• Police (fr. Police, from other Greek ἡ πολιτεία - state, city) - system public services and protection authorities public order. Implements wide range functions, the set of which in different countries differs. The most characteristic function is the prevention (prevention), suppression, detection and disclosure of crimes and other offenses. The police may also be entrusted with the tasks of protecting various objects, directly maintaining order in in public places, regulation traffic, accident prevention, administrative control and supervision in various fields activities, execution of decisions of other government agencies etc. In many countries, the police are responsible for fire protection and rescue operations. To solve these problems, the authorities and officials The police have powers, among which are the powers to use methods of coercion (which does not exclude the use of methods of persuasion and other ways to ensure the impact of legal norms in its work).

  Police systems various countries can be centralized (Austria, France, Russia after the reform, etc.) or decentralized (USA, Great Britain, Germany, etc.). Police services can also be combined in one department (Finland) or scattered across different departments (Italy - the "country of five police", France - the national police, the gendarmerie). In some former socialist countries (Belarus), the main body of law and order retains the name "militia"; in many non-European countries, law enforcement agencies are called in their own way (the name is most often literally translated as “guard”, “protection”).

  In states with separation of powers, the police are part of the executive branch of government, but the authorities and officials involved in investigating crimes and deciding on minor offenses remain connected to the judicial branch of government (for example, the judicial police and police tribunals in France).

  In most countries, the police are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior or are directly part of it. There is also the subordination of the police to the Ministry of Justice, security, or the presence of a specialized ministry or department.

  In most countries, the police are a civilian structure, but in a number of countries, for example, in France, Turkey and Chile, along with the police proper, there is a gendarmerie, which was originally part of armed forces, and sometimes it is at the present time (for example, the Carabinieri in Italy). In many countries, the police have distinctly military characteristics: police officers have military-like ranks (such as police general), sometimes live in barracks, and the like.

  A clear distinction between the police and the authorities state security(by special services) is not always possible. In some countries, the intelligence services are completely separate from the police, in others, such as Malaysia and Ireland, the state security agencies are part of the police. In a number of countries, the activities of the security agencies are regulated by laws different from those that regulate the work of the police.

The word MENT is pronounced by almost all citizens as an offensive expression, but, in fact, it comes from the division and reduction of the word under the jargon "Document" ("Docu" "ment"). After all, the first thing the police demand is that documents be presented to suspicious individuals. There is another version that the word cop came to us from Polish, where "mente" means a soldier, or the word "mentik" - guard guard - became its source. In Hungarian, the same “mente” means a cloak or cape, it was these capes that were given to policemen in Austria-Hungary.

The slang word GARBAGE comes from the abbreviation MCC - Moscow Criminal Investigation. Then the organization was renamed MUR, but the word "garbage" remained. According to another version, the word trash comes from English version MY COP, that is, MY POLICEMAN in translation.

PHARAOH - so irreverently ironically they called the policeman at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. The expression arose, perhaps, from the immobility, impassivity of the police officers who were on duty and accustomed to the bustle of the street.

Also, police officers are sometimes called POINTS, due to the fact that earlier criminal investigation agents wore stripes of a hunting society with the image of a cop dog for disguise.

Now to the damned capitalists.

The word "Cop", which is used in America and sometimes in England, as well as our word "garbage" has two legends of origin.

The first claims that the word "Cop" comes from the name of the badges worn by the first policemen. The badges were made of copper, in English copper is called copper. This is where the word got shortened from.

The second version is more plausible, the word "Сop" was brought by the British. And it came from the word Caper. So they called people who, with the highest permission of the King, could rob and seize other people's ships in favor of their state. In short, legalized pirates. Caper from old French - to capture, rob. By the beginning of the 19th century, this word changed its form and became known as to cop - to capture. This is where it started and went.

In England itself, the police are more called Bobby than Cops. This happened on behalf of the Prime Minister of Great Britain - Robert Peel (short for Robert - Bob or Bobby). As Minister of the Interior, he reorganized the police force into a more efficient and successful public institution. All this happened at the beginning of the 19th century. Then the policemen were nicknamed bobby or peelers. In this battle of words, the first won and secured itself to the English policemen.

France has the richest palette of law enforcement names. So many people call the police flicks. Few people know where this word came from, experts say that initially the police were called flies (mouche), but then from Dutch the word fliege came, then it was transformed into flic. It took root because the French came up with a decoding of this word Federation Legale des Idiots Casques (in literal translation"Legal federation of idiots in helmets").

The French police are also called chickens - poule, just the Parisian police department is located on the site where the poultry market used to be. In the Arab quarters, it is customary to call the police - pharaohs, which is probably why they drive Arabs more than everyone else. Well, the most common is agent - just an agent.

