In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods: I. Literature of Peter the Great. II years. III.1760s - the first half of the 70s. IV. The last quarter of a century.
Literature of Peter's time It still has a transitional character. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (i.e., the replacement of literature religious literature secular). During this period, a new solution to the problem of personality is being developed. Genre features Keywords: oratorical prose, story, political treatises, textbooks, poetry.
Feofan Prokopovich The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich ("Poetics", "Rhetoric"), who clearly formed his artistic and aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves.
Second period (gg.) This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, in-depth development literary language. The basis of classicism was the focus on high examples of ancient art as a standard artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres) comedy, fable, satire (low genres)
Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir () Author of satires, in which national color is noted, connection with oral folk art, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the doctrine”, “On the envy and pride of the malevolent nobles”, etc.). According to V. G. Belinsky, he was "the first to bring poetry to life."
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky () He acted as a true innovator in the art of the word. In his treatise New and short way to the addition of Russian poetry "he paved the way for further development Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov () One of the first theoreticians of classicism, scientist-experimenter, artist-author of a mosaic picture of the Poltava battle, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of "Letters on the Rules Russian poetry», « quick guide to eloquence", "Grammar", theory of three calm.
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov () Lomonosov's educational views and democratic mood were also reflected in his poetic activity in the content of his works. The theme of the motherland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.
Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov () Also entered the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as the author love lyrics(songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies in which the main thing is the struggle of passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), the author of comedies, fables (he wrote 400 fables).
The third period (1760s - the first half of the 70s) During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, the dominance of the noble class increases. Parody genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. literary magazines M.D. Chulkova (“Both this and that”), V.V. Tuzova (“Mixture”), N.I. Novikova (“Drone”, “Ridder”, “Painter”). At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of Rossiyada, the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas (The Venetian Nun, Borislav, Plody Nauk, etc.), worked.
Fourth Period Literature last quarter The 18th century developed in a period of upheavals, social explosions, foreign revolutions (American, French). In the fourth period, the comic opera flourishes, the work of D.I. Fonvizin () - the author of many fables ("Festival fables with the explanations of Mr. Golberg"), the play "The Brigadier" and the famous comedy "Undergrowth".
Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin () Many poems and famous odes belong to his pen (“Ode on the birthday of Her Majesty ...”, “Felitsa”). Derzhavin was the first to introduce into poetry colloquial vocabulary, vernacular, he strengthened the democratic foundations of the literary language.
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev () Ivan Andreevich Krylov () Writer, philosopher, poet. Author of the famous Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. The protest against slavery, spiritual enslavement is the main pathos of this work. The famous fabulist, among whose works there are also tragedies ("Philomela", "Cleopatra") and comedies ("Fashion Shop", etc.)
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin () N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as " Poor Lisa"," Natalya is a boyar's daughter.
"Literature of the era of classicism" - Tragedy, heroic poem, ode, epic. Formation new literature. last quarter of a century. The origins of world classicism - France of the 17th century. IN AND. Maikov. Russian literature of the eighteenth century. Heroes of classic works. The period of development of classicism. The principle of "three unities" follows from the requirement to imitate nature. features of classicism. Classicism in Russian and world art. Lesson - lecture.
"Literature of the 18th century" - The Parable of the Ten Virgins. Poetics of words. Lyrics. Change of writer's type. Given the year of the Lord 1710. Old and new. Practical functions. 18th century literature Lamps. Symbols and emblem. Apologist royal power. Joke. The structure and navigation of the ship. Noble estate. Sims letters. Word for burial. creative heritage Feofan. Synodal government. Feofan Prokopovich. Word on the burial of Peter the Great.
"Literature of Russia of the 18th century" - Classicism. Calm. French classicism. Ode to Ascension Day. Nobility. Genre - stylistic reform. F. Shubin. Assignment to the story "Poor Lisa". Appeal to the images and forms of ancient art. Love triangle. Great conquests. N.M. Karamzin. features of classicism. Russian literature of the 18th century. Troubled time. Sentimentalism. Genre ode.
"Literature of the 18th-19th century" - Sentimentalism. "Cain". literary trends. Features of classicism in Russia. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. M.Yu. Lermontov poem "Demon". Romanticism. Main features romantic hero. Poem "Mtsyri". The originality of Russian sentimentalism.
"Sentimentalism" - Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. Sentimentalism. Lawrence Stern. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Features of Russian sentimentalism. Sentimentalism in England. Novels by Samuel Richardson. Sentimentalism in France. Russian sentimentalism. New Eloise. Thomas Grey.
