A warship is a ship belonging to the armed forces of a State and has external identification marks nationality, is under the command of an officer who is in the service of his state, and is also manned by a crew that is subject to regular discipline. A warship flying the flag of its own state has sovereignty, which guarantees against interference by officials of another state. Warships are the property of the country, and wherever they are, they are subject only to its laws.

Each warship, as a rule, is equipped with several types of weapons, of which one is the main one, designed to solve the main tasks, and the rest are auxiliary, to perform additional tasks and self-defense. To control weapons, provide navigation, communications and monitoring the situation, ships are equipped with radio-electronic and other technical means. The ships are driven by steam, diesel, diesel-electric, gas turbine, combined or nuclear power plants. Depending on the purpose, displacement, armament and other qualities, ships are divided (classified) into classes, subclasses and types, as well as in a number of fleets in order to determine seniority, in particular the Russian Navy and the Ukrainian Navy, ships are divided into ranks.

CLASSES OF DOMESTIC MODERN FIGHTING SHIPS

BY WEAPONS AND PURPOSE

Aircraft carriers- as the main armament they have aircraft and helicopters used in solving combat missions, as well as for transporting goods and people, communications between ships of the formation. Equipped with means to ensure the basing and operation of aircraft.

Large warships designed to destroy submarines, surface ships and enemy ships at sea, ensuring the landing amphibious assault, fire support for ground forces and other combat missions at sea.

Destroyers (destroyers)- these are warships designed to destroy enemy submarines and surface ships (vessels), conduct anti-submarine and air defense their surface ships and vessels at sea crossing and in battle, to ensure the landing of amphibious assault forces, sea transportation, fire support for troops on the coast, mine laying and other tasks.

anti-submarine ships(large anti-submarine ships, small anti-submarine ships) - designed to combat submarines, provide anti-submarine defense of formations of ships, convoys and landings at the sea crossing. Anti-submarine ships are capable of operating both in remote areas of the seas and oceans, and in the seas adjacent to the country's territory. To do this, anti-submarine ships are equipped with sonar systems for searching and detecting submarines, classifying them, tracking them and issuing target designations for weapons. These ships are armed with anti-submarine missiles and torpedoes, jet bombers for throwing depth charges. As well as anti-aircraft missiles and artillery systems. As a rule, they have anti-submarine helicopters on board.

Mine-sweeping ships- designed for mine defense

Rocket artillery ships- as the main armament they have guided missile weapons and artillery

Patrol ships- designed to carry out patrol service, anti-submarine defense, air defense and anti-ship protection of formations and convoys

Special purpose ships(headquarters, reconnaissance)

BY NAVIGATION AREA

ships of the far sea zone

coastal sailing ships

ships of inland navigation (river) and mixed navigation

BY METHOD OF MOVEMENT

displacement ships

submarines (strategic missile submarines (SSBN), nuclear submarines with cruise missiles, multipurpose nuclear submarines with torpedo or torpedo-rocket armament, non-nuclear submarines with torpedo or torpedo-missile armament)

with dynamic maintenance principles - hydrofoil ship, air cavity ship

BY TYPE OF MAIN POWER PLANT

with a nuclear power plant

with gas turbine power plant

with diesel power plant

BY ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL TYPE AND NUMBER OF PROPELLER SHAFTS

monohull ships

double-hulled ships

single-deck (multi-deck) ships

single-shaft (two-shaft) ships

AUXILIARY VESSELS (SUPPLY VESSELS)

Auxiliary ships of war or support ships of the auxiliary fleet are ships that are not warships, but belong to the armed forces or are under their exclusive control and have external national markings. Auxiliary military vessels are not designed to perform combat missions. Their main purpose is combat or logistic support for fleet operations at sea and in roadsteads. Military support vessels can be equipped with both a military crew and civilian personnel (team). Auxiliary ships are military vessels, regardless of whether the ship is commanded by a commander (officer) or a captain (civilian). Auxiliary warships have the same sovereign immunity as warships due to the fact that they are owned by the state, or temporarily operated in government non-commercial service. Like warships, auxiliary ships have exclusive sovereignty over the actions of the crew (ship's crew) and passengers on board.

Depending on the purpose and performance characteristics, auxiliary vessels, like warships, are divided into classes, and within classes - into subclasses, taking into account the cruising range, tonnage or specialization.

TYPES OF AUXILIARY SHIPS

Auxiliary ships are divided into training ships, mother ships, experimental ships, search and rescue, hospital, loader ships, torpedo boats, cable ships, hydrographic ships, transports, and so on.

TYPES OF SUPPLY VESSELS

Support vessels include basic watercraft, which include tugs, barges, floating cranes and the like.

Summing up this publication, I would like to note that the naval strategies of the leading states of the world, based on the geopolitical realities of the 21st century, have led to a change in the methods and methods of conducting naval battles and organizing fleet forces. First of all, this is due to the creation in the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany and a number of other countries of rapid deployment forces, the core of which was aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships. In this regard, one of the main trends in the development of fleets is a new stage of their "aviation". According to experts, in the 21st century, aircraft carriers will regain the role of the “backbone” of the navies of the great powers.

As you know, aircraft carriers form the basis of an aircraft carrier strike group, which includes modern warships of various classes. So destroyers, in turn, are approaching cruisers in terms of combat capabilities, frigates - to, - to frigates.

Patrol boats have become widespread. This publication shows a trend towards the creation of multi-purpose boats built on a modular basis, on which, depending on the tasks, a set of weapons can quickly change.

Naval impacts of the 21st century, primarily in local conflicts, are characterized by air-land-sea operations in coastal areas. For the amphibious forces, the decisive factor was the conduct of an “over-the-horizon” landing operation, the main means of delivering the landing force of which were transport and assault helicopters. All this led to an increase in the role of amphibious assault ships with the presence of aviation assets and a decrease in the role of amphibious assault ships that are not armed with regular group-based helicopters and convertoplanes.

Thus, universal amphibious assault ships and landing helicopter-carrying dock ships should be included among the most promising ships of the amphibious forces, while the production of tank landing ships with direct landings will be limited.

In addition to nuclear submarines, which are in service with the navies of some of the leading countries of the world, recent times the development of non-nuclear submarines is actively observed, which are characterized by low cost, and allows them to be bought by less rich countries. In addition, nuclear submarines predominate in terms of such important criterion like acoustic stealth. The creation of non-nuclear submarines with air-independent power plants provides significant advantages. It is believed that this particular class of submarines will become the basis of the submarine forces of non-nuclear states in the near future.

Barque- (goal bark), a sea sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts, except for the mizzen mast carrying slanting sails. Initially, the barque was a small merchant ship intended for coastal navigation. But then the size of this type gradually increased. Barges were mass-produced until the 1930s. XX century., Their displacement reached 10 thousand tons. The two largest modern sailboats "Kruzenshtern" and "Sedov" are a 5-masted barque.

