WAYS TO CITE

Lezina T.I.,

teacher of Russian language

and literature

MBOU "City Gymnasium No. 1"

Ust-Ilimsk

ways of quoting

• The quotation is used as direct speech. With this method of quoting, punctuation marks should be placed in the same way as in sentences with direct speech.

For example :

Julius Caesar said: “It is better to die immediately than to spend your whole life waiting for death.”

“It is better to die immediately than to spend your whole life waiting for death,” said Julius Caesar.

WAYS TO CITE

2) You can also enter a quote by indirect speech using the union “what”. The quotation in such cases is also taken in quotation marks and is written with lower case. For example:

F. Ranevskaya said that "loneliness is a state that there is no one to tell about."

WAYS TO CITE

3) To introduce a quote into the text, special characters can be used. introductory words: as he spoke, as he wrote, as he considered, according to words - or introductory words are replaced by punctuation marks or quotation marks. For example:

As Horace said, "anger is short-term madness."

L. Beethoven "did not know any other signs of human superiority, except for kindness."

WAYS TO CITE

4) Quoting poems does not require auxiliary punctuation marks, in particular, quotation marks. It is enough to indicate the author and the title of the poem, which should be written from the red line.

For example:

What can Moscow provide me?

Ball today, two tomorrow.

A. Griboedov "Woe from Wit"

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CITATION

1. The quoted text must necessarily be placed in quotation marks and be identical to its original source. Lexical and grammatical form must match the original. 2. It is strictly forbidden to combine in one quote passages that were taken from different cited sources. Each passage should be in the form of a separate quotation. 3. If the expression is not quoted in full, but in an abbreviated or incomplete form (the quotation is taken out of context by a separate phrase), ellipsis brackets should be used instead of missing sentences or words. When shortening a quote, it is important to follow the logical completeness of the expression.

PRIMARY REQUIREMENTS TO QUOTATION

4. In Russian, it is forbidden to enter citation, which occupies more than 30% of the total text. Excessive quoting not only makes your text clichéd, it also makes it difficult to read. 5. It is unacceptable to quote authors whose texts are marked with the copyright protection sign - ©. In this case, the option of modifying the text (transferring the meaning of the fragment in your own words) with an optional reference to the source is acceptable.

Test

Find matches

1. “In the language of Dostoevsky there is a special, only characteristic and necessary accuracy for him,” wrote I. Annensky, “there is also a sharp distinctness when it is needed.”

2.I. Annensky wrote that "in Dostoevsky's language there is a special, only characteristic and necessary accuracy, there is also a sharp distinctness when it is needed."

A. The quotation is framed as direct speech and is located after the words of the author

B. The quotation is framed as direct speech and is located

3. I. Annensky noted: "In Dostoevsky's language there is a special, only inherent and necessary accuracy, there is also a sharp distinctness when it is needed."

B. The quotation is framed as a direct speech and is interrupted

D. Quote formatted as indirect speech(subordinate

sentence).

Change the way you enter a quotation according to the specified scheme

1. “Nekrasov mastered the form of the song to perfection,” noted K. I. Chukovsky.

2.K. I. Chukovsky wrote about the style of Nekrasov's poems as follows: "His style is completely subordinate to the subject."

3. “Nekrasov, like Gogol, was well aware that glorification vernacular, - wrote K. I. Chukovsky, - is the glorification of the people who created the language.

2.__________________

Introductory construction, "Quote".

3.__________________

Place punctuation marks, choose desired letters write down sentences

1. “My friend of the fatherland, we will devote souls beautiful impulses!" (P,p)isal A.S. Pushkin to his friend Chaadaev.

2. "Patriot is the one

(U, u) asserted V. Bykov

3. Belinsky wrote that "(C, c) nature creates a person but develops and forms his society."

(K, k) who loves his own, a nationalist is one who does not love strangers.

4. According to A.M. Gorky "art should ennoble people."

Description of the presentation Quotations and ways of quoting Quotations Quotes on slides

In Russian, quoting began to be used in 1820 and is still successfully used. We can use citation in research papers and essays in order to reinforce the authenticity own opinion by referring to more authoritative sources, which makes linguistic work scientifically substantiated, emphasizes its originality. Thanks to citation, the author has the opportunity to show the fullness and breadth of the work performed or ongoing research.

