The history of the notebook The history of the notebook The notebook... this integral part school life accompanied our childhood, the childhood of our parents - and, probably, will not soon become a thing of the past. It seems that notebooks have always existed... But they appeared once... how and where did it happen? The very word "notebook" will help answer this question - what associations does it evoke? Recall similar words: "tetralogy" - a work consisting of four parts. In other words, the name "notebook" comes from the word "four". What is behind this? Notebook (from Greek - the fourth part of the sheet, "four") - a carrier of information, an object for making notes, consisting of fastened sheets of paper. The sheets that make up the notebook can be clean, as well as in a cage, in a ruler or in an oblique ruler. In a notebook (usually a student's one), fields can be drawn. Most often, notebooks are used by schoolchildren and university students. Starting from the 7th century BC, having changed many different media (lead sheets, bone plates, etc.), Europeans (Greeks, Romans) recorded information (text, drawings) on wooden boards covered with a layer of wax with a sharp stick ( stylus). The writing was easily erased by the reverse blunt end of the stylus. These boards were fastened in four pieces. On one of the samples of antique " school notebooks"With the firm hand of the teacher, it was inscribed:" Be diligent, boy, so that you are not torn out. "From the depths of centuries, from ancient Assyria, books have come down to us written with reed sticks on clay tiles, which were then fired in ovens like pots. In the Egyptian kingdom, books were made from papyrus - a river reed with a tall thick trunk. Its core was cut into strips, dried and turned into smooth sheets. They wrote on them. Then the sheets were glued together, and the result was a book in the form long scroll. After reading, the scroll was rolled up into a tube and hidden in a case. Waxed tablets were convenient for student exercises, current notes "for memory" - for something short and not very valuable, which you will immediately erase later, and for voluminous and valuable texts, something long-lasting and light was needed. In this regard, the papyrus was ideal option. But he also had flaws - the papyrus could not be folded - it broke at the same time, it can only be rolled up into a scroll. What it is like to find the right place in a scroll (sometimes very long) we can easily imagine if we remember the recent past - how we suffered in trying to find the right place on an audio or video cassette! And finally, the Egyptians forbade the export of papyrus from their territory. But clay tiles, papyrus scrolls, and Chinese book-tablets strung with twine bore little resemblance to the books we used to hold in our hands. Such as we know it, the book became after ancient city Parchment learned how to make a special material from animal skin - parchment. At first, from parchment, "by inertia", they made scrolls similar to papyrus. But it was not convenient - the scroll had to be long and narrow, a lot of parchment went to waste - and this material is not cheap. A sheet of parchment was folded in half and four pages were obtained. Each quarter in Greek was called "tetrados", and together they made up a notebook. Several of these notebooks were sewn together, and a book was obtained, on the sheets of which they wrote and drew. Thus, the appearance of the notebook is directly related to the invention of parchment. Times had to pass for parchment as a material to be replaced by paper - and notebooks became paper. Many years later, parchment was replaced with a cheaper whiter material - paper. But the book was still sewn together from separate notebooks and dressed in hardcover or paperback. They do so to this day. In libraries medieval universities books - for the convenience of students - were divided into four parts (really convenient - you don’t have to wait for someone to hand over the whole book - you can still work with part of it, in the absence of printing it was indispensable), and these parts were called quarters - notebooks. .. Notebooks can be not only student's. In book publishing, printing, a section of a book or a large sheet folded several times is called a notebook. The usual size of such notebooks is 16 or 32 pages. In libraries, a book was usually stamped on the 17th page (the beginning of the 2nd notebook). AT modern form notebooks appeared in the 14th century, but due to the complex production process, they were affordable only by the most wealthy people. In Russia, notebooks began to be produced in the 18th century, and they looked no worse than modern ones - with painted covers and even watermarks on the pages. Later, in Soviet times, all notebooks became with plain covers. So, the most common notebooks are student ones. Mainly used in secondary and higher educational institutions. Most often they have 12, 18, 24, 48, 96 sheets. They are lined in a cage, in a ruler, in an oblique ruler.

Notebook... this integral part of school life accompanied our childhood, the childhood of our parents - and, probably, will not soon become a thing of the past. It seems that notebooks have always existed! But after all, did they ever appear ... how and where did this happen?