Barge- (Italian, Spanish barca, French barquc), originally it was a sailing rowing deckless fishing, sometimes a coaster, which appeared for the first time in Italy in the 7th century. Subsequently, the barque turned into a light high-speed vessel, common in countries Western Europe in the era late medieval built like galleys. Even later, the oars disappeared on the barges and they became completely sailing ships, with two masts, which carried the fore, fore-marseille (fore-mast) and the main, marseille (main-mast). An interesting feature was that the mizzen was mounted directly on the main mast. Barges were predominantly coastal merchant ships.

Warship- (English warship - warship). Judging by the image and characteristics in the game, this is the same frigate. In general, warships from the middle of the 16th century were called ships of medium and large displacement, built specifically for military purposes.

Galleon- (Spanish galeon), a sailing warship of the 16th - 17th centuries. It had an average length of about 40m, a width of 10-14m, a transom shape, vertical sides, 3-4 masts. On the foremast and mainmast, straight sails were set, on the mizzen mast - slanting, on the bowsprit - a blind. The high aft superstructure had up to 7 decks, where living quarters were located. Artillery. armament consisted of 50-80 guns, usually located on 2 decks. Galleons had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures.

Caravel- (Italian caravella), marine single-deck sailing ship with high sides and superstructures in the bow and stern. Distributed in the XIII - XVII centuries. in the countries of the Mediterranean. Caravels went down in history as the first ships that crossed the Atlantic, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and on which the New World was discovered. Characteristics caravels - high sides, deep sheer deck in the middle of the ship and mixed sailing equipment. The ship had 3-4 masts, which either all carried oblique sails or set straight sails on the fore and main masts. Latin sails on the slanting yards of the main and mizzen masts allowed ships to sail steeply into the wind.

Karakka- (fr. caraque), a large sailing ship, common in the XIII - XVI centuries. and used for military and commercial purposes. It had a length of up to 36m. and a width of 9.4m. and up to 4 decks. Developed superstructures at the bow and stern, and 3-5 masts. The sides were rounded and slightly bent inward, such sides made boarding difficult. In addition, boarding nets were used on ships, which prevented enemy soldiers from getting on the ship. Fore and main masts carried direct weapons (mainsail and fore), mizzen masts - oblique. Topsails were often additionally placed on the foremast and mainmast. Artillery. armament consisted of 30-40 guns. By the first half of the XV century. time karakka became the largest, most advanced and armed vessel.

Corvette- (fr. corvette), high-speed sailing military ship XVIII- 19th century The ship had the same rigging as the frigate, with the only exception: a jib and a boom jib were immediately added to the blind. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. Artillery armament up to 40 guns located on one deck.

Battleship- in sailing fleet XVII - XIX centuries. the largest warship, had 3 masts with a full sailing rig. Possessed strong artillery armament from 60 to 130 guns. Depending on the number of guns, ships were divided into ranks: 60-80 guns - the third rank, 80-90 guns - the second rank, 100 and above - the first rank. They were huge, heavy, low-maneuverable ships with great firepower.

Pinasse- (fr. pinasse, eng. pinnace), a small flute-type sailing vessel, but differing from it in less concave frames and a flat stern. The front of the ship ended in an almost rectangular transverse bulkhead, extending in height from the deck to the forecastle. This form of the front of the ship existed until the beginning of the 18th century. Pinasse was up to 44 m long, had three masts and a powerful bowsprit. On the main and fore masts, straight sails were hoisted, on the mizzen mast - a mizzen and a cruisel above it, and on the bowsprit - blind and bom blind. The displacement of pinasses is 150 - 800 tons. They were intended mainly for trading purposes. distributed in the countries of the North. Europe in the 16th-17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, served mainly for trading purposes.

Pink- (goal pink), fishing and merchant ship of the 16th - 18th centuries. On the North Sea it had 2, and on the Mediterranean 3 masts with oblique sails (sprint sailing equipment) and a narrow stern. He had on board up to 20 guns of small caliber. As a pirate ship, it was mainly used in the North Sea.

flutes- (goal fluit), sailing sailing transport ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. It had sides with a collapse above the waterline, which were littered inward at the top, a rounded stern with a superstructure, and a small draft. The deck had a sheer and was quite narrow, which was explained by the fact that the width of the deck was decisive factor when determining the amount of duty by the Sound Customs. On the fore and main masts there were direct sails (fore, main and topsails), and on the mizzen mast - mizzen and topsail. A blind was placed on the bowsprit, sometimes a bom-blind. By the 18th century bramsels appeared above the topsails, and a cruysel appeared above the topsail. The first flute was built in 1595 in Horn, the center of shipbuilding in Holland. The length of these vessels was 4-6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind. For the first time in the spars, the topmasts invented in 1570 were introduced. The height of the masts now exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards, on the contrary, began to be made shorter. Thus, small, narrow and easy-to-maintain sails were created, which reduced the overall number of the top crew. On the mizzen mast, a straight sail of the cruysel was raised above the usual oblique sail. On flutes, a rudder appeared for the first time, which made it easier to shift the rudder. Flutes of the beginning of the 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, a carrying capacity of 350 - 400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. These ships were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed and large capacity, and therefore were used mainly as military transport ships. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position among merchant ships on all seas.

Frigate- (head. fregat), three-masted sailing ship of the XVIII - XX centuries. with full ship's sailing equipment. Initially, there was a blind on the brushsprit, later a jib and a boom jib were added, even later the blind was removed, and a midsection jib was installed instead. The crew of the frigate was 250 - 300 people. The multi-purpose ship was used to escort trade caravans or single ships, intercept enemy merchant ships, long-range reconnaissance and cruising service. Artillery armament of frigates up to 62 guns located on 2 decks. Frigates differed from sailing battleships in their smaller size and artillery. weapons. Sometimes frigates were included in the battle line and were called linear.

Sloop- (go. sloep), there were several types of ships. Sailing 3-masted warship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with direct sailing. In size, it occupied an intermediate position between a corvette and a brig. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. There were also single-masted sloops. Used for trade and fishing. Common in Europe and America in the XVIII - XX centuries. The rigging consists of a hafel or Bermuda mainsail, a gaff topsail and a jib. Sometimes they were additionally supplied with another jib and staysail.

Shnyava- (goal snauw), a small sailing merchant or military vessel, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. The main feature of the shnyava was the shnyav-or trisel-mast. It was a thin mast, set on deck in a block of wood just behind the mainmast. Its top was fastened with an iron yoke or a transverse wooden beam on (or under) the back side of the main-mars. Shnyavs who were in military service were usually called corvettes or sloops of war. Often they did not carry a schnaw-mast, and in its place from the rear side of the top of the main mast a cable was laid, which was stuffed on the deck with lashings on the lufers. The mizzen was attached to this stay, and the hafel was very heavy. The length of the shnyava was 20 - 30 m, the width was 5 - 7.5 m, the displacement was about 150 tons, the crew was up to 80 people. Military shnyavs were armed with 12 - 18 small-caliber guns and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.

