On May 7, 1945, a preliminary protocol was signed on unconditional surrender Nazi Germany. But, when peace was established throughout Europe, in the western part of Latvia - Courland - shots were still heard.

Unfortunately, the events that took place on this secondary sector of the front in 1945. were not widely covered in our press and memoirs. Probably because the main events and the bulk of the participants in the final stage of the war fought on the Oder and Vistula, stormed Berlin and Koenigsberg, repelled German attacks near Balaton and Budapest. From the reports of the Soviet Information Bureau of that time, it was known that there were only battles in the so-called Courland cauldron local importance. But the intensity and drama of the fighting in Courland was not much inferior to the battles in the directions of the main strategic strikes.

Interestingly, a week since Berlin was taken, and the troops of the German Wehrmacht still continued to be on the territory of the USSR, and only on May 10, 1945 the last Big City Latvia - Ventspils, on the coast of the Baltic Sea - was finally liberated by Soviet troops.

What was this grouping of German troops that held out for Eastern Front the longest? Why did she resist so stubbornly?

It is known that the Courland army group was formed from the Northern army group and received its name "Courland" shortly after the evacuation from Estonia and eastern Latvia, including the mountains. Riga.

Beginning in October 1944 on the territory Latvian SSR, on its Baltic coast (from Tukums to the port of Liepaja), two German armies (16th and 18th) were pressed ashore and blocked, that is, a whole group of armies "North", where there were even more troops than encircled near Stalingrad, according to various sources, up to 400 thousand soldiers and officers, as of the beginning of October 1944.

The total area of ​​the Courland boiler occupied about 15 thousand square meters. km (about a quarter of the territory of Latvia). For comparison, in the Ruhr pocket in March 1945, about 400 thousand German troops, in the Tunisian cauldron in March 1943 - 330 thousand (including Italians), in Stalingrad in December 1942 - about 200 thousand.

It is worth noting that, unlike most pockets (except for the Tunisian one), the Courland pocket was not blocked from all sides, thus the encircled people retained the opportunity to communicate with Germany via Baltic Sea, through the ports of Liepaja and Ventspils.

Thus, it was possible to supply the grouping with ammunition, food, medicines, the wounded were evacuated by sea, and even entire divisions from the grouping were transferred directly to German territory.

According to other sources, the blockaded German troops were somewhat smaller, as is known, the Courland army group consisted of two shock armies - the 16th and 18th. In the autumn of 1944, it numbered over 28-30 divisions, among them about 3 tank divisions.

With an average of 7,000 men in each division, the total strength of the army grouping was 210,000. Including special units, aviation and logistics, the army grouping totaled about 250,000 people.

After, starting from the beginning of 1945, 10 divisions were evacuated by sea to Germany, the strength of the army group at the time of surrender, according to some researchers, was approximately 150-180 thousand people.

All these 30 German divisions defended 200 km of the front, that is, one German division (10-15 thousand people) accounted for 6.6 km of the front. Such a density is more typical for divisions in preparation for an offensive. So high density the Germans had troops during the battle for Berlin, on the Seelow Heights.

But there behind them was Berlin is the capital Germany, a large industrial city and transport center. And what was behind the 400 thousandth German group in Courland? Two small secondary seaports and a little over fifty farms and villages in the wooded and marshy area.

Nevertheless, the High Command of Nazi Germany attached particular importance to the defense of Courland, defining it as a “Baltic bastion”, “bridgehead”, “breakwater”, “Germany's outer eastern fort”, etc. “The defense of the Baltic states is the best defense of East Prussia ", - said in the order of the commander of the group Sherner. Hitler allegedly assumed that in the future all the troops blockaded in Courland would be used for a decisive blow on the Eastern Front.

Two combat-ready german armies could resist for as long as they wanted. They understood perfectly well that the path to retreat into Northern Germany cut off to them, which means they were ready to fight with the bitterness of the doomed.

At the final stage, the commander of this entire grouping was Infantry General Karl August Gilpert, one of the main actors during the siege of Leningrad. He had colossal experience, suffice it to say that on military service he has been continuously since October 1907, and was appointed to his post after commanding the same 16th army. By the way, he was awarded the rank of general on April 1, 1939. Karl August counted on the fact that the remnants of 22 German divisions, assembled in iron fist, can cause big trouble to the Russians.

In the future, this all happened, the troops under the command of Gilpert really caused a lot of trouble and trouble to the then Soviet command, five serious attempts were made to attack the Soviet troops in order to eliminate the Courland group, and all of them were unsuccessful.

The first attempt to break through the German defense line was made from October 16 to 19, 1944, when, immediately after the creation of the "cauldron" and the capture of Riga, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command ordered the 1st and 2nd Baltic Fronts to immediately liquidate the Courland grouping of German troops. More successful than others Soviet armies the 1st shock army advancing on the coast of the Gulf of Riga. On October 18, she crossed the Lielupe River and captured the village of Kemeri, but the next day she was stopped by the Germans on the outskirts of Tukums. The rest of the Soviet armies could not advance due to the fierce resistance of the Germans, who went over to counterattacks.

The second time the battle for Courland took place from 27 to 31 October 1944. The armies of the two Baltic fronts were fighting on the line of Kemeri - Gardene - Letskava - south of Liepaja. Attempts by the Soviet armies (6 combined arms and 1 tank army) break through German defense brought only tactical successes. By November 1, the crisis came: most of personnel and offensive equipment were out of order, ammunition was used up.

The third attempt to break through the front line was made from 21 to 25 December 1944. The tip of the blow of the Soviet troops fell on the city of Liepaja. According to the German side Soviet side in January in Courland lost up to 40 thousand soldiers and 541 tanks.

4th military operation in Courland (Priekulskaya operation) took place from February 20 to 28, 1945.

After strong artillery preparation and bombing by front-line aviation, the front line in the Priekule area was broken through by units of the 6th Guards and 51st Armies, which were opposed by the 11th, 12th, 121st and 126th Infantry Divisions of the German 18th th army. On the first day of the breakthrough, it was possible to pass with the toughest fights no more than 2-3 km. On the morning of February 21, Priekule was occupied by the right-flank units of the 51st Army, the advance of the Soviet troops amounted to no more than 2 kilometers. The basis of the enemy's defense was made up of tanks dug into the ground up to the tower.

According to the memoirs of General M.I. Kazakov, enemy tanks could only be defeated by bomb attacks and large-caliber guns, for which there was a catastrophic lack of ammunition. The resistance of the enemy was growing, fresh divisions of the second and third echelons were introduced into the battle, including the "Courland fire brigade" - the 14th tank division, the battered 126th infantry division on February 24 was replaced by the 132nd infantry division and German troops managed to stop the advance of the Soviet troops. On February 28, the operation was interrupted.

On the evening of February 28, formations of the 6th Guards and 51st Armies, reinforced by the 19th Tank Corps, expanded the breakthrough in the enemy defenses to 25 kilometers and, having advanced 9–12 kilometers deep, reached the Vartava River. The immediate task of the armies was completed. But to develop tactical success into an operational one and break through to Liepaja, which was about 30 kilometers away, there was no strength. (from the memoirs of the chief of staff of the 2nd Baltic Front L.M. Sandalova "After the fracture." - M.: Military Publishing, 1983.)

For the fifth and last time the battle for Courland took place from 17 to 28 March 1945. This is when, south of the city of Saldus, on the morning of March 17, Soviet troops made the last attempt to break through the German defense line.

By the morning of March 18, the advance of the troops took place in two ledges, deep into the enemy's defenses. Despite the fact that some units achieved significant success, some of them were then withdrawn. This happened due to the beginning of their encirclement by the enemy, as happened with the 8th and 29th Guards rifle divisions near the village of Zeni. On March 25, the 8th (Panfilov) division was encircled by the enemy, then fought the hardest battles for two days.

Only on March 28th soviet division, breaking through the encirclement, came out to their units. April 1, 1945 from the disbanded 2nd Baltic Front to the Leningrad front part of the troops was transferred (including the 6th guards army, 10th Guards Army, 15th Air Army) and he was entrusted with the task of continuing the blockade of the Courland grouping of enemy troops.

On May 9, 1945, Germany capitulated, but Army Group Courland resisted the Soviet troops in the Courland Pocket until May 15. (see reports of the Sovinformburo).

List of units that took part in the battles: (1st and 4th shock, 6th and 10th guards, 22nd, 42nd, 51st armies, 15th air army - a total of 429 thousand people ).

The Courland group of Germans was less than 30 incomplete divisions, only about 200 thousand people)

According to other sources, by mid-February 1945 they were sent across the Baltic Sea to Germany: one tank division, a Norwegian-Danish SS division, a Dutch SS brigade, and 8 infantry divisions.

22 divisions remained in the boiler (2 tank divisions, 1 division of the SS troops (Latvian), 14 infantry divisions, 2 security divisions, 2 airfield divisions, 1 border division (Estonian).

Soviet troops ceased active hostilities in early April 1945.

In a month and a half of fighting, they lost 30 thousand killed and 130 thousand wounded (according to Soviet documentary data). The Germans also suffered losses, the 21st airfield division was disbanded due to losses. In April 1945, two more divisions were evacuated from the Courland pocket to Germany (the 12th airfield and 11th infantry divisions; the 14th tank division was withdrawn to Liepaja for evacuation). Up to 200 thousand remained in the boiler (including more than 10 thousand Latvians and Estonians). The exact data on the losses of the Germans is still not known.

The enemy was so strong that even for a month of fighting after the assault on Königsberg, the Germans could not be thrown into the sea, despite all the efforts of the troops of the Leningrad Front and Baltic Fleet and this is with all the power and combat experience that the Red Army possessed in 1945.

Despite the announced surrender, the Germans from Courland still broke through to Germany. So, on the night of May 9, from the port of Liepaja, first 2 convoys were sent, consisting of 27 boats of the 14th security flotilla and 23 ships, on which 6620 people were taken out. Some time later, the third convoy of 6 ships with 3,780 people on board departed. An hour later, the fourth convoy, consisting of 19 torpedo boats with 2,000 people on board, managed to depart from the port of Liepaja.

During the release of the fourth convoy to Liepaja, the vanguard units of the Red Army entered. From that moment on, the evacuation from Liepaja was stopped.

From Ventspils port German command also sent two convoys of 15 boats, 45 landing barges, on which there were 11,300 soldiers and officers.

In the Latvian forests, on the territory occupied by the Nazis, there were many Soviet reconnaissance groups. On May 8, 1945, they received the strictest order: do not leave the forest! And the shots sounded here even after the Victory Day; so, on May 10, when the Nazis stumbled upon one of our reconnaissance groups, they completely destroyed it!

The commander of the German group, Karl August Gilpert, had already surrendered by that time. Mass surrender began at 23:00 on 8 May.

By 8 a.m. on May 10, 68,578 German soldiers and non-commissioned officers, 1,982 officers and 13 generals had surrendered.

Among the generals are the commander of the Kurland group of German armies, infantry general Gilpert, commander of the 16th army, lieutenant general Volkamer, commander of the 18th army, lieutenant general Bege, commander of the 2nd army corps Lieutenant General Gausse and others ...

A few words about how further fate event participants. A native of Nuremberg, Karl August Gilpert, was not on the list of defendants at the Nuremberg trials (probably he was too insignificant a figure for the tribunal).

Gilpert spent the last years of his life in ... Moscow, in one of the prisons. Here he died on December 24, 1948 at the age of 61. Buried in Krasnogorsk.

Interesting fact, a small group of German soldiers from the Courland group, somewhere around 3 thousand people. they even managed to escape to neutral Sweden, where they were placed in a camp, while the local administration gave guarantees that they would not be sent to the Soviet Union.

In the future, the promise given by the Swedes remained unfulfilled, since on November 30, 1945. almost more than 6 months after the end of the war, the Swedish police, skillfully wielding batons, loaded all the captured Germans into a prepared train and sent all the former "Courlanders" to Trilleborg, where a Soviet ship was waiting for them and further travel through the endless expanses Soviet Union.

· The last shots of the Great Patriotic War:

· Courland cauldron·

On May 7, 1945, a preliminary protocol on the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was signed in Reims. May 8 at 22:43 CET (in Moscow it was already May 9, 00:43) on the outskirts of Berlin Karlshorst in the building of the former canteen military engineering school The final act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed, the war in Europe was officially over.

However, individual groups Nazi troops still resisted. So in the western part of Latvia - Courland, shots continued to be heard as before.

The Courland pocket (also known as the Courland fortress or the blockade of the Courland group of troops) was formed in the autumn of 1944, when West Side Latvia (historically known as Courland) remained occupied by the troops of Nazi Germany. In Courland, the remnants of Army Group North entrenched, which were sandwiched between two Soviet fronts along the Tukums-Liepaja line. This encirclement was not a "boiler" in full - the group of fascist troops was not completely blocked from the sea, so the troops surrounded here had the opportunity to communicate with Germany across the Baltic Sea, using the ports of Liepaja and Ventspils for this. Thus, it was possible to supply the group with food, ammunition, medicines, the wounded were evacuated by sea, and entire divisions from the group were transferred.

The German "Courland" army became the last grouping of German troops on the territory of the Soviet Union, it was formed by units of the 16th and 18th German armies from Army Group North, which were cut off from neighboring units from Army Group Center to By the end of October 10, when units of the 51st Soviet Army reached the Baltic coast in the area north of Palanga. At that time, the encircled group included about 30 incomplete divisions, the total number of the group was estimated at about 400 thousand people. By the time of the surrender of Germany, there were still from 150 to 250 thousand soldiers and officers of the Nazi army here.

