This article will focus on the history of the discovery of the law gravity. Here we will get acquainted with biographical information from the life of a scientist who discovered this physical dogma, we will consider its main provisions, the relationship with quantum gravity, the course of development, and much more.

Genius

Sir Isaac Newton is an English scientist. At one time, he devoted much attention and effort to such sciences as physics and mathematics, and also brought a lot of new things to mechanics and astronomy. It is rightfully considered one of the first founders of physics in its classical model. He is the author of the fundamental work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", where he presented information about the three laws of mechanics and the law of universal gravitation. Isaac Newton laid the foundations with these works classical mechanics. He also developed an integral type, the light theory. He also contributed huge contribution into physical optics and developed many other theories in physics and mathematics.

Law

The law of universal gravitation and the history of its discovery go back to His distant classical form- this is a law by which the interaction of the gravitational type is described, which does not go beyond the framework of mechanics.

Its essence was that the indicator of the force F of the gravitational pull arising between 2 bodies or points of matter m1 and m2, separated from each other by a certain distance r, is proportional to both mass indicators and has inverse proportionality the square of the distance between the bodies:

F = G, where by the symbol G we denote the gravitational constant equal to 6.67408(31).10 -11 m 3 /kgf 2.

Newton's gravity

Before considering the history of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation, let's take a closer look at its general characteristics.

In Newton's theory, all bodies with large mass must generate around themselves a special field that attracts other objects to itself. It's called the gravitational field, and it has potential.

The body that has spherical symmetry, forms a field outside of itself, similar to that created by a material point of the same mass located in the center of the body.

The direction of the trajectory of such a point in the gravitational field, created by a body with a much larger mass, obeys. Objects of the universe, such as, for example, a planet or a comet, also obey it, moving along an ellipse or hyperbola. Accounting for the distortion that other massive bodies create is taken into account using the provisions of the perturbation theory.

Analyzing Accuracy

After Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, it had to be tested and proved many times over. For this, a number of calculations and observations were made. Having come to agreement with its provisions and proceeding from the accuracy of its indicator, the experimental form of estimation serves as a clear confirmation of GR. Measurement of quadrupole interactions of a body that rotates, but its antennas remain motionless, show us that the process of increasing δ depends on the potential r - (1 + δ) , at a distance of several meters and is in the limit (2.1 ± 6.2) .10 -3 . A number of other practical confirmations allowed this law to be approved and adopted single form, with no modifications. In 2007, this dogma was rechecked at a distance less than a centimeter (55 microns-9.59 mm). Taking into account the experimental errors, the scientists examined the distance range and found no obvious deviations in this law.

Observation of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Earth also confirmed its validity.

Euclidean space

Newton's classical theory of gravity is related to Euclidean space. The actual equality with a sufficiently high accuracy (10 -9) of the distance measures in the denominator of the equality discussed above shows us the Euclidean basis of the space of Newtonian mechanics, with a three-dimensional physical form. At such a point of matter, the area spherical surface is exactly proportional to the square of its radius.

Data from history

Consider summary history of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation.

Ideas were put forward by other scientists who lived before Newton. Epicurus, Kepler, Descartes, Roberval, Gassendi, Huygens and others visited reflections on it. Kepler suggested that the force of gravity is inverse proportion distance from the star of the Sun and distribution is only in the ecliptic planes; according to Descartes, it was a consequence of the activity of vortices in the thickness of the ether. There was a series of guesses that contained a reflection of the correct guesses about the dependence on distance.

A letter from Newton to Halley contained information that Hooke, Wren and Buyo Ismael were the predecessors of Sir Isaac himself. However, before him, no one succeeded clearly, with the help of mathematical methods, link the law of gravity and planetary motion.

The history of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation is closely connected with the work "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1687). In this work, Newton was able to derive the law in question thanks to empirical law Kepler, already known by that time. He shows us that:

• any form of movement visible planet indicates the presence of a central force;
• the attractive force of the central type forms elliptical or hyperbolic orbits.

About Newton's theory

Inspection brief history the discovery of the law of universal gravitation can also point us to a number of differences that distinguished it from the background of previous hypotheses. Newton was engaged not only in the publication of the proposed formula for the phenomenon under consideration, but also proposed a model mathematical type in its entirety:

• position on the law of gravity;
• position on the law of motion;
• systematics of methods of mathematical research.

This triad was able to investigate even the most complex movements of celestial objects to a fairly accurate extent, thus creating the basis for celestial mechanics. Up to the beginning of Einstein's activity in this model, the presence of a fundamental set of corrections was not required. Only mathematical apparatus had to be significantly improved.