Schooner- (English schooner), a sailing ship with slanting sails. First appeared in North America in the 18th century and had 2-3 masts initially only with oblique sails (gaff schooners). They had such advantages as a large carrying capacity, the ability to sail very steeply to the wind, they had a smaller crew on board than ships with direct sailing weapons required, and therefore they were widely used in a variety of modifications. Schooners were not used as military sailboats, but they were popular with pirates.

The main feature of the domestic classification of ships is its purpose. All civil vessels, depending on their purpose, are divided into transport, fishing, service and auxiliary and technical fleet vessels.

TRANSPORT VESSELS

Transport ships form the main core of the maritime and river fleet. They are intended for the transportation of various cargoes and passengers and are divided into cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger and special transport vessels.

types of cargo ships

Cargo ships are divided into two main classes - dry cargo and tankers, which, in turn, include ships various types and appointments.

TYPES OF DRY CARGO VESSELS

The class of dry cargo ships includes dry cargo ships of general purpose and specialized ships - for the carriage of certain cargoes.

DRY CARGO VESSELS General purpose ships are designed for the carriage of general cargo and are the most common type of ships.

Dry cargo ships () have spacious cargo holds occupying the main part of the hull, and usually two decks (small ships are single-deck, large ones are two- and three-deck). The engine room, as a rule, with a diesel installation, is located in the stern or shifted forward by one or two cargo holds. Each hold has a cargo hatch (sometimes two), closed with metal closures with a mechanized drive. Cranes or booms with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons are used as cargo vehicles; for heavy loads, cargo booms with a lifting capacity of 30 to 200 tons are used. Many modern dry cargo ships are equipped with one refrigerated hold for the transport of perishable goods and a deep tank for the transport of liquid edible oils. River dry cargo ships, regardless of their size, usually have only one cargo hold - for the convenience of loading and unloading.

To FOR SPECIALIZED DRY CARGO VESSELS include refrigerated, container, trailer ships, ships for the transport of bulk cargo, timber carriers, ships for the transport of vehicles, livestock, etc.

REFRIGERATED SHIPS are intended for transportation of perishable products (fish, meat, fruits). Their cargo holds have reliable thermal insulation and refrigeration units that provide cooling of the holds. Depending on the type of cargo being transported, the temperature in the holds is maintained from +5 to -25°C.

Some refrigerators have powerful refrigeration units that not only maintain the set temperature, but also quickly freeze the cargo. Such vessels are called production and transport refrigerators. Vessels intended for the transport of fruit (banana carriers) have enhanced hold ventilation.

The carrying capacity of refrigerated ships reaches 8000-12000 tons. The speed is slightly higher than that of general dry cargo ships, as perishable goods require fast delivery to their destination.

CONTAINER VESSELS() are intended for the transportation of goods pre-packed in special heavy containers, the weight of which with cargo is 10-20 tons. The carrying capacity of container ships is from 8,000 to 20,000 tons, the speed is 30 knots.

Due to the fact that not piece cargo of various sizes and weights is placed in the cargo holds, but standard containers, loading and unloading operations on container ships are carried out 10 times faster than on conventional dry cargo ships.

Container ships are distinguished by a large deck opening above the cargo holds, which eliminates such a laborious operation as the horizontal movement of cargo in the hold. Rolling gantry cranes with a lifting capacity of 20-25 tons are usually used as cargo vehicles on container ships (feeder container ships). On some container ships serving a permanent line, there is no cargo device at all. In these cases, cargo operations are performed by terminal means - portal cranes.

A variety of container ships are ships for the transport of floating container barges, called. Such barges with a carrying capacity of 250-300 tons are unloaded from the ship directly onto the water, after which they are towed to the consignee's berth. Due to the fact that container transportation, which is especially beneficial for mixed traffic ( Railway- car - ship), allow to deliver cargo from the sender to the recipient with minimal costs when reloading from one mode of transport to another and at the same time ensure good safety of the cargo. Container ships have been widely developed in recent years and are the most promising type of dry cargo vessel.

TRAILER VESSELS are used to transport goods in the so-called trailer trailers (). Cargo placed in wheeled trailers can be loaded (or unloaded) by wheeling or rolling trailers on and off the ship in a very short time - in a few hours instead of several days on a conventional dry cargo ship. The carrying capacity of trailer ships is from 1000 to 10000 tons, the speed is 20-26 knots. Like container ships, trailer ships have recently become widespread. Some newer ships of this type are being adapted to carry trailers (in the holds) and containers (on the upper deck) at the same time. Such vessels are called piggyback.

BULK CARGO SHIPS are intended for transportation of ore, ore concentrates, coal, mineral fertilizers, building materials, grain, etc. These cargoes make up about 70% of all dry cargo transported by sea, so the number of vessels for the transport of bulk cargo is growing rapidly and already accounts for more than 20% of the tonnage of the entire world sea transport fleet.

Bulk cargo ships () are divided into ore carriers, ships carrying the heaviest cargo, ships for light cargo and universal. Some of these vessels may have a dual purpose, for example, they carry bulk cargo in one direction, and cars in the opposite direction, or ore there and oil (oil and ore carriers) in the opposite direction.

ships of this type- single-deck, with engine room and superstructure located in the stern. They differ from other dry cargo ships in their large carrying capacity up to 150,000 tons and relatively low speed of about 14-16 knots.

Cargo holds are, as a rule, in the lower and upper parts inclined walls, providing self-distribution of the load (self-stitching) both in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The tanks located between these walls and the side are designed to receive ballast water, the amount of which is usually much larger than on general dry cargo ships. Some ships have longitudinal bulkheads in the cargo holds, which reduce the heel when the cargo is shifted on board, and the second bottom has a thickened flooring and reinforcements that allow cargo operations to be carried out with a grab.

The vast majority of bulk cargo ships do not have cargo facilities and are loaded and unloaded by port facilities; on the rest, either rotary or reeling gantry cranes are used. Some ships are equipped with belt conveyors that allow automatic unloading of cargo from the hold (self-unloading ships).

TIMBER CARRIERS are intended for transportation of timber cargo - roundwood and lumber. Timber carriers differ from general-purpose dry-cargo vessels in lower speed (13-15 knots), in the presence - regardless of the size of the vessel, of only one deck and reinforced ice reinforcements, allowing them to enter the ports of the Polar Basin, from where, basically, they take out the timber.

The reinforced upper deck and hatch covers provide for the transportation of a significant amount of cargo (about a third) on the open deck. Timber carriers usually take water 6 allast (about 10 percent of carrying capacity) to ensure stability even when fully loaded, so they have large-capacity ballast compartments.