All these 30 German divisions remaining in Courland defended a relatively small front - about 200 kilometers, that is, one German division accounted for 6.6 kilometers of the front.

Such a density of troops was more characteristic of divisions in preparation for an offensive than in defense. The Germans had the same high density of units during the battle for Berlin on the Seelow Heights. But Berlin was the capital of Germany, a major transport and industrial hub, the political center of the state, and behind the back of the 400,000-strong German group of troops in Courland there were two small seaports and just over 50 villages and farms located in a wooded and swampy area. Despite this, the High Command of the German Army attached special importance to this area, calling it a "bridgehead", "Baltic balcony", "Germany's outer eastern fort", "breakwater". In order group commander Schörner it was said that "the defense of the Baltic states is the best defense of East Prussia."

Hitler allegedly believed that in the future his troops, which were blockaded in the west of Latvia, could still be used for a decisive blow on the Eastern Front.

The two remaining combat-ready German armies could resist long enough. They were well aware of the fact that the path of retreat to Northern Germany was already cut off for them, so they were ready to fight with the bitterness of the doomed. At the final stage, the command of the encircled group was taken by the general from infantry Carl August Hilpert, who became one of the main characters in the "North" group during the blockade of Leningrad.

This German military leader had tremendous experience, suffice it to say that he was in the army without interruptions, starting in October 1907, and he was appointed to his last position after commanding the 16th Army. The rank of general was awarded to him on April 1, 1939. Karl August counted on the fact that the German divisions assembled in Courland would be able to deliver great trouble to the Russians. Later on, this is what happened. The German units commanded by Hilpert brought a lot of trouble and trouble to the Soviet command. The Red Army undertook large-scale offensive operations five times in order to defeat and liquidate the Courland group of German troops, but they all ended in failure.

According to the surviving memoirs of the Colonel-General of the German army Heinz Guderian, the battle for Courland should not have been in principle - the troops were ordered to withdraw from the territory of Latvia in the autumn of 1944.

However, the planned German offensive failed due to the mistake of the commander, Colonel General Ferdinand Schörner, who delayed his armored formations in the area of ​​​​Riga and Mitava instead of withdrawing them to the area west of Siauliai. By this, he gave the Red Army the opportunity to carry out a breakthrough near Siauliai. This breakthrough finally cut off Army Group North from the rest of the German troops, which was the beginning of the defense of the Kurland pocket by the forces of the 30 divisions remaining here. Guderian repeatedly personally visited Hitler with reports on the need to withdraw troops from Courland and transfer them to the defense of the German borders, but all to no avail.

As Guderian later recalled, in February 1945, Hitler almost beat him for such proposals. Adolf Hitler absolutely refused to withdraw units from the Baltic states, holding on to this "last piece of Russia." Many today doubt mental health Nazi leader and the adequacy of his decisions at the last stage of the war.

One way or another, the Germans did not succeed in completely evacuating the group of troops from Courland to Germany, and they also kept impressive forces in Norway until the end of the war. The transfer of these troops to Germany would hardly change the course of the battle in Europe, but it could delay the fall of the Third Reich.

Parts of the Red Army contributed in every possible way to this development of the situation, not giving the Germans a break, conducting offensive operations and preventing the withdrawal of troops to Germany. When, in the spring of 1945, Hitler nevertheless decided to transfer troops, it was already too late to take out Army Group Courland across the Baltic Sea at least three months.

The first attempt to break through the line of defense of the German troops, the Soviet troops made already from October 16 to 19, immediately after the capture of Riga and the formation of the boiler itself. The Headquarters of the Supreme High Command ordered the 1st and 2nd Baltic Fronts to immediately liquidate the Courland grouping of enemy troops. The most successful during this period was the 1st shock army, which advanced along the coast of the Gulf of Riga. On October 18, the troops of this army crossed the Lielupe River and were able to capture the village of Kemeri, but the next day their offensive was stopped near the city of Tukums.

The rest of the Soviet armies were unable to move forward, meeting the fierce resistance of the enemy, who often turned into counterattacks.

The second battle for Courland took place from 27 to 31 October 1944. The armies of the two Baltic fronts fought stubborn battles on the line of Kemeri - Gardene - Letskava - south of Liepaja. An attempt to break through the German defenses with the forces of 6 combined arms and one tank army brought only tactical successes. By November 1, 1944, a crisis occurred in the offensive, caused by heavy losses of equipment, people and depletion of ammunition.

The third attempt to break through the front in this area was made from 21 to 25 December 1944. The spearhead of the strike of the Soviet formations this time was aimed at the city of Liepaja. However, the offensive has failed.

Fourth offensive operation this direction, which received the name of the Priekul operation, took place from February 20 to 28, 1945. After carrying out large-scale artillery preparation and inflicting strong bombing attacks on the enemy by forces of front-line aviation, the Soviet troops managed to break through the front line in the Priekule area.

The forces of the 6th Guards and 51st Armies took part in the offensive, which were opposed by the German 11th, 12th, 121st and 126th Infantry Divisions from the 18th Army. On the first day of the offensive, Soviet troops were able to advance to a depth of 2-3 kilometers with the hardest battles. On the morning of February 21, right-flank formations from the 51st Army were able to occupy Priekule, but even here the advance of the Red Army troops did not exceed two kilometers. The main nodes of the enemy's defense were tanks dug into the ground along the tower.

The performance characteristics of the StuG III Ausf G

According to General M. I. Kazakova only large-caliber artillery (for which there was a catastrophic lack of shells) and air bombing strikes could effectively deal with buried tanks.

The resistance of the enemy increased, he introduced fresh divisions of the second and third echelons into the battle, also involving the "Courland fire brigade", which was represented by the 14th Panzer Division. On February 24, the Germans replaced the 126th Infantry Division, seriously battered in battles, with the 132nd Infantry Division, after which they managed to stop the advance of the Soviet troops, by February 28 the offensive operation of the Red Army was interrupted. By the evening of that day, the formations of two Soviet armies: the 6th Guards and the 51st, reinforced by the 19th Tank Corps, were able to expand the breakthrough in the German defense to 25 kilometers along the front, moving 9-12 kilometers deep into the boiler. The troops managed to reach the Vartava River, having completed the immediate task of the armies. However, to develop tactical success into an operational one and make a breakthrough to Liepaja, to which there were another 30 kilometers, the Soviet troops could not, they did not have enough strength.

The fifth attempt to defeat the Courland grouping of German troops was made in March. From March 17 to March 28, 1945, the last major battle. Soviet troops sought to break through the German defenses south of the city of Saldus. By the morning of March 18, the Red Army units were advancing in two ledges directed deep into the German defenses. Some of the advancing units were able to achieve serious success, but were forced to retreat back. This was due to attempts to encircle them by the enemy. At the same time, the 8th and 29th Guards Rifle Divisions nevertheless fell into an encirclement in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe settlement of Dzeni. On March 25, 1945, the 8th Guards (Panfilov) Division was surrounded by the enemy, after which it was forced to fight the hardest battles for two days. Only on March 28, the encircled Soviet units managed to break through the encirclement and return to their own. On April 1, 1945, part of the troops from the disbanded 2nd Baltic Front was transferred to the Leningrad Front under the command Marshal of the USSR Leonid Alexandrovich Govorov. It was he who was entrusted with the task of further blocking the encircled German troops.

Despite the announcement of the unconditional surrender of Germany, the Courland group continued to resist the Soviet troops until May 15. By this date, in the cauldron, apparently, all major pockets of enemy resistance were suppressed.

At the same time, the mass surrender of German troops began as early as 11 p.m. on May 8. By 8 a.m. on May 10, 1945, 68,578 German soldiers and non-commissioned officers, 1982 officers and 13 generals, led by the commander of the Kurland Army Group, Karl August Hilpert, laid down their arms and surrendered to the mercy of the winners.

Together with him, the commander was captured Lieutenant General Bege of the 18th Army and Lieutenant General Volkamer, Commander of the 16th Army. In total, according to various sources, from 135 to 203 thousand soldiers and officers of the German army, including approximately 14 thousand Latvian volunteers, were captured.

Despite the announcement of surrender, the Germans continued to carry out the evacuation of their units from Courland to German territory. On the night of May 9, the Germans sent two convoys from the port of Liepaja, consisting of 23 ships and 27 boats of the 14th security flotilla, in total 6620 people left on them. After some time, the third convoy of 6 ships departed from Liepaja, on board of which there were 3870 people.

About an hour later, the 4th convoy, consisting of 19 torpedo boats, managed to depart from the port, on which they managed to load another 2 thousand people. During the entry into the Baltic Sea of ​​the fourth convoy, the vanguard units of the Soviet troops entered the city. After that, the evacuation from Liepaja was naturally stopped. The Germans also managed to send two convoys from the port of Ventspils, consisting of 45 landing barges and 15 boats, carrying 11,300 soldiers and officers of the German army.

Those who did not want to surrender and did not manage to get on the last convoys leaving Courland had no choice but to go into the forests and make their way to East Prussia. According to some reports, scattered units of the enemy, wandering through the forests and swamps, continued to resist the Soviet troops until July 1945. Today we can say that the last shots of the Great Patriotic War sounded in Courland. It was mainly the SS soldiers who sought to break through from Courland to East Prussia.

So a large detachment of SS men, numbering about 300 people, was destroyed by the Red Army on May 22, 1945. This detachment, which was trying to break into German territory, retreated under the banner of the 6th SS Army Corps, led by its commander Walter Krueger, who was eventually forced to shoot himself.

In this battle, which took place after the official surrender of the Nazi troops, the Red Army lost 25 soldiers. Imagine how insulting and bitter it was for their relatives to receive funerals after the Victory. However, the soldiers and officers of the Red Army had to fight with weapons in their hands after May 9, so that Nazi fanatics, whose hands were up to the elbows in blood, did not hide from retribution. They did not let them leave Courland at the cost of their own lives.

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rPUME CHBLHBGYY TYZY X OBU CHOPCHSH RPSCHYMBUSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH OBUMBDYFSHUS UCHETSEK LPMVBUPK, LPFPTKHA URBUMY UP ULMBDB CH MBFCHYKULPK UFPMYGE. tBUUBTSYCHBSUSH RP ZTHЪPCHYLBN Y ChBZPOBN CHETNBIFB RETED PFRTBCHLPK CH RKHFSH L OBYENH OPCHPNKh NEUFH OBOBYUEOYS, NSC OBVYCHBMY UCHPY RTPDHLFPCHSHCHE NEYLY LFYN DEMYLBFEUPN. uFPVSCH DPUBDYFSH OBUFHRBAEIN THUULYN, NSC OBVTBMY U UPVPK CHUE UPDETSYNPE CHPDPUOPZP IBCHPDB.

xCE OEULPMSHLP MILKING NSC VSCHMY ABOUT OPZBI; ОБЫ ПФИПД ПУХЭЕУФЧМСМУС РП ОПЮБН, Б РЕТЕД ОБЮБМПН ЛБЦДПЗП ДОС НЩ ПЛБРЩЧБМЙУШ, ЮФПВЩ ЧПУРТЕРСФУФЧПЧБФШ МАВПНХ ОЕПЦЙДБООПНХ ОБРБДЕОЙА уПЧЕФПЧ УП УФПТПОЩ ОБЫЕЗП ПФЛТЩФПЗП ФЩМБ, ЕУМЙ ЧТБЗ ЧДТХЗ ЧПЪОБНЕТЙФУС ОБОЕУФЙ НБУУЙЧОЩК ХДБТ Ч ОБРТБЧМЕОЙЙ вБМФЙЛЙ. RETED OBYNYNY PFUFKHRBAEYNY CHPKULBNY DPTPZY VSCHMY ЪBVYFSCH VETSEOGBNY, URBUBCHYNYUS PF LTBUOPK KhZTPЪSCH, LPFPTBS YMB ЪB OBNY RP RSFBN. RPCHPLY U BRTSSEOOOSCHNY VSHCHLBNY Y ZHETNETULYE FEMEZY, TSEOEYOSCH, DEFI Y UUVBTYLY, VTEDHEYE RP RTPNPLYN DPTPZBN ZKHUSHLPN CH LPMPOOBI UFTBDBOYS Y REYUBMY.

rPML BOSM OPCHSHCHE RPYGYY ABOUT MYFPCHULPK ENME DBMELP ABOUT AZ PF zhTBKHEOVKhTZB. 2-S TPFB 437-ZP RPMLB ЪBOINBMB ZPTPD RYLEMSK. h GEOPTE ZPTPDB CHPCHSCHYBMBUSH DTECHOSS DETECHSOOBS GETLPCHSH, B RTYNETOP CH 100 NEFTBI OBIPDYMPUSH NEOSHHYI TBNETCH DETECHSOOPE UCHSFYMYEE, FBLTS NYOYNHN DCHEUFY MEF ChPtBUFPN.