In Germany, the police are called bulls (Bulle). Why, few people know, but many Germans believe that the nickname came from an animal. They call them bulls for their stubbornness and strength. I don't know, stubbornness maybe, but strength...

In Spain, police are called poli, a diminutive of police. They love their law guards, and why steal in Spain, if only olives.

In Italy, the police are called sbirro, the nickname has Latin roots (birrum - red cloak). Initially, the police wore red uniforms, hence the nickname. The story is somewhat similar to our "cops".

In Holland, all nicknames have Jewish roots. So in more prosperous areas of the same Amsterdam, the nickname smeris is mainly found - to observe (the word came from ancient Hebrew) and in less prosperous areas, the nickname klabak is accepted - a dog (in Yiddish)

Zhukov D., Kovtun I. Policemen: history, destinies and crimes. Ed. 3rd,

correct and additional - M.: Publishing house "The Fifth Rome" (LLC "Bestseller"), 2016. - 320 p.

Books about the war continue to be published every year, despite anniversaries or their absence. Over time, it turns out that the number of “blank spots” in history does not decrease, but rather even increases.

The study by Dmitry Zhukov and Ivan Kovtun is coming out in the third edition, with additions and corrections. The success is due to a topic that has been studied before, but few were capable of such an encyclopedic scope.

Historians consider different aspects, starting with the story of the security forces of the USSR and Germany in pre-war period and the place of the auxiliary police in the structure of the occupation administration to the image of the policeman in the propaganda war. There are many destinies, facts and events associated with the senseless, bestial cruelty of the struggle. Not all pages of history were previously covered objectively - for example, in describing the defeat of the legendary "Young Guard" (in fact, the organization of the Krasnodon underground was called the "Hammer"), the decisive role was played by the police from local population.

Retribution overtook many traitors, but sometimes the desire for revenge overshadowed the mind. “The families of police officers often became victims of partisan retribution,” the authors write, “Rebellious villages, turned into police garrisons, were destroyed along with the inhabitants. Actions of this kind not only were not considered something terrible among the partisans, but were perceived as completely normal phenomenon due to military and ideological considerations. For example, in November 1943 in the Novoselsky district Leningrad region(today the Strugokrasnensky district of the Pskov region) an "orgtroika" was formed, headed by the former head of the local RO NKVD N.P. Durygin, former chairman of the Stepanovsky village council G.K. Lebedev and former district police officer P.A. Grigoriev. On the orders of the "organizational troika" in the region, massacres were carried out against opponents of Soviet power. In particular, 30 people were killed. Among them were the wives and children (from two to seven years old) of policemen. Partisan families, allegedly suspected of having ties with the Germans, also suffered from the actions of the "orgtroika". Committing reprisals against the families of policemen, the partisans wanted to force the law enforcement officers to quit their service. It was more difficult to force the residents of villages and villages, where all men were in the police, to do this. Then command partisan detachments tried to punish not only the police, but all the citizens who lived there.”

Even seemingly insignificant figures given in the book turn out to be "talking". Yes, surprisingly low. allowance collaborating with the Nazis - the head of the volost police received 64 marks per month, employees of combat units 240 rubles - despite the fact that at the end of the occupation, for example, a bucket of potatoes in the Kalinin region cost 100 marks (1000 rubles), and a dozen eggs - 700 marks ( 7000 rubles).

The last chapter of the book, "Payback", is devoted to the retribution that overtook many of the former policemen after the liberation of the occupied lands. True, this retribution was not always fair: “The fate of the acting head of the Ivanino police is indicative. Kursk region PC. Mesnyankin. This native of a kulak family and a former soldier of the Red Army, during his service in the police, earned the respect of the local population by the fact that “he did not commit atrocities, but, on the contrary, arrested only police officers and elders who committed atrocities against the inhabitants.” After the liberation of the Ivaninsky district by units of the Red Army, he did not flee from the village, he was arrested and interrogated in a special department of one of the formations. There he told everything truthfully, repented and, due to the fact that the locals interceded for him, he escaped death penalty, which (...) was replaced by a service in a penal company. For his heroism, he was released ahead of schedule and sent to the 65th Army. However, at the new duty station, counterintelligence workers for some reason decided that Mesnyankin did not atone for his guilt before the Motherland. As a result, he again ended up in a penal company. former boss police survived this time, and after his release he continued to fight heroically, was eager to fight and became the first in the 1285th regiment to become a Hero Soviet Union. After the end of the war, Mesnyankin continued to serve in Soviet army, became an officer, however, on April 5, 1948, as a platoon commander of the 690th artillery regiment, was arrested and urgently transferred to Moscow. As a result, he received 10 years in the camps.