The word “notebook” itself will help answer this question ... what associations does it evoke? Let's remember similar words: "tetralogy" - a work consisting of four parts (for example, R. Wagner's tetralogy "The Ring of the Nibelung", including four operas), "Tetralogy of Fallot" - a severe heart disease, including four violations ... In other words, the name "notebook" comes from the words "four" ... what is behind this?

So there are several possible explanations. One of them is that in the libraries of medieval universities, books - for the convenience of students - were divided into four parts (really convenient: you don’t have to wait for someone to hand over the whole book - you can work with part of it for now, in the absence of book printing, this was indispensable), and these parts were called quarters - notebooks ...

But it is more likely to assume that the concept of "notebook" is still ancient, and it is in the meaning we are used to.

Perhaps it came to us from Ancient Greece, where students (though not only them) wrote with pointed sticks-styles on wax-coated tablets. But how much can you write on one board? On the other hand, fastening many boards at once is also not very convenient - an impressive bunch will turn out ... The best option there were four boards - a notebook! Such student notebooks have come down to our times - and they show us how and what they taught in ancient schools. So, in one such notebook, a very relevant saying was rewritten four times: “be diligent, boy, so that you don’t get torn out!”

But there is another version of the origin of both the notebook itself and the word "notebook". Let's remember what was the "favorite" material for writing in ancient world? Of course, papyrus! After all, waxed boards were convenient for student exercises, current records "for memory" - in a word, for something short and not particularly valuable, which you would immediately erase later, but for large and valuable texts something long-lasting and light was needed. In this regard, the papyrus was an ideal option.

But he also had flaws. The fact is that the papyrus cannot be folded - it will break at the same time, it can only be rolled up into a scroll. What it is like to find the right place in a scroll (sometimes very long), you can easily imagine if you remember the recent past: how we suffered in search of right place on video and audio cassettes! And to top it off, the Egyptians forbade the export of papyrus from their territory.

But, as you know, if there is a need, a replacement will always be found. And she was found - after the campaigns of Alexander the Great. AT Greek city Pergamum in Asia Minor was adopted from the Persians and the technology of skin dressing was improved. This is how the material for writing appeared, which is called - after the name of the city - parchment. It turned out to be even better than papyrus: it did not darken and did not break with time.

At first, from parchment - so to speak, "by inertia" - they made scrolls similar to papyrus. But it was inconvenient: the scroll had to be long and narrow, a lot of parchment went to waste - and this is not a cheap material! Finally, an optimal solution was found: a sheet of parchment was folded into four - this is what was called a "tetrad" - and several of these notebooks were sewn together, and it already looked like what we call a notebook now.

Thus, the appearance of the notebook is directly related to the invention of parchment. Centuries had to pass for parchment as a material for writing to be replaced by paper - and notebooks became paper.

“A student's notebook is his face,” teachers say so, teaching us from the first grade that notebooks should be in order. A neat, properly designed notebook (in accordance with the requirements of the teacher and the school) is always a plus for the student. Usually, at the beginning of the year, teachers write a sample of the design of notebooks on the blackboard, but sometimes this work is entrusted to students. Sign the notebook on your own English language is not easy. Therefore, this question can be found on the Internet.

How to sign a notebook in English? Unambiguously, this should be done in the language in which the teaching of a particular subject is conducted. AT this case- in English. In the center of the cover or on the right upper corner the following information is marked:

1. the name of the subject;
2. name and surname of the student;
3. Class;
4. school.

We translate into English, and here's how it looks:

• English
• Alina Ivanova
• Form 5 "A"
• School 117

This is a standard version of the design of a notebook in English. Other signature options will be given below, which depend on the requirements of the teacher, the school, or even the wishes of the student.

It is important to know!

It should be remembered that in English the order of indicating the name and surname is as follows: first the first name, then the surname.

Example: Anna Myatina (how to write your first and last name English letters, read the article "Russian names in English - the basic rules of reincarnation").

The student's name can be translated into English using transliteration (Nikolay, Pavel, Yekaterina), or can be replaced with an English equivalent (Nick, Paul, Kate, etc.)

The English language notebook is signed according to the UK and US standard. The same standard is observed in the schools of the CIS, which teach foreign languages. Here is the reason for the difference (from Russian) in the order of the lines.