rPLB NSCH PVPTKHDPCHBMY UCHPY RPYGYY, S PUNPFTEM DPNB CH LFPN NBMEOSHLPN RPUEMEOYY Y ChSCHVTBM OEPPMSHYPE VTECHEOYUBFPE UPPTKhTSEOYE RPBDY UCHSFYMYEB, CH LPFPTPN TBURPMPTSYMUS OBY. 'DBOYE OE CHEYUBFMSMP, OP VSHMP RTPYuOP RPUFTPEOP Y' FPMUFSHCHI VTECHEO, YNEMP OEULPMSHLP LPNOBF, LPFPTSCHE NPZMY UMHTSYFSH OBN BDNYOYUFTBFICHNY RPNEEEOYSNNY. TSDPN U OBYYN HJMPN UCHSKY S PVOBTKHTSYM NBMEOSHLHA LPNOBFKh TBNETPN RTYNETOP 3 ABOUT 4 NEFTTB. UCHEF RPUFHRBM Yuete PDOP OEVPMSHYPE PLOP, B ABOUT ZTKHVP PVUFTKHZBOOPK RTPFYCHPRMPTSOPK UFEOE CHYUEMB NBUMSOBS LBTFIOB U YPVTTBTSEOYEN nBDPOOSHCH YYYAEDEOOOPK YuETCHSNNY DETECHSOPK TBNLE. vPMSHYBS UVBTBS DETECHSOOBS LTPCHBFSH ЪBOINBMB HZPM LPNOBFSH TSDPN U LBTFYOPK, DPRPMOEOOBS RPFETFSHCHN, OP UPVMBYOYFEMSHOSHCHN NBFTBGEN. CHUE PUFBMSHOSHCHE RTEDNEFSHCH PVUFBOPCHLY HOEUMY RTETSOYE RPUFPSMShGShch. nSZLYK VTY ChRMSCHCHBM YuETE PFLTSCHFPE PLOP; ABOUT RPMH RPD OYSAEEK PLPOOPK TBNPK ChBMSMYUSH PULPMLY UFELMB.

pFUFEZOHCH BCHFPNBF, S RPCHEUYM EZP ABOUT LTAL, CHSHUFHRBCHYYK Y UFEOSCH RPD LBTFYOPK, Y CH RPMOPK ZHPTNE TBUFSOKHMUS DMS NYOHFOPZP PFDShCHIB ABOUT LTPCHBFY, YuFPV IPFS VSCH OB CHENS OPUMBDYFSHUSHCHYU. ydbmelb dpopuimus ykhn, - fp upmdbfshch bboynbmyush pvptkhdpchboyen y hltermeooyen uchpyi rpygyk. with RPRTPVPCHBM UPUTEDPFPYUYFSHUS ABOUT OBIEN PFUFHRMEOYY Y BTSHETZBTDOSHCHI VPSI, RTPYUIPDYCHYI H RTEDSCHDHEIE DOY, Y, HUFBCHYCHYUSH H RPFPMPL CH UNHFOPN UCHEFE LPNOBFSCH, S ULPTP ЪBUOHM.

rTPUOHMUS S, LPZDB ABOUT RPUEMEOYE CHPME RYLEMSS PRHUFYMYUSH UHNETLY Y TBUUUESOOSCHK BPMPFYUFSHCHK UCHEF BIPDSEEZP UPMOGB RTPOILBM YUETE PDYOPLPE PLOP CH LPNOBFE. UMEZLB RTYRPDOSCHYUSH ABOUT NBFTBGE, S U FTHDPN TBMYUYM YUSHY-FP FYIYE YBZY. LFP-FP VSHCHUFTP, OP OEZTPNLP DEM NETS DPNBNY. NEOS TEELP RPDVTPUYMP PF TBTSCHCHCHCH OEULPMSHLYI THYUOSCHI ZTBOBF b UFEOPK NPEZP VTECHEOYUBFPZP DPNB, YCH OESUOPN UCHEFE S U FTHDPN RPDOSMUS ABOUT OPZY Y UVBM YULBFSH UCHPE PTKhTSYE. with TYOHMUS CHRETED, UHDPTTSOP TBSHCHULYCHBS UCHPK BCFPNBF "nt-40". hZPMLPN ZMBB S HMPCHYM DCHYTSEOYE LBLPC-FP ZHYZHTSCH CH YMENE Y BEIFOPN LPUFANE, RPSCHYCHYEKUS CH PLOE. nZOPCHEOOP CH PLOP RTPUHOKHMUS HOBCHBENSCHK U RETCHPZP CHZMSDB UFCHPM UPCHEFULPZP BCHFPNBFB, Y BCHFPNBFOSHCHE PYUETEDY BRPMOYMY LPNOBFH PZMHYYFEMSHOSHCHN ZTPIPFPN.

vTPUYCHYUSH ABOUT RPM, S YP CHUEI UYM RRPPM L UCHPENKH PTHTSYA, CHYUECHYENKH OBDP NOPC, B RHMY CHCHUA DPMVYMY UFEOH. OE UCHPDS ZMB U PLOB, SB STLPK CHURSHCHYLPK Y U UFCHPMB, RPD LPFPTSCHN CHYDOEMUS YUEFLIK LPOFHT LTHZMPZP NBZBYOB, TBZMSDEM LTHZMSCHK Ymen UPCHEFULPZP REIPFYOGB. рПЛБ С ПФЮБСООП УФТЕНЙМУС ДПВТБФШУС ДП УЧПЕЗП ПТХЦЙС, ПЮЕТЕДЙ ЧТБЦЕУЛПЗП БЧФПНБФБ РТПДПМЦБМЙ НПМПФЙФШ РП УФЕОЕ РТСНП ОБДП НОПК, ОБРПМОСС ЪБЛТЩФХА ЛПНОБФХ ДЩНПН, РПТПИПЧЩН ЗБЪПН, НЕДОЩНЙ ЗЙМШЪБНЙ Й ДЕТЕЧСООЩНЙ ЭЕРЛБНЙ.

h LPOGE LPOGCH S UICHBFIM UCHPK "nt-40", YOUFYOLFYCHOP PRTPLYOKHMUS ABOUT URYOKH Y CHSHCHUFTEMYM CH UFPTPOH CHURSHCHYEL CHTBTSEULPZP BCHFPNBFB. nPMS vPZB, UFPVShch FHF OE RPUMEDPCHBMB THUULBS ZTBOBFB, S HDETSYCHBM URHULPCHPK LTAYUPL Y PRHUFPYYM CHEUSH NBZBYO RTSNP CH PLOP. b UELHODSCH H NEOS LPOYUYMYUSH RBFTPOSHCH, Y, RPLB S DPUFBCHBM EEE PYO NBZBYO, S RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBM, UFP ABOUT LPNOBFKh PRHUFYMBUSH FYYOB. Ch TBuuueopn of Ulmeobo Khmezmyush DSHNN YPSh, b -dbmele Rkumshybmyush Ubufbs UFTEMSHVB Yu Bchfpnbfpch, thahui Ztbobf, UPRPCDBF, KOBEBEBCHIE OF RPPYSHI chshchokhch rhufpk NBZBYO Y CHUFBCHYCH ЪBTTSEOOSCHK Ch BCHFPNBF, S RPDPPM L BAD PUFPPTTSOP Chshchzmsokhm Yuete TBVYFHA TBNH ABOUT DETECHEOULHA HMYGH.

h FEYUEOYE OEULPMSHLYI UELHOD CHUE VSCHMP LPOYUEOP. chTBTSEULYK UPMDBF, UFTEMSCHYYK CH NPA LPNOBFKH, YUYUE; EDYOUFCHEOOOSCHNY UMEDBNY EZP RTYUHFUFCHYS VSCHMY DEUSFLY ZYMSH PF RHMSh LBMYVTB 7.62 NYMMYNEFTB, LPFPTSCHNY VSCHMY KHUESOSCH RPYUCHB CHPME PLOB Y RPM H LPNOBFE. RPFTSUEOOSCHK, S PUNPFTEM OBJY RPYGYY Y U PVMEZUEOYEN HOBM, UFP X OBU OEF RPFESH. UPCHEFSCH PUFBCHYMY UCHPYI DCHPYI HVYFSHCHI Y OEULPMSHLYI TBOEOSCHI. s CHETOHMUS H VTECHEOYUBFPE DDBOYE, OBNETECHBSUSH RPLIOHFSH UCHPE PVNBOYUCHP RTYCHMELBFEMSHOPE NEUFP RTEVSCCHBOYS, YUHFSH OE PLBBCHYEEUS DMS NEOS UNETFEMSHOPK MPCHHYLPK. PUNBFTYCHBS UCHPE RPNEEEOYE, S ЪBNEFYM, UFP RP LBTFYOE, OBRYUBOOPC NBUMPN, RTPYMBUSH GEMBS PYUETEDSH YЪ CHTBTSEULPZP BCHFPNBFB; TBNB VSCHMB TBVYFB Y KHOYUFPTSEOB. VSHCHMP CHYDOP, UFP CHTBTSEOULYK UPMDBF, VSHCHUFTP RTPIPDS NYNP NPEP PLOB, OBNEFIM DCHYTSEOYE CH FPF UBNSHCHK NPNEOF, LPZDB WITH LEAVING ABOUT UCHPEK LTCHBFY. chFPTPRSI PO YOUFYOLFYCHOP UHOHM UFCHPM BCHFPNBFB CH PLOP Y PFLTSCHM PZPOSH RP UIMHIFKH, CHYDYNPNKh H OESUOPN UCHEFE. h TBZBT TEYYFEMSHOPZP NPNEOFB LFPF UYMHIF ABOUT LBTFIOE RPMOPUFSHHA RTYCHMEL EZP CHOYNBOYE, Y BY UPUTEDPFPYUYM PZPOSH ABOUT OEN U VMYLPZP, HVPKOPZP TBUUFPSOYS H PZTBOYUEOOPN RTPUFTBOUFTCHE. fPMSHLP LFP DBMP NOE TSJIEOOOP CHBTSOSCHE NZOPCHEOYS DMS FPZP, UFPVSCH UICHBFIFSH UCHPE PTHTSIE Y BEIFYFSHUS.

oEULPMSHLP DOEK URHUFS DETECHOS PLBBMBUSH RPD YOFEOUYCHOSCHN BTFYMMETYKULYN PVUFTEMPN, CH TEEKHMSHFBFE YuEZP ЪDBOYE ЪBZPTEMPUSH. with UOSM YЪTEYYUEOOHA RHMSNY LBTFYOH UP UFEOSCH Y CHSHCHOHM EE YЪ YЪHTPDCHBOOPK TBNLY, TEYYCH RTELTBFIFSH DBMSHOEKYEE HOYUFPTSEOYE nBDPOOSCH, YUSHE OBTYUPCHBOOPE MYGP URBUMP NPA TSYOSH. rPFPN S TBCHETOHM LBTFYOH, YUFPVSCH CHOYNBFEMSHOEK TBUUNNPFTEFSH HEETV, OBOUEOOOSCHK IPMUFH, YuEK ChPTBUF UPUFBCHMSM OEULPMSHLP CHELCH. th CHPF FPZDB S ЪBNEFYM, YuFP, OEUNPFTS ABOUT DMYOOHA PYUETEDSh, CHSHCHRHEEOOKHA Ch KhRPT, OY PDOB RHMS OE RPRBMB Ch MYGP YMY FEMP uChSFPK dechshch. nOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE RKHMY RTPVYMY ZHPO LBTFYOSCH, PVTBPCHBCH UNETFEMSHOPE ZBMP PZOS, OP MYGP PUFBMPUSH OEFTPOHFSCHN. ьФБ ЛБТФЙОБ РПУФПСООП ВЩМБ УП НОПК ДП НПЕЗП РПУМЕДОЕЗП ПФРХУЛБ Ч зЕТНБОЙА, ЗДЕ С РТЕДРПЮЕМ ПУФБЧЙФШ ЕЕ ОБ ИТБОЕОЙЕ Ч УЧПЕК УЕНШЕ Ч ЛБЮЕУФЧЕ ОБРПНЙОБОЙС П ФПН, ЮФП, ЛБЛЙН ВЩ ОЙ ВЩМ ЙУИПД ЧПКОЩ, НЕОС ВХДЕФ ИТБОЙФШ ЬФБ ЛБТФЙОБ.

dCHEUFY MEF OBBD DHIPCHEOUFCHP CH RYLEMSE UMHTSYMP RTCHPDOYLPN ZETNBOULPK LHMSHFHTSC H MYFCHE. й Ч ДПНЕ ЙЪ ЗТХВП ПФЕУБООЩИ ВТЕЧЕО С ПВОБТХЦЙМ ГЕТЛПЧОЩЕ ЛОЙЗЙ XVII Й XVIII ЧЕЛПЧ, Б ФБЛЦЕ РТПУФТБООЩК НБОХУЛТЙРФ ДПЛФПТБ йПЗБООБ зБУРБТБ ьММЕОТБКДЕТБ У ПРЙУБОЙЕН ЙУЛХУУФЧБ ИЙНЙЙ, СЧМСАЭЕКУС «ЙУФПЮОЙЛПН ЧУЕИ ЪОБОЙК», ОБРЕЮБФБООЩК Ч зБНВХТЗЕ Ч 1723 З. с ЧПУРПМШЪПЧБМУС ЧТЕНЕООЩН УРПЛПКУФЧЙЕН ОБ ОБЫЕН ХЮБУФЛЕ ZHTPOFB Y RTPCHPDYM OPYUY B YUFEOYEN RTY UCHEYUBI. LEARN LFY VSCHMY NEUFOPZP RTPYCHPDUFCHB, YI DEMBMY YY YUYUFPZP RYUEMYOPZP CHPULB, Y POY YURHULBMY RTYSFOSHCHK BTPNBF. рПЪДОЕЕ НЩ РЕТЕОЕУМЙ ЬФЙ УЧЕЮЙ ЧНЕУФЕ У РТЕЛТБУОП ЧЩРПМОЕООЩНЙ ЛБОДЕМСВТБНЙ Ч РПДЧБМ, ОБДЕСУШ, ЮФП, РП ЛТБКОЕК НЕТЕ, ЬФЙ РТПЙЪЧЕДЕОЙС ЙУЛХУУФЧБ ХГЕМЕАФ Ч ПЗОЕ БТФЙММЕТЙКУЛЙИ ПВУФТЕМПЧ, ЛПФПТЩЕ, ЛБЛ НЩ ЪОБМЙ, ВЩМЙ ОЕЙЪВЕЦОЩ.