Basic requirements for citation 1. The cited text must be placed in quotation marks and be identical to its original source. The lexical and grammatical form must fully correspond to the original. 2. It is strictly forbidden to combine in one quote passages that were taken from different cited sources. Each passage should be in the form of a separate quotation. 3. If the expression is not quoted in full, but in an abbreviated or unfinished form (the quote is taken out of context by a separate phrase), instead of missing sentences or words, ellipses should be put in brackets. 4. In Russian, it is forbidden to enter citation, which occupies more than 30% of the total text. 5. It is unacceptable to quote authors whose texts are marked with the copyright protection sign - ©. This mainly concerns scientific works and research articles. In this case, we allow the option of modifying the text (transferring the meaning of the fragment in your own words) with an optional reference to the source

How to make a quote part of the text What is useful to know when quoting can be reflected in the scheme: 1. 2. 3. text, after including a quote, the text that precedes the quote

So, having selected a quote that relates to the topic of the essay (or oral presentation), you need to think about how to make it part of the text. To do this, it is necessary that the text that precedes the quotation (1), as it were, prepares for its appearance. After the quote (2) is included in the text (one of the quoting methods is used), based on the quote, we build the statement (3) so that the subsequent part contains a comment, a response to the thoughts that are formulated in the quote. In this case, partial quoting may be used.

1. Quotes are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is formalized as direct speech, i.e., accompanied by the words of the author who cites it, then the appropriate punctuation rules are applied. Ways of quoting Socrates developed a formula for "mind" and "stupidity", still unsurpassed: "I know that I know nothing, and others do not even know this."

2. If a quotation is a poetic text with exact observance of lines and stanzas, then it is not enclosed in quotation marks. When I wander around Moscow, when I admire the panorama of the Moscow Kremlin, I experience feelings that are difficult for me to put into words. . . And then the wonderful lines of Lermontov are involuntarily recalled: Moscow, Moscow!. . I love you like a son, Like a Russian, - strongly, fieryly and tenderly! I love the sacred shine of your gray hairs And this Kremlin is jagged, serene.

3. If the quote consists of several paragraphs, then quotation marks are placed only at the beginning and at the end of the entire text. N. Roerich wrote: “Russia is not only a state ... Russia is a superstate, an ocean, an element that has not yet taken shape, has not fallen into its intended shores. »

4. If the quotation is not given in full, then the omission is indicated by an ellipsis, which is placed: a) before the quotation (after opening quotes), syntactically not related to the author's text, to indicate that the quotation is not given from the beginning of the sentence; b) in the middle of a quotation, when a part of the text inside it is omitted; I would like to recall the words of A. Blok, as if addressed to the future reader of his works:. . . There is an answer in my disturbing verses: Their secret heat will help you to live. . .

5. After a quotation ending with an ellipsis, a period is put if the quotation is not an independent sentence. We read from Gogol: “A person is not afraid of anything as much as laughter .... »

6. The quotation is enclosed in quotation marks, but is written with a small letter if included in the author's text as part of a sentence. When I look at the “Jagged, serene Kremlin”, my soul is filled with excitement that cannot be expressed in ordinary words.

QUOTATIONS AND PUNCIATION MARKS WITH THEM 1. Quotations can stand with the words of the author (they represent direct speech - the punctuation marks are the same as in sentences with direct speech) V. G. Belinsky wrote: “The Russian language is unusually rich”. 2. You can also quote part of the sentence (the quote is in quotation marks, but is written with a lowercase letter) K. G. Paustovsky said that “for everything in the Russian language there is a great variety good words» . 3. If the phrase is not fully quoted, then an ellipsis is put in place of the missing words. M. V. Lomonosov believed: “The language that Russian state commands a great part of the world. . . not a single European language does not yield." 4. If a poetic text is cited (the lines and stanzas of the original are respected), then quotes are not put. The fair-haired strands of Your not visual birches suit your face.