Object for discussion

The discovered and proven law became, throughout the eighteenth century, a well-known subject of active controversy and scrupulous scrutiny. However, the century ended with a general agreement with his postulates and statements. Using the calculations of the law, it was possible to accurately determine the paths of the movement of bodies in heaven. A direct check was made in 1798. He did this using a torsion-type balance with great sensitivity. In the history of discovery world law gravity must be distinguished special place interpretations introduced by Poisson. He developed the concept of the potential of gravity and the Poisson equation, with which it was possible to calculate given potential. This type of model made it possible to study gravitational field in the presence of an arbitrary distribution of matter.

There were many difficulties in Newton's theory. The main one could be considered the inexplicability of long-range action. It was impossible to accurately answer the question of how the forces of attraction are sent through vacuum space with infinite speed.

"Evolution" of the law

Over the next two hundred years, and even more, attempts were made by many physicists to propose various ways to improve Newton's theory. These efforts ended in a triumph in 1915, namely the creation of the General Theory of Relativity, which was created by Einstein. He was able to overcome the whole set of difficulties. In accordance with the correspondence principle, Newton's theory turned out to be an approximation to the beginning of work on the theory in more general view, which can be used under certain conditions:

1. Potential gravitational nature cannot be too large in the systems under study. The solar system is an example of compliance with all the rules for the movement of celestial bodies. The relativistic phenomenon finds itself in a noticeable manifestation of the shift of the perihelion.
2. The indicator of the speed of movement in this group of systems is insignificant in comparison with the speed of light.

The proof that in a weak stationary gravitation field GR calculations take the form of Newtonian ones is the presence of a scalar gravitational potential in a stationary field with weakly expressed force characteristics, which is able to satisfy the conditions of the Poisson equation.

Quantum Scale

However, in history scientific discovery the law of universal gravitation, General theory relativity could not serve as the final gravitational theory, since both do not adequately describe the processes of the gravitational type on the quantum scale. An attempt to create a quantum gravitational theory is one of the most important tasks of contemporary physics.

From the point of view quantum gravity interaction between objects is created by means of mutual exchange of virtual gravitons. In accordance with the uncertainty principle, the energy potential of virtual gravitons is inversely proportional to the time interval in which it existed, from the point of emission by one object to the point in time at which it was absorbed by another point.

In view of this, it turns out that on a small scale of distances, the interaction of bodies entails the exchange of virtual type gravitons. Thanks to these considerations, it is possible to conclude the provision on the law of Newton's potential and its dependence in accordance with the reciprocal of proportionality with respect to distance. The analogy between the laws of Coulomb and Newton is explained by the fact that the weight of gravitons is equal to zero. The weight of photons has the same meaning.

Delusion

AT school curriculum The answer to the question from the story of how Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation is the story of the falling apple fruit. According to this legend, it fell on the head of a scientist. However, this is a massively common misconception, and in reality everything could do without such a case possible head injury. Newton himself sometimes confirmed this myth, but in reality the law was not a spontaneous discovery and did not come in a burst of momentary insight. As mentioned above, it was developed long time and was presented for the first time in the works on the Principles of Mathematics, which appeared on public display in 1687.

When he came to a great result: the same cause causes phenomena amazingly wide range- from the fall of a thrown stone to the Earth to the movement of huge space bodies. Newton found this reason and was able to accurately express it in the form of one formula - the law of universal gravitation.

Since the force of universal gravitation imparts the same acceleration to all bodies, regardless of their mass, it must be proportional to the mass of the body on which it acts:

But since, for example, the Earth acts on the Moon with a force proportional to the mass of the Moon, then the Moon, according to Newton's third law, must act on the Earth with the same force. Moreover, this force must be proportional to the mass of the Earth. If the force of gravity is truly universal, then from the side given body any other body must be acted upon by a force proportional to the mass of that other body. Consequently, the force of universal gravitation must be proportional to the product of the masses of the interacting bodies. From this follows the formulation the law of universal gravitation.

Definition of the law of universal gravitation

The force of mutual attraction of two bodies is directly proportional to the product of the masses of these bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:

Proportionality factor G called gravitational constant.

The gravitational constant is numerically equal to the force of attraction between two material points with a mass of 1 kg each, if the distance between them is 1 m. After all, when m 1 \u003d m 2=1 kg and R=1 m we get G=F(numerically).

It must be borne in mind that the law of universal gravitation (4.5) as a universal law is valid for material points. In this case, the forces of gravitational interaction are directed along the line connecting these points ( fig.4.2). Such forces are called central.