лБЛ-ФП ЧЕЮЕТПН ПДЙО ЙЪ УПМДБФ УЙДЕМ ЪБ УФБТЙООЩН ПТЗБОПН — РПОБДПВЙМБУШ РПНПЭШ ДЧХИ ЮЕМПЧЕЛ, ЮФПВЩ ОБЛБЮБФШ ЕЗП НБУУЙЧОЩЕ ЛПЦБОЩЕ НЕИБ, — Й ЙЗТБМ ИПТ Й ТПНБОУ нБТЙЙ, Й ЪЧХЛЙ НХЪЩЛЙ ДПОПУЙМЙУШ ДБЦЕ ДП УПМДБФ ОБ РЕТЕДПЧПК. bChEUSH FFPF LPOGETFOY U PDOPK YU UFPTPO OE VSMP RTPYCHEDEOPOY PDOPZP CHSHCHUFTEMB. oEULPMSHLP DOK LFH NBMEOSHLHA YUBUPCHOA THUULIE BTFYMMETYKULYE UOBTSDSC PVMEFBMY UFPTPOPK, UMPCHOP YHCHBTSEOIS L LFPK UCHSFPK LTBUPFE. h LPOEYUOPN UYUEFE POB FBLTS RBMB CETFCHPK TSEUFPLPZP PVUFTEMB, Y ULPTP RMBNS RPZMPFYMP HER GEMYLPN.

h FPF CE UBNSCHK DEOSH ABOUT OBYI RPYGISI RPSCHYMUS LBLPK-FP ZTBTSDBOULYK Y U CHYDYNSCHN NHYUEOYEN RTEDUFBCHYMUS UCHSEOOOYLPN FFK YUBUPCHOY. LPZBB CheTokhMy Ench Pvtsdcheshche, lbodemesw, rplytshbmbmbshbzye rtednefsch gubhipchop geopufy, according to Chestbbym Ortophu PFFPZP, YuFPP CHEPHEPHEPSH, Academy of Sciences PO CHRPUMEDUFCHYY NOPZP TB RPD BTFYMMETYKULYNY UOBTSDBNY RTYIPDYM L OBN, UFPVSCH OBVTBFSH FP, UFP NPZ KHOEUFY CH VEEPRPBUOPE NEUFP.

TSYFEMY ZPTPDLB YULBMY URBUEOIS CH PLTHTSBAEYI MEUBI, PTSYDBS UPCHEFULPE OBUFHRMEOYE Y OENYOKHENSCHK BICHBF ZPTPDLB THUULYNY. UCHSEOOOYL RPCHPMYM OBN UPRTCHPDYFSH YI DP NEUFEYULB PFOPUYFEMSHOPK VEEPRPBUOPUFY, OP FPMSHLP DBCH OBN RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOP UCHPE VMBZPUMPCHEOYE. hyuyfshchchbs PYUEOSH OEPRTEDEMEOOKHA Y 'MPCHEEKHA UYFHBGYA, NShch VSCHMY ENH VMBZPDBTOSCH bb ffy UMPCHB HFEYOYS.

eUMMY OE UYUYFBFSH CHTBTSEOULYI BFBL UYMBNY DP PDOPK TPFSCH CH RETCHPK VYFCHE ЪB LHTMSODYA Y UYUFENBFYUEULYI BTFYMMETYKULYI OBMEFPCH, OBY HYBUFPL ZHTPOFB PUFBCHBMUS URPLPCHEEE. фПМШЛП Ч УЕТЕДЙОЕ ПЛФСВТС ТХУУЛЙЕ ФБОЛЙ РПСЧЙМЙУШ РПД рПМБОЗЕОПН, Л УЕЧЕТХ ПФ нЕНЕМС (лМБКРЕДЩ) ОБ вБМФЙЛЕ, ОБИПДЙЧЫЕЗПУС Л ЪБРБДХ ПФ ОБУ, Й ОБН УТБЪХ ЦЕ ТЕЪЛП ОБРПНОЙМЙ, ЮФП ОБЫБ ЦЙЪОЕООБС БТФЕТЙС, УЧСЪЩЧБАЭБС У ТПДЙОПК, РЕТЕТЕЪБОБ. уТЕДЙ УПМДБФ ЧПЧУА ИПДЙМЙ УМХИЙ Й ОПЧПУФЙ ЙЪ УБНЩИ УПНОЙФЕМШОЩИ Й ОЕРПДФЧЕТЦДЕООЩИ ЙУФПЮОЙЛПЧ: «нЩ РПКДЕН ОБ РТПТЩЧ ОБ АЗ Й ВХДЕН РТПВЙЧБФШУС Л УЧПЙН, ЛБЛ ДЧЙЦХЭЙКУС «ЛПФЕМ»... ОБОЕУЕН ХДБТ РП ТХУУЛПНХ ЖМБОЗХ, ЮФПВЩ ПЛБЪБФШ ОБ ОЙИ ДБЧМЕОЙЕ, ЧЩВТПУЙФШ ЙИ ЙЪ ChPUFPYuOPK rtkhuuyy ... NSC CHSCFPMLOEN lTBUOKHA BTNYA OBBD, SB ZTBOYGSC TEKIB, YUFPVSC HDETTSBFSH GEOFTBMSHOHA ECHTPRH UCHPPVPDOPK PF ZPURPDUFCHB Y TBVUFCHB LTBUOPK UPCHEFULPK YCHEDSHCHB.

i DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, L LPOGH PLFSVTS CH UBNPN DEME CH OELPFPTSHCHI YUBUFSI, DYUMPGYTPCHBOOSCHI L AZH PF MYVBCHSHCH, CHSCHOBYCHBMUS PFYUBSOOSCHK RMBO RTPTSCHCHB. оП ЕЭЕ ДП ФПЗП, ЛБЛ ПО РТЙЫЕМ Ч ДЕКУФЧЙЕ, уПЧЕФЩ ОБОЕУМЙ ХДБТ У ФБЛПК УЧЙТЕРПУФША, ЮФП ХГЕМЕЧЫЙЕ УПЕДЙОЕОЙС НПЗМЙ УЮЙФБФШ УЕВС УЮБУФМЙЧЮЙЛБНЙ, ЮФП ЧЩЦЙМЙ РПД ФБЛЙНЙ БФБЛБНЙ Й РТПДПМЦБМЙ ЪБОЙНБФШ УЧПЙ ПВПТПОЙФЕМШОЩЕ РПЪЙГЙЙ.

rTYLBPN LPNBODHAEEZP ZTHRRRPK BTNYK "takes into account" VSCHMP BRTEEEOP RPMShPCHBFSHUS CHSHTBTSEOEN LHTMSODULYK LPFEM. iPDYMY DBTSE UMHIY, IPFS RP NPYN DBOOSCHN OE RPDFCHEDYCHYYEUS, UFP MAVPNKh Y UPMDBF NPTSEF VSHCHOEUEO UNETFOSHK RTYZPCHPT, EUMY VKhDEF KHUMSCHYBOP P OBYEK VEOBDETSOPK UIFHBGYY "CHL". UP READING HOYUFPTSEOIS 6-K BTNYY CH uFBMYOZTBDE FFP UMPPCHP OEUMP UMPCHEEYK ULTSCHFSCHK UNSCHUM OENYOKHENPK Y OEYVETSOPK LBFBUFTPZHSC. at CHSHIPDPN, PDOBLP, LFPZP RTYLBBL DBTSE UBNSHCHE PRFYNYUFYUOSCHE UTEDY OBU, FE, LFP RTPDPMTSBM GERMSFSHUS OB CHETH CH "PLPOYUBFEMSHOHA RPVEDH", FERETSH RPOSM VEOBDETSOPUFSH OBYEZP RPMP. FEN OE NEOEE, OBDP ULBBFSH, YUFP UFTENMEOYE L UPRTPFICHMEOYA upChEFBN, VPECHPK DHI H TSDBI CHPYOPCH lHTMSODY PUFBCHBMYUSH OEUMPNMEOOSHCHNY.

pZHYGYBMSHOSHCHN OBCHBOYEN DMS RPKNBOOPK CH MPCHKHYLKH BTNY UFBMP CHSHTBTSEOYE "LHTMSODULYK RMBGDBTN". Unitary Enterprise UFTBFEZYUEULPK FPYULY TEOYS FFPF RMBGDBTN TBUUNBFTYCHBMUS LBL UFBTFPCHBS RMPEBDLB DMS OBYUBMB OBUFHRMEOYS. ьФПФ ФЕТНЙО РТЙНЕОСМУС У УПНОЙФЕМШОПК ГЕМША УПЪДБФШ ЧРЕЮБФМЕОЙЕ, ЮФП ОБЫЙ РПЪЙГЙЙ ЧРПУМЕДУФЧЙЙ ВХДХФ ЙУРПМШЪПЧБОЩ Ч ЛБЮЕУФЧЕ РМБГДБТНБ ДМС ОПЧПЗП ОБУФХРМЕОЙС, ЛПФПТЩН ВХДЕФ ПУЧПВПЦДЕОБ чПУФПЮОБС рТХУУЙС, Б ПФУАДБ Й ФТЕВПЧБОЙЕ, ЮФПВЩ НЩ РТПДПМЦБМЙ ХРПТОП ГЕРМСФШУС ЪБ УЧПЙ УПЛТБЭБАЭЙЕУС РПЪЙГЙЙ.

h PLFSVTE OELPFPTSCHE YUBUFY RPDZPFPCHYMYUSH L PFRTBCHLE YЪ lHTMSODYY ABOUT LPTBVMSI DMS RETEVTPULY ABOUT ZHTPOF H chPUFPYuOPK rTKHUUYY; PDOBLP LFY RMBOSH VSCHMY PFNEOEOSCH, LPZDB UFBMP SUOP, UFP UYMSHOP RPFTERBOOSCHN DYCHYYSN U OENOZYNY PUFBCHYNYUS FBOLBNY OE ICHBFIF UYM DMS NBMP-NBMSHULY UFPSEEZP OBUFHRMEOYS. b RPFPNKh ChPKULBN CH lHTMSODY VSHCHMP UHTTSDEOP PUFBCHBFSHUS ABOUT UCHPYI THVETSBI Y RPDYOYIFSHUS RTYOGYRKH "VPTSHVB DP RPUMEDOEZP RBFTPOB".

UYMB Y TEYYFEMSHOPUFSH UPMDBF CH PLPRBI OY CH LPEK NETE OE BCHYUEMB PF ZOEETBM-RPMLPCHOYLB U UPMPFSCHN RBTFYKOSHCHN BYULPN. FFLEE PFMYYYYYFEME ITOHETFSH, BLL CPMS L UPRTPFICHMEIA, ZPFPCHOPHOFSh L RPTzetfchboya, UFBMY CHTPCDEOCHY XETPDBF FTI at the RPMPCHIPK TCOTEPHETSHETEPS DMS RTPSCHMEOYS LFYI LBYUEUFCH NSC OE OHTSDBMYUSH CH THLPCHPDUFCHE UP UFPTPOSCH RPMYFYYUEULYI PZHYGETCH.

yUFYOOSHK UNSCHUM OBYEK PRETBGYY H LHTMSODYY NSC YUEFLP CHYDEMY H PDOPN - H BEYFE ECHTPREKULPK LHMSHFHTSCH. NSCH CHETYMY, UFP GENERAL RTYUHFUFCHIE ABOUT UCHETOPN ZHMBOSE UPCHEFULPK BTNYY UNPTSEF RPNEYBFSH LTBUOSCHN FBOLBN RTPTCHBFSHUS L UBNPNKH UETDGH ECHTPRSC. ChPNPTSOP, OE IB ZPTBNY VSHCHM YuBU TPTsDEOYS ECHTPRSCH, Y FP IBCHYUEMP YULMAYUYFEMSHOP PF OBYEK CHPMY L UPRTPFYCHMEOYA upChEFULPK BTNYY DP RPUMEDOEZP NPNEOFB. NSCH UMYYLPN NBMP OBMY P FPN, YuFP ЪBRBDOSH RPMYFYLY ЪBLTSCHMY ZMBBB ABOUT FTBZEDYA, TBCHPTBYUYCHBAEKHAUS H chPUFPYuOPK Y geoFTBMSHOPK ECHTPR. LPNNHOYYN PVTKHYYMUS ABOUT CHUA LHMSHFHTH, LPZDB BRBDOSCHE BTNYY DENPVYMYJPCHBMYUSH Y RTBLFYUEULY RTELTBFYMY VPECHCHE DECUFCHYS. dBCHOP ЪBNPMLMY RHYLY, B HGEMECHYE CH LHTMSODYY ZOYMY CH TPUUYKULYI MBZETSI DMS CHPEOOPRMEOOOSCHI, PLTHTSEOOSCHI YuEFSCHTSHNS CHCHYLBNY ABOUT CHSHCHUPLYI UFPMVBI, B CHSHCHUPLBS LPMAYUBS RTPCHSHCHPMPBM PRPSUKHSPMBBM.

obYUBMSHOIL ZEOETBMShOPZP YFBVB ZEOETBM-RPMLPCHOYL zKhDETYBO PFUBSOOP RSHCHFBMUS HZPCHPTYFSH ZYFMETB ChBLKHYTPCHBFSH ChPKULB YЪ LHTMSODYY Y YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH YI DMS ЪBEYOBFSH VET. UPCHEFULBS RTPRBZBODB SUOP DBMB OBFSH IB ZPDSH UCHPEK DESFEMSHOPUFY U RPNPESH FPOO MYUFCHPL, UVTPYEOOSCHI ABOUT OBY PPRSC, UFP LPOEYUOPK GEMSHA LTBUOPK BTNY SCHMSEFUS CHЪSFIYE VETMOYOB. yFP UFBMP EEE VPMEE OBZMSDOSCHN RP OBREYUBFBOOSCHN LBDTBN BFBLHAEYI UPCHEFULYI UPMDBF, YFKhTNHAEYI vTBODEOVKhTZULIE CHPTPFB, DPRPMOSENSCHN FBOLBNY Y LPMSCHYKHEYNYUS OBNEOBNYUS.

