What does the phrase first among equals mean? The history of the royal title in Russia

Meaning of FIRST AMONG EQUALS (BOOK) in the Phraseology Reference

FIRST AMONG EQUALS (BOOK)

outstanding, chief, leading, the best. The expression comes from the Latin Primus inter pares (first between equals) - the title that Augustus bore before he accepted imperial title. These words created the appearance of maintaining the prestige of the senate, masters and courts.

Handbook of Phraseology. 2012

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1. Book. About the main, outstanding among the rest. 2. Publication Obsolete Pathet. About the Russian people in relation to other peoples of the USSR. Khan Pira, 1999. /i> Tracing paper from lat. primus inter pares. BMS 1998, 436 ...

first among equals- bookstore outstanding, chief, leading, the best. The expression comes from the Latin Primus inter pares (first between equals) - the title that Augustus bore before he assumed the imperial title. These words created the appearance of maintaining ... ... Phraseology Handbook

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- (colloquial and poet.) MIDDLE, preposition. whom what 1. In a part more or less equally distant from the edges of something, in the middle, in the center. Stand with. rooms, streets. The park is laid out in S. of the city. The well is located yard. S. river island. // Within what l ... encyclopedic Dictionary

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among- middle; (colloquial and poet.) 1) a) In a part more or less equally distant from the edges of something, in the middle, in the center. Stand among / rooms, streets. There is a park in the middle of the city. The well is located in the middle / yard. In the middle/of the river is an island. b) resp. Within… … Dictionary of many expressions

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first- In the first place to whom with inf. (colloquial) for the first time, for the first time (you have to do something, experience; more often with a negative). I'm not the first to chop wood. Primitive state (jokingly) former, former state. Return someone. in primordial... Phrasebook Russian language

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Cap of Monomakh

In the era of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and before it, the eldest among specific princes bore the title of Grand Duke. Ya. N. Shchapov notes that the mention of princes as kings refers to two major figures Russia XII-XIII centuries: Mstislav the Great and Andrei Bogolyubsky.

After Russia fell into dependence on the Golden Horde, the king (derived from the Latin caesar) began to be called the great khan of the Golden Horde. Title tsar first of all, he indicated that its owner is a completely sovereign ruler and does not depend on anyone. I.e Grand Duke, being a tributary of the Horde, naturally stood lower in the hierarchy.

Incidentally, it is worth noting that before a certain moment(before the reign of Dmitry Donskoy), the legitimacy of the great khan as the head of the Russian princes in Russia was not questioned, but Tatar-Mongol yoke was perceived as God's punishment for sins, which must be humbly endured.

By the era of Ivan III, when Russia was freed from the yoke and became completely independent state, include the first cases of the Grand Duke using the title "Tsar" (or "Caesar") in diplomatic correspondence - so far only in relations with petty German princes and Livonian Order; the royal title begins to be widely used in literary works.

You could take any title, but foreign rulers could not recognize him - that is why Ivan III tries royal rank in diplomatic correspondence with smaller states.

In 1489, the ambassador of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Nikolai Poppel, on behalf of his overlord, proposed Ivan III royal title. The Grand Duke refused, pointing out that "we by the grace of God sovereigns on their land from the beginning, from their first forefathers, and we have an appointment from God, both our forefathers and we ... but we didn’t want the appointment from anyone before, and now we don’t want it.

It is worth noting that, while deriving the word "tsar" from caesar, the Russian rulers considered this title to be the same as the emperor ("caesar" in Byzantine Empire), but after the fall of Byzantium under the onslaught of the Turks in 1453, Russia was perceived as its heir and the only stronghold of Orthodoxy (or, more broadly, of all Christianity, since the rest of the Christian denominations were considered “wrong”). Hence the famous "Moscow - the Third Rome."

Similarly, this title was interpreted by Western monarchs - but not always, but when it was beneficial for them.
In the treaty between the Muscovite state and Denmark in 1493, Ivan III was called "totius rutzci Imperator". Vasily III was also named emperor in an agreement with Emperor Maximilian I, concluded in Moscow in 1514: "Kayser und Herscher alter Reussen". In the Latin charter of Albrecht of Brandenburg in 1517, Vasily III was also called "Imperator ac Doniinator totius Russiae".