The authors write that after the war, many collaborators found shelter in the West: "Due to the fact that soon after the end of the Second World War began" cold war"And the leadership of the Western intelligence services needed specialists and consultants on the USSR, the former accomplices of the German occupiers often managed to avoid extradition to the Soviet side. Soviet occupation authorities in Germany back in 1946-1947. They provided the former allies with several lists of war criminals - citizens of the USSR - with a demand for their extradition. On June 29, 1946, a request was sent to the Deputy Chief of the British Military Administration in Germany, Lieutenant General Robertson, for the extradition former professor Leningrad Institute of Oriental Studies N.N. Poppe. In 1942, in the Kislovodsk region, the latter went over to the side of the Germans, became a police agent, participated in interrogations Soviet citizens. After the war, according to Soviet authorities, Poppe found himself in the British zone of occupation. During 1946, several more reminders were sent, but in vain: all appeals Soviet side former allies they answered in the standard way: the arrest order for Poppe was signed, but he himself has not yet been found.

But the situation with Poppe requires comment. Nikolai Nikolaevich Poppe (1897-1991) - an outstanding orientalist, the youngest at the time of his election in 1932, a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. On the site on Altaic linguistics, he is called one of the “best Mongolists in the world”, “a brilliant researcher”, “one of the founders of scientific Altaic studies.” After the war, he became a professor at the faculty Far East at the University of Washington.

Perhaps this is also the problem of the state, if scientists of this level tried to escape from it by any means. Especially since we are talking about cooperation (at first he worked as a translator), but not about armed struggle or provocations.

On September 17, 1955, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR granted amnesty to Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War and were sentenced to up to 10 years inclusive, the rest of the sentences were reduced by half. This did not stop the process of exposing and punishing collaborators - “only in the period 1981 to 1986. in the USSR were held trials over 60 former accomplices of the enemy. Unfortunately, in history lessons in Soviet schools in Brezhnev times there was almost no mention of this - not all the pages of the past were still open.

As president of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev proposed to rename the militia into the police, arguing that people need professionals in their field, "who work as efficiently as possible, honestly, and extremely well-coordinated." All this happened within the Russian Federation, which caused confusion among ordinary citizens about the sense that it would bring.

Police History

During the revolution that took place in 1917, with tsarist police was forever finished, its replacement with the "people's militia" was carried out. work and legal activity body established the Provisional Government. A decree was issued, which was called "On the approval of the police." In addition, the "Temporary Regulations on the Police" saw the light in April.

On May 10, 1918, the collegium of the NKVD of the RSFSR indicated that the militia operates in the regime of a permanent staff of persons who perform special functions. This is where it started professional activity. In the same year, an instruction was approved that consolidated the existence of the police. The service was on a voluntary basis.

Over time, there were many changes in the police, the emergence of new units. Among them are departments of special and special purpose, and the anti- organized crime. During the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation in December 1991, the institutions and organizations of the USSR were transferred under the jurisdiction of Russia with their entry into the system of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, whose activities were already regulated by the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Why was the militia renamed police

The reform contains the solution of several important issues. First, bring in law enforcement system professionalism. The police must protect the freedom and rights of citizens of the Russian Federation and people, protect public order, create social security and resist crime. Second, this expression high professionalism, responsibility, discipline of police officers, which will help them to effectively solve problems in the field of establishing law and order and protecting any citizen of the Russian Federation. That's why they renamed the militia into the police - in order to achieve new tasks.

A recertification of employees of various departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was carried out, during which someone was demoted, someone remained in their jobs or was completely fired.

Not everyone supported such costly changes in law enforcement agencies. Politicians, experts, and also, according to a number of surveys of the population, a significant part of the citizens are perplexed why the militia was renamed into the police, and do not see any sense in it as such. They believe that the reform will not affect the work of law enforcement agencies. Opponents of these actions promoted a list of negative arguments against the transition from one term to another:

• high financial costs;
• bad associations historical character with the occupiers (the so-called policemen);
• something Western and unusual for Russian culture.

What year

The militia was renamed into the police of the Federal Law of February 7, 2011 No. 3 "On the Police". The law came into force on March 1, 2011 and superseded the document dated April 18, 1991 No. 1026-1 "On the Police". Step by step, the renaming looked like this:

• 01/28/2011 - approval State Duma;
• February 2, 2011 - adoption by the Federation Council;
• 02/07/2011 - signing by the head of the Russian Federation;
• March 1, 2011 - entry into force.