ChNEUFP FPZP YuFPVSC UMEDPCHBFSH UFTTBFEZYYUEULPNKH UNSCHUMKH Y UNPFTEFSH CH MYGP TEBMSHOPUFY, ZYFMET OBUFBYCHBM ABOUT CHSHCHRPMOEOOYY UCHPEZP RTYLBB HDETSYCHBFSH CHUE RPYGYY CH LHTMSODY. зЕОЕТБМ-РПМЛПЧОЙЛ ыЕТОЕТ РПЛМСМУС Ч ОЕЧПЪНПЦОПН — ХДЕТЦЙЧБФШ ЖТПОФ ОБ ТХВЕЦБИ ПЛФСВТС 1944 З. иПФС ЖМПФ РПДЗПФПЧЙМ ДЕФБМШОЩК РМБО, РП ЛПФПТПНХ ВЩМБ ЧПЪНПЦОБ ЬЧБЛХБГЙС, зЙФМЕТ ФЧЕТДП ДЕТЦБМУС ЪБ УЧПА ЧЕТХ Ч ФП, ЮФП РПЪЙГЙЙ Ч лХТМСОДЙЙ РПФТЕВХАФУС ДМС ВХДХЭЕЗП ОБУФХРМЕОЙС. WHEN YOU NEED FOR THE VOLUME OF ZOETBMB, ULMPOSCHYEZPUS RETED MAVSCHN EZP FTEVPCHBOYEN, ZPFCHPZP RPPVEEBFSH YuHDP. нОЕОЙЕ РТПЖЕУУЙПОБМПЧ ЧТПДЕ зХДЕТЙБОБ Й ДТХЗЙИ ЧЩУЫЙИ ПЖЙГЕТПЧ Ч ТБУЮЕФ ОЕ РТЙОЙНБМПУШ, РТЙ ЬФПН ОЕТЕДЛП ЙНЕМЙ НЕУФП ЧУРЩЫЛЙ ЙУФЕТЙЮЕУЛПЗП ЗОЕЧБ, Б зЙФМЕТ ЧОПЧШ ОБЮЙОБМ УФТПЙФШ ЙДЕБМЙУФЙЮЕУЛЙЕ РМБОЩ ОПЧЩИ ОБУФХРМЕОЙК, ЙУРПМШЪХС ДЙЧЙЪЙЙ Й МАДЕК, ДБЧОЩН-ДБЧОП РПЧЕТЦЕООЩИ ОБ РТПУФПТБИ тПУУЙЙ. dBCHBMYUSH PVEEBOYS, UFP OPCHPE TECHPMAGYPOOPE PTHTSIE YЪNEOYF IPD CHPKOSHCH Y UFTTBFEZYUEULIE TEOYOYS, IPFS CH FP CHTENS ZETNBOULBS YODHUFTYS THYYMBUSH RPD HDBTBNY OEYUYUYUMYBSHCHI VPNCHYD. h DElbvte 1944 Z. OBUFKHRMEOYE CH bTDEOOBI ЪBZMPIMP, Y OENYOHENBS LBFBUFTPZHB UFBMB PYUECHIDOB CHUEN TEBMYUFBN.

fBLYN PVTBBPN, 132-S REIPFOBS DYCHYYS ZTHRRSCH BTNYK “Uchechet”, OSHCHEE YNEOHENBS ZTHRRPK BTNYK “lHTMSODYS”, UFPSMMB DP UBNPZP LPOGB OB LFPN RPUMEDOEN ZHTPOFE. rPYuFY WENSh NUSGECH RPMLY ABOUT vBMFYLE UTTBTSBMYUSH RTPFICH CHTBZB, OECHEPSFOP RTECHPUIPDYCHYEZP H MADULPK UYME Y FEIOYLE. нЩ ВЩМЙ РПМОЩ ТЕЫЙНПУФЙ ОЕ УДБЧБФШУС ОЙ РТЙ ЛБЛЙИ ПВУФПСФЕМШУФЧБИ, Й ЧПКУЛБ Ч лХТМСОДЙЙ ДПМЦОЩ ВЩМЙ ОЕУФЙ ОБ УЕВЕ ЗТПЪОХА ПФМЙЮЙФЕМШОХА ЮЕТФХ: ПОЙ ПУФБМЙУШ ЕДЙОУФЧЕООЩНЙ Ч ЗЕТНБОУЛПК БТНЙЙ ВПЕЧЩНЙ ЮБУФСНЙ, ОЙЛПЗДБ ОЕ ФЕТРЕЧЫЙНЙ РПТБЦЕОЙК Ч ПФЛТЩФПН ВПА.

ч ОПСВТЕ 1944 З. РПУМЕДОЙК ЖТПОФ Ч лХТМСОДЙЙ РТПУФЙТБМУС ПФ ПФНЕМЕК вБМФЙЛЙ Ч 30 ЛЙМПНЕФТБИ Л АЗХ ПФ мЙВБЧЩ Ч ПВЭЕН ОБРТБЧМЕОЙЙ ОБ ЧПУФПЛ, РТПИПДЙМ НЙНП нПЦЕКЛЙОБ Й ЪБЧПТБЮЙЧБМ ОБ УЕЧЕТ ПФ фХЛЛХНБ Л вБМФЙЛЕ Ч ТБКПОЕ тЙЦУЛПЗП ЪБМЙЧБ. рПМПЦЕОЙЕ ДЙЧЙЪЙЙ ПЮЕОШ РПИПДЙМП ОБ ФП, Ч ЛБЛПН ОБИПДЙМЙУШ ЮБУФЙ 18-К БТНЙЙ ЧП ЧТЕНС УТБЦЕОЙС ЪБ мЕОЙОЗТБД, Ч ФПН УНЩУМЕ, ЮФП лТБУОБС БТНЙС УФТЕНЙМБУШ ДПУФЙЮШ ДПТПЗЙ Ч мЙВБЧЕ, РП ЛПФПТПК ЫМП УОБВЦЕОЙЕ, Й ФБЛЙН ПВТБЪПН ТБЪТЕЪБФШ ОБЫ «НЕЫПЛ» РПРПМБН. CHEUSH ZHTPOF YNEM PVEHA DMYOKH PLPMP 200 LIMPNEFTCH, B OBYB DYCHYYS U LPOGB 1944 Z. TELB CHEOFB, YMYY CHYODBCHB, LBL ITS GENERAL RP-OENEGLY, CH PVEEN, RPCHFPTSMB LPOZHYZHTBGYA PVPTPOYFEMSHOSHCHI THVETSEK DYCHYYY. ABOUT 1 OPSVTS 1944 Z. DYCHYYS BOINBMB RPYGYY ABOUT CHYODBCHE, YB OEULPMSHLP DOEK OBY UELFPT VSCHM HUIMEO OELPFPTSCHNY TPFBNY. oEUNPFTS ABOUT RTYVSHCHFIE OPCHSCHI TEETETCHOSCHI YUBUFEK, 19 OPSVTS UYFKHBGYS UFBMB OBUFPMSHLP LTYFYYUEULPK, ​​UFP OBN RTYYMPUSH PVPTPOSFSH UELFPT ZHTPOFB RTPFSTSEOOPUFSHHA 11 LJMPNEFTCH. rPMHYUBMPUSH RTYNETOP DCHB UPMDBFB ABOUT 100 NEFTCH ZHTPOFB, LPFPTSHK RTYIPDYMPUSH OBN ЪBEYEBFSH.

LBL-FP RPUME PVEDB Ch PDYO YЪ DOEK CH OBYUBME OPSVTS S RPMKHYUYM DEREYKH YЪ II VBFBMShPOB 437-ZP RPMLB PV PTSYDBENPN RTYVSHCHFYY ZEOETTBM-RPMLPCHOYLB yETOETB. FFPF UFTBYOSCHK, CHOHYBCHHYYK HTSBU ZEOETBM RTCHPDYM PUNPFT OBYYI RPYGYK, Y, RPOSFOP, RPMBZBMPUSH LTBFLP RP EZP RTYVSHCHFYA RTPIOZHPTNYTPCHBFSH EZP P FELHEEK PVUFBOPCLE ABOUT Hyubufle. YETOY YNEM DHTOHA UMBCHH BY UCHPA UFTBUFSH L RTPCHETLE UPUFPSOIS UCHSHY. fBLTSE VSHMP YITPLP Y'CHEUFOP, UFP EUMY PO OBKDEF YUFP-OYVKhDSH FBLPE, UFP ENH OE RP OKHFTH, FP OENEDMEOOP RPUMEDHEF ZTBD CHCHZPCHPTCH, RPOYCEOYK CH DPMTSOPUF Y BOBMPZYUOSCHI OBBLBYIK. yOPZDB PO RPOYTSBM YMY RPCHSHCHYBM CH YCHBOY YUYUFP YNRHMSHUYCHOP, LBL ENH VSCHMP HDVOP. иПДЙМЙ УМХИЙ, ЮФП Ч РТЙГЕРЕ ЕЗП ЫПЖЕТ ДЕТЦБМ ФТЙ ТБЪМЙЮОЩЕ ЧПЕООЩЕ ЖПТНЩ Й ЮФП ОЕУЛПМШЛП ТБЪ ПО ОБЮЙОБМ ДЕОШ ЖЕМШДЖЕВЕМЕН, РПФПН ЪБ НБМЕКЫЕЕ ОБТХЫЕОЙЕ РЕТЕЧПДЙМУС Ч ТСДПЧЩЕ, ОП РПУМЕ ПВЕДБ ЧОПЧШ РПЧЩЫБМУС ДП ЖЕМШДЖЕВЕМС. LBTsDBS RPEDLB ABOUT ZHTPOF UPRTCHPTsDBMBUSH HZTPBNY, Y FE, LFP UMHTSYM CH FSHMPCHSHCHI YUBUFSI, NPZMY PTSYDBFSH OBLBBOYS H CHYDE OENEDMEOOPZP RETECHPDB ABOUT RETEDPCHHA.

Zeoetbm Zeotchi Yubufuf (drive) DIFMSh, RTPZHUUUIUIPOBMSHCHK DP LPUZB LPEPP Pzhiget, LBB-FP Ulbbm P Yetoteta, YFP FPPNH VSHMIYAYYAM Zemkhdbodnpn (LPFPTSHSHETSHETSHEN-REMENSHENEDSHEN-REMISHENEDSHEN-REMISHEN-REMISHEN-REMENSHEN-REMENSEN yFP NOOEYE YTPLP TBDEMSMPUSH CH CHPKULBI, LPFPTSHCHE CHUE EEE VSCHMY CHPURTYYNYUYCHSHCH CH FPN, UFP LBUBMPUSH YI THLPCHPDYFEMEK. мАВПРЩФОП, ЮФП ЬФПФ ЦЕ УБНЩК ЗЕОЕТБМ, ОЕ РТПСЧЙЧЫЙК ОЙЛБЛПЗП РПОЙНБОЙС УЧПЙИ ЧПКУЛ ОБ ЖТПОФЕ Й ВЕУУЕТДЕЮОП ПУХДЙЧЫЙК ЙИ ОБ УНЕТФШ УЧПЙНЙ РТЙЛБЪБНЙ МАВПК ГЕОПК ХДЕТЦЙЧБФШ ОЕХДЕТЦЙЧБЕНЩЕ РПЪЙГЙЙ, Ч ЛПОГЕ ЧПКОЩ РПРБМ Ч РМЕО Л БНЕТЙЛБОГБН Ч ПДОПК БМШРЙКУЛПК ИЙЦЙОЕ, ЛХДБ ПО ВЕЦБМ Ч РПРЩФЛЕ ХКФЙ ПФ PFCHEFB ЪB UCHPY DEMB RPUME UDBYU ZETNBOY. lPZDB PO RPRBM Ch RMEO, ABOUT OEN VSCHM FTBDYGYPOOSCHK VBCHBTULYK BMSHRYKULYK LPUFAN, LPFPTSCHK PO ChSCHNEOSM ABOUT UCHPA KHOYZHPTNKH Y BPMPFPK RBTFYKOSHCHK OBYUPL. MYYSH b OEULPMSHLP OEDEMSH DP LFPZP PO RPDCHETZ NBUUPCHSHCHN LBOSN OENSCHUMYNPE LPMYUEUFCHP UCHPYI UPMDBF b RPDPVOSHCHE RTPSCHMEOYS FTHUPUFY.