Officially, only the grandson of Ivan III, Ivan the Terrible, decided to take on the royal title. On January 16, 1547, Ivan Vasilyevich, Grand Duke of Moscow and All Russia, was solemnly crowned with the title of Tsar. In speech at royal wedding The metropolitan characterized the height of the powers of the royal dignity with the words of Joseph Volotsky: “Hear the king and understand that power has been given to you from God and strength from the Most High, for the Lord has chosen you in Himself a place on earth ...”.

The royal title made it possible to take a significantly different position in diplomatic relations with Western Europe. The grand ducal title was translated as "prince" or even " Grand Duke". The title “king” was either not translated at all, or translated as “emperor”. The Russian autocrat thus stood on a par with the only emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Europe.

The boyars were not immediately informed about the coronation of the 16-year-old grandson of Ivan III foreign states. Only two years later, the Polish ambassadors in Moscow learned that Ivan IV "was crowned king" following the example of his progenitor Monomakh, and that he "took no one else's" name. After hearing this extremely important statement, the ambassadors immediately demanded that they be presented with written evidence. But the cunning boyars refused, fearing that the Poles, having received a written answer, would be able to consider objections, and then it would be difficult to argue with them. The messengers sent to Poland tried to explain the meaning of the Moscow changes in such a way as not to arouse the displeasure of the Polish court.

Now, they said, our sovereign alone owns the Russian land, which is why the metropolitan crowned him with the Monomakh crown. In the eyes of the Muscovites, the coronation thus symbolized the beginning of Ivan's autocratic rule in the fourteenth year of his reign.

Ivan the Terrible

Ivan the Terrible married in 1547, but his foreign colleagues did not immediately recognize this title for him. After 7 years, in 1554, England unconditionally recognized him. The question of the title was more difficult in Catholic countries, in which the theory of a unified “ holy empire". In 1576, Emperor Maximilian II, wishing to bring Ivan the Terrible into an alliance against Turkey, offered him the throne and the title of "Eastern [Eastern] Caesar" in the future. John IV was completely indifferent to the "Greek tsardom", but demanded immediate recognition of himself as the king of "all Russia", and the emperor yielded on this important matter of principle, especially since Maximilian I recognized the royal title for Vasily III, calling him "God's mercy Caesar and owner of the All-Russian and Grand Duke.

The papacy turned out to be much more stubborn, which defended the exclusive right of popes to grant royal and other titles to sovereigns, and on the other hand, did not allow violations of the principle of a “united empire”. In this irreconcilable position, the papal throne found support from the Polish king, who perfectly understood the significance of the claims of the Moscow Sovereign. Sigismund II August presented a note to the papal throne, in which he warned that the recognition by the papacy of Ivan IV of the title of "Tsar of All Russia" would lead to the exclusion from Poland and Lithuania of the lands inhabited by the "Rusyns" related to the Muscovites, and would attract Moldovans and Vlachs to his side. For his part, John IV attached particular importance to the recognition of his royal title namely the Polish-Lithuanian state, but Poland during the entire 16th century did not agree to his demand.

It is known that in 1580 the correspondence of the famous Flemish cartographer G. Mercator with the English geographer R. Hakluyt called the Russian monarch "le grand emperior de Moscovie".

So, the title "tsar" was perceived by the Russian rulers as equal to the imperial one. True, not all of their foreign colleagues agreed with this - at that time there was only one empire in Europe - the Holy Roman Empire and the emperor, which means that there should also have been only one.

False Dmitry I

Focused on Poland, False Dmitry I wanted to be called emperor. In a letter Polish king Sigismund III False Dmitry I, "according to ancient custom with great and powerful kings and emperors,” reported his accession. He pointed out that he received a blessing as an heir from "our brightest parent." This was followed by an explanation of the new royal title, unusual for the previous tradition: “we are married and sacred world anointed by our most holy patriarch not only to the rank of emperor of our vast possessions, but also to the rank of king of all the Tatar kingdoms, which from ancient times have been subject to our monarchy.