Ballastless timber carriers also exist, but when traveling without timber, they experience gusty pitching, which is undesirable. Recently, timber is being transported in packages. This method of transportation makes it possible to more than halve the parking space for cargo operations. Timber-packet carriers have large hatches and high-performance cargo devices (slewing or rolling gantry cranes, boom cranes).

TYPES OF TANKERS

The type of tankers is divided into: tankers for the transportation of crude oil and oil products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc.), ships for the transportation liquefied gases(gas carriers), chemicals (acid, molten sulfur, etc.) - chemical carriers, as well as other liquid cargoes (water carriers, wine carriers, cement carriers).

TANKERS

Tankers are one of the most common types of transport vessels, accounting for about 40% of the world's tonnage of the transport fleet.

It is a single-deck vessel with an aft engine room and superstructure. The cargo part of the tanker is divided by transverse and one, two or three longitudinal bulkheads into cargo compartments, called cargo tanks. Part of the tanks is taken away for water ballast, which the tanker always takes on the return voyage.

The cargo part in the bow and in the stern is separated from the neighboring rooms by narrow dry compartments impervious to oil and gases called rubber dams.

A pump room with cargo pumps for unloading the vessel from oil is located forward of the engine room. For communication between the aft superstructure and the forecastle deck, on which the anchor-mooring device is located, a transitional bridge is equipped. Some large tankers are built without a walkway, which is replaced by a walkway along the upper deck, and the electrical lines that are usually laid along the walkway are pulled in metal pipes in this case.

Tankers, which are especially dangerous in terms of fire, are equipped with reliable fire-fighting systems.

The carrying capacity of tankers varies greatly from 1,000 tons for distribution tankers to 400,000 tons for giant supertankers, which are the largest ships in the world. The dimensions of tankers depend on their carrying capacity. River tankers have a carrying capacity of 150 to 5000 tons and a speed of 10-20 km/h. The carrying capacity of river tanker barges reaches 12,000 tons.

GAS CARRIERS

LNG carriers are designed for transportation of liquefied natural and petroleum products, i.e. gases released during oil production - methane, propane, butane, ammonia. These gases, which are excellent fuels and valuable raw materials for chemical industry, transported in a liquefied state, in a chilled state (in insulated tanks) or under pressure.

Unlike tankers, whose cargo tanks form structural elements of the hull, gas carriers have independent cargo tanks - cylindrical (vertical or horizontal), spherical or rectangular. Gas carriers designed for the transport of liquefied natural gas methane, which is transported in a chilled state (up to -161.5 ° C), have only rectangular tanks with reliable insulation.

To perform cargo operations, they are equipped with a cargo system consisting of pumps, compressors, pipelines and an intermediate tank. Since it is forbidden to take water ballast into cargo tanks, gas carriers are equipped with ballast tanks (in a double bottom or along the sides).

Transportation of liquefied gases is associated with increased explosiveness of the cargo. In order to avoid the formation of explosive gas-air mixtures, gas carriers are provided with reliable ventilation and compressor compartments located in the nose, and an alarm system about the formation of hazardous gas concentrations. The carbon dioxide system is usually used to extinguish fires.

At present, a class of combined ships is rapidly developing, that is, ships adapted for the carriage of several specific types of cargo, which is very advantageous in case of oncoming maritime transport, as it excludes empty ballast runs. This class of cargo ships includes oil ore carriers, cotton timber carriers, and the like.

types of passenger and cargo-passenger ships

The class of passenger ships includes ships intended for the carriage of passengers. Sometimes passenger cabins are also provided on ordinary cargo ships, but a passenger ship is considered if it takes on board more than 12 passengers. If on such a ship the accepted cargo is more than 40 percent of the total carrying capacity, then the ship is called a cargo-passenger ship.

According to their purpose, they are divided into ships for servicing regular lines, ships for tourist travel, ships for mass transportation of people and ships for local traffic.

types of vessels for servicing regular passenger lines

These are passenger ships that make flights between given ports according to a certain schedule. Of particular interest here are transoceanic passenger liners designed for 2,000-3,000 passengers with a displacement of up to 100,000 tons and a speed of 30 knots.

boats for tourist travel

Passenger ships for tourist trips (cruises), which have become especially widespread recently, have more moderate speeds (18-22 knots) and are large.

River passenger ships serving regular lines or used for accommodation of up to 600 passengers on board and have a speed of about 27 km / h.

On modern ocean passenger ships, all passengers are provided with one-, two-, three-, four-bed cabins or penthouses with all amenities. For recreation and entertainment of passengers there are lounges, games rooms, Sport halls, swimming pools, restaurants, cafes, themed clubs and more.

A distinctive feature of large passenger ships is the presence of several decks and platforms in the hull, and a multi-tiered developed superstructure. Special attention is given to ensuring the safety of navigation - life-saving equipment, fire-fighting measures, ensuring unsinkability. Almost all passenger ships are equipped with stabilizers.

vessels for local communications

Ships for local communications include both small passenger ships and boats, and large ships designed for 500-600 passengers. At present, they are widely used with a speed of up to 40 knots, designed for 600 passengers, as well as passenger hovercraft.

types of special transport vessels

The class of special transport vessels includes various ferries, transport vessels and pusher tugs.

SEA FERRY There are railway, railway-automobile, automobile-passenger and passenger. They are used to transport railway cars, cars, as well as passengers on ferry crossings connecting land road arteries. In addition, car-passenger ferries are widely used - for sea travel.

RAIL FERRY have one cargo deck, and car ferries have one or two. But since the loading of cars onto the deck is usually carried out from the shore at the level of one of the decks, an elevator or ramps are used to transfer them to another deck.

On railway ferries, entry to the cargo deck is carried out from the stern, on automobile ferries - from the stern, from the bow or side. Entrance openings (lap ports) are closed with hinged covers. On some car ferries, a part of the hull structure, the so-called folding nose, leans back in the bow. Passenger premises, including seating and sleeping places, depending on the duration of the flight, as well as lounges, bars, restaurants on ferry ships, are located in the superstructure. Ferries usually have two control stations (in the bow and stern), stabilizers and thrusters to ensure good maneuverability when mooring.

The carrying capacity of modern ferries ranges from 200 to 60,000 tons. Average CAR AND PASSENGER FERRY accommodates about 200 cars and 1000 passengers, railway - up to 50 wagons.

TRANSPORT TOW AND PUSH TOW serve as a means of propulsion for self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels, mainly on inland waterways, where goods are transported on barges, lighters, sectional trains, etc.

Unlike transport tugs pusher tugs carry out the movement of non-self-propelled vessels by pushing and towing.

ship types:

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English (auto-detected) » Russian

On the eve of the Navy Day, Defend Russia is trying to figure out how a corvette differs from a frigate, a large anti-submarine ship from a large landing ship, and a ship from a ship.