It can be shown that homogeneous spherical bodies (even if they cannot be considered material points) also interact with the force defined by formula (4.5). In this case R is the distance between the centers of the balls. The forces of mutual attraction lie on a straight line passing through the centers of the balls. (Such forces are called central.) The bodies, whose fall to the Earth we usually consider, have dimensions much smaller than the Earth's radius ( R≈6400 km). Such bodies, regardless of their shape, can be considered as material points and the force of their attraction to the Earth can be determined using the law (4.5), bearing in mind that R is the distance from the body to the center of the earth.

Determination of the gravitational constant

Now let's find out how you can find the gravitational constant. First of all, we note that G has a specific name. This is due to the fact that the units (and, accordingly, the names) of all quantities included in the law of universal gravitation have already been established earlier. The law of gravity gives new connection between known quantities with specific unit names. That is why the coefficient turns out to be a named value. Using the formula of the law of universal gravitation, it is easy to find the name of the unit of gravitational constant in SI:

N m 2 / kg 2 \u003d m 3 / (kg s 2).

For quantification G it is necessary to independently determine all the quantities included in the law of universal gravitation: both masses, force and distance between bodies. Use for this astronomical observations it is impossible, since it is possible to determine the masses of the planets, the Sun, and the Earth only on the basis of the very law of universal gravitation, if the value of the gravitational constant is known. The experiment must be carried out on Earth with bodies whose masses can be measured on a scale.

The difficulty lies in the fact that the gravitational forces between bodies of small masses are extremely small. It is for this reason that we do not notice the attraction of our body to surrounding objects and the mutual attraction of objects to each other, although gravitational forces are the most universal of all forces in nature. Two people weighing 60 kg at a distance of 1 m from each other are attracted with a force of only about 10 -9 N. Therefore, to measure the gravitational constant, rather subtle experiments are needed.

The gravitational constant was measured for the first time English physicist G. Cavendish in 1798 using a device called a torsion balance. The scheme of the torsion balance is shown in Figure 4.3. A light rocker with two identical weights at the ends is suspended on a thin elastic thread. Two heavy balls are motionlessly fixed nearby. Gravitational forces act between weights and motionless balls. Under the influence of these forces, the rocker turns and twists the thread. The angle of twist can be used to determine the force of attraction. To do this, you only need to know the elastic properties of the thread. The masses of bodies are known, and the distance between the centers of interacting bodies can be directly measured.

From these experiences, it was next value for the gravitational constant:

Only in the case when bodies of huge masses interact (or at least the mass of one of the bodies is very large), the gravitational force reaches a large value. For example, the Earth and the Moon are attracted to each other with a force F≈2 10 20 H.

The dependence of the acceleration of free fall of bodies on the geographical latitude

One reason for the increase in acceleration free fall when moving the point where the body is located from the equator to the poles, is that Earth somewhat flattened at the poles and the distance from the center of the Earth to its surface at the poles is less than at the equator. Another, more significant reason is the rotation of the Earth.

Equality of inertial and gravitational masses

The most striking feature gravitational forces is that they communicate to all bodies, regardless of their masses, the same acceleration. What would you say about a football player whose kick would equally accelerate an ordinary leather ball and a two-pound weight? Everyone will say that it is impossible. But the Earth is just such an “extraordinary football player” with the only difference that its effect on bodies does not have the character of a short-term impact, but continues continuously for billions of years.

The unusual property of gravitational forces, as we have already said, is explained by the fact that these forces are proportional to the masses of both interacting bodies. This fact cannot but cause surprise if you think about it carefully. After all, the mass of a body, which is included in Newton's second law, determines the inertial properties of the body, i.e., its ability to acquire a certain acceleration under the action of a given force. It is natural to call this mass inertial mass and denoted by m and.

It would seem, what relation can it have to the ability of bodies to attract each other? The mass that determines the ability of bodies to attract each other should be called gravitational mass m g.

It does not follow at all from Newtonian mechanics that the inertial and gravitational masses are the same, i.e. that

Equality (4.6) is a direct consequence of experience. It means that one can simply speak of the mass of a body as a quantitative measure of both its inertial and gravitational properties.

The law of gravity is one of the most universal laws of nature. It is valid for any bodies with mass.

The meaning of the law of gravity

But if we approach this topic more radically, it turns out that the law of universal gravitation is not always possible to apply it. This law has found its application for bodies that have the shape of a ball, it can be used for material points, and it is also acceptable for a ball having large radius, where this ball can interact with bodies much smaller than its dimensions.

As you may have guessed from the information provided in this lesson, the law of universal gravitation is fundamental in the study of celestial mechanics. And how do you know celestial mechanics studies the motion of the planets.