"Writers of the 18th century" - The abundance of traditional bookish archaic elements in the work is noteworthy. The satire of Novikov's journals was directed against serfdom. A.S. Shishkov vs. N.M. Karamzin. Russian literary language in the second half of the eighteenth century. This thought burned all my blood. Old Slavonicisms are also used by Radishchev for another purpose - to create a humorous effect. The contribution of N.M. Karamzin to the development of the Russian literary language.
summary of other presentations"Literature of the era of classicism" - Heroes of classic works. The principle of "three unities" follows from the requirement to imitate nature. last quarter of a century. features of classicism. IN AND. Maikov. The period of development of classicism. Classicism in Russian and world art. Russian literature of the eighteenth century. Tragedy, heroic poem, ode, epic. The origins of world classicism - France of the 17th century. Formation of new literature. Lesson - lecture.
"Sentimentalism" - Russian sentimentalism. New Eloise. Thomas Grey. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. Novels by Samuel Richardson. Sentimentalism in France. Lawrence Stern. Features of Russian sentimentalism. Sentimentalism in England. Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. Sentimentalism.
"Literature of the 18th-19th centuries" - Romanticism. "Cain". Features of classicism in Russia. The originality of Russian sentimentalism. Poem "Mtsyri". Sentimentalism. The main features of a romantic hero. M.Yu. Lermontov poem "Demon". Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin. literary trends.
"Literature of Russia of the 18th century" - Classicism. N.M. Karamzin. Appeal to the images and forms of ancient art. Genre ode. Russian literature of the 18th century. Troubled time. French classicism. Calm. Ode to Ascension Day. Nobility. Assignment to the story "Poor Liza". Genre - stylistic reform. Love triangle. F. Shubin. Great conquests. features of classicism. Sentimentalism.
"Writers of the 18th century" - Took everyone ... Russian literary language in the second half 18th century. Controversy around the "new" and "old" syllable. The satire of Novikov's journals was directed against serfdom. Features of the language of D. I. Fonvizin’s comedies on the example of the comedy “Undergrowth” . Features of the language and style of "Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev. The contribution of N.M. Karamzin to the development of the Russian literary language. Equally authentically, Radishchev reproduces philistine vernacular.
"Literature of the 18th century" - Old and new. literary culture Petrovsky time. Noble estate. practical functions. Joke. 18th century literature Poetics of words. The Parable of the Ten Virgins. Change of writer's type. Synodal government. Given the year of the Lord 1710. Symbols and emblem. Lamps. Apologist for royalty. Feofan's creative heritage. Stefan Yavorsky. Feofan Prokopovich. Sims letters. Word for burial.
AT early XVIII century, in the Petrine era, Russia began to develop rapidly due to transformations in all areas of the state and cultural life. Strengthened the independence of Russia. Raised her military power. There was a cultural rapprochement with the countries of Europe.
Russian society reached in the 18th century great results in the field of culture and literature, the city - "Vedomosti" 1708 - the replacement of the Church Slavonic font with secular (civil) Organization of the education system, emphasis on natural science and technical subjects, education as practical value 1725 - creation of the Academy of Sciences 1719 - Kunstkamera January 1, 1700 - new chronology Changes in everyday life (barbering, European costume, tobacco smoking, holding assemblies (1718)) 1717 - "An honest mirror of youth"
18th century literature was associated with best traditions ancient Russian literature(picture of important role literature in the life of society, its patriotic orientation). reform activity Peter I, renewal and Europeanization of Russia, wide state building, the transformation of the country into a strong world power with the cruelty of the feudal system - all this was reflected in the literature of that time. Leading literary movement 18th century became classicism. From the 60s. 18th century in Russian literature, a new literary direction- sentimentalism.
Classicism From the Latin word "classicus" - exemplary. Style and direction in art XVII-beginning XIX centuries, oriented to the heritage of ancient culture as the norm and ideal model. Classicism is characterized by a strict organization of logical, clear and harmonious images. Genres of classicism: Ode, tragedy, high satire, fable.
Classicism reached its heyday in France in the second half of the 17th century. The works of classic writers reflected the ideas of a strong independent state with the absolute power of the monarch. The main conflict in the works of classicism is the conflict between duty and feeling. In the center of these works is a man who subordinated the personal to the public. For him, above all, the duty of a citizen, serving the interests of the motherland, the state. Such a citizen should be, first of all, the monarch. The classicists considered the mind to be the highest criterion of the true and beautiful.
In Russian literature, classicism was closely associated with the ideas European Enlightenment, such as: the establishment of solid and just laws, enlightenment and education of the nation, the desire to penetrate the secrets of the universe, the assertion of the natural equality of people of all classes.
Features of Russian classicism: Strong connection with modern reality. images goodies unable to come to terms with social injustice. Conflict (such as duty and passion) is resolvable and can end happily for the characters. The lyrical genre comes first.