"We were on a boat!" - a little girl can scream, getting off, for example, from the Meteor air-wing ship, sailing on it from the Admiralteyskaya embankment of St. Petersburg to Peterhof. If by chance a real sea wolf in a vest, with a pipe, a wooden prosthesis instead of a leg and a parrot on his shoulder, screaming about piastres, passes nearby, then he will think that the girl with her parents has just left, say, from the board of the Guards, which is the flagship of the Russian Black Sea fleet.

Because the ship can only belong to military sailors. And civilians have courts.

From the point of view of philology, the sailor will not be entirely right, because the ship is a generic concept that also denotes a species. Vessels are military and civilian. The military are called ships, the civilians are called ships. But, of course, no one will correct the sea wolf. On the contrary, he will roar on the topic: “They don’t swim, but they walk! Ships on the sea go!

No one remembers why ships sail on the sea, but if you still ask a sailor (whether civilian or military) this question, then with almost one hundred percent probability you will find out WHAT actually floats. “The fleece floats in the hole” (the word “fleece” is less poetic, but brutal Moremans replace it with a consonant one).

Ships sail for the same reason artists paint rather than paint pictures, accountants measure the year in quarters rather than quarters, gas workers build only gas pipelines instead of gas pipelines, and oil workers produce oil.

professional discourse. In general, we must remember that they walk both on the deck of the ship and on the sea on it. What will happen if a philologist asks a sailor “why then do you have captains long-distance navigation, and not long-range captains? ”, Nobody knows. Such a risky experiment has not been carried out.

The ships have their own classification (taking into account the history of the development of the imperial / Soviet / Russian fleet and different traditions in our country and in the West, we can confidently say that there are several of them). The Russian Navy includes not only warships, but also support vessels.

Ships are classified primarily by ranks, which depend on displacement.

Within the ranks there is a classification, depending on the purpose. As, for example, with cars: cars can be policemen, or delivering pizza, or collecting mail, and trucks can carry bulk cargo, or liquid, or frozen.

A ship with a displacement of more than 5000 tons belongs to the ships of the first rank. Aircraft carriers have this displacement.

The Russian fleet currently has only one - - 61,000 tons.

Although, to be precise, "Kuznetsov" belongs to the class of heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers. Cruisers and some destroyers (destroyers), anti-submarine (BOD), training and landing (BDK) ships also have a displacement of more than 5000 tons. Within these classifications there are others. Cruisers can be: heavy nuclear (), missile ("Varyag"), heavy strategic nuclear submarines (submarines), strategic missile submarines (submarines). A ship of the first rank is commanded by a captain of the first rank (an analogue in the ground forces is a colonel). According to the charter, a ship of the first rank is equated to a regiment.

With an aircraft carrier, everything is more or less clear. Its task is to deliver air units to the theater of operations, simultaneously being able to defend itself.

The cruiser is its own fleet.

As a multi-purpose ship, armed primarily with cruise missiles, it can operate outside the main forces of the fleet, or maybe with them, performing tasks to guard a detachment of ships. A cruiser is a ship that bristled with weapons: rocket, mine-torpedo, artillery. In addition, the cruiser can carry helicopters. - the philological heritage of the empire. Torpedoes - self-propelled mines, according to Russian shipbuilders of the 19th century - were placed on ships operating as part of a squadron. This is how destroyers appeared. From the point of view of the Western maritime classification, a destroyer is a ship with a displacement of more than 6,000 tons, that is, a ship of the first rank in our classification, close in functionality to the BOD, but less armed than a cruiser.

Destroyers are universal ships that operate both to support the landing and guarding, and against enemy forces.

They carry not only anti-aircraft artillery, missile, anti-submarine and mine-torpedo weapons, but can also be a platform for the Ka-27 helicopter (). Large anti-submarine ships (for example,) are close to cruisers because they are well armed. They are superior in displacement to large landing ships, the task of which is, first of all, to deliver troops to a point (for example, which is a ship of the second rank).

Ships of the second rank are pushed out of the water from 1500 to 5000 tons.

They are commanded by a captain of the second rank (land lieutenant colonel). These include patrol, missile, landing ships of the 2nd rank and some submarines (projects or). Patrol ships are also called corvettes (for example, the lead corvette "Guarding" the latest Russian). There is obvious confusion with frigates, since their displacement of up to 5000 tons makes them classify as ships of the second rank, in terms of functionality they can be considered patrol ships, but the “frigate” class did not exist in the Soviet fleet.

Ships of the third rank - this will not be a surprise - are commanded by a captain of the third rank (on land - a major). Their displacement is from 500 to 1500 tons.

Missile, artillery, landing and anti-submarine ships of the 3rd rank, plus minesweepers of the 3rd rank.

Minesweepers are special ships whose task is not to attack the enemy (attack ships) or guard the ship group and land facilities (guards), but to search for and destroy mines and obstacles. Unlike ships of the first / second rank (large landing and large anti-submarine), ships of the third rank are small: artillery (MAK "Astrakhan", also called a corvette), missile (MRK "Shtil"), anti-submarine (MPK "Muromets") and small landing on an air cushion (MDKVP "Mordovia").

The ship of the fourth rank is under the command of a lieutenant commander, senior lieutenant, lieutenant.

Here, for the first time, the word “ship” disappears, which is replaced by a “boat”: landing, artillery, missile, anti-sabotage, as well as minesweepers of the 4th rank.

Displacement - from 100 to 500 tons.

Alexey Tokarev

The 17th century was a rich period in the history of shipbuilding. Ships have become faster, more maneuverable, more stable. Engineers have learned to design the best examples of sailing ships. The development of artillery made it possible to equip battleships with reliable, accurate guns. The need for military action determined the progress in shipbuilding.

The most powerful ship at the beginning of the century

At the beginning of the 17th century, the era of battleships dawned. The first three-deck was the British HMS "Prince Royal", which was released from the Woolwich shipyard in 1610. The British shipbuilders took the prototype from the Danish flagship, and subsequently repeatedly rebuilt and improved it.

4 masts were hoisted on the ship, two each for straight and latin sails. Three-decker, originally 55-gun, the ship in the final version of 1641 became 70-gun, then changed the name to Resolution, returned the name, and in 1663 already had 93 guns in her equipment.

• Displacement about 1200 tons;
• Length (keel) 115 feet;
• Width (midships) 43 feet;
• Trench depth 18 feet;
• 3 full-fledged artillery decks.

As a result of battles with the Dutch, the ship was captured by the enemy in 1666, and when they tried to recapture it, it was burned and flooded.