Thanks to this law of universal gravitation, it became possible to more exact definition location celestial bodies and the possibility of calculating their trajectory.

But for the body infinite plane, and this formula cannot be applied to the interaction of an infinite rod and a ball.

With the help of this law, Newton was able to explain not only how the planets move, but also why sea ​​tides and ebbs. After time, thanks to the work of Newton, astronomers managed to discover such planets solar system like Neptune and Pluto.

The importance of the discovery of the law of universal gravitation lies in the fact that with its help it became possible to make forecasts of solar and lunar eclipses and accurately calculate the movements of spacecraft.

The forces of gravity are the most universal of all the forces of nature. After all, their action extends to the interaction between any bodies that have mass. And as you know, any body has mass. The forces of gravity act through any body, since there are no obstacles for the forces of gravity.

A task

And now, in order to consolidate knowledge of the law of universal gravitation, let's try to consider and solve an interesting problem. The rocket rose to a height h equal to 990 km. Determine how much the force of gravity acting on the rocket at a height h has decreased compared to the force of gravity mg acting on it at the surface of the Earth? Earth radius R = 6400 km. Let m be the mass of the rocket and M the mass of the Earth.

At a height h, the force of gravity is:

From here we calculate:

Substituting the value will give the result:

The legend about how Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation, having received an apple on the top of his head, was invented by Voltaire. Moreover, Voltaire himself assured that this true story he was told by Newton's beloved niece Catherine Barton. It's just strange that neither the niece herself, nor her very close friend Jonathan Swift, in his memoirs of Newton, the fateful apple was never mentioned. By the way, Isaac Newton himself, writing in detail in his notebooks the results of experiments on the behavior of different bodies, noted only vessels filled with gold, silver, lead, sand, glass, water or wheat, no matter how about an apple. However, this did not prevent the descendants of Newton from taking sightseers in the garden at the Woolstock estate and showing them the same apple tree until a storm broke it.

Yes, there was an apple tree, and apples probably fell from it, but how great is the merit of an apple in the discovery of the law of universal gravitation?

The debate about the apple has not subsided for 300 years, as well as the debate about the very law of gravity or about who owns the discovery priority.uk

G.Ya.Myakishev, B.B.Bukhovtsev, N.N.Sotsky, Physics Grade 10

We all went through the law of universal gravitation in school. But what do we really know about gravity, apart from the information put into our heads? school teachers? Let's refresh our knowledge...

Fact one

Everyone knows the famous parable of the apple that fell on Newton's head. But the fact is that Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation, since this law is simply absent in his book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". In this work there is neither a formula nor a formulation, which everyone can see for himself. Moreover, the first mention of the gravitational constant appears only in the 19th century and, accordingly, the formula could not have appeared earlier. By the way, the coefficient G, which reduces the result of calculations by 600 billion times, has no physical sense, and introduced to hide inconsistencies.

Fact two

It is believed that Cavendish was the first to demonstrate gravitational attraction in laboratory discs, using a torsion balance - a horizontal rocker with weights at the ends suspended on a thin string. The rocker could turn on a thin wire. According to official version, Cavendish brought a pair of blanks of 158 kg to the weights of the rocker with opposite sides and the rocker turned at a slight angle. However, the methodology of the experiment was incorrect and the results were falsified, which was convincingly proven by the physicist Andrei Albertovich Grishaev. Cavendish spent a long time reworking and adjusting the installation so that the results fit Newton's average density earth. The methodology of the experiment itself provided for the movement of the blanks several times, and the reason for the rotation of the rocker was the microvibrations from the movement of the blanks, which were transmitted to the suspension.

This is confirmed by the fact that such a simple installation of the 17th century in educational purposes should have stood, if not in every school, then at least on physics faculties HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS to show in practice to students the result of the law of universal gravitation. However, the Cavendish setting is not used in curricula, both schoolchildren and students take their word for it that two discs attract each other.

Fact three

If we substitute reference data for the Earth, the Moon and the Sun into the formula of the law of universal gravitation, then at the moment when the Moon flies between the Earth and the Sun, for example, at the moment solar eclipse, the force of attraction between the Sun and the Moon is more than 2 times higher than between the Earth and the Moon!

According to the formula, the Moon would have to leave the Earth's orbit and begin to revolve around the Sun.

Gravitational constant - 6.6725×10−11 m³/(kg s²).

The mass of the moon is 7.3477 × 1022 kg.

The mass of the Sun is 1.9891 × 1030 kg.

