What is a series of homogeneous members? You will find the answer to the question posed in this article. In addition, we will tell you about what types are divided into such sentence members and how they should be separated.

general information

Rows of homogeneous members are those members of a sentence that are associated with the same word form, and also perform one syntactic function. As a rule, such words are pronounced with enumeration intonation. Moreover, in the sentence they are located in contact (that is, one after the other), and also quite often allow any permutation. Although it is not always possible. After all, the first in such a series is usually called that which is primary from a chronological or logical point of view, or the most important for the speaker.

Main features

The rows of homogeneous members of the proposal are characterized by the following features:

Homogeneous members: examples in a sentence

To make it more clear to you what these terms are, we present good example: "Below, the surf roared widely and measuredly." AT this passage There are 2 circumstances (widely and measuredly). They have (with the help of the union “and”), and also depend on the main member of the sentence (predicate) - it was noisy (that is, it was noisy “how?” Widely and measuredly).

What do they act as?

Homogeneous members act in the sentence both as main and as secondary members. Here are some examples:

• “Gardens, meadows, groves and fields stretched along both banks.” Such a series of homogeneous members acts as a subject.
• “Then dim, then bright, the lights are on.” it
• “Everyone began vying to praise the mind, courage, generosity of Anton.” it homogeneous additions.
• “The dog whined, lay down, stretched out its front paws and put its muzzle on them.” it homogeneous predicates.
• “The wind was hitting the sides of the boat more and more sharply, more insistently and stronger.” These are the same circumstances.

Types of homogeneous members

The series of homogeneous members, examples of which are presented in this article, can be both common and non-common in a sentence. That is, such expressions can carry any explanatory words. Here's an example:

What part of speech can be used?

A number of homogeneous members in a sentence can be expressed in one part of speech. Although not always this rule is mandatory for him. After all, the same member often appears in the form different parts speech. This is due to the fact that they can have completely different morphological expression. Let's give an example: "The horse moved slowly (in the form of an adverb), with dignity (in the form of a noun with a preposition), stamping its hooves (in the form of a participial phrase)".

One-dimensionality

All used in the offer homogeneous members should denote one-dimensional phenomena in some respect. If you violate this rule, then the text will be perceived as an anomaly. Although often this method is deliberately used by some authors for stylistic purposes. Let's take a few suggestions as an example:

• “Only Misha, winter and heating did not sleep.”
• “When mother and frost allowed her to stick her nose out of the house, Masha went to wander around the yard alone.”

Construction method

Homogeneous members are often lined up in a sentence in such a row, which is a unity in its meaning and structure. Let's give an example: "Cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, potatoes, etc." grew in the garden.

It should also be noted that in one sentence there may be more than one series of homogeneous members. Consider a good example: "The frost on the street grew stronger and pinched the face, ears, nose, hands." In this sentence, “strong and pinched” is one row, and “face, ears, nose, hands” is the second row.

"Exceptions" to the rules

Not all enumerations in a particular text are homogeneous. Indeed, in some cases, such combinations act as a single member of the sentence. To deal with such exceptions, we present a few illustrative examples:

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

If the members of the sentence act as a definition, then they can be both heterogeneous and homogeneous.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are such expressions that refer to any defined word. That is, they are interconnected by a creative connection. In addition, they are pronounced with an enumeration intonation.

Homogeneous definitions in one sentence or another, they can characterize a phenomenon or an object from the same side (for example, by properties, material, color, etc.). In this case, commas should be placed between them. Let us give a clear example: "A violent, mighty, deafening rain poured down on the city."

As for heterogeneous definitions, they characterize any object with a completely different parties. In such situations, between the words there is no writing connection. That is why they are pronounced without enumeration intonation. It should also be noted that between heterogeneous definitions commas are not included. Let's give an example: "There were tall dense pines in a large clearing."

Generalizing words

Homogeneous members may carry generalizing words that occupy the following positions:

• Before or after homogeneous members. Let us give an example: “Everything should be beautiful in a person: clothes, face, thoughts, and soul”, “In the bushes, in the grass of wild rose hips and dogwood, on trees and in vineyards, aphids have developed everywhere.”
• After, or rather, before homogeneous members, there may be such words as “namely”, “somehow”, “for example”. They usually point to further enumeration. Let's give an example: "The game of hunters includes not only some birds, but also other animals, namely: wild boars, bears, wild goats, deer, hares."
• After homogeneous members, or rather before generalizing words, there may be expressions that have the meaning of the total (for example, “in one word”, “word”, etc.).