1. If the notebook belongs to a student, the course or group is indicated instead of the class.
2. Dots are not put at the end of the lines.
3. The city of Moscow / Moscow-city
4. The last line sometimes indicates the city / region of residence, but this is not necessary.
5. In British English word"class" is written as form, and in the American version they write "grade". But both options are correct.
6. When specifying the school number (School No. 123), the “number” sign in English is not put. Example: School 125.
7. If you need to sign a notebook for new words - a dictionary, then on the first line we write not just English, but English Vocabulary.

Other options for signing notebooks in English.

• English
• Form 7 "A"
• School No. 66
• Galina Kuznetsova
• English
• Maria Lyadova
• Form 8-A
• School 183
• The city of Moscow/Moscow-city
• exercise book
• Ivan Simonov
• Form-4B
• School number - 17.

AT different schools the requirements for the design of notebooks in English are also different. The most important thing is to write the name of the subject correctly, indicate the school number, the class in which the student is studying, and of course, do not forget your first and last name. Or you can simply purchase a notebook for work in English, which will already be signed as standard, all that remains is to mark the school number, indicate the class and name of the student.

APPENDIX

Memo on working with a notebook of achievements.

The Achievement Book is a tool that helps the child visualize what has been covered in the subject, see his progress in mastering each skill and determine in which direction he needs to make special efforts.

The name "Notebook of Achievements" is conditional; children come up with it after they start working with the notebook. When the name is suggested by the students, one can understand what meaning the new work has acquired for the children. Usually students offer such names: “My skills”, “What I can do”, “My grades”, “Achievements”, “What and how I learned”. You can agree on one name, or you can leave each child the one that he likes best.

The notebook of achievements is introduced in the first grade, after the “I am a high school student” immersion. It is important that up to this point, students work with qualitative assessment, learn to highlight qualitative skills in their work (not “correctness”, but detailed ones: working with a number line, adding up to 10, etc.).

In the first and second grades, the notebook contains only the skills and results being studied. In the third and fourth grades, a repetition plan is included in the notebook, and therefore the name of the notebook may change. In addition, “helpers” - rules, laws, etc. can be included in the notebook of achievements from the second grade. To do this, you need to take a few pages at the end of the notebook.

What does an achievement notebook look like?

The notebook page looks like a table in which the left vertical column contains a list of skills, and the right column contains scales that show the level of mastery of a given skill and the date when this subject skill was tested. Next to the scale, the date of assessment is obligatory, since the child can clearly see his movement and determine what gaps he needs to eliminate.

An example of a notebook of achievements of students in grades 1-2.

My skills	Date and grade
multi-digit numbers
multi-digit numbers
Solving Equations

An example of a notebook of achievements for students in grades 3-4.

The first part of the notebook is similar to the notebook of the first and second grades, but instead of scales (magic rulers), there may be marks used by students:

	My skills	Date and grade
	Reading and writing multi-digit numbers
	Multiplication of multi-digit numbers

The second part of the notebook contains a repetition plan:

What to repeat	How to repeat	Result
Multiplication of multi-digit numbers	Help Sasha I.
Multivalued division by single digit	Teacher's consultation Solution examples (10 cards)

At the end of the notebook, you can make rules, laws, certificates.

An example of introducing a notebook of achievements. In first grade, at one of the lessons, after the teacher, together with the children, developed the criteria for excellent work, the teacher suggests trying to complete 4 tasks out of 8 available as “excellent”. All skills that are tested in tasks are written on the board, cards with tasks are signed according to skills. Eight tasks correspond to eight learned skills, for example, on the board there is an entry “I know how to work on a ruler”, and on a card there is the same entry and a task in which it is necessary to measure the depicted segment T and build a segment K 4 cm long. Among the eight tasks there are also simple ones, and more complex ones that have just begun to be studied. Most first-graders, as a rule, do not choose cards, but take everything in a row. As a result, not everyone does their job perfectly. When discussing the results of the work, the teacher is surprised that there are not very many excellent works, although it seemed to him that everyone can take only those tasks that they are very good at doing. As a rule, first-graders answer that they could not quickly understand whether they could do it “very, very well” or not, and there was not much time. Then the teacher suggests having a special notebook in which you can write down what we learn in the classroom and how well we can do the tasks. The teacher prepares a page of a notebook in advance, enters the skills that were tested latest work, and tells the guys how to use the notebook, and offers to try to fill it out. After the children have worked with the notebook, that is, they have written down their grades in it, the teacher suggests coming up with a name for the notebook so as not to confuse it with all the other notebooks.