The mass of the Earth is 5.9737 × 1024 kg.

The distance between the Earth and the Moon = 380,000,000 m.

Distance between the Moon and the Sun = 149,000,000,000 m.

Earth and Moon:

6.6725×10-11 x 7.3477×1022 x 5.9737×1024 / 3800000002 = 2.028×10^20H

Moon and The sun:

6.6725 x 10-11 x 7.3477 1022 x 1.9891 1030 / 1490000000002 = 4.39×10^20H

2.028×10^20H<< 4,39×10^20 H

The force of attraction between the earth and the moon<< Сила притяжения между Луной и Солнцем

These calculations can be criticized by the fact that the moon is an artificial hollow body and the reference density of this celestial body is most likely not determined correctly.

Indeed, experimental evidence suggests that the Moon is not a solid body, but a thin-walled shell. The authoritative journal Science describes the results of seismic sensors after the third stage of the Apollo 13 rocket hit the surface of the Moon: “The seismic call was detected for more than four hours. On Earth, if a rocket hit at an equivalent distance, the signal would only last a few minutes.”

Seismic vibrations that decay so slowly are typical of a hollow resonator, not a solid body.

But the Moon, among other things, does not show its attractive properties in relation to the Earth - the Earth-Moon pair moves not around a common center of mass, as it would be according to the law of universal gravitation, and the ellipsoidal orbit of the Earth contrary to this law does not become zigzag.

Moreover, the parameters of the orbit of the Moon itself do not remain constant, the orbit "evolves" in scientific terminology, and it does this contrary to the law of universal gravitation.

Fact four

How is it, some will object, because even schoolchildren know about the ocean tides on Earth, which occur due to the attraction of water to the Sun and Moon.

According to the theory, the gravity of the Moon forms a tidal ellipsoid in the ocean, with two tidal humps, which, due to daily rotation, move along the surface of the Earth.

However, practice shows the absurdity of these theories. After all, according to them, a tidal hump 1 meter high in 6 hours should move through the Drake Strait from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Since water is incompressible, a mass of water would raise the level to a height of about 10 meters, which does not happen in practice. In practice, tidal phenomena occur autonomously in areas of 1000-2000 km.

Laplace was also amazed by the paradox: why in the seaports of France high water sets in sequentially, although, according to the concept of a tidal ellipsoid, it should come there simultaneously.

Fact five

The principle of gravity measurements is simple - gravimeters measure the vertical components, and the deviation of the plumb line shows the horizontal components.

The first attempt to test the theory of mass gravitation was made by the British in the middle of the 18th century on the coast of the Indian Ocean, where, on the one hand, there is the world's highest stone ridge of the Himalayas, and on the other, an ocean bowl filled with much less massive water. But, alas, the plumb line does not deviate towards the Himalayas! Moreover, supersensitive instruments - gravimeters - do not detect a difference in the gravity of a test body at the same height both over massive mountains and over less dense seas of a kilometer depth.

To save the accustomed theory, scientists came up with a support for it: they say the reason for this is “isostasis” - denser rocks are located under the seas, and loose rocks under the mountains, and their density is exactly the same as to adjust everything to the desired value.

It has also been empirically established that gravimeters in deep mines show that gravity does not decrease with depth. It continues to grow, being dependent only on the square of the distance to the center of the earth.

Fact six

According to the formula of the law of universal gravitation, two masses, m1 and m2, whose dimensions can be neglected in comparison with the distances between them, are allegedly attracted to each other by a force directly proportional to the product of these masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. However, in fact, there is not a single evidence that the substance has a gravitational attraction effect. Practice shows that gravitation is not generated by matter or masses, it is independent of them, and massive bodies only obey gravity.

The independence of gravitation from matter is confirmed by the fact that, with the rarest exception, small bodies of the solar system have no gravitational attraction at all. With the exception of the Moon and Titan, more than six dozen satellites of the planets show no signs of their own gravity. This has been proven by both indirect and direct measurements, for example, since 2004, the Cassini probe in the vicinity of Saturn flies close to its satellites from time to time, but no changes in the speed of the probe have been recorded. With the help of the same Cassini, a geyser was discovered on Enceladus, the sixth largest satellite of Saturn.

What physical processes must take place on a cosmic piece of ice in order for steam jets to fly into space?

For the same reason, Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has a gaseous tail as a result of atmospheric sinking.

The satellites predicted by the theory of asteroids have not been found, despite their huge number. And in all reports of double, or paired asteroids, which allegedly revolve around a common center of mass, there was no evidence of the circulation of these pairs. Companions happened to be nearby, moving in quasi-synchronous orbits around the sun.