Shape changes

More than one billion rubles were spent on changes after the renaming of the police to the police. The funds were needed for badges, signs, signs for buildings and stickers on official vehicles, as well as police uniforms. Mandatory to wear badges with a personal number appeared. Color spectrum police uniform remained traditional dark blue. All this was accepted by the government of the Russian Federation and reflected in Decree No. 828 "On uniform, insignia and norms for supplying law enforcement officers with clothing Russian Federation".

The difference between the words "police" and "militia"

Militia is a military militia, translated from Latin "military police", originally - the name of an irregular military formation, which was necessary only during the hostilities.

The most significant difference is that the police were primarily created as a state structure. By origin, the word is Greek, cognate with the concept of "polis", which, in turn, is understood as special form ancient city-state. The concept of "police" in the meaning law enforcement agency appeared in the 20s of the 19th century, although several centuries earlier there were already mentions of this term in the role of public order.

In fact, she performed police functions, ensured the legal order in society. This is known to all and does not need argumentation. It may seem that in the post-revolutionary period there was a confusion with the terms, but the reason for the transition from one concept to another was that the Bolsheviks understood that the body that regulates legal framework there must be a society, and without it one cannot build a state. But it was decided to move away from the old name. And the result of studying the chronicles was the transition of the police to the police. The terms have a difference in how people relate to them. The concept of "police" is more popular, ambiguous, with its already established holidays, traditions and even folklore.

So, summing up the differences, we can consider them purely ideological, however, their functions are the same - the protection of public order and here the detection, suppression and disclosure of crimes. In this light, it may have been correct to return to the old name of one of the important state structures- the police, carried out in 2011 by Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev.

Finally

In the opinion of many citizens, moving away from the term "police", legislatures in once more take an example from the West. But still, the main reason for the renaming, most likely, was an attempt to build a new society and law enforcement officers.

Although Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin at one of the press conferences, supporting the reforms in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, expressed that it would be possible not to transfer the police to the police, but structural changes were urgently needed in these bodies. Nevertheless, as they say, "there is no limit to perfection."

The question of why the militia was renamed into the police can lead to great discussions. In them, everyone can be right, defending their point of view. Regarding the year in which the militia was renamed into the police, we have already given an answer - in 2011.

• Bobby is what they call a police officer in England. This word appeared on behalf of one of the country's prime ministers - Robert Peel. Robert is Bob, or Bobby for short. The merit of this prime minister is that at the end of the 19th century he transformed the institution of the police, making this public institution much more efficient and successful.
• “Cop (cop) is almost the most famous nickname policemen in the world. And besides, it's not that old. According to the compilers of Webster's Dictionary, the most authoritative explanatory dictionary in English in the USA, this word in the meaning of "police officer" appeared in 1859. The dictionary does not explain the etymology. There are several versions of how this word appeared. The most common is that cop is short for copper (copper), and the first American policemen had eight-pointed copper stars. Another version: cop is just an abbreviation of the expression "patrol policeman" (Constable on Patrol).
• The most common police nickname in France is flic. The French are still arguing about the origin of the word. It appeared in the middle of the 19th century. Initially, the police were called flies (mouche). Then, experts say, the French “fly” was replaced by the Dutch fliege, which then turned into flic. Much later, the French came up with the idea of ​​deciphering the word flic as Federation Legale des Idiots Casques (literally “Legal federation of idiots in helmets”).
• French policemen are also called poule - chickens (the Parisian police department on the Orfevre embankment takes place where they used to sell poultry). Finally, the world-famous name for French police officers is “azhan” (agent), that is, simply “agent”.
• In Germany, police officers are called bulls (Bulle), in Spain, perhaps the most decent nickname for police officers is poly (poli), in Italy, sbirro (Latin birrum - “red cloak”), according to the original color of the police uniform.
• In the Netherlands, the most popular police nicknames are Jewish. They are called smeris (perhaps from the Hebrew for “watch”) and klabak (from Yiddish for “dog”).” It is assumed that the word "dog" was used in the meaning of "hound".
• “In Australia, police officers have long been called jacks. Unlike the story with the British bobbies, this has nothing to do with the founder of the Australian law enforcement forces. At first, the Australians called their policemen gendarmes, and the average policeman was called, respectively, John Darme. At some point, John's last name disappeared and he was renamed Jack."

Who is this "policeman"?

The word "police" means local resident occupied territories, serving in the fascist auxiliary police. And it is associated with the words "punisher", "traitor", "traitor", "fascist". In a country that survived the Great Patriotic War, such a name, used not only for a police officer, but for anyone, is clearly an insult.