The most powerful ship at the end of the century

The French "Soleil Royal" was built by shipbuilders of the Brest shipyard 3 times. The first 1669 three-masted with 104 guns, created as an equal opponent to the British Royal Sovereign, died in 1692. And in the same year, a new battleship was already built with an armament of 112 guns and had:

• Guns 28 x36-lb., 30 x18-lb. (middle deck), 28 x12-lb. (on the front deck);
• Displacement 2200 tons;
• 55 meters long (along the keel);
• Width 15 m (along the midship frame);
• Draft (intryum) 7 m;
• A team of 830 people.

The third was built after the death of the previous one, as a worthy heir to the glorious traditions associated with this name.

New types of ships of the 17th century

The evolution of past centuries has shifted the focus of shipbuilding from the need to simply navigate the seas safely, from merchant ships of the Venetians, Hanseatic, Flemings and, traditionally, the Portuguese and Spaniards to overcome significant distances, to asserting the importance of dominance at sea and, as a result, defending their interests through military actions.

Initially, they began to militarize merchant ships to counteract pirates, and by the 17th century, only warships were finally formed, and the merchant and navy were separated.

In the construction of the navy, shipbuilders and, of course, the Dutch provinces, succeeded. From the Portuguese shipbuilders, the gallion originates - the basis of the power of the squadrons of Spain and England.

17th century galleon

Played until recently essential role shipbuilders in Portugal and Spain continued to improve traditional ship designs.

In Portugal, at the beginning of the century, 2 types of ships appeared with new hull proportions in the ratio of length to width - 4 to 1. This is a 3-masted pinas (looks like flutes) and a military galleon.

On galleons, guns began to be installed above and below the main deck, highlighting battery decks in the ship’s structure, cell ports for guns were opened on board only for combat, and were battened down to avoid flooding with waves of water, which, with a solid mass of the ship, would inevitably flood it; warheads were hidden in the holds below the waterline. The displacement of the Spanish largest galleons of the early 17th century was about 1000 tons.

The Dutch galleon had three or four masts, up to 120 feet long, up to 30 feet wide, and 12 feet low. draft and up to 30 guns. Ships with such a proportion of long hulls were added speed by the number and area of ​​​​sails, additionally foxes and underliesels. This made it possible to cut the wave steeper towards the wind in comparison to rounded hulls.

Linear multi-deck sailing ships formed the backbone of the squadrons of Holland, Britain, and Spain. Three-, four-deck ships were the flagships of the squadrons and determined the military superiority and advantage in battle.

And if battleships constituted the main combat power, then frigates began to be built as the fastest ships, equipping one closed firing battery with a small number of guns. To increase speed, the sail area was increased and the curb weight was reduced.

The English ship "Sovereign of the Seas" became the first classic example of a battleship. Built in 1637, armed with 100 guns.

Another classic example was the British frigate - scout and escort of merchant ships.

Actually, these 2 types of ships became an innovative line in shipbuilding and gradually replaced the European galleons, galliots, flutes, pinnaces, which were obsolete by the middle of the century, from the shipyards.

New technologies of the navy

Dutch for a long time retained during the construction of the dual purpose of the ship, shipbuilding for trade was their priority. Therefore, with respect to warships, they were clearly inferior to England. In the middle of the century, the Netherlands built the 53-gun ship "Brederode" like "Sovereign of the Seas", their flagship of the fleet. Design options:

• Displacement 1520 tons;
• Proportions (132 x 32) ft.;
• Draft - 13 feet;
• Two artillery decks.

Flute "Schwarzer Rabe"

As early as the end of the 16th century, the Netherlands began to build flutes. at the expense new design the Dutch flute had excellent seaworthiness and had:

• Small draft;
• High-speed sailing equipment that allowed a steep fence to the wind;
• high speed;
• Large capacity;
• New design with a length-to-width ratio ranging from four-to-one;
• Was cost effective;
• And a crew of about 60 people.

That is, in fact, a military transport ship to transport goods, and on the high seas to repel an enemy attack, and quickly go into the lead.

Flutes at the beginning of the 17th century were built by:

• About 40 meters long;
• About 6 or 7 m wide;
• Draft 3÷4 m;
• Load capacity 350÷400 tons;
• And gun equipment of 10 ÷ 20 guns.

For a century, flutes dominated all seas, played a prominent role in wars. For the first time they began to use the steering wheel.

From the sailing running equipment, topmasts appeared on them, the yards were made shortened, the length of the mast became longer than the vessel, and the sails became narrower, more convenient to manage, small in size. Sails mainsail, foresail, topsails, bramsails on mainsail, foremasts. On the bowsprit - a rectangular blind sail, bom blind. On the mizzen mast - a slanting sail and a straight cruysel. To manage the sailing equipment, a smaller number of the upper crew was required.

17th century warship designs

The gradual modernization of artillery pieces began to allow them successful application on board the ship. Important characteristics in the new battle tactics are:

• Convenient, fast reloading during the battle;
• Conducting continuous fire with intervals for reloading;
• Conducting aimed fire at long distances;
• An increase in the number of crew, which allowed firing under boarding conditions.

Since the 16th century, the tactics of division continued to develop military purpose as part of a squadron: part of the ships retreated to the flanks to conduct long-range artillery fire on the cluster capital ships the enemy, and the light vanguard rushed to board the affected ships.

British naval forces used this tactic during the Anglo-Spanish War.

Wake column during the review 1849

There is a classification of ships according to the purpose of their use. Rowing galleys are being replaced by sailing galleys cannon ships, and the main emphasis is transferred from boarding capture to destructive gunfire.

The use of heavy large-caliber was difficult. The increased number of artillery crew, the significant weight of the gun and charges, the recoil force that was destructive for the ship, which made it impossible to launch volleys at the same time. The emphasis was on 32-42-pound guns with a barrel diameter of no more than 17 cm. For this reason, several medium-sized guns were preferable to a pair of large ones.

The most difficult thing is the accuracy of the shot in conditions of pitching and inertia of recoil from neighboring guns. Therefore, the artillery crew needed a clear sequence of volleys with minimal intervals, the training of the entire crew of the team.

Strength and maneuverability have become very important: it is necessary to keep the enemy strictly on board, not allow entry to the rear, and be able to quickly turn the ship to the other side in case of serious damage. The length of the ship's keel was no more than 80 meters, and in order to accommodate more guns, they began to build upper decks, a battery of guns was placed along the board on each deck.

The coherence and skill of the ship's crew were determined by the speed of maneuvers. Supreme manifestation skill was considered the speed with which the ship, having fired a volley from one side, had time to turn its narrow bow under the oncoming volley of the enemy, and then turning the opposite side to fire a new volley. Such maneuvers made it possible to receive less damage and inflict significant and quick damage to the enemy.