Having studied all the formulas of the title of False Dmitry I in foreign correspondence (messages to the Pope, the Polish king and nobles), N. N. Bantysh-Kamensky pointed out that since the autumn of 1605 they have had the same symbolism of names: Dimitri Ivanovich, by the grace of God Caesar and Grand Duke of All Russia, and all Tatar states, and many other lands belonging to the sovereign and the king to the Moscow monarchy. All of these titles claimed to recognize the power of False Dmitry I as the highest and most powerful among earthly monarchs and pointed to its Divine analogue - the King of Kings.

It is clear that these symbols-names immediately gave rise to a sharply negative reaction in Western courts, among foreign politicians and diplomats. They were also negatively evaluated by contemporaries in Russia. Konrad Bussov noted the reaction of foreigners in Moscow: “vanity increased daily ... with him ... it manifested itself not only in the fact that they surpassed all others in all luxury and splendor former kings, but he ordered even to call himself "the king of all kings." Interestingly, the Pretender initially distributed this title only for internal use (that is, at court). Stanislav Borsha, speaking about the murder of False Dmitry I, summarized: “It was evident that it pleased God, who did not want to endure the pride and arrogance of this Demetrius any longer, who did not recognize himself as an equal of any sovereign in the world and almost equaled himself with God.”

The Poles, of course, rejected the imperial title of False Dmitry.

As you know, the full royal title (“Great Title”) included a list of lands subject to the king. In 1645, that is, during the death of the first sovereign from the Romanov dynasty, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and the coming to power of his son, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the “Big title” sounded as follows: “By the grace of God, we, great sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, Autocrat of All Russia, Vladimir, Moscow and Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Siberia, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Tver, Yugra, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgarian and others, Sovereign and Grand Duke of Novgorod Nizovsky lands, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozersk, Udora, Obdorsk, Kondi and all northern countries, sovereign and sovereign of the Iberian land, Kartal and Georgian kings and Kabardian lands, Cherkasy and Mountain Princes and many other states sovereign and possessor.

The mention of the unsubordinated at that time Caucasus and Transcaucasia in the title of king may be surprising. AT this case wishful thinking was presented as reality.

This issue was studied by G.K. Kotoshikhin in the essay “On Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich”. The inclusion of uncontrolled territories in the royal title meant illegal claims to other people's prerogatives. Such actions could threaten diplomatic complications. Because of this Imperial Courtyard was forced to go to the tricks. In letters addressed to Christian sovereigns, the great royal title was reproduced in full with a listing of eastern lands, in letters to “Busurman states” and, first of all, to Persian Shah"Eastern" titles were not specified. Otherwise, “how would it be written with those titles by everyone ... and all the Busurman states would raise a war against him for that.”

Kotoshikhin points out that Turkish sultan and the Russian tsar was written to the Persian Shah “with a large title, not all, only according to the“ sovereign ”. That is, the final phrase in the title remained “and the ruler of all the northern countries”, the phrase “Iberian lands of Kartalinsky and Georgian kings, Kabardian lands of Cherkasy and Mountain princes, and many other states sovereign and owner” was removed. If you ask yourself about the reasons for the sequence of listing territories in the royal title of the 17th century, then we can assume that not only the significance and status of the lands or their sequence of inclusion in the state predetermined it, but also practical considerations: it is worth putting at the end what is most controversial which can always be removed if necessary.

Given this fact, we can say that a great title in the XVII century. - not so much a reflection in the mind of the right to the territory or an expression of ideas about the territorial integrity of the state, but a means of diplomatic game in a situation in which a certain fragmentation of the West and the East, the existence of two worlds that are not well aware of each other due to relatively weak interest in each other and underdevelopment of diplomatic and trade relations, gave Russia a chance to raise the prestige of the power of its kings at the expense of one part of Eurasia in relations with another.

As noted above, not everyone in Europe recognized the equality of the imperial title to the royal one, and there was no such equality in relations between Russia and the Holy Roman Empire. In the "Record made in Moscow between the Russian and Caesar's courts", the Caesar's extraordinary envoys clearly indicated that the existing in the 17th century. tradition reinforces more high status emperor in relation to other sovereigns and is expressed in the fact that not only the Russian tsar, but also other European kings from the emperor always write the title "Highness".