Attempts to put artificial satellites into orbit of asteroids ended in failure. Examples include the NEAR probe, which was driven to the Eros asteroid by the Americans, or the Hayabusa probe, which the Japanese sent to the Itokawa asteroid.

Fact seven

At one time, Lagrange, trying to solve the three-body problem, obtained a stable solution for a particular case. He showed that the third body can move in the orbit of the second, all the time being in one of two points, one of which is ahead of the second body by 60 °, and the second is behind by the same amount.

However, two groups of asteroid companions, found behind and ahead in the orbit of Saturn, and which astronomers joyfully called the Trojans, went out of the predicted areas, and the confirmation of the law of universal gravitation turned into a puncture.

Fact eight

According to modern concepts, the speed of light is finite, as a result, we see distant objects not where they are located at the moment, but at the point where the light beam we saw started from. But how fast does gravity travel? After analyzing the data accumulated by that time, Laplace found that "gravity" propagates faster than light by at least seven orders of magnitude! Modern measurements of the reception of pulsar pulses have pushed the speed of propagation of gravity even further - at least 10 orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light. Thus, experimental studies are in contradiction with the general theory of relativity, on which official science still relies, despite its complete failure.

Fact nine

There are natural gravity anomalies, which also do not find any intelligible explanation from official science. Here are some examples:

Fact ten

There are a large number of alternative studies with impressive results in the field of antigravity, which fundamentally refute the theoretical calculations of official science.

Some researchers analyze the vibrational nature of antigravity. This effect is clearly presented in modern experience, where drops hang in the air due to acoustic levitation. Here we see how, with the help of a sound of a certain frequency, it is possible to confidently hold drops of liquid in the air ...

But the effect at first glance is explained by the principle of the gyroscope, but even such a simple experiment for the most part contradicts gravity in its modern sense.

Few people know that Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov, a Siberian entomologist who studied the effect of cavity structures in insects, in the book "My World" described the phenomena of antigravity in insects. Scientists have long known that massive insects, such as the cockchafer, fly against the laws of gravity rather than because of them.

Moreover, on the basis of his research, Grebennikov created anti-gravity platform.

Viktor Stepanovich died under rather strange circumstances and his achievements were partially lost, however, some part of the prototype of the anti-gravity platform was preserved and can be seen in the Grebennikov Museum in Novosibirsk.

Another practical application of anti-gravity can be observed in the city of Homestead in Florida, where there is a strange structure of coral monolithic blocks, which the people called coral castle. It was built by a native of Latvia - Edward Lidskalnin in the first half of the 20th century. This man of thin build did not have any tools, did not even have a car and no equipment at all.

It was not used at all by electricity, also due to its absence, and nevertheless somehow descended to the ocean, where it carved multi-ton stone blocks and somehow delivered them to its site. laying out with perfect precision

After Ed's death, scientists began to carefully study his creation. For the sake of the experiment, a powerful bulldozer was brought in, and an attempt was made to move one of the 30-ton blocks of the coral castle. The bulldozer roared, skidded, but did not move a huge stone.

A strange device was found inside the castle, which scientists called a direct current generator. It was a massive structure with many metal parts. 240 permanent bar magnets were built into the outside of the device. But how Edward Leedskalnin actually made the multi-ton blocks move is still a mystery.

The studies of John Searle are known, in whose hands unusual generators came to life, rotated and generated energy; disks with a diameter of half a meter to 10 meters rose into the air and made controlled flights from London to Cornwall and back.

The professor's experiments were repeated in Russia, the USA and Taiwan. In Russia, for example, in 1999, under No. 99122275/09, an application for a patent "device for generating mechanical energy" was registered. Vladimir Vitalievich Roshchin and Sergey Mikhailovich Godin, in fact, reproduced the SEG (Searl Effect Generator) and conducted a series of studies with it. The result was a statement: you can get 7 kW of electricity without spending; the rotating generator lost up to 40% in weight.

Searle's first lab equipment was taken to an unknown destination while he himself was in prison. The installation of Godin and Roshchin simply disappeared; all publications about her, with the exception of the application for an invention, disappeared.

Also known is the Hutchison Effect, named after the Canadian engineer-inventor. The effect is manifested in the levitation of heavy objects, the alloy of dissimilar materials (for example, metal + wood), the anomalous heating of metals in the absence of burning substances near them. Here is a video of these effects:

Whatever gravity actually is, it should be recognized that official science is completely unable to clearly explain the nature of this phenomenon.