In the future, it is important that the name of the skill should be clear to children, it is better if the names are suggested by the students themselves.

In second grade Keeping a notebook begins after the starting test.

After doing control work The students, together with the teacher, identify the skills that the tasks are aimed at. The teacher writes out all the skills on the board, while more specific skills combine common name. Since the work is done immediately after the holidays, without repetition, the guys may have large quantity errors than at the end of the first class. It is difficult to fix all the mistakes in one lesson, so there is a need to fix the skills that need to be worked on. The teacher reminds about the notebook of achievements. In the second grade, it is better to continue the notebook started at the end of the first grade. For this on summer period you can collect notebooks and leave them in the classroom. Unlike the first grade, in the second grade the students write down the skills themselves, the teacher helps only those guys who work very slowly.

In the third and fourth grades Keeping a notebook also begins after the initial control work. After fixing the results of the initial work, the teacher announces that the third-graders are adult students who can correct the shortcomings on their own. But if there are many shortcomings, it is necessary to plan work to eliminate them. The teacher offers to keep a repetition plan in the same notebook. Discusses with children how to correct work, who can help improve skills. As a result, there are ways to overcome difficulties, repeat the material (used by children when filling out the “how to repeat” column):

Seek help from another student

Seek help from a teacher

Independently solve several tasks for this skill

View last year's notebooks

View reference book, dictionary, etc.

When to complete the notebook of achievements?

After any verification, control, independent work- the work where the child checks the assimilation of the material. The work may contain tasks for one or two skills, or maybe for several. The teacher, after children's self-assessment, checks the work, evaluates it using scales written by children. If the student did not see any skill, then the teacher adds a scale with the corresponding entry. If the work tested one or two skills, then you can fill out the notebook of achievements right there in the lesson: the children transfer the scale with the assessment to their notebook. If the work was large, then it is more appropriate to fill out a notebook in class, at a consultation or at home. Teacher assistance is required in first and second grade. In the third grade, not all students need help. If the student filled out the notebook at home, then the teacher needs to check whether he was able to complete everything. For a child, such a check should look not like control, but like help.

How and when do the names of new skills appear in the notebook?

1. In the lesson after completing the test work and its frontal analysis to highlight skills.

2. In the lesson of studying a new topic, after the children name this new topic in the form of a skill. A skill can be written down in a notebook of achievements without doing any test work for this skill yet.

3. In preparation for verification work.

4. Individual skills relating to a particular student may appear in the notebook. For example, a teacher discovers that a student is writing an equation incorrectly. It is this skill (the design of the equation) that he asks to enter in a notebook so that the student can regularly monitor its implementation.

5. At the initiative of the student himself.

In the first and second grades, skills are narrow in nature, rather reminiscent of an algorithm. By the third grade, skills are more generalized (for example, solving equations in the fourth grade, and in the second

AT workbook skills resemble an algorithm for completing a task; in a notebook of achievements, skill is more generalized. For example, in a workbook, when studying equations, children fix the selection of the whole and parts, the method of solving, checking. In the notebook of achievements, this is one skill - the ability to solve an equation.

In the process of complicating the curriculum, there are clarifications in the names of skills. If in the first grade students write down the skill “solving a problem”, then in the third grade this skill is specified: “solving a problem of the type a + (a ± b)”, “solving a problem for an integer consisting of equal parts". Students gradually learn to write skills in an abbreviated form, for example, instead of the word “addition”, they put a “+” sign, shorten words, depict them as a symbol (instead of the ability to build drawings, they depict a segment).

Where does the student use the achievement notebook?

1. The student uses a notebook while preparing for the test work and in working on mistakes (looks at what he needs to correct, what to practice).

2. The student comes for a consultation with the teacher. He can show a notebook of achievements and ask for a task for a skill that is underestimated, or ask for help in overcoming some difficulty.

3. If the teacher at the lesson offers to choose assignments for assessment, then the student can look in the notebook for which skill he did not do the work for assessment and just do it.