One sentence can have several subjects or predicates. What punctuation marks should be in such cases? A sentence with homogeneous subjects is the topic of the article.

Rules

In a sentence, as a rule, there are two main members. One of them is the subject. The second is the predicate. But there are also those in which there are two or more subjects. Or several predicates.

The words, bound friend with a friend by type are called It is important to know that with several predicates there can be only one subject. With two or more subjects, there is only one predicate. The article will consider in detail a sentence with homogeneous subjects. Examples in which there are several predicates are also worth giving:

1. He brawled and fought to maintain morale.
2. They screamed, and called for help, and called out to God.

Unions

A sentence with homogeneous subjects can have both allied and non-union conjunctions.

1. Children, women, the disabled, the elderly remained in the village.
2. And children, and women, and the elderly, and the disabled remained in the village.
3. Only children, women, the elderly and the disabled remained in the village.
4. Children and women, the elderly and the disabled remained in the village.

The first option is typical for narrative and calm speech. It is a kind of open circle. The second option is an incomplete enumeration. The third sentence with homogeneous subjects includes a closed enumeration. And finally, the fourth has several types:

• paired words are close in meaning;
• pair words are lexical units, contrasting in value;
• paired words-concepts are logically far from each other.

Particles

A sentence with homogeneous members may include prepositions. These service parts of speech perform a connecting function between paired words. But if such words are subjects, then only unions and particles can stand in front of them. For example:

1. Not only children, but also skeptical adults froze in front of the TV.
2. Not only him, but also you will be able to complete this task in time.

Predicate

In the examples given above, it is the nouns that express the homogeneous members of the sentence. Subjects, as you know, can be represented by another part of speech. But in the cases that are considered in this article, these are always nouns. The predicate can be not only a verb. This member of the sentence is sometimes expressed as a noun. For example:

1. Moscow, Budapest, Kyiv, Minsk - all these are the capitals of countries.
2. And “Amok”, and “Impatience of the Heart”, and “Letter from a Stranger” are the works of Zweig.
3. Poems and poems, short stories and novels, dramas and comedies are all literary works.
4. Red Square, Patriarch's Ponds and Sparrow Hills are the sights of the capital.

In sentences with multiple subjects, the predicate is always plural.

Mistakes

The lexical inconsistency of one of the homogeneous subjects with the predicate is the cause of common mistakes. For example:

Comments and suggestions were considered at the meeting (proposals are considered, comments are made).

There are other errors as well. Homogeneous members can interbreed according to generic and specific concepts. For example:

1. Cakes, confectionery, wines and fruit are included in the store's assortment (cross out "cakes" as they are in the confectionery category).
2. And alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products, and wine will soon disappear from store shelves.

Not rude, but still a mistake is the wrong selection of paired words. Examples of sentences with such homogeneous subjects are given above.

Often in sentences there are homogeneous members. What are they and what is their function? This article is devoted to these questions.

What are homogeneous members

In the science of the Russian language, the conceptual basis of this phenomenon has long been developed.

So, homogeneous members are such parts in a sentence that perform the same function in a syntactic sense. In another way, you can say that they belong to some one common word or are dependent on it. For example, all adjectives in the sentence "White, blue and green balloons flew into the air" are homogeneous definitions. In writing, they are separated by punctuation marks, as a rule, commas, as well as unions. In speech, pauses form between them. Not always homogeneous members are the same parts of speech.An example of this is the sentence "The student answered correctly, sensibly, beautiful language". Homogeneous members are equal in rights, independent of each other. On top of that, they answer the same question.

Signs of homogeneous members

The main properties of such words in sentences have already been briefly indicated above. Let's consider them in more detail with the given examples. First, homogeneous members always answer the same question. For example, in the sentence “Blue, yellow and pink flowers All definitions answer the question “what?”. Thus, they are homogeneous. Secondly, they are the same members of the sentence. So, in the sentence "Brother and sister met" homogeneous members are subjects. Thirdly, they are related to the only certain word. So, in the phrase "they rested and worked" all verbs have a connection with the pronoun. And, finally, fourthly, homogeneous members are equal in rights and are connected by a coordinating connection. That is, you can always insert the union "and" between them.

Punctuation issues

How are homogeneous members indicated in writing? As mentioned above, they must be separated by something.

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members are, as a rule, commas. They are placed in cases where these equal parts are not connected by unions. If such a situation exists, then there is no need for punctuation marks. Another thing is if adversarial or repetitive unions are used. An example of this would be the sentences "She felt happy but tired" and "In the evening they either dance or read."