ASSIGNMENT: REWRITE THE TEXT WITH punctuation marks. EXPLAIN THE PUNICATION. And how is your health? Thank God I won't complain, said Sobakevich. And there was certainly nothing to complain about, rather the iron could catch a cold and cough than this wonderfully formed landowner. Yes, you have always been famous for your health, said the chairman, and your late father was also a strong man. Yes, Sobakevich answered the bear alone. It seems to me, however, that the chairman said you would also knock down the bear if you wanted to go against him. No, I won’t knock down, answered Sobakevich, the dead man was stronger than me. (N. Gogol)

EXAMINATION! — And how is your health? “Thank God, I won’t complain,” said Sobakevich. And indeed, there was nothing to complain about: the iron could catch a cold and cough rather than this wonderfully formed landowner. “Yes, you have always been famous for your health,” said the chairman, “and your late father was also a strong man. “Yes, I used to walk around with a bear alone,” answered Sobakevich. “It seems to me, however,” said the chairman. - You would also knock down the bear if you wanted to go against him. “No, I won’t knock you down,” answered Sobakevich, “the dead man was stronger than me.”

Dictation "CHECK YOURSELF". Anton Pavlovich Chekhov in his letters argued that “brevity is the sister of talent”, that “language should be simple and elegant”. “There is no doubt,” Turgenev said at the opening of the monument to Pushkin in Moscow in 1880, “that he [Pushkin] created our poetic, our literary language and that we and our descendants can only follow the path paved by his genius. “Starting with Pushkin, our classics created that great beautiful language”, to serve further development whom Turgenev begged Leo Tolstoy "- this is how A. M. Gorky assessed the significance of literature. A. S. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" Belinsky called "an encyclopedia of Russian life."

1. Which sentence with a quote is framed correctly? a) Leo Tolstoy wrote that " music - higher in the world of art". b) “Music is the highest art in the world,” Leo Tolstoy believed. c) Leo Tolstoy argued: "That music is the highest art in the world." d) Leo Tolstoy argued - "music is the highest art in the world."

2. In which sentence is allowed punctuation error? a) A. S. Pushkin wrote: “Criticism is the science of discovering beauty and flaws in works of art and literature.” b) “It is wise to write only about what they do not understand”, V. Klyuchevsky claimed. c) M. Gorky urged not to be indifferent, "for indifference is deadly for the human soul." d) your admiration autumn nature A. S. Pushkin expressed in the following lines: sad time! Oh charm! I like your farewell beauty. . .

Find Wrong way citations. a) A. T. Tvardovsky said: “In addition to angry, sarcastic and unforgiving laughter, there is also laughter of joy, friendly benevolence, cheerful and harmless mischief.” b) A. T. Tvardovsky said that “besides angry, sarcastic and unforgiving laughter, there is also laughter of joy. . . "c) A. T. Tvardovsky said that "besides angry laughter, there is also laughter of joy." d) A. T. Tvardovsky said that laughter can be not only “angry, sarcastic and unforgiving, “there is also laughter. . . mischief".

Using direct quotes in an essay is great way back up your ideas with concrete evidence and liven up your arguments. However, if you want your essay to look professional, then you need to know how to cite correctly, whether you use MLA or APA style. And remember: if you use a quote but don't credit the first author, it's considered plagiarism. In addition to the quotes given in the essay, you will have to make a reference page at the end of your essay. If you want to learn how to insert citations into your essay, skip to step 1 to get started.

Steps

Part 1

quote using MLA style

According to the style of MLA (Association modern languages), when using quotes in an essay, you must include the author's name and page number. If you are quoting poetry, then you will have to refer to lines of poetry instead of page numbers. Unlike the APA style, you do not have to include the year in which the citation was written in the body of your essay, although you will have to include it on the detailed reference page at the very end of the essay.

Provide short quotes. Under the MLA style, a short quotation is anything less than four printed lines of prose or three lines of poetry. If your quotation meets these length requirements, then all you need to do is 1) take the quotation in double quotes, 2) indicate the name of the author 3) indicate the page number. You can insert the author's name before the quotation, or place it in parentheses after the quote. You can just write the page number at the end without using "p" etc. to designate a page.