Sentimentalism Sentiment (fr. feeling, sensitive) Arose in Western Europe in the 20s. 18th century, in Russia in the 70s. 18th century, and in the first third of the 19th century took a leading position. Features of the direction: Sincere interest in the personality, character of a person, his inner world. The ability to feel! - the dignity of the human person. glorification eternal values- love, friendship, nature. Genres - travel, diary, essay, story, everyday romance, elegy, correspondence, "tearful comedy". Scene - small towns, villages. Lots of descriptions of nature. Consoling people in suffering and sorrows, turning them to virtue, harmony and beauty.
Like the classicists, sentimentalist writers relied on the ideas of the Enlightenment that the value of a person does not depend on his belonging to upper classes but on his personal merit. The classicists subordinated everything to reason, the sentimentalists - to feelings, experiences and all sorts of shades of mood. Samples of works of sentimentalism in the West: "Clarissa" by S. Richardson, "Suffering young Werther" I.V. Goethe. N.M. Karamzin is considered to be the head of Russian sentimentalism. In the story "Poor Lisa", Karamzin first discovered the world of human feelings, the depth and strength of the love of a simple peasant woman. Revealing the world of feelings, the literature of sentimentalism brought up dignity and respect in a person to their strengths, abilities, experiences, regardless of their position in society.
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Survey of the subject and genre features. The main representatives of Russian literature of the 18th century.
Russian literature of the 18th century
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In Russian literature of the 18th century, researchers distinguish 4 periods:
Literature of Peter the Great. 1730-1750s 1760s - the first half of the 70s. last quarter of a century.
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Literature of Peter the Great
It is still transitional. The main feature is the intensive process of “secularization” (ie, the replacement of religious literature with secular literature). During this period, a new solution to the problem of personality is being developed. Genre features: oratorical prose, story, political treatises, textbooks, poetry.
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Feofan Prokopovich
The most striking figure, one of the most educated people of this period was F. Prokopovich ("Poetics", "Rhetoric"), who clearly formed his artistic and aesthetic views. He believed that poetry should teach not only ordinary citizens, but also the rulers themselves.
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Second period (1730-1750)
This period is characterized by the formation of classicism, the creation of a new genre system, and the in-depth development of the literary language. The basis of classicism was the orientation to the high examples of ancient art as a standard of artistic creativity. Genre features: tragedy, opera, epic (high genres) comedy, fable, satire (low genres)
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Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir (1708-1744)
The author of satires, in which there is a national color, a connection with oral folk art, they are based on contemporary Russian reality (“On those who blaspheme the teaching”, “On the envy and pride of the malevolent nobles”, etc.). According to V. G. Belinsky, he was "the first to bring poetry to life."
Slide 7
Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (1703-1769)
He acted as a true innovator in the art of the word. In his treatise "A New and Brief Method for the Composition of Russian Poetry", he paved the way for the further development of Russian poetry. In addition, Trediakovsky introduced new literary genres: ode, elegy, fable, epigram.
Slide 8
One of the first theoreticians of classicism, experimental scientist, artist-author of a mosaic painting about the Battle of Poltava, creator of solemn odes, language reformer and author of "Letter on the Rules of Russian Poetry", "A Brief Guide to Eloquence", "Grammar", the theory of three calms.
Slide 9
Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765)
Enlightenment views and democratic attitude of Lomonosov were reflected in his poetic activity, in the content of his works. The theme of the motherland was the main one in the main genre of his poetry - odes.
Slide 10
Alexander Petrovich Sumarokov (1717-1777)
He also entered the history of literature as one of the theorists of Russian classicism, as the author of love lyrics (songs, eclogues, idylls, elegies), as the author of tragedies (9 tragedies in which the main thing is the struggle of passion and reason, duty and personal feelings), the author of comedies , fables (he wrote 400 fables).
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Third period (1760s - first half of the 70s)
During this period, the role of mercantile relations in society increases, the dominance of the noble class increases. Parodic genres are actively developing in literature, humorous poems by V.I. Both this and that”), V.V. At the same time, M.M. Kheraskov, the creator of Rossiyada, the Russian national epic, as well as a number of tragedies and dramas (The Venetian Nun, Borislav, Plody Nauk, etc.), worked.
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The fourth period
Literature of the last quarter of the 18th century developed in a period of upheavals, social explosions, foreign revolutions (American, French). In the fourth period, the comic opera flourished, the work of D.I. Fonvizin (1745-1792) - the author of many fables ("Festival fables with the explanations of Mr. Golberg"), the play "The Brigadier" and the famous comedy "Undergrowth".
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (1766-1826)
N.M. Karamzin led the sentimental-romantic line in literature. He laid the foundation for journalism, criticism, stories, novels, historical stories, journalism. He owns translations of Shakespeare, such significant works as "Poor Liza", "Natalia - the Boyar's Daughter".