Yaroslav Yargin

According to materials:

Spillikins and wicks of universal gravitation

The law of universal gravitation is another scam

The moon is an artificial satellite of the earth

Mystery of the Coral Castle in Florida

Grebennikov's anti-gravity platform

Antigravity - Hutchison effect

Despite the fact that gravity is the weakest interaction between objects in the Universe, its importance in physics and astronomy is enormous, since it is able to influence physical objects at any distance in space.

If you are fond of astronomy, you probably thought about the question of what is such a concept as gravity or the law of universal gravitation. Gravity is a universal fundamental interaction between all objects in the Universe.

The discovery of the law of gravity is attributed to the famous English physicist Isaac Newton. Probably, many of you know the story of an apple that fell on the head of a famous scientist. Nevertheless, if you look deep into history, you can see that the presence of gravity was thought about long before his era by philosophers and scientists of antiquity, for example, Epicurus. Nevertheless, it was Newton who first described the gravitational interaction between physical bodies within the framework of classical mechanics. His theory was developed by another famous scientist - Albert Einstein, who in his general theory of relativity more accurately described the influence of gravity in space, as well as its role in the space-time continuum.

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that the force of gravitational attraction between two points of mass separated by a distance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance and directly proportional to both masses. The force of gravity is long-range. That is, regardless of how a body with mass moves, in classical mechanics its gravitational potential will depend purely on the position of this object at a given moment in time. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its gravitational field - the more powerful the gravitational force it has. Such cosmic objects as galaxies, stars and planets have the greatest force of attraction and, accordingly, rather strong gravitational fields.

Gravity fields

Earth's gravitational field

The gravitational field is the distance within which the gravitational interaction between objects in the Universe takes place. The greater the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational field - the more noticeable its impact on other physical bodies within a certain space. The gravitational field of an object is potentially. The essence of the previous statement is that if we introduce the potential energy of attraction between two bodies, then it will not change after the latter move along a closed contour. From here emerges another famous law of conservation of the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a closed circuit.

In the material world, the gravitational field is of great importance. It is possessed by all material objects in the Universe that have mass. The gravitational field can influence not only matter, but also energy. It is due to the influence of the gravitational fields of such large space objects as black holes, quasars and supermassive stars that solar systems, galaxies and other astronomical clusters are formed, which are characterized by a logical structure.

The latest scientific data show that the famous effect of the expansion of the Universe is also based on the laws of gravitational interaction. In particular, the expansion of the Universe is facilitated by powerful gravitational fields, both small and its largest objects.

Gravitational radiation in a binary system

Gravitational radiation or gravitational wave is a term first introduced into physics and cosmology by the famous scientist Albert Einstein. Gravitational radiation in the theory of gravity is generated by the movement of material objects with variable acceleration. During the acceleration of the object, the gravitational wave, as it were, “breaks away” from it, which leads to fluctuations in the gravitational field in the surrounding space. This is called the gravitational wave effect.

Although gravitational waves are predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity, as well as other theories of gravity, they have never been directly detected. This is primarily due to their extreme smallness. However, there is circumstantial evidence in astronomy that can confirm this effect. Thus, the effect of a gravitational wave can be observed on the example of the approach of binary stars. Observations confirm that the rate of approach of binary stars to some extent depends on the loss of energy of these space objects, which is presumably spent on gravitational radiation. Scientists will be able to reliably confirm this hypothesis in the near future with the help of a new generation of Advanced LIGO and VIRGO telescopes.

In modern physics, there are two concepts of mechanics: classical and quantum. Quantum mechanics was derived relatively recently and is fundamentally different from classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, objects (quanta) have no definite positions and velocities, everything here is based on probability. That is, an object can occupy a certain place in space at a certain point in time. It is impossible to reliably determine where he will move next, but only with a high degree of probability.

An interesting effect of gravity is that it can bend the space-time continuum. Einstein's theory says that in the space around a bunch of energy or any material substance, space-time is curved. Accordingly, the trajectory of particles that fall under the influence of the gravitational field of this substance changes, which makes it possible to predict the trajectory of their movement with a high degree of probability.

Theories of gravity

Today, scientists know over a dozen different theories of gravity. They are divided into classical and alternative theories. The most famous representative of the former is the classical theory of gravity by Isaac Newton, which was invented by the famous British physicist back in 1666. Its essence lies in the fact that a massive body in mechanics generates a gravitational field around itself, which attracts smaller objects to itself. In turn, the latter also have a gravitational field, like any other material objects in the Universe.