Give long quotations from prose. According to the MLA format, long quotations are anything longer than four printed lines of prose or three lines of poetry. If you come across one of them, you will have to write it out as a freestanding piece of text, without using quotes. You can insert a quote into a text line by preceding it with a colon, indenting the quote 2.5 cm from the left, while maintaining double spacing. You can end a quote with a punctuation mark, and then indicate the author's last name and page number in parentheses after the quotation.

• Here is an example of a paragraph containing a long block quote:
  • The novella "Things They Carried" describes the things carried by the soldiers who fought in Vietnam in order to reveal their character and make the reader feel the weight of the burden they carried: Basically, they carried things determined by necessity. Among the first and almost essential items were P-38 can openers, pocket knives, checkers of solid fuel, wrist watch, dog tags, mosquito repellant, chewing gum, sugary cigarettes, salt tablets, sachets of instant powder, lighters, matches, kits for repairing uniforms, certificates allowance, "rations C", as well as two or three flasks of water.(O'Brien, 2)
• If you are quoting two or more paragraphs, you will have to use block quotes, even if each paragraph of the paragraph is less than four lines long. You must add an extra half centimeter indent on the first line of each paragraph. Use an ellipsis (...) at the end of each paragraph to link to the next one.

1. Provide quotations from the poem. If you want to quote a poem or part of it, then you should stick to the original line format to convey the original meaning. Here is how you can do it:

   • Howard Nemerov describes his suffering from lost love in his poem "Shutters": A day full of lonely memories And dreams washed away by winter rain (Unspeakable abyss, settled in the mind!) He leaves through the open windows. (14-18)

2. Add or skip words when quoting. This is also useful if you need to change the meaning of a quote slightly to fit the context of the essay, or when you want to omit information that is not relevant to what you would like to emphasize. Here are examples of how to insert quotes into your essay in both cases:

   • Use square brackets([ and ]) to "insert" your information - this will help readers read the quote:
     • Mary Hodge, 20th century realist writer, author short stories, once wrote, "Many women [who write stories] feel they are inferior to novelists, but don't think so" (88).
   • Use an ellipsis (...) to omit a part of a quote that is not relevant to your essay. Here is an example:
     • Smith believes that many Ivy League students "think that being a teacher is not as prestigious ... as being a banker" (90).
3. • Many studies have found that MFA programs “are the only major driving force which helps aspiring writers get their work published” (Clark, Owen & Camus 56).

4. Get quotes from the internet. Inserting quotes from the web is unreliable as you won't be able to find the page numbers. However, you should try to find as much as possible more information: author, year, or title of the essay or article. Here are two examples:

   • One film critic wrote on the Internet that Faith was one of the most infamous films made in Canada in the past decade" (Jenkins, "Shame on Canada!").
   • Wedding guru Rachel Seaton said in her famous blog that "Every woman is a capricious bride at heart" (2012, "Godzilla in a Tuxedo").

   Part 2

   quote using the APA style

   According to the APA (American Philological Association) style, when citing, you must include the author's last name and page number in the same way as in the MLA format, but you also have to specify the year. In APA format, you will also have to use "p." before page numbers when citing.

   1. Provide short quotes. To provide a short quotation (less than 40 words) in APA format, you just have to make sure you include the author's last name, year, and page number (and "page" to refer to them). Here you will find a couple of examples various ways do this:

      • According to McKinney (2012), “yoga is best method stress relief for Americans over twenty” (p. 54).
      • McKinney found that "100 adults who practiced yoga at least three times a week had lower blood pressure, better sleep, and less dissatisfaction."(2012, p.55).
      • She also said, “Yoga is much better at relieving tension than running or cycling” (McKinney, 2012, p. 60).

   2. Give long quotes. In order to bring long quote in APA format, you will have to paste it into a separate piece of text. You should start the quotation on a new line, indented 1.2 cm from the left edge, and then write the quotation in full, with the same indentation. If the quote consists of several paragraphs, then you can insert the first line of another paragraph with an additional 1.2 cm indent from the new margin. When quoting, adhere to double line spacing by writing the quotation in parentheses after last sign punctuation. The same rule applies to more short quotes- you will need to indicate the author, year and page somewhere at the beginning or in the body of the quote. Here is an example:

Quote- this is a complete or partial statement from the author's text (scientific, artistic, journalistic and other literature or report) with an indication of the author or source.