The value of homogeneous members

The Russian language is rich and multifaceted. Some people have a question: "Why do we need homogeneous members of a sentence?" After all, from the whole wealth of words, you can choose the only true and necessary one. The most common answer to this question is that homogeneous members make speech more expressive. Without them, proposals are dry and lifeless. They are used to prevent speech from becoming poor and primitive. In addition, homogeneous terms are used for the purpose of more accurate description any objects or events. AT

1. Homogeneous members of a sentence

Homogeneous members of a sentence - these are the members of the sentence that answer the same question, asked from the same word, and perform the same syntactic function. Any members of a sentence can be homogeneous: and subjects, and predicates, and definitions, and additions, and circumstances. Usually these are words of the same part of speech, but they can be different.

For example: The students at the seminar responded briskly, sensibly, in beautiful language . From one verb-predicate we ask the same question (how? ) to two adverbs - smartly and intelligently- and to one phrase expressed by a combination of an adjective and a noun, beautiful language. But they are all the same circumstances.

Homogeneous members of a sentence can be bound allied writing and/or unionless bond , that is, either there are unions with homogeneous members, or not.

• If homogeneous members of a sentence are connected only intonationally, without alliances, then before each homogeneous member of the sentence, starting after the first, you need to put a comma .

For example: Bloomed in the garden roses , lilies , chamomile - homogeneous subjects.

• solitary connecting unions : AND , OR , OR , YES(in the meaning of AND), then between two homogeneous members of the sentence comma is NOT included.

For example: Suddenly a storm came up large and frequent hail - homogeneous definitions . autumn freshness , foliage and fruits fragrant garden- homogeneous additions. I will send you a postcard or call on the phone- homogeneous predicates. One Anyutka stayed at home cook Yes(=and) tidy up the upper room.

• If homogeneous members are connected solitary opposing alliances A, ZATO, BUT, YES(meaning BUT) or subordinating union ALTHOUGH, then comma between them put .

For example: Movie interesting , although a little tight- homogeneous predicates. Not an iron key opens the heart , but kindness- homogeneous additions. Father wanted to leave towards him , Yes(= but) for some reason changed his mind- homogeneous predicates.

• If homogeneous members of the sentence are connected repeated unions AND… AND, OR… OR, THAT… THAT, OR… OR, NOT THAT… NOT THAT, then a comma is placed before the second union or starting from the second if there are more than two homogeneous terms.

For example: Fled to the noise and women , and men - homogeneous subjects. Felled aspens crushed themselves and grass , and small shrub- homogeneous additions. They seem to me then noisy feasts , then military mill , then combat fights- homogeneous subjects.

Pay attention to this option, when the union before the first of the three homogeneous members of the sentence can be omitted, but nevertheless the punctuation will not change.

For example: Noisy feasts seem to me , then military camp , then combat fights. You me don't you hear , or Do not understand , or just ignore- homogeneous predicates.

• If homogeneous members are connected double alliances NOT ONLY…BUT AND HOW…SO AND IF NOT…THEN, THOUGH AND…BUT, NOT SO MUCH…HOW, then a comma is always placed before the second part of the union . First part double union stands before the first homogeneous member of the sentence, the second part of the union stands before the second homogeneous member of the sentence.

For example: These rules can be met how masters of sports , so newcomers - homogeneous additions. The glow of the fire was visible Not only above the center cities , but also on the outskirts- the same circumstances.

• Homogeneous members of a sentence can form groups.

If a from one word given the same question to each group of homogeneous members of the proposal, then they are group-by-group homogeneous, and a comma is placed between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example: In literature lessons we read (what?) poetry and fables , (what?) stories and story – two groups of homogeneous additions .

If the groups were asked different questions(and from different words) , these groups are heterogeneous, between them comma is NOT included .

For example: On (what?) spacious and light glade grew (what?) chamomile and bells – homogeneous subject and homogeneous definitions.

IMPORTANT! Homogeneous definitions must be distinguished from inhomogeneous, characterizing an object with various parties. In this case, there is no enumeration intonation and a coordinating conjunction cannot be inserted. Comma between them NOT put .

For example: Buried in the ground round hewn oak table- adjectives characterize an object from different angles (in form, according to the method of manufacture, according to the material from which the object is made), they are not homogeneous, although they answer the same question.

DO NOT PUT a comma between two verbs in the same form acting as a unified compound predicate , indicating the movement and its purpose or forming a single semantic whole.