The next popular theory of gravity was invented by the world famous German scientist Albert Einstein at the beginning of the 20th century. Einstein managed to more accurately describe gravity as a phenomenon, and also to explain its action not only in classical mechanics, but also in the quantum world. His general theory of relativity describes the ability of such a force as gravity to influence the space-time continuum, as well as the trajectory of elementary particles in space.

Among the alternative theories of gravity, the relativistic theory, which was invented by our compatriot, the famous physicist A.A. Logunov. Unlike Einstein, Logunov argued that gravity is not a geometric, but a real, fairly strong physical force field. Among the alternative theories of gravity, scalar, bimetric, quasi-linear and others are also known.

1. For people who have been in space and returned to Earth, it is quite difficult at first to get used to the force of the gravitational influence of our planet. Sometimes it takes several weeks.
2. It has been proven that the human body in a state of weightlessness can lose up to 1% of bone marrow mass per month.
3. Among the planets, Mars has the least force of attraction in the solar system, and Jupiter has the greatest.
4. The well-known salmonella bacteria, which are the cause of intestinal diseases, behave more actively in a state of weightlessness and can cause much more harm to the human body.
5. Among all known astronomical objects in the universe, black holes have the greatest gravitational force. A black hole the size of a golf ball could have the same gravitational force as our entire planet.
6. The force of gravity on Earth is not the same in all corners of our planet. For example, in the Hudson Bay region of Canada, it is lower than in other regions of the globe.

In the declining years of his life, he spoke of how he discovered law of gravity.

When young Isaac walked in the garden among the apple trees at his parents' estate, he saw the moon in the daytime sky. And next to him, an apple fell to the ground, breaking off a branch.

Since Newton was working on the laws of motion at the same time, he already knew that the apple fell under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field. And he knew that the Moon is not just in the sky, but revolves around the Earth in an orbit, and, therefore, it is affected by some kind of force that keeps it from breaking out of orbit and flying away in a straight line, into outer space. This is where the idea came to him that, perhaps, the same force makes the apple fall to the earth, and the moon remains in Earth orbit.

Before Newton, scientists believed that there were two types of gravity: terrestrial gravity (acting on Earth) and celestial gravity (acting in heaven). This idea was firmly entrenched in the minds of the people of that time.

Newton's epiphany was that he combined these two types of gravity in his mind. Since that historical moment, the artificial and false division of the Earth and the rest of the Universe has ceased to exist.

And so the law of universal gravitation was discovered, which is one of the universal laws of nature. According to the law, all material bodies attract each other, and the magnitude of the gravitational force does not depend on the chemical and physical properties of the bodies, on the state of their movement, on the properties of the environment where the bodies are located. Gravity on the Earth is manifested, first of all, in the existence of gravity, which is the result of the attraction of any material body by the Earth. Related to this is the term "gravity" (from lat. gravitas - gravity) , equivalent to the term "gravity".

The law of gravity states that the force of gravitational attraction between two material points of mass m1 and m2 separated by a distance R is proportional to both masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The very idea of ​​a universal gravitational force was repeatedly expressed even before Newton. Previously, Huygens, Roberval, Descartes, Borelli, Kepler, Gassendi, Epicurus and others thought about it.

According to Kepler's assumption, gravity is inversely proportional to the distance to the Sun and extends only in the plane of the ecliptic; Descartes considered it the result of vortices in the ether.

There were, however, guesses with the correct dependence on distance, but before Newton, no one was able to clearly and mathematically conclusively connect the law of gravity (a force inversely proportional to the square of distance) and the laws of planetary motion (Kepler's laws).

In his main work "The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" (1687) Isaac Newton derived the law of gravity, based on the empirical laws of Kepler, known by that time.
He showed that:

• • the observed movements of the planets testify to the presence of a central force;
  • conversely, the central force of attraction leads to elliptical (or hyperbolic) orbits.

Unlike the hypotheses of its predecessors, Newton's theory had a number of significant differences. Sir Isaac published not only the proposed formula for the law of universal gravitation, but actually proposed a complete mathematical model:

• • law of gravitation;
  • the law of motion (Newton's second law);
  • system of methods for mathematical research (mathematical analysis).

Taken together, this triad is sufficient to fully explore the most complex movements of celestial bodies, thus creating the foundations of celestial mechanics.

But Isaac Newton left open the question of the nature of gravity. The assumption of the instantaneous propagation of gravity in space (i.e., the assumption that with a change in the positions of bodies the force of gravity between them instantly changes), which is closely related to the nature of gravity, was also not explained. For more than two hundred years after Newton, physicists have proposed various ways to improve Newton's theory of gravity. It was not until 1915 that these efforts were crowned with success by the creation Einstein's general theory of relativity in which all these difficulties were overcome.