Quotations are formatted in the following ways:

1. Offers with direct speech.

The quotation as direct speech can be given in full. not completely. not from the beginning of the sentence.

1) The quoted sentence or part of the text is given in full.

For example: Pushkin noted: “Chatsky is not a smart person at all - but Griboyedov is very smart”.

2) Quote is incomplete (not from the beginning or not to the end of the sentence, or with the ejection of part of the text in the middle); in this case, an omission is indicated by an ellipsis, which may be enclosed in angle brackets (as is customary when citing scientific literature).

For example: Gogol wrote: “Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon ... this is a Russian man in his development, in which he, perhaps, will appear in two hundred years.

3) The quotation may not be given from the beginning of the sentence.

For example: Pisarev wrote: "... the beauty of the language lies in its clarity and expressiveness." Or "... The beauty of the language lies in its clarity and expressiveness," wrote Pisarev.

2. Offers with indirect speech.

A quotation can be framed not as a direct speech, but as a continuation of a sentence or an isolated component of the text.

For example: Gogol wrote that "with the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns."

A.P. Chekhov emphasized that “ ... an idle life cannot be pure.”

“Respect for the past is the feature that distinguishes education from savagery” (Pushkin).(The last example is an isolated text component, so the author's last name is in parentheses after the quotation.)

3. Offers with introductory words.

For example: According to A. M. Gorky"Art should ennoble people."

Quotations are often used to express a thought more vividly.

For example: You have to be attentive to the language, to the combinations of words, to the text that you read. It enriches speech. The famous Russian poet V. Bryusov spoke brightly about this:

Perhaps everything in life is just a means

For brightly melodious verses,

And you from a carefree childhood

Look for word combinations.

Quotations from poems are not enclosed in quotation marks if the verse line is observed.

Quote as a continuation of the sentence

A poetic quotation can be framed without quotes, but with a red line and observance of poetic lines.

For example:

May you be blessed forever

That came to flourish and die.

PUNICATION IN QUOTATIONS

The quotation is enclosed in quotation marks.

If a the quote is at the words of the author and is an independent sentence, then it is made out as direct speech in quotation marks in one of its possible positions in relation to the words of the author: in the position after the words of the author, in front of them, the words of the author inside the quote, etc.

For example: Belinsky wrote: Nature creates man, but develops and forms his society».

« Children's poet should be smart person, like an adult, and very naive, spontaneous person, like a child!"- wrote S. Marshak.

« Another's bread is bitter says Dante, and the steps of someone else's porch are heavy" (P.).

If a the quote is syntactically related to the words of the author , that is, forms with them subordinate clause, then the first word of the quote is capitalized: Belinsky wrote that " nature creates man, but develops and forms his society».

If a quote is incomplete , then an ellipsis is placed at the place of the gap (at the beginning, middle or end of the quote). In this case, the first word of the quote at the beginning of the sentence is written with capital letter, even if it starts with a lowercase letter in the source.

For example: « ... The steps of someone else's porch are heavy', says Dante. Compare: K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote: “ Music is a strong excitement, a powerful tool, like medicines. She can both poison and heal.". - K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote that “ music... can both poison and heal". - K. E. Tsiolkovsky wrote that "music is a strong excitement, a powerful tool ...".

Multiple paragraph quotes , are quoted only once, not before each paragraph.

For example: In the story "River Spills" K. G. Paustovsky wrote:

« It happens like this inner confidence in itself, when a person can do everything.

He can almost instantly write such verses that descendants will repeat them for several centuries.

He can contain in his mind all the thoughts and dreams of the world in order to distribute them to the first comers and never regret it for a minute.».

If a sentence ends with a quote and at the end of the quote is an ellipsis, interrogative or Exclamation point, then they are followed by quotation marks and a dot.

For example: In one of his articles, A. M. Gorky wrote that “ Rudin is both Bakunin and Herzen, and partly Turgenev himself...».