Worth mentioning are the numerous military rowboats used throughout the 17th century. The proportions were approximately 40 by 5 meters. Displacement about 200 tons, draft 1.5 meters. A mast and a Latin sail were installed on the galleys. For a typical galley with a crew of 200, 140 rowers were placed in threes on 25 banks on each side, each at his own oar. The oar bulwarks were protected from bullets and crossbows. Guns were installed at the stern and bow. The goal of the galley attack is a boarding battle. Cannons and throwing guns launched an attack, boarding began when they approached. It is clear that such attacks were designed for heavily loaded merchant ships.

The strongest army at sea in the 17th century

If at the beginning of the century the fleet of the winner of the Great Spanish Armada was considered the strongest, then in the future the combat capability of the British fleet fell catastrophically. And the failures in the battles with the Spaniards and the shameful capture of 27 English ships by Moroccan pirates finally dropped the prestige of British power.

At this time, the Dutch fleet takes the lead. That is why the rapidly growing rich neighbor feat Britain to build up its fleet in a new way. By the middle of the century, the flotilla consisted of up to 40 warships, of which six were 100-gun ships. And after the Revolution, the combat power at sea increased until the Restoration. After a period of calm, towards the end of the century, Britain again positioned its power at sea.

From the beginning of the 17th century, the flotillas of European countries began to be equipped with battleships, the number of which determined the combat strength. The 55-gun ship HMS "Prince Royal" of 1610 is considered to be the first linear 3-deck ship. The next 3-deck HMS "Sovereign of the Seas" acquired the parameters of a serial prototype:

• Proportions 127x46 feet;
• Draft - 20 feet;
• Displacement 1520 tons;
• Total number 126 guns on 3 artillery decks.

Placement of guns: 30 on the lower deck, 30 on the middle, 26 with a smaller caliber on the upper, 14 under the forecastle, 12 under the poop. In addition, there are many loopholes in the add-ons for the guns of the crew remaining on board.

After three wars England and Holland among themselves, they united in an alliance against France. The Anglo-Dutch alliance was able to destroy by 1697 1300 French ship units. And at the beginning next century, led by Britain, the union achieved the advantage. And the blackmail of the naval power of England, which became Great Britain, began to determine the outcome of the battles.

Naval tactics

Previous naval warfare was characterized by disordered tactics, skirmishes between ship captains, and lack of patterns and unified command.

From 1618, the British Admiralty introduced a ranking of its warships.

• Ships Royal, 40…55 guns.
• Great Royals, about 40 guns.
• Middle Ships. 30…40 guns.
• Small Ships, including frigates, less than 30 guns.

The British developed the tactics of line combat. According to its rules,

1. Peer-to-peer line-up with wake columns;
2. Building an equivalent and equal-velocity column without breaks;
3. Unified command.

What should ensure success in battle.

The tactics of an equal-rank formation excluded the presence of weak links in the column, the flagships led the vanguard, center, command and closed the rear guard. The unified command was subordinate to the admiral, a clear system for transmitting commands and signals between ships appeared.

Naval battles and wars

Battle of Dover 1659

The first battle of the fleets a month before the start of the 1st Anglo-Dutch War, which formally gave it a start. Tromp, with a squadron of 40 ships, went to escort and protect Dutch transport ships from English corsairs. Being in English waters close to the squadron of 12 ships under the command. Admiral Burn, the Dutch flagships did not want to salute the English flag. When Blake approached with a squadron of 15 ships, the British attacked the Dutch. Tromp covered the caravan of merchant ships, did not dare to get involved in a long battle, and lost the battlefield.

Battle of Plymouth 1652

It took place in the First Anglo-Dutch War. de Ruyter took command of a squadron from Zeeland of 31 military units. ship and 6 firewalls in the protection of the trade caravan convoy. He was opposed by 38 soldiers. ships and 5 fireships of the British forces.

The Dutch at the meeting divided the squadron, part of the English ships began to pursue them, breaking the formation and losing the advantage of firepower. The Dutch, with their favorite tactic of shooting at masts and rigging, disabled part of the enemy ships. As a result, the British had to retreat and go to the ports for repairs, and the caravan safely left for Calais.

Newport battles of 1652 and 1653

If in the battle of 1652, Ruyter and de Witt, having united 2 squadrons of 64 ships into a single squadron - the vanguard of Ruyter and the center of de Witt - a squadron, gave an equal battle to 68 Black ships. Then in 1653 Tromp's squadron, which had 98 ships and 6 fireships against 100 ships and 5 fireships English admirals Monk and Dina, when trying to attack the main forces of the British, was pretty destroyed. Ruyter, the vanguard rushing down the wind, fell upon the English. the vanguard of Admiral Lawson, he was energetically supported by Tromp; but Admiral Dean managed to come to the rescue. And then the wind subsided, an artillery skirmish began until dark, when the Dutch, having discovered a lack of shells, were forced to leave for their ports as soon as possible. The battle showed the advantage of equipment and weapons of the English ships.

Battle of Portland 1653

Battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. Convoy under commands. Admiral M. Tromp of 80 ships was accompanied in the English Channel by a returning caravan loaded with colonial goods of 250 merchant ships. Meeting with a fleet of 70 British ships under command. Admiral R. Blake, Tromp was forced into battle.

For two days of fighting, a change in the wind did not allow groups of ships to line up; the Dutch, shackled by the defense of transport ships, suffered losses. And yet, at night, the Dutch were able to break through and leave, eventually losing 9 military and 40 merchant ships, and the British 4 ships.

Battle of Texel 1673

De Ruyter's victory with Admirals Bankert and Tromp over the Anglo-French fleet at Texel in the Third Anglo-Dutch War. This period is marked by the occupation of the Netherlands by French troops. The goal was to recapture the trade caravan. 92 Allied ships and 30 fireships were opposed by a Dutch fleet of 75 ships and 30 fireships.

Ruyter's vanguard managed to separate the French vanguard from the British squadron. The maneuver was a success and, due to the disunity of the allies, the French preferred to keep the flotilla, and the Dutch managed to crush the center of the British in many hours of fierce battle. And in the end, having ousted the French, Bankert came to reinforce the center of the Dutch. The British were never able to land troops and suffered heavy losses in manpower.

These wars are advanced maritime powers determined the importance of tactics, formations and firepower in the development of the navy and the art of warfare. Based on the experience of these wars, classes of division into ship ranks were developed, the optimal equipment for a sailing ship of the line and the number of weapons were tested. The tactics of single combat of enemy ships was transformed into a combat formation of a wake column with well-coordinated artillery fire, with rapid rebuilding and a unified command. Boarding action was a thing of the past, and strength at sea influenced success on land.

17th century Spanish fleet

Spain continued to form its armadas with large galleons, the unsinkability and strength of which were proven by the results of the battles. Invincible Armada with the British. The British artillery was unable to inflict damage on the Spaniards.