Conscious Russian diplomats and Russian court For Alexei Mikhailovich, the task of achieving for his sovereign recognition by the Empire of his title of "majesty" meant the opportunity to put the Russian tsar on a par with the emperor. In fact, in the international practice of that period, the term "king" = "king" = "highness"; the term "emperor" = "majesty".

The problem was solved only after Russia's sharp rise in international arena after the victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War. However, it is worth noting that Peter I was called emperor until 1721. During his stay in England in 1698, the imperial resident Hoffmann reported that everyone here "called the Russian emperor here the emperor of Russia", and after the tsar's visit to parliament, someone started a joke that he saw "the king on the throne and the emperor on the roof" - Peter through window watched as English king approved the land tax bill. Emperor was called Peter I and people from Western Europe who served in Russia. Only in this way, for example, did the brilliant French architect J. B. A. Leblon address him in numerous letters and projects.

Peter I

On October 18, 1721, the members of the Synod "had a secret discussion." Having considered the "cases", "works" and "guidance" of his royal majesty in connection with " eternal peace”, concluded with Sweden after Northern war, they decided that they should "invent a decent" for the monarch "from a common face for all subjects." This "decent" was the decision to "pray to the tsar" "to accept the title of Father of the Fatherland, Peter the Great and Emperor of All Russia."

Understanding that this was a state matter, the members of the Synod "reasoned" to report it "secretly" secular power— Senate. On October 19, this was done through the vice-president of the Synod, Feofan Prokopovich. On October 20, 21 and on the morning of October 22, joint meetings of the Senate and the Synod were held in the audience chamber, that is, in the front throne room Petersburg, located in the building of the "hut-house colleges" on Troitskaya Square. On October 22, 1721 (according to the new style - November 2) in St. Petersburg in the Trinity Cathedral, Tsar Peter I was presented with the title of "emperor". It is believed that on this day Russian kingdom, Muscovy, officially became Russian empire and the countdown of a new, imperial period in the history of the country began.

It is known that before this act, negotiations took place between the tsar and some senators and archbishops of Novgorod and Pskov, Theodosius Yanovsky and Feofan Prokopovich. Negotiations with the monarch turned out to be necessary, since the king “refused” for a long time to accept the title and led to many “reasons” for this. However, the "important ideas" of the senators and bishops prevailed and Peter "bent down to that."

Perhaps this behavior of the king was nothing more than a tribute to tradition and some kind of theatrical modesty - not to immediately accept what was offered. And perhaps there were more compelling reasons for Peter's objections. After all, the introduction of differences between the title "emperor" and "tsar" meant that Russia recognizes that the imperial title is higher than the royal one - contrary to the ideas that have existed in Russia since the time of Ivan the Terrible. It is likely that this was not entirely to the liking of Peter I.

It should be noted that Feofan Prokopovich in his “Word for praise ... in memory of Peter the Great”, noted that even before the adoption in 1721 of the title “ great emperor"This title" was before and was called by everyone.

royal title

As we have already said, both Ivan III and Basil III sometimes called kings. But officially, it was Ivan the Terrible who became the first Russian tsar.

The word "king" itself comes from the Latin "caesar" (from the personal name of Gaius Julius Caesar, which gradually turned into constituent part imperial title). In Russia, the emperors of Byzantium were called tsars, so were the khans of the Golden Horde, and then the khanates that separated from its composition. The “grand duke” that hitherto existed in the country was not much higher in rank than just a “prince”. But there were enough great princes in Russia, but there was no official tsar yet. If the Grand Duke could be perceived as the first among equals, then the king should not be equal. It was a qualitatively new title. In Byzantium, for example, in serious theological literature, a lot of space was given to teachings on how to honor the king, what honors to give him. These recommendations, as it were, should have automatically passed to Muscovy.