4. If the teacher offers to choose tasks for homework, then the student can take a task for a skill that has a low score, and thereby practice additionally.

5. The student can show the notebook of achievements to parents: it is clear what has already been studied, and what movement the student has.

Where can a teacher use an achievement notebook?

The teacher can use a notebook during a meeting with parents: show the amount of material studied, the movement of the student, the difficulties that he faces.

Instead of the names of skills, the student can write down the number of the corresponding skill, since they are in the same notebook.

Typically, schools have uniform form title page notebooks:

for works in the Russian language

student(s) _ class __

______ schools ____

cities _________________

surname, first name (required in genitive case: Whose notebook? whom? And the name is complete: not Nastya, but Anastasia, not Sasha, but Alexander.

School notebooks - one of the first binding documents which the student learns to properly draw up, sign. This is not difficult to do if you follow the generally accepted pattern. First of all, we pay attention that on the cover itself there is already a word NOTEBOOK and below the finished rulers. Sometimes after the word Notebook is already printed For works in the Russian language, but if this is not there, we fill it out ourselves, remembering that the preposition ON refers to the subject and should be on the same ruler with its name. On the next line we write student-student 3rd grade B. However, sometimes it is required to put the class letter before the word class or enclose it in quotation marks. Below we write title educational institution , now it is often an incomprehensible abbreviation with a number and even below which city. On the last two lines we write Surname and Name.

That is, we follow this exemplary pattern:

Notebook for work on the Russian language.

Student(s) __ class _ schools

Last name First name.

Standard option.

My daughter is in the third grade and I know very well that in the 1st or 2nd grade children have problems with signing notebooks, for example, they write their first and last names in nominative case.

So, a properly signed notebook looks like this:



only the inscription tests in mathematics should be replaced with works on the Russian languagequot ;.

Here is the standard form for signing a Russian language notebook -



True, the school number needs to be changed to yours, and of course, you also need to write your first and last name. The rest remains the same.

It's very easy, probably we have remembered to sign notebooks for the rest of our lives since school.

Although my child went to 8th grade, but like any other child, he will still make a mistake.

Therefore, parents must definitely check how the notebooks are signed by the hand of their child.

And it's signed like this :

This is a sample :

Notebook 1 (2)

for works on the Russian language

teachings ka 8 class a

middle schools 120

Volgograd

Romanov Andrey.

But if your daughter is a schoolgirl, then instead of student, you need to write students.

It seems to us, adults, that signing a notebook is as easy as shelling pears. However, students often make mistakes when signing their notebooks. But the title page is the student's face; cross out the inscriptions with red ink and make corrections.

So, we learn to sign the notebook correctly.



Please note that the word **Notebook** is already printed on the cover. You just need to put the number of the notebook.

Below is written in what subject (in Russian).

However, sometimes

required to write like this:

And last name, first name of the student (in the genitive case).

It happens that students, especially those of the lower grades and the fifth ones, too, incorrectly sign notebooks, including those in the Russian language. I propose to pay attention to how to correctly sign a notebook in Russian.

Often, children make mistakes when they sign notebooks and it doesn’t turn out beautifully when the teacher corrects these mistakes later. You can’t throw out the notebook, so you go with such (corrected) until the end of the quarter.

for example



And so it is correct to sign notebooks



Parents should also pay attention to how their children sign notebooks. Common mistakes in signing children's notebooks elementary school. I hope these examples will help not to make mistakes. The main thing for children is to work everything out, so that later they can sign everything mechanically, although over the summer they may forget how to do it right.

Use this sample:



This is how any notebook is signed, whether it is in the Russian language or literature. The name of the subject, along with the preposition by must be written on the second line.

If you are a boy / young man - write students, if a girl / girl - students.

Before the word class you need to write down the number that corresponds to the number of your class.

Attention: not all schools write the letter of the class in the same way. Sometimes capital letter enclosed in quotation marks, sometimes they write at all capital letter. Find out about this nuance from your teacher.

Write the last name and first name not in the nominative case, but in the genitive: Notebook (whose? whom?) of Petrov Mikhailquot ;.

The question is how to sign a notebook correctly in more interests the parents of students, since it is the parents who must ensure the correct signing of the notebook. So, I will give you a sample by which you can easily sign a notebook.