Of course, there are skeptics who believe that " as he said, that's fine. They will still understand!».

If a the author emphasizes individual words quotes to enhance their meaning (in print, these words are highlighted in a special font), then he stipulates this in a note, enclosing it in brackets and indicating his initials, which are preceded by a dash.

For example: (our italics. - N.V.), (underlined by us. - N.V.), (emphasis added by us. - N.V.).

Such a note is placed either directly after the corresponding place in the quotation, or at the end of the quotation, or at the end of the page in the form of a footnote (footnote).

For example: O. Balzac argued that “ where all the hunchbacks, a beautiful figure becomes ugliness ”(highlighted by us. - N.V.).

When quoting poetic text with respect to the lines and stanzas of the original, quotation marks are usually not put.

For example: We well remember the wonderful words of A. S. Pushkin about autumn:

Sad time! Oh charm!

Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -

I love the magnificent nature of wilting,

Forests clad in crimson and gold...

Epigraph also usually not enclosed in quotes . At the same time, the reference to the author is given without brackets below the epigraph on the right.

For example, the epigraph to the story of K. G. Paustovsky " Golden Rose' is formatted like this:

Golden Rose

If after a poetic quotation continues prose text, then a dash is placed at the end poetic line :

Tatyana's husband, so beautifully and so fully described from head to toe by the poet in these two verses:

...and above all

Raised his nose and shoulders

The general who entered with her,

Tatyana's husband introduces Onegin to her as his relative and friend (Bel.). The words Tatyana's husband are repeated in order to connect the second part of the author's words with the first.

If a the quoter inserts his own text into the quote explaining a sentence or individual words in it, then this is the explanation is enclosed in square brackets .

For example: And her hair [mermaid] is green, like your hemp (T.).

At quote abbreviation , which already has ellipsis that perform certain functions inherent in them, an ellipsis set by the author citing the text, indicating the abbreviation of the quote, enclosed in angle brackets .

For example: In the diary of L. N. Tolstoy we read: “She cannot renounce her feelings<...>. She, like all women, is dominated by feeling, and every change occurs, perhaps, regardless of reason, in feeling ... Maybe Tanya is right that this will gradually pass by itself.<...> ».

Other people's words are in quotation marks , included in the author's text, when their belonging to another person is indicated.

For example: Pasternak's struggle for " unheard of simplicity» poetic language was a struggle not for its comprehensibility, but for its originality, originality - the absence of poetic secondary, primitive traditionalism ... (D.S. Likhachev).

Inverted commas stand out foreign-style words emphasizing ironic meaning words indicating a double meaning of a word or a meaning known only to the one to whom the words are addressed, as well as words used in a special, often conditional meaning.

For example: ... Many pages of the English classic novel are "bursting" from the wealth of the material world and sparkle with this wealth (M. Urnov); After all, the zero cycle is a “dust-free” cycle, it does not require numerous subcontractors and suppliers (Deputy).

Quotes stand out purely grammatical unusualness of the use of words when parts of speech or whole phrases are used as members of a sentence that are not intended to express these functions.

For example: From his friendly “I was waiting for you,” she cheered up (B.P.); "Want? "," come on " sounded in my ears and produced some kind of intoxication; I didn’t see anything or anyone except Sonya (L.T.).

For example: “To think pedagogically broadly means to see in any social phenomenon educational meaning" Azarov Yu. Learning to teach // New world. 1987. No. 4. S. 242).

If a quote ends with a question mark, an exclamation mark, or an ellipsis, then these characters retain their place and come before the closing quote.

For example: “Don't leave your loved ones. There are no former lovers in the world ... "(A. Voznesensky. Poems. M., 2001. P. 5).

How to format quotes?

The most common way is to use quotation marks.

Highlighting using italics or using a font 1-2 steps smaller than the font of the main text:

1. Selection by means of a set of the quote with retraction. In this case, it is possible to use a strike-out ruler in the indent:

How are highlights within a quotation arranged?

Emphasis within a quotation may belong to the citing or the author of the cited text. This determines how the selected text fragments are formatted.