ZEOETBM-RPMLPCHOYL ABOUT UBNPN DEME RPSCHYMUS DMS PUNPFTB OBYI RPYGYK. eZP BCHFPNPVYMSH U HLTERMEOOOSCHN OB OEN ZHMBTSLPN, OBRPNYOBAEIN YBINBFOHA DPULKh, RTYVSHCHM CH LPOGE DOS, YS, LBL RPMPTSEOP, RTYCHEFUFCHPCHBM EZP, PFTSCHCHYUFP ENKh PFUBMAFPCHBCH, RPDLPYEMB. PO PFCEFYM NOE HZTANSCHN, VEMMYUOSCHN PFDBOYEN YUEUFY, RPUME YUEZP OE RTPFSOHM THLY. x NEOS FHF CE CHPOYLMP PEHEEOOYE, UFP PO RTYEIIBM UADB UREGIBMSHOP, UFPVSCH UPDBFSH DMS OBU RTPVMENSCH.

with FEBFEMSHOP ZPFCHYM UCHPA TPPH L LFPNH CHYYFH. x CHIPDB CH VMYODBTS UPPSMY ​​DCHPE YUBUPCHSHI, LBL RPMPTSEOP, PDEFSHI CH RPMOHA RPMECHHA ZHPTNKH, UP YMENBNY Y CHYOFPCHLBNY. zhemshdzhevemsh-uchsyuf yFBKOYGET MYUOP WE GO BY RB RPMECHSHCHN UFPMYLPN, UFPVSHCH CHYDEFSH, UFP CHUE IDEF LBL Y RMBOITCHBMPUSH. tBDYUFSHCH FP Y DEMP PUNBFTYCHBMY Y OBUFTBYCHBMY UCHPA BRRBTBFHTH BTBOEE. CHUE LPOFBLFSCH U ZTHRRPK UCHSIY X BTFYMMETYUFPC Y RETEDPCHCHNY OBVMADBFEMSNY VSCHMY H VEEKHRTEYUOPN UPUFPSOYY.

zeOETBM RPRTPUYM RTEDUFBCHYFSH ENH LTBFLHA YOZHPTNBGYA P RPMPTSEOY OB OBIEN HYBUFLE, LPFPTHA S RTYZPFPCHYM BTBOEE. with CHSM ABOUT UEVS UNEMPUFSH YЪPVTBYFSH UIFHBGYA YNEOOP FBL, LBL POBNOE RTEDUFBCHMSMBUSH, Y S PVTYUPCHBM ENH LFH LBTFYOH YULTEOOOE Y Yueufop. ECEDOECHOP ABOUT ZPTYЪPOFE RPDOYNBMUS CH OEVP THUULIK BTPUFBF U OBVMADBFEMSNY. oEUNPFTS ABOUT GENERAL OEPDOPPLTBFOSHCHE RTPUSHVSCH, OE RPSCHYMUS OH PDYO OENEGLYK UBNPMEF, YUFPVSCH RPMPTSYFSH LPOEG BLFIYCHOPUFY CHTBTSEOULYI OBVMADBFEMEK; RPUENH UPCHEFULBS BTFYMMETYS VEURTETSCHCHOP CHEMB PZPOSH RP YЪVTBOOSCHN PVYAELFBN, LBLIE EK OTBCHYMYUSH. LTPNE FPZP, NSC RPMBZBMY, UFP TSD RPYGYK CHDPMSH CHYODBCHSC CH OBYEN UELFPTE CHЪSF RPD PVUFTEM U GEMSH RPDZPPFPCHLY L FBOLPCHPNH HDBTH, LPFPTSHCHK, LBL NSC PTSYDBEN, RTPYYYUPKDEF CH. lPMYUEUFCHB OBYI CHPKUL UMYYLPN NBMP, YuFPVSH HDETSBFSH CHCHETEOOSHK OBN HYBUFPL; OBYB PVPTPOB UMYYLPN TEDLB ABOUT LFPN PFTEEL ZHTPOFB. pFUHFUFCHYE FSCEMPZP CHPPTHTSEOIS, RTECDE CHUEZP RTPFYCHPFBOLCHSHCHI UTEDUFCH, HZTPTSBAEE. rPMHUEOOOSCHE RBTFYY RTPFYCHPFBOLPCHI NYO YURPMSHЪPCHBOYA OE RPDMETSBF YЪ-ЪB PFUHFUFCHYS X OYI CHTSCHCHBFEMEK.

hCHBTsBENSCHK ZOEETBM-RPMLPCHOYL SCHOP OE RPMKHYUYM HDPCHPMSHUFCHYS PF FBLPZP OEZBFYCHOPZP DPLMBDB UP UFPTPOSCH NMBDYEZP PZHYGETB. PO CHOEBROP HYEM, PUFBCHYCH OBU U PTEDEMEOOOSCHN PEKHEEOYEN, UFP UPCHUEN OE HDPCHMEFCHPTEO RTPYYYEDYYN. RPFPN IPDIMYAMYAMY, UFP ChTens RPUEEIS RPYGIK h FSHMH according to Cheshreta Chneube at the bthfimmetikulpzp, Oeulpmple vhhfmple PFLTSHPPHPHPHPHPSHECE RPPNH RPPNKhM ON PRTEDEMEOOPOE HLTERYM NPE DPCHETYE Y NPA CHETH CH EZP THLPCHPDUFCHP, B FPMSHLP RPDFCHEDYM TBOEE UMSCHYBOOSCHE GENERAL TBUULBSHCH P EZP PUPVEOOPN UFIME LPNBODPCHBOYS. OE VSHMP RTPYOEUEOP OY PDOPZP PVPDTSAEEEZP UMPCHB OY NOE MYUOP, OY DBCE FEN VPKGBN, LPFPTSHCHE TBDY OEZP UFPSMY U PTHTSYEN H RMEYUB CH PLPRBI. with RTYCHSHL L DTHZPNH FYRKH OENEGLPZP ZEOTBMB. vPMEE FPZP, RPDOSM ABOUT UNEI NPA PGEOLKH UIFKHBGYY, RPDCHETZ LTYFYLE NPE RTEDUULBBOYE OBDCHYZBAEKUS FBOLPCHPK BFBLY, ЪBSCHYCH, UFP EUMY BFBLB Y UPUFPIFUUS, FP DBMELP OB SHCHBY OBRBDE

CHEMYLYK UFTBFEZ PYYVUS. 20 OPSVTS THUULYK BTFOBMEF PVTKHYYMUS ABOUT OBNY RPYGYY Y ABOUT RPML UMECHB PF OBU, Y VPMSHYE ZTHRRSH UPCHEFULYI FBOLPC TYOKHMYUSH YUETE chyODBCHH. h IPDE FBL OBSHCHCHBENPK CHFPTPK VYFCHSHCH OB LHTMSODYA THUULIE RTPTCHBMY OBY ZHTPOF CH OEULPMSHLYI NEUFBI, CHLMAYUBS Y UELFPT, HDETSYCHBENSCHK OBYEK DYCHYEK. fPMSHLP VMBZPDBTS RPDLTERMEOYSN YЪ TBMYUOSCHI YUBUFEK LFP OBUFHRMEOYE VSCHMP PUFBOPCMEOP OEULPMSHLP DOK URHUFS ChPME zhTBKHEOVKhTZB.

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ZETNBOULYE TBCHEDYUBUFY UPPVEBMY, UFP UPCHEFULYE FBOLPCHSE UPEDYOEOYS PFPYMY OB AZ Y UPUTEDPFPYUYCHBAFUS CHVMYY chBKOPDE - RYLEMSS. FP POBYUBMP LPOEG CHFPTPK VYFCHSHCH OB LHTMSODYA. ChPKULB VSCHMY YЪNPFBOSH Y YЪOHTEOSCH. жТПОФ УПУФПСМ Ч ПУОПЧОПН ЙЪ ОЕЗМХВПЛЙИ ЗТСЪОЩИ СН, ОБРПМПЧЙОХ ЪБМЙФЩИ ЧПДПК ПФ ФБСОЙС УОЕЗБ Й МШДБ, Ч ЛПФПТЩИ УПМДБФЩ РППЮЕТЕДОП ОЕУМЙ ДЕЦХТУФЧП, РЩФБСУШ УПИТБОЙФШ ЖЙЪЙЮЕУЛХА УРПУПВОПУФШ Й ДБМЕЕ ПЛБЪЩЧБФШ УПРТПФЙЧМЕОЙЕ ЧТБЗХ. уОБВЦЕОЙЕ, ЛПЗДБ ЧППВЭЕ ВЩМП ЧПЪНПЦОП, УФБМП УРПТБДЙЮЕУЛЙН ЙЪ-ЪБ ОЕРТПИПДЙНПУФЙ ДПТПЗ Й РПУФПСООЩИ РЕТЕТЩЧПЧ ЙЪ-ЪБ ЧТБЦЕУЛЙИ БТФПВУФТЕМПЧ Й ОЕУЛПОЮБЕНЩИ ТБУУФТЕМПЧ У ЧПЪДХИБ, ЛПЗДБ Ч УЕТПН ОЕВЕ ЧДТХЗ ЙЪ ОЙПФЛХДБ ЧПЪОЙЛБМЙ ЧТБЦЕУЛЙЕ УБНПМЕФЩ. mPYBDY YUBUFP RBDBMY Yb-b PFUHFUFCHYS ZhKhTBTSB, B DMS UPMDBF, UYDECHYI H PLPRBI, ZPTSYUBS RYEB UFBMB TEDLPK TPULPYSHA.

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- b LHDB? fBN DBMSHYE OEF DPNB, FPMSHLP NPTE.

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- UEKYUBU X OBU, MBFSHCHYEK, ABOUT OBYEK ENME UPVBLY ... OP ULPTP RTYDEFUS RPDTHTSYFSHUS U CHPMLBNY.

UNSCHUM LFYI UMPC OE FTEVPCHBM PYASUOEOYS.

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FCHETDBS RTPEECTSBS DPTPZB CHEMB YUETEE HYUBUFPL OBYEK DYCHYYY PF rBNRBMY ABOUT IFEDYOY, B RPFPN TBADCHBYCHBMBUSH. pDOB DPTPZB CHEMB ABOUT UCHETP-CHPUFPL ABOUT zhTBKHEOVKhTZ, B DTKHZBS - ABOUT MYVBCHKH. y CHPF ABOUT FFPK TBCHYMLE THUULYE RPRSHCHFBMYUSH RTPTCHBFSHUS, YUFPVSCH TBULPMPFSH lHTMSODULHA BTNYA Y CHSFSh MYVBCHKH.

ftefshs vyfchb bb lhtmsodya

21 DELBVTS 1944 Z. TCHOP CH 6.00 OB OBY HYBUFPL ZHTPOFB PVTKHYYMBUSH PZOEOOBS VKhTS. ZPTYЪPOF PTSYM, UCHEFSUSH CHURSHCHYLBNY CHSHCHUFTEMPCH VEULPOEYUOPZP YUYUMB FTSEMSHCHI PTHDYK. вЩМП РПДФЧЕТЦДЕОП, ЮФП ФПМШЛП Ч УЕЛФПТЕ 438-ЗП ЗТЕОБДЕТУЛПЗП РПМЛБ ВПМЕЕ ЧПУШНЙУПФ УФЧПМПЧ — УПУФПСЧЫЙИ ЙЪ УНЕТФПОПУОПК ЛПНВЙОБГЙЙ ФСЦЕМЩИ ПТХДЙК, ТЕБЛФЙЧОЩИ ХУФБОПЧПЛ Й НЙОПНЕФПЧ — ЧЩРХУФЙМЙ НОПЦЕУФЧП ЪБМРПЧ РП ОБЫЙН РПЪЙГЙСН.

ABOUT PLPRSH PVTKHYYMUS MYCHOEN PZEOOOSHCHK YFPTN OCHETPSFOPK UYMSCH. rHMENEFOSHCHE ZOYEDB, PLPRSHCH, VMYODBTSY Y HLTERMEOOOSCHE PZOECHSHCHE RPYGYY ABOUT RETEDPPCHPK THYYMYUSH CH PVMBLBI RSHCHMY Y DSHCHNB. ENMS DTPTSBMB, ZTPIPFBMB, DSHVYMBUSH Y THYYMBUSH. pVTKHYYCHBMYUSH VMYODBTSY, UTBCHOYCHBMYUSH U ENMEK PLPRSHCH. fTY DPMZYI YUBUB OECHYDYNBS UYMB U VEYEOUFCHPN OBVTBUSCHCHBMBUSH ABOUT ENMA, CHCHYULYCHBS OBIE RPUMEDOEE HVETSYEE PE NTBL VYFCHSHCH. URETCHB NPEOSHK PZPOSH VSCHM OBGEMEO ABOUT OBJI RETEDPCHSHCHE RPYGYY; RPFPN ON UNEUFIYMUS ABOUT CHSHCHUPFSCH yFEDYOY, RPUME YuEZP RETENEUFIYMUS CHRETED ABOUT MEUYUFYMUS TBKPO CH OBYEN FSHCHMH Y PVTKHYYMUS ABOUT RPMLPPK YFBV. CHETIHYLY DETECHSCHECH TBMEFBMYUSH H EERLY, GEMSE DETECHSCHS CHMEFBMY H CHPDHI, UOBTSDSC VYMY RP CEME'PVEFPOOSCHN VMYODBTSBN Y RPMOPUFSHA RPLTSCHMY UCHPYNY TBTSCHCHBNY CHUE CHPLTHZ OBU. NYOKHFSCH LBBMYUSH CHEYUOPUFSHHA.