Therefore, Spanish shipbuilders continued to build galleons with an average displacement of 500 ÷ 1000 tons and a draft of 9 feet, creating precisely an ocean-going ship - stable and reliable. Three or four masts and about 30 guns were put on such ships.

In the first third of the century, 18 galleons with up to 66 cannons were launched into the water. The number of large ships exceeded 60 against 20 large royal ships of England and 52 of France.

The features of durable, heavy ships are high resistance to staying in the ocean and fighting water elements. The installation of direct sails in two tiers did not provide maneuverability and ease of control. At the same time, low maneuverability was compensated by excellent good survivability during storms in terms of strength parameters, and the versatility of galleons. They were used simultaneously for both trade and military operations, which was often combined with unexpected meeting with the enemy in the vast waters of the ocean.

Extraordinary capacity made it possible to equip ships with a decent number of weapons and take on board a large team trained for battles. What made it possible to successfully carry out boarding - the main naval tactics battles and the capture of ships in the arsenal of the Spaniards.

Navy of France in the 17th century

In France, the first battleship "Crown" was launched in 1636. Then began the rivalry with England and Holland at sea.

Ship characteristics of the three-masted double-deck "" 1st rank:

• Displacement more than 2100 tons;
• Length along the upper deck 54 meters, along the waterline 50 m, along the keel 39 m;
• Width 14 m;
• 3 masts;
• Main mast 60 meters high;
• Boards up to 10 m high;
• The sail area is about 1000 m²;
• 600 sailors;
• 3 decks;
• 72 different-caliber guns (14x 36-pounders);
• Oak body.

It took about 2,000 dried trunks to build. The shape of the barrel was matched to the shape of the part of the ship in accordance with the bends of the fibers and the part, which gave special strength.

The ship is known for eclipsing the Lord of the Seas, the British masterpiece Sovereign of the Seas (1634), and is now considered the most luxurious and beautiful ship of the sailing era.

Navy of the United Provinces of the Netherlands 17th century

The Netherlands in the 17th century waged endless wars with neighboring countries for independence. The naval confrontation between the Netherlands and Britain had the character of internecine rivalry between neighbors. On the one hand, they hurried to control the seas and oceans with the help of the fleet, on the other hand, to squeeze Spain and Portugal, while successfully carrying out robbery attacks on their ships, but on the third, they wanted to dominate as the two most militant rivals. At the same time, dependence on corporations - the owners of ships that financed shipbuilding, overshadowed the importance of victories in naval battles, which stopped the growth of navigation in the Netherlands.

The formation of the power of the Dutch fleet was facilitated by the liberation struggle with Spain, the weakening of its strength, the numerous victories of the Dutch ships over the Spaniards during the Thirty Years' War to its end in 1648.

The fleet of the Netherlands was the largest, numbering 20 thousand merchant ships, a huge number of shipyards worked. Actually this century was the Golden Age of the Netherlands. The struggle of the Netherlands for independence from the Spanish Empire led to the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648). After the completion of the war of liberation of the Seventeen Provinces from the Spanish monarchy, there were three Anglo-Dull wars, a successful invasion of England, and wars with France.

3 Anglo-Dutch wars at sea tried to determine the dominant position at sea. By the beginning of the first, the Dutch fleet had 75 warships along with frigates. The available warships of the United Provinces were scattered around the world. In case of war, warships could be chartered, or simply hired from others. European states. The designs of the "Pinas" and "Flemish Carracks" in case of war were easily upgraded from a merchant into a military vessel. However, apart from Brederode and Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, the Dutch could not boast of their own warships. They won battles through courage and skill.

By the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665 van Wassenaar's squadron was able to collect 107 ships, 9 frigates and 27 lower ships. Of these, 92 are armed with more than 30 guns. The number of crews is 21 thousand sailors, 4800 guns.

England could oppose 88 ships, 12 frigates and 24 lower ships. A total of 4500 guns, 22 thousand sailors.

In the most disastrous Battle of Lowestoft in the history of Holland, the Flemish flagship, the 76-gun Eendragt, was blown up along with van Wassenaar.

Navy of 17th century Britain

In the middle of the century, there were no more than 5 thousand merchant ships in Britain. But the navy was significant. By 1651, the royal Royal Navy squadron already had 21 battleships and 29 frigates, 2 battleships and 50 frigates were being completed on the way. If we add the number of free-hired and chartered ships, the fleet could be up to 200 ships. The total number of guns and caliber were out of competition.

The construction was carried out at the royal shipyards of Britain - Woolwich, Davenport, Chatham, Portsmouth, Deptford. A significant part of the ships came from private shipyards in Bristol, Liverpool, etc. Over the course of a century, growth steadily increased with a predominance of regular fleet over chartered.

In England, the most powerful ships of the line were called Manowar, as the largest, with more than a hundred guns.

To increase the multi-purpose composition of the British fleet in the middle of the century, more smaller types of warships were created: corvettes, bombards.

During the construction of frigates, the number of guns on two decks increased to 60.

In the first battle of Dover with the Netherlands british navy had:

60 push. James, 56- push. Andrew, 62- push. Triumph, 56- push. Andrew, 62- push. Triumph, 52- push. Victory, 52- push. Speaker, five 36s including President, three 44s including Garland, 52s. Fairfax and others.

To which the Dutch fleet could counter:

54- push. Brederode, 35 push. Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, nine 34 guns, the rest in lower ranks.

Therefore, the reluctance of the Netherlands to engage in open water combat according to the rules of linear tactics becomes obvious.

Russian fleet of the 17th century

As such, the Russian fleet did not exist before Peter I, due to the lack of access to the seas. The very first Russian warship was the two-deck, three-masted Eagle, built by 1669 on the Oka. But it was built at the Voronezh shipyards in 1695 - 1696 from 23 rowing galleys, 2 sailing-rowing frigates and more than 1000 shnyavs, baroques, plows.

Ship "Eagle" 1667

The parameters of the 36-gun frigates "Apostol Peter" and "Apostle Paul" are similar:

• Length 34 meters;
• Width 7.6 m;
• 15 pairs of oars for maneuverability;
• Flat-bottomed hull;
• Anti-boarding boards at the top are bent inward.

Russian masters and Peter himself in 1697. The frigate "Peter and Pavel" was built in Holland.

The first ship to enter the Black Sea was the Fortress. From the shipyard at the mouth of the Don in 1699:

• Length - 38 meters;
• Width - 7.5 m;
• Crew - 106 sailors;
• 46 guns.

In 1700, the first Russian battleship "God's Predestination", destined for the Azov Flotilla, left the shipyard of Voronezh, moreover, rebuilt by Russian craftsmen and engineers. This three-masted ship, equal to rank IV, had:

• Length 36 meters;
• Width 9 m;
• 58 guns (26x 16-pounders, 24x 8-pounders, 8x 3-pounders);
• A team of 250 sailors.