Emphasis belonging to the cited author, it is recommended to save them in the form in which they are printed in the source, and if this is not possible or contradicts the style of the publication, then the author's emphasis should be replaced with a selection of another type. The ownership of author's selections is usually not specified. The exception is those cases when there are few author's selections, and, on the contrary, there are a lot of selections belonging to the citing one; in such cases, it is stipulated that some selections belong to the cited author (these selections are marked), and the rest - to the citing one. In addition, in such cases, the ownership of selections is specially marked in the preface. Selection example:

Emphasis belonging to the citing person is subject to reservation. The comment is given in brackets, the comment is followed by a dot, a dash and the commenter's initials, for example:

What punctuation marks are used when quoting?

Between the quoter's words and the following quote:

a) put a colon if the words preceding the quotation warn that the quotation follows:

Pasternak wrote: “There is a psychology of creativity, problems of poetics. Meanwhile, of all art, it is precisely its origin that is most directly experienced, and one does not have to speculate about it.

b) put a full stop if inside the quote or behind it are the words of the quoting person, introducing the quote into the text of the phrase:

Pasternak said it well. “There is a psychology of creativity, problems of poetics. Meanwhile, of all art, it is precisely its origin that is experienced most directly, and one does not have to speculate about it, ”he wrote in the Safe Conduct.

c) do not put any signs if the quote acts as an addition or as part of a subordinate clause:

Pasternak wrote that "of all art, it is its origin that is most directly experienced."

At the end of a sentence, after closing quotes:

a) put a period if there are no signs before the closing quotes. If the quote is immediately followed by a reference to the source, then the dot is moved beyond the reference:

B. L. Pasternak emphasized: “The most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence, and the best works of the world, telling about the most diverse, they actually talk about their birth" (Pasternak 2000, 207).

Attention! The dot is always placed after closing quotes, not before them. An ellipsis, question mark, and exclamation mark are placed before closing quotes.

b) put a full stop if the quote is not an independent sentence, but acts as part of a subordinate clause (even if there is an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark before the closing quotes):

B. L. Pasternak emphasized that "the most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence ...".

c) do not put any signs if there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation point before the closing quotes, and the quote enclosed in quotes is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotes after the colon separating them from the words of the quoter preceding them are like this):

The chapter ends with the words: "Farewell philosophy, farewell youth, farewell Germany!"

If the phrase does not end with a quote, then a comma is put after the quote (if the quote is part of participle turnover or completes the first part complex sentence) or a dash (if the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark, and also if, according to the conditions of the context, it is not necessary to separate the subsequent text with a comma).

After a poetic quotation, a punctuation mark is placed at the end of a poetic line, which refers to the entire text with a quotation.

Does a quote always start with a capital letter?

A quotation begins with a capital (capital) letter in the following cases:

• When the quoting person begins a sentence with a quotation, even if initial words and it opens with an ellipsis:
  

  “... Of all art, it is precisely its origin that is experienced most directly, and one does not have to speculate about it,” Pasternak wrote.

• When a quote comes after the quoter's words (after a colon) and begins a sentence in the source:
  

  Pasternak wrote: “Meanwhile, of all art, it is precisely its origin that is experienced most directly, and one does not have to speculate about it.”
  Pasternak wrote: "... of all art, it is its origin that is most directly experienced, and one does not have to speculate about it." Pasternak wrote that "... one does not have to speculate about him."

How can I arrange an in-text bibliographic reference when citing?

If the cited source is indicated in the bibliography or in the list of references, only the author's surname and the year of publication of the book are indicated at the end of the citation. This design method saves space. For example:

in the text:

"Dictionary revolutionary era(historical and cultural reference book) includes words that arose or are characteristic of the era of war and revolution” [Ozhegov 2001, 411].

in the bibliography:

Ozhegov 2001- S. I. Ozhegov. Revolutionary Dictionary. Historical and Cultural Handbook (Preliminary Sketches). - 1920s // Dictionary and culture of Russian speech: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of S.I. Ozhegov. M.: Indrik, 2001. - 560 p. pp. 410-412.

(According to the book:
A. E. Milchin, L. K. Cheltsova. Publisher's and Author's Handbook. M., 2003.)