rPSCHIMYUSH RETCHSHCHE TBOEOSCHE, URPFSCHLBAEYEUS, VEUGEMSHOP UOKHAEYE, YUBUFP VE LBUPL, CH UBMYFPK LTPCHSHHA ZHTNE. FEI, LFP OE NPZ DCHYZBFSHUS UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP, UPMDBFSCH, OBRTSZBSUSH RPD FSTEUFSHHA, DPUFBCHMSMY OBCHETOHFSCHNY CH RMBE-RBMBFLY. tboeosche UFPOBMY H BZPOYY Y CH PTSYDBOY CHTBYUB DILP LPMPFIMYUSH P ENMA. MYIPTBDPYUOP FTHDYMUS rPMSHDY UP UCHPYNY RPNPEOYLBNY. with RPRSHCHFBMUS RPNPYUSH YN, OBLMBDSCHCHBS ZETNEFYUOSCHK VYOF ABOUT ZTHDOHA TBOH. oELPFPTSHCHE J TBOEOSCHI, URPUPVOSCHI UCHSHOP ZPCHPTYFSH, TBUULBBMY, YUFP YCHBO RTPTCHBMUS H UMECHB UELFPTE ZHTPOFB Y VSCHMY ЪBNEYUEOSCH UPUTEDPFPYEOIS FBOLCH.

chDTKhZ BTFPVUFTEM OBYI RPYGYK RTELTBFYMUS. ChDBMY, UMECHB Y URTBCHB PF OBU, RTPDPMTSBMY RBDBFSH UOBTSDSC Y TBLEFSHCH U OEPRYUKHENPK STPUFSHHA. with CHZMSOKHM YUETE UBNPDEMSHOSHCHK PRETBGYPOOSCHK UFPM ABOUT rPMSHDY Y RPYUKHCHUFCHPCHBM, YUFP OBFTEREFBMY OETCHSHCH H NPEK YEE PF PTSYDBOIS. PO VTPUIM OB NEOS CHZMSD, PFPTCHBCHYUSH PF DEMB, RPOINBAEE LJHOKHM, B RPFPN NPMYUB UFBM CHOPCHSH BYYCHBFSH TBOSCH UCHPEZP RBGYEOFB. nPMYUBOYE ABOUT OBIEN HYBUFLE ZHTPOFB VSCHMP 'MPCHEEIN RTYOBBLPN, U LPFPTSCHN WITH UFBMLYCHBMUS CH RTETSOII VPSI. UPCHEFULBS BTFYMMETYS RETEUFBMB OBU PVUFTEMYCHBFSH Y RETEOEUMB UCHPK PZPOSH ABOUT GENERAL ZHMBOZY. NSCH BOINBMY LPTYDPT, YUETE LPFPTSCHK CHTBTSEULBS VTPOEFEIOILB RPRSHCHFBEFUS RTPVYFSHUS CH OBY FSHM.

with HTPOYM THMPO VYOFCH Y VTPUYMUS L DCHETY NEDYGYOULPZP VMYODBTSB, BICHBFICH RP RHFY LBTBVYO. x CHIPDB S HUMSHCHYBM ЪCHKHLY ZTPIPYUKHEYI NPFPTPCH Y ULTECEF ZHUEOIG, UPRTCHPTSDBENSCHE PZMHYYFEMSHOSCHNY TBTSCHCHBNY. OBD MEUPN RTPOPUYMYUSH LTBUOSCHE YFHTNPCHYLY, UVTBUSCHCHBS VPNVSC Y PVUFTEMYCHBS OBU Y RHMENEFPCH Y HUFBOPCHMEOOOSHI CH LTSCHMSHSI RHYEL. tech NPFPTPCH UFBOPCHYMUS CHUE ZTPNYUE, Y ULCHPSH OBBLBFSCHCHBAEYKUS ZTPIPF CHTSCHCHCHCH S VEEPYYVPYUOP HOBM ZTPIPFBOSH UPCHEFULYI "f-34". y THYO YFBVB S ЪBNEFIM OEULPMSHLYI UPMDBF, CH RBOILE VEZHEYI NYNP OBU U LBTVBYOBNY CH THLBI. oEUSUSH OBRTSNHA L VMYODBTSKH, SING THIOKHMY ABOUT ENMA, BDSHIBSUSH PF VEZB, CHYTSB: “fBOY! FBOY!"

with CHSHVETSBM OBTCHTSH Y FHF CE URPFLOKHMUS P TBULPMPFSCHE CHEFLY VPMSHYI DETECSHCHECH, PFPTCHBOOSCHI PF PVOBTSEOOSCHI, CHETFYLBMSHOP FPTYUBEYI REOSHLPC. rPCHUADH TCHBMYUSH UOBTSDSCH, B TSDPN U VMYODBTsPN UCHSYUFPC S OBFLOKHMUS ABOUT UCHPEZP UFBTPZP DTHZB MEKFEOBOFB TEYB, USCHOB RBUFPTB Yb uBBTVTALLEOB. ch'TSCHCHPN FBOLCHPZP UOBTSDB ENH TB'PTCHBMP VTAYOKHA RPMPUFSH, Y, LPZDB ON PRHUFYMUS ABOUT LPMEOY, S RPDICHBFYM EZP Y NEDMEOOP RPMPTSYM ABOUT ENMA. зМСДС Ч ЕЗП ХНЙТБАЭЙЕ ЗМБЪБ, С РПЮХЧУФЧПЧБМ, ЛБЛ НЕОС РЕТЕРПМОЙМП ВЕЫЕОУФЧП, ФБЛПЕ ВЕЫЕОУФЧП, ЛБЛПЕ НОЕ ТЕДЛП РТЙИПДЙМПУШ ЙУРЩФЩЧБФШ Ч РТЕЦОЙИ ВПСИ Й РТЙ ЧЙДЕ ДТХЗЙИ УНЕТФЕК, — ЧУЕРПЗМПЭБАЭБС СТПУФШ, ЛПФПТБС МЙЫШ ЙЪТЕДЛБ ДЕМБЕФ ТБЪМЙЮЙЕ НЕЦДХ ЧТБЗПН Й ДТХЗПН, ОЕРПНЕТОПЕ ЮХЧУФЧП ЗОЕЧБ, ОЕ KOBAEEZP RTEDEMPCH, LPFPTPE RTECHPUIPDYF ZTBOYGSHCH RTPUFSHCHI NPPGYK UNEMPUFY YMY UFTBIB. UNEMPUFSH Y UFTBI - LNPGYY OPTNBMShOPZP YuEMPCHELB YOE YNEAF NEUFB CH UBNPKhVYKUFCHEOOPN LPYNBTE, CH LPFPTSCHK OBU CHCHETZMY. FEVS PICHBFSCHCHBEF RTPUFBS, RTYNYFYCHOBS UFTBUFSH NEEOIS.

“NUFYFSH ... NUFYFSH, - NPMPFPN UFKHYUBMP CH NPEN NPZKH. — HOYUFPTSYFSH OBRDBAEYI, HVYFSH YI, FEI, LFP HOYUFPTSYM VMYELLYI FEVE MADEK. lPMSH FBL NOPZP MADEK RPZYVMP, RPYUENKh S DPMTSEO CHSCHTSYFSH? MHYUYE HNETEFSH UEKYUBU, HVYCHBS CHTBZB, YUEN DPTSIDBFSHUS OEYEVETSOZP.

with U FTHDPN RPDOSMUS ABOUT OPZY Y DIED TYOHMUS CHRETED. with UNHFOP PUPOBCHBM, UFP TSDPN UP NOPC VEZHF EEE DCHB VPKGB. lPZDB NSCH DPVTBMYUSH DP YFBVB 14-K TPFSCH, S ЪBNEFIYM OEULPMSHLP YuEMPCHEL YЪ RTPFYCHPFBOLCHPK YUBUFY, STPUFOP ZPFPCHCHYI UCHPCHPY ZHBHUFRBFTPOSHCH L VMYTSOENH VPA. oEULPMSHLP ZHBHUFRBFTPOCH UFPSM RTYUMPOOOOSCHNY L UFEOE, CHPME DCHETH H VMYODBTS.

— dBCHBKFE! - PE CHEUSH ZPMPU BLTYUBM S. - GONE! IDEN! sing RTYVMYTSBAFUS!

с УИЧБФЙМ ПДОХ ЙЪ ДМЙООЩИ УЕТП-ЪЕМЕОЩИ ФТХВ, ЪБТСЦЕООЩИ ФХРЩНЙ, ОБРПНЙОБАЭЙНЙ МХЛПЧЙГХ УОБТСДБНЙ, Й УЛЧПЪШ ДЕТЕЧШС РТЕПДПМЕМ ТБУУФПСОЙЕ РТЙНЕТОП Ч 50 ЫБЗПЧ ДП ПЛТБЙОЩ МЕУБ, ПТЙЕОФЙТХСУШ ОБ ЫХН ФСЦЕМЩИ ВТПОЙТПЧБООЩИ НБЫЙО. чПЪДХИ ЧПЛТХЗ НЕОС ОБРПМОЙМУС РТПОЪЙФЕМШОЩН УЧЙУФПН РХМШ, Б УОБТСДЩ РТПДПМЦБМЙ ЧЪТЩЧБФШУС Ч ЧЕТИХЫЛБИ ДЕТЕЧШЕЧ, РПУЩМБС ОБ ЪЕНМА ТБУЛБМЕООЩЕ ДПВЕМБ ПУЛПМЛЙ, ЛПФПТЩЕ УП УЧЙУФПН ХУФТЕНМСМЙУШ Л ЪЕНМЕ Й ФСЦЕМП ВХИБМЙУШ Ч ОЕЕ.

ChDTHZ RTYNETOP CH 20 NEFTBI PF UEVS S UBNEFIM ULCHPSH RPDMEUPL DMYOOSHK UFCHPM "f-34", NEDMEOOP, OP VEJPUFBOCHPYUOP DCHYZBCHYEZPUS CHRETED. FFMYUOOP Kommersant, YuFP Pvchyuop FBOL UPRPCHPCDBEF, LBB NYONHN, CHFPD Reipfsch, with PFUFHREM SMO, DMIOOOHA DHZH Yute Meu, I UFBM RPDVPNH NBOICHOPNH DSLSHSHDSHSHSHSHSHSHM чЩУЛПЮЙЧ ОБ ПРХЫЛХ ЧПЪМЕ ПЗТПНОПЗП ФБОЛБ, С ПРХУФЙМУС ОБ ЛПМЕОЙ НЕЦДХ ЗТХДБНЙ УОЕУЕООЩИ ЧЕФЧЕК, УЕТДГЕ ВЩМП ЗПФПЧП ЧЩУЛПЮЙФШ ЙЪ ЗТХДЙ, Й ПФУАДБ, У 30 ЫБЗПЧ, НПЦОП ВЩМП ИПТПЫП ТБЪЗМСДЕФШ ЬФПЗП УФБМШОПЗП ЛПМПУУБ, ОБ ЛПФПТПН ТСДПН У ЛТБУОПК ЪЧЕЪДПК ВЩМП ОБТЙУПЧБОП ОЕУЛПМШЛП ЛТХРОЩИ ГЙЖТ.

with VSHCHUFTP UOSM RTEDPITBOYFEMSH U ZhBHUFRBFTPOB Y RTYMSHOHM L RTYGEMH. with UDETSYCHBM DSCHIBOYE, VEKHUREYOP UVBTBSUSH HURPLPIIFSH LPMPFYCHIEEUUS UETDGE, LTPCHSH, LBMBPUSH, RHMSHUYTPCHBMB PF OBRTTSEOIS CH UBNPN ZPTME.

RPNEUFICH NHYLH RTSNP CH UETEDYOH OBTYUPCHBOOPK ABOUT VBYOE PZTPNOPC LTBUOPK CHEJDSCH U VEMPK LBKNPK, RPUMEDOYN HUIMYEN CHPMY BUFBCHYM UEVS UPITBOSFSH URPLPKUFCHE Y HDETSYCHBFSH RTYOBGEM RTS. NEDMEOOP, OP FCHETDP OBTSBM OB URHUL. at YHNOSCCHN CHATSHCHPN RPBDY NEOCH OBRTBCHMEOYY MEUB CHSHCHTCBMUS PZEOOOSHCHK SHCHL. uOBTSD, YuEFLP CHYDYNSCHK OCHPPTKhTSEOOSCHN ZMBBPN, U TECHPN RPMEFEM CHRETED Y HDBTIME RTSNP CH VBYOA. VЪPYYVPYuOP UTBVPFBM ЪBTSD, TBNEFBCH CHOKHFTY ChPPTKhTSOOOPK DP ЪKhVPCh NBYOSCH RMBNS Y TBULBMEOOHA DPVEMB YTBROEMSH.

fHF CE PFLTSCHMUS VPMSHYPK LTKhZMShKK SMALL, Y CH OEVP YЪ FBOLB RPDOSMBUSH FPOLBS UFTKHKLB DSHCHNB, B BLFEN RPUMEDPCHBMB OECHETPSFOBS FYYOB. RMPFOP RTICBCHYUSH LAM, with UMEDYMA KFPTSHN FBOLPN, TBEENA OE CHENSHNE, CLLEII-FP 50 YBDIN IPDPN RTPMBNSHSHSHYNEN UVFSh UBPSh UBEHBB KHOYUFPROKHPOPOPOPOPOPOPOPOPOPEPHPOPOPEPHPOPEPHPOPEPHPOPEPHP. BY RTPVYMUS YUETE RPMPUH DETECHSHECH Y CHSCVTBMUS ABOUT PFLTSCHFPE NEUFP, ZDE ABOUT CHYDH, RTYTSBCHYUSH L ENME, METSBMB THUULBS REIPFOBS TPFB. dChPE NPYI URHFOILPCH YЪ RTPFYCHPFBOLCHPK TPFSCH HOYUFPTSYMY FFPF FBOL FBL CE, LBL WITH RPLPOYUYM U CHEDHEEK NBYOPK.