For example: I'll go check the class schedule.. Look don't stumble on a slippery path. Try to define taste.

DO NOT PUT a comma in fixed terms with repeated unions: and day and night; both old and young; and laughter and grief; and here and there; neither back nor forth; neither yes nor no; for nothing; neither fish nor fowl; neither light nor dawn; neither hearing nor spirit; without any reasons . They are usually used in speech figuratively and are not homogeneous members.

2. Compound sentence

Compound sentence - this is a sentence consisting of several simple sentences (several grammatical bases) interconnected allied or non-union connection. Simple sentences equal, neutral in relation to each other, from one part of a complex sentence it is impossible to raise a question to another part.

• Between parts of a compound sentence always there is a comma if they are related unionless bond .

For example: The harsh winter has come , frost has frozen the rivers.

• Parts of a compound sentence can be connected coordinating conjunctions . As a rule, in such cases, between the parts of the sentence before the union worth a comma.

For example: Heat and fatigue took their toll , and I fell into a dead sleep. We failed to buy concert tickets , but we still had a great evening.

IMPORTANT! Distinguish compound sentence with two or more grammatical bases from simple, where there is only one grammatical basis and a coordinating union can be associated with homogeneous predicates.

For example: The dazzlingly bright moon was already above the mountain and flooded the city with a clear greenish light.- union And homogeneous predicates are connected, and a comma is not placed before it.

But there are some cases where comma before union in a compound sentence do NOT set :

• When the first and second parts have one common minor member of a sentence. It can be any member of the sentence - addition, circumstance, etc.

For example: Hundreds of fireflies were flying in the thick evening air and the fragrance of blooming magnolias wafted - general circumstance (hundreds of fireflies flew and fragrance spread (where?) in the air).

• There is common appendage relating to both the first part of the compound sentence and the second part.

For example: Until the teacher entered the classroom, the children did not calm down and there was a loud noise in the classroom.

• If available general introductory word.

For example: According to class teacher boys misbehave in class and girls imitate them.

• consists of two titles.

For example: Frost and sun. A hoarse groan and a raucous rattle.

• If a compound sentence consists of two interrogative sentences.

For example: What time is it now and how much time is left until the end of the lesson ? Will you come to me or will I come to you ?

• If united two exclamatory or incentive suggestions.

For example: How to end a quarter well and what a nice break from school ! Let the sun shine and birds sing !

• If united two indefinite personal sentences(assuming one action producer).

For example: Began to exhibit journal grades and noticed the absence of one control work.

• If united two impersonal sentences with synonymous predicates.

For example: All 24 missions must be completed and must be done in ninety minutes.

The concept of a complicated sentence

Proposals with homogeneous members

Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

Generalizing words with homogeneous members of a sentence

1. The concept of a complicated sentence

Complicated sentences include such sentences in which there are relatively independent syntactic constructions and turns: isolated members of a sentence, homogeneous members, introductory constructions, plug-in constructions, appeals, comparative turns. Complicated sentences on the scale of transitivity occupy the transition zone between simple and complex sentences. The complicating part of the sentence contains a semi-predicative that complements the main predicative core of the sentence. Thus, semi-predicativity is an additional message to the main statement about the relation of the statement to reality.

1. Proposals with homogeneous members

Homogeneous members of a sentence – these are members of the same name, connected with each other by a coordinative connection and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence, i.e. united by the same relationship to the same member of the sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with enumeration intonation. In the absence of unions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses. The selection of homogeneous components is based on three leading characteristics:

1. single functionality;

2. subordinating relationship with a common / co-subordinating or co-subordinating / word;

3.compositional connection between them, marked by intonation or compositional unions.

For example: The story is needed not onlychildren , but alsoadults /K.Paustovsky/ - in this sentence, homogeneous indirect objects are equally subordinate to the predicate need and are among themselves in the relationship of comparison, realized by the coordinating union. Homogeneous subjects, unlike all other homogeneous members, do not obey, but subordinate to themselves the member of the sentence associated with them - the predicate: Neither power nor life amuses me/A.Pushkin/.

The main members of one-component sentences are not covered by all three parameters, so their syntactic structure is not recognized or questioned: They didn’t knock, they didn’t shout, they didn’t ask questions/BUT. Chekhov/: Night, street, lamp, pharmacy/A.Blok/.

