there is also common continents that wash the oceans. These are Africa and Antarctica.
• As for the relief, it differs significantly. The bottom of the Atlantic Ocean is quite relief, and almost along its entire length consists of long ridges. The bottom of the Indian Ocean is more even and gentle.

How is the Arctic Ocean different from other oceans?

The main difference between the Arctic Ocean and the rest is that it is located in polar latitudes.

Differences:

• This ocean is the coldest and smallest. In addition, the salinity of this ocean is the lowest in comparison with the rest. This is due to the fact that glaciers absorb salt. And most of the fresh rivers flow into this ocean.
• The ocean is located in the center of the Arctic. Washes such continents as Eurasia and North America. The biggest difference from other oceans is that there is almost always ice on the surface of the ocean.
• Another feature of this ocean is that its bottom is very complex. A third of the entire bottom area is occupied by the shelf. There are also underwater ridges, such as the Lomonosov and Mendeleev ridges. In addition, the bottom is covered with faults.

Arctic Ocean

What is the difference between the oceans: comparison, similarities, differences, conclusion

The difference between all the oceans is rather conditional. It is due to the temperature of the waters and the washed continents. Indian waters differ from all others in that they have no connection with the Arctic Ocean. The warmest and deepest is the Pacific Ocean. He is different large quantity islands, as well as a calm bottom topography.

Atlantic waters are stretched from north to south. We can say that they are located in a long strip along the continents. It is worth noting that at certain points, many of the oceans mix. At the same time, the division of waters is rather conditional.

As you can see, all oceans are part of the oceans. The largest and deepest is the Pacific Ocean. It makes up 53% of total area World Ocean.

VIDEO: Differences between oceans