Cap of Monomakh

AT international relations the title of king also gave certain advantages. After all, both in the Kazan and in the Crimean khanates, with which Russia waged either wars or negotiations, tsars ruled. And now the Moscow sovereign was on the same level with them. AT Western Europe the title "grand duke" was translated as "prince", "duke", but not as "king" or "emperor". But the "king" - was placed on the same level with the king and emperor. So from all sides, the adoption of a new title was beneficial and important for the sovereign.

... The wedding to the kingdom took place on January 16, 1547 in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. At first, the life-giving cross, the crown and barmas were solemnly brought here on a golden platter. Then Ivan himself came, accompanied by his confessor, princes and boyars. In the middle of the temple, on a high pedestal (pulpit) with twelve steps, two places were built, “dressed with golden carpets, velvets and damask lay at the feet.” Ivan IV and Metropolitan Macarius sat down at these places after the prayer service. N. M. Karamzin writes: “In front of the pulpit stood a richly decorated deposit with royal utensils. The archimandrites took it and gave it to Macarius. He stood up with John and, placing a cross, barmas and a crown on him, loudly prayed that the Almighty would protect this Christian David by the power of the Holy Spirit, put him on the throne of virtue, give him horror for the obstinate and a merciful eye for the obedient. The rite concluded with the announcement of a new many years to the sovereign ... From now on Russian monarchs they began not only in relations with other powers, but also within the state, in all deeds and papers, to be called kings, retaining the title of grand dukes, consecrated by antiquity ... "

Metropolitan Macarius

Cross

State - a symbol royal power

Thus, the adoption of the royal title, as a result of which Ivan IV was equated with the Western European emperors, was done primarily in order to strengthen central government and emphasized the unlimited power of the monarch within the state.

At the same time, this step had a special spiritual and moral significance for Russia. For the state ideology of that time and for the worldview of ordinary people, the idea of the special role of Russia as the only surviving independent Orthodox state. After all, after the fall of Constantinople under the blows of the Turks in 1453, Orthodoxy remained only in the Russian state - Christianity of the Eastern model. This was explained by the special piety of the Russian Orthodox Church.

“Two Romes have fallen, Moscow is the Third Rome. There won't be a fourth." This meant that if Moscow, the guardian of Orthodoxy, collapsed, then it would die, end and sacred history. This was considered the special messianic role of Moscow before Orthodox world. And the sovereign of Russia was obliged to regard as his main task the protection of Orthodoxy and concern for the salvation of the souls of the Orthodox - the establishment of "true truth" on earth.

The Don Icon of the Mother of God, before which Ivan IV prayed

Interior view of the Assumption Cathedral

Such great role was quite to the liking of the young ambitious Ivan IV. Here is what Klyuchevsky writes: “... his own person in similar reflection appeared to him illumined with brilliance and grandeur, which his ancestors, simple Moscow princes-masters, did not smell on themselves. Ivan IV was the first of the Moscow sovereigns who saw and vividly felt in himself the king in the true biblical sense, the anointed of God. This was a political revelation for him, and since then his royal "I" has become for him an object of pious worship. He became a shrine to himself and in his thoughts created a whole theology of political self-adoration in the form scientific theory his royal power. In a tone of inspiration from above and along with the usual subtle irony, during peace negotiations, he wrote to his enemy Stefan Batory, pricking his eyes with his electoral power: "".

And, of course, the Church actively supported him. No wonder it was Metropolitan Macarius, who sought to strengthen the autocracy and put an end to the lawlessness of the boyars, who conceived and carried out the ritual of crowning the kingdom.

From the book of Vasily III. Ivan the Terrible author Skrynnikov Ruslan Grigorievich

The royal title of Vasily III ordered the boyars, as noted above, to “protect” their son until the age of 15, after which he was to begin independent government. 15 years is the time of coming of age in the life of people of the 16th century. At this age, noble children entered the military as "novices".

From the book Rus and Rome. Colonization of America by Russia-Horde in the XV-XVI centuries author

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What does the phrase first among equals mean? The history of the royal title in Russia

Meaning of FIRST AMONG EQUALS (BOOK) in the Phraseology Reference

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Meaning of FIRST AMONG EQUALS (BOOK) in the Phraseology Reference

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