Homogeneous can be both main and secondary members of the sentence, for example: Gardenershut up, stuck a tube for the top of a boot (P.S.) - homogeneous predicates; Dunyashki walked pastcaps and headscarves, overcoats andoveralls (E.N.) - homogeneous subjects; Vasya drew on the corners of album sheetsbirds, animals andangels (P.S.) - homogeneous additions.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be expressed by different parts of speech: Spokehe is calm, without sadness, without complaint in voice andSo , as if he himself were attentively listening to his speech, checking it mentally(Bitter).

Homogeneous members of the proposal are characterized by the following signs:

They occupy the position of one member of the proposal;

Associated with the same member of the sentence by a subordinating relationship;

Connected with each other by a coordinating connection;

Often have the same morphological expression;

Usually express the same type of concepts.

The presence of homogeneous members of the proposal is not seen in the following cases:

When repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc., for example: I'm going, I'm going in an open field (P.); Here is the dark dark garden(N.).Drink-drink and the water from the earth keeps flowing and flowing/AT. Peskov/.

In integral phraseological expressions: and day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forth, etc. .

When combining two verbs in the same form, acting as a single predicate (in the meaning of an action and its goal, unexpected or arbitrary action etc.), for example, I'll go look Timetable of classes;took and did vice versa, etc.

The members of the sentence connected by explicative / clarifying-explanatory / relations are not homogeneous: Now, in mid April, the oak was black and gloomy/AT. Krutilin/.

Does not give syntactic uniformity and such a phenomenon modern language, as an indication of an object in its relation to another object: Tolstoy and Contemporaries: Readers and the Book: Student and Perestroika. The presence of an imaginary coordinating connection does not indicate homogeneity, but a stylistic assignment: We will drink tea with sugar and with dad/K.Simonov/.

In the block of homogeneous members, its parts are interconnected in meaning and grammatical means: intonation, composing conjunctions and lexical and grammatical means.

The most significant indicator of homogeneity is the coordinative connection.

To connect homogeneous members of a sentence, the following categories of coordinating conjunctions are used:

Connecting unions: and, yes,(in the meaning of "and"), no no etc. Soyuz and can be single and repetitive. A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive, for example: Outside, screeching, barking and howling (Ars.) were heard.

Union repetition and before each homogeneous member of the sentence, makes the row incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation, for example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).

Union and can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They agreed: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).

Recurring union no no used in negative sentences acting as a union and, for example: Behind the rain, neither the sea nor the sky was visible (M. G.)

Union Yes(in the meaning of "and") is used mainly in colloquial speech, its use in works of art gives the speech a touch of simplicity, for example: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit next to me (P.).

Union Yes is also used as a repeating, but cannot appear before the first homogeneous member, for example: Dog, Man, yes Cat, yes Falcon once swore to each other in eternal friendship(Cr.).

Opposing alliances: ah but yes(meaning "but") however, etc.

Union a shows that one concept is affirmed and the other is denied: She put on the Titmouse of glory, but did not light the sea(Cr.).

In the absence of negation union a indicates opposition: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly(proverb).

Union but introduces a shade of limitation: On the right bank there are peaceful, but still restless villages(L.T.)

Union Yes brings in a conversational tone: Who is noble and strong, but not smart, so bad, if with good heart he(Cr.).

Emphasize opposition alliances but and but: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.).

A connecting union can act as an opposing union and: I wanted to travel around the whole world, and did not travel a hundredth(Gr.).

Divisive unions: or, either, whether ... whether, then ... that, not that ... not that, or ... or and etc.

Union or(single or repeated) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other: They let me go with Evseich to the river every day, either in the morning or in the evening (Ax.)

Union or, with the same meaning (usually repeated), is colloquial: Gavrila decided that the mute either ran or drowned with his dog (T.)

Recurring union then ... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, The stars either blinked with a faint light, then disappeared (T.)

Recurring union whether ... whether has a separating enumeration value.

Recurring alliances not that ... not that, either ... or indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choosing: In the heart, not laziness, not tenderness (T.)

Comparative(gradational): as - so and; not only but; although and - but; if not, then; not that - but (but); not so much - how much, how much - so much comparisons matter: Although it looks simple, it has a wonderful property (Kr.).

Connecting:yes and; a and; but also; yes and that; and also that also have an associated meaning: I peacefully enjoyed my work, success, fame, as well as the work and success of friends (P.)

There can be several blocks (rows) of homogeneous members in one sentence. In one composed row, there are synonyms, antonyms, forming additional meanings that explode the external uniformity of the row: Rejoicing and mourning, And spilling black blood She looks, looks, looks at youAnd with hate and with love (Block).