y HLTSCHFYS b DETECSHSHNY NSC CHFTPEN PFLTSCHMY PZPOSH Yb LBTVBYOPCH RP THUULPK TPFE, METSBCHYEK CH 200 NEFTBI PF OBU ABOUT RTPNETYEK ENME. NSC PVNEOSMYUSH LPTPFLYNY PYUETEDSNY, Y THUULIE UFBMY PFIPDYFSH, FBEB UB UPVPK UCHPYI TBOEOSCHI. NSCH THIOKHMY ABOUT ENMA, ZHYYYYUEULY Y NPTBMSHOP PRHUFPYEOOSCHE RETECYFSHCHN. NSC HUREYOP PFVYMY HUIMEOOKHA TPFFH RTPFICHOYLB ... Y PUFBMYUSH TSYCHSHCH.

rTYVSCHMY UBNPIPDOSHCHE PTHDYS LBRYFBOB vTBODFOETTB. PDOP YYI RPMKHYUYMP RP RHFY RTSNPE RPRBDBOYE, DTHZPE VSCHMP CH UPUFPSOYY DCHYZBFSHUS Y PFLTSCHFSH PZPOSH RP LPMPOOE THUULYI FBOLCH, OBDCHYZBCHYYIUS ABOUT CHSHCHUPFSCH YFEDYOY. h RETCHSHCHK DEOSH VPS H yFEDYOY THUULIE YЪ-ЪB 438-ZP RPMLB RPFETSMY VPMEE DCHBDGBFY FBOLCH PE CHTENS UICHBFLY H LBLPZP-FP RETELTEUFLB DPTPZ, LPFTSCHECHEMY PE zhTBHEOVHTZ Y.m.

nPK ZhBHUFRBFTPO KHOYUFPTSYM CHEDHEYK FBOL CH ZPMPCHE BFBLHAEEK ZTHRRSHCH, B CHFPTPK VSCHM RPDVYF DCHHNS UPMDBFBNY YЪ 14-K RTPFYCHPFBOLPPCHPK TPFShch. eee FTY FBOLB VSCHMY H VMYTSOEN VPA KHOYUFPTSEOSH DTHZYNYY ZTEOBDETBNY, B ABOUT DPMA UBNPIPDLY RTYYMYMYUSH PUFBMSHOSHCHE Y FEI, UFP UEKYUBU DPZPTTBMY Y CHTSCHCHBMYUSH ABOUT RPME UPU. fBLYN PVTBBPN, H RETCHSHCHK DEOSH PUFTIE BFBLHAEEK ZTHHRRSCH PLBBMPUSH UMPNBOOSCHN, B LTHROBS LBFBUFTPZHB RTEDPFFCHTBEEOB. 10 DELBVTS LBCHBMET tschGBTULPZP LTEUFB LBRYFBO gPMMSh, LPNBODYT 14-K TPFShch 436-ZP RPMLB, RPMKHYUYM BDBOYE OBRTBCHYFSHUS L rBNRBMY CH LBYUEUFCHE LPNBODYTB VPCHPKHOPYOPNESHCH YUYUME. POB UPUFPSMB Y DCHHI REIPFOSHCHI CHCHPDCHB, PDOPZP CHCHPDB FTSEMSHCHI RHMENEFPCH, PDOPZP TBUYUEFB rfp YЪ RSFY Yuempchel, OEPPMSHYPZP LPMYUEUFCHB UBRETCH Y PDOPZP YMY DCHHI RETEDPCHEMBIKU.

DEOSH 12 DERBVTS CHSHCHDBMUS URPLPKOSHCHN, OEVP PUFBCHBMPUSh RBUNKhTOSHCHN, RP OENH OYLP RMSHCHMY PVMBLB, LPZDB VPECBS ZTHRRB gPMMS RTYOSMBUSH BY UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP PVTPPOYFEMSHOSHCHI THVETSEK. SING PTSYDBMY THUULPK BFBLY; DEOSH YB DOYEN POY MYIPTBDPYUOP HLTERMSMY UCHPY RPYGYY. 16 DERBVTS ABOUT ENMSOSCHE UPPTKHTSEOIS PVTKHYYMUS PZPOSH FTSEMPC BTFYMMETYY, CHCHOHDYCH UPMDBF YULBFSH HVETSYEB CH HLYYI FTBOOYESI Y UBNPDEMSHOSHCHI VMYODBTSBI. bTFYMMETYKULYK PZPOSH RTPDPMTSBMUS U RETETSHCHCHBNY CH FEYUEOOYE OEULPMSHLYI DOK, PVUFTEMSHCH OBYUYOBMYUSH OEPTSYDBOOP, RTELTBEBSUSH MYYSH ABOUT OEULPMSHLP YUBUPCH, YUFPVSH OBYUBFSHUS CHOPCHSH. 21 DERBVTS THUULIE RPYMY H BFBLH, RTECHBTYFEMSHOP RPDCHETZOHCHCH OBY RPYGYY NPEOPNKH BTFYMMETYKULPNH PVUFTEMH, Yb-b LPFPTPZP LBLPE-MYVP RETEDCHYTSEOYE VSMP OECHPPTSOP. l RPMHDOA ULCCHPSH GENERAL PVPTPOH ChPME rBNRBMY RTPTCHBMYUSH REIPFB Y FBOLPCHSHCHE YUBUFY, J PE CHFPTPK RPMCHYOE DOS PUBTsDEOOSH ZTEOBDEOSCH VSCHMY PFTEEBOSCH Y PLTHSCH. rTPPDPMTSBMP TBUFY YUYUMP HVYFSHCHI Y TBOEOSCHI, NETFCHCHE METSBMY CH PLPRBI FBN, ZDE YI BUFBMB UNETFSH, TBOESHE RPMHYUBMY FPMSHLP RPCHETIOPUFOSHCHK KHIPD RPD OERTELTBEBAEYNUS PZOEN RTCHPUIPDSEIL. vPERTYRBUSCH, NEDYLBNEOFSHCH Y RTPDCHPMSHUFCHIE VSHCHMY VSHCHUFTP YЪTBUIPDPCHBOSHCH. tBDYPUCHSSH U RPMLPN YMY DYCHYYEK HCE VSCHMB OECHPЪNPTSOB; RPUMEDOYE RPMKHYUEOOSHCH RTYLBSHCH OEPDOPPLTBFOP OBUFBYCHBMY ABOUT FPN, UFP NSC DPMTSOSCH MAVPK GEOPK HDETTSBFSH RPYGYY.

OBYPL RTPDPMTSBM UPLTBEBFSHUS CH TBNETBI. PLBCHYUSH RETED HZTPJPK RPMOPZP KHOYUFPTSEOIS CH RTEDEMBI YUBUPCH, VSCHM OBNEYUEO RTPTSCHCH Y PFUFHRMEOYE L TBURPMPTSEOIA DYCHYYY. vPERTYRBUSCH DMS FSTSEMPZP CHPPTKHTSEOIS VSCHMY YЪTBUIPDPCHBOSHCH, Y YJ-B PFUHFUFCHYS FSZBYUEK RHYLY OBDMETSBMP HOYUFPTSYFSH Y VTPUYFSH. VSCHMB VSHCHUFTP PTZBOY'PCHBOB RETECHP'LB TBOEOSCHI. oEUNPFTS ABOUT CHUE HUYMYS, OEPDOPPLTBFOSHCHE RPRSHFLY UCHSBFSHUS U DYCHYYEK LPOYUBMYUSH OEHDBYUK, RPFPPNH PZHYGYBMSHOPE RPDFCHETTSDEOYE PFUFHRMEOYS PFUHFUFCHCHBMP. teeeoye RTPSCHCHBFSHUS ABOUT TBUUCHEFE VSHMP RTYOSFP VE LPNBODSCH ACCOUNTING. VSCHMY UZHPTNYTPCHBOSH LPMPOOSCH DMS FTBOURPTFYTPCHLY TBOEOSCHI ABOUT UBOLBI YMY ABOUT RMBE-RBMBFLBI, YURPMSHKHENSCHI CH UBNPDEMSHOSCHI OPUIMLBI. yЪNHYUEOOOSCHE VPKGShch, PUFBCHYYEUS CH TSYCHSHI, ZPFPCHYMYUSH L RTPTTSCHCHKH L UCHPYN CHPKULBN.

22 DERBVTS CH 3.30 VSHCHM DBO RTYLB L ​​CHSHCHCHPDKH CHPKUL. yubu URKHUFS LPMPOOSCH DCHYOKHMYUSH LOENEGLYN PLPRBN L ЪBRBDH PF RBNRBMY YUETE OYEBOSFHA MPTSVYOH Y CHSMY UECHETOPE OBRTBCCHMEOYE. rPFTERBOOBS LPMPOOB VSMB OETBCHOPNETOP TBUUTEDDPFPYUEOB: ZPMPCHOPK DPJPT DIEM CHRETEDY, TBOEELSE - CH UETEDYOE, B BY OYNY - BTSHETZBTD. rTPDCHYTSEOYE VSHMP NEDMEOOPE, OP KHUREYOPE, Y, OE BNEFICH OILBLLPZP DCHYTSEOIS UP UFPTPOSCH CHTBZB, LPMPOOB DPVTBMBUSH DP ZETNBOULYI PLPRCH. чПКДС Ч УПРТЙЛПУОПЧЕОЙЕ У ПУОПЧОЩНЙ УЙМБНЙ БТНЙЙ «лХТМСОДЙС», ЗПМПЧОПК ДПЪПТ РПРБМ РПД ПВУФТЕМ, ВХДХЮЙ ОЕ Ч УПУФПСОЙЙ ОБЪЧБФШ РТБЧЙМШОЩК РБТПМШ, ОП ЙИ УЛПТП ПРПЪОБМЙ, Й Ч 7.00 ЗМБЧОБС ЛПМПООБ РТПЫМБ ЮЕТЕЪ ОЕНЕГЛХА РЕТЕДПЧХА. hGEMECHYE VPKGShch VPECHPK ZTHRRSHCH PLBBMYUSH CH UELFPTE, ЪBOSFPN II VBFBMShPOPN 436-ZP REIPFOZP RPMLB, Y YI VSHCHUFTP RTPCHEMY H YFBV RPMLB, ZDE FARM CHUFTEFYMY. fBN POY PFNEFIMY KHUREYOPE URBUEOOYE Y RPMKHYUYMY CHPNPTSOPUFSH RPEUFSH Y OENOPPZP PFDPIOHFSH DP FPZP, LBL YI PFRTBCHYMY ABOUT RETEDPCHHA.

vPY VHYECHBMY CHRMPFSH DP LPOGB DElbVTS. FP YEUFPE, Y RPUMEDOEE, CHPEOOPE TPTSDEUFCHP PUFBMPUSH DMS ChPKUL VEHNPMHOSHCHN Y HZOEFBAEYN. GENERAL NSCHUMY RPUFPSOOP VSCHMY UCHSBOSCH U TsBMLPK, EUMY OE VEOBDETSOPK UIFKHBGYEK, CH LPFPTPK NSC PYUKHFIMYUSH. NS RPMHYUBMY HFEYOYE, FPMSHLP OBIPDSUSH UTEDY UCHPYI, TSDPN U FPCHBTYEBNY, U LEN TBDEMYMY UFPMSh NOPZP RETETSYFPZP b OEDEMY, NEUSGSCH Y ZPDSHCH. CH LBOKHO TKTCDEUFCHB, 24 Delbvts, reipposhk VBFBMSHPO YU DTHZPK DICHYY RTPIPPDIM NNIP Owl on the Retadpchkh DMS HLTERMOOMA HUBUFLB, Yu VSHMMSHLP FPRPF YOPRODODODEN, BBRBBROBODODODODENSE lPZDB LPMPOOB NEDMEOOP FSOHMBUSH NYNP PLPRCH, OBD UFTPEN YЪNHUEOOOSCHI UPMDBF NPTsOP VSCHMP TBMYUYFSH OEZTPNLYE ЪCHKHLY "FYIPK OPYUY, UCHSFPK OPYUY". OE PUFBMPUSH NYTB ABOUT ENME.

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Unfortunately, the events that took place on this secondary sector of the front in 1945. were not widely covered in our press and memoirs. Probably because the main events and the bulk of the participants in the final stage of the war fought on the Oder and Vistula, stormed Berlin and Koenigsberg, repelled German attacks near Balaton and Budapest.
From the reports of the Soviet Information Bureau of that time, it was known that in the so-called Courland cauldron there were only battles of local importance. But the intensity and drama of the fighting in Courland was not much inferior to the battles in the directions of the main strategic strikes.
Interestingly, Berlin was taken for a week already, and German Wehrmacht troops still continued to be on the territory of the USSR, and only on May 10, 1945, the last large city of Latvia - Ventspils, on the coast of the Baltic Sea - was finally liberated by Soviet troops.
What was this grouping of German troops that held out on the Eastern Front the longest? Why did she resist so stubbornly?
It is known that the Courland army group was formed from the Northern army group and received its name "Courland" shortly after the evacuation from Estonia and eastern Latvia, including the mountains. Riga.
Beginning in October 1944, on the territory of the Latvian SSR, on its Baltic coast (from Tukums to the port of Liepaja), two German armies (16th and 18th) were pressed ashore and blocked, that is, a whole group of armies "North ”, where there were even more troops than those who were surrounded near Stalingrad, according to various sources, up to 400 thousand soldiers and officers, as of the beginning of October 1944.
The total area of ​​the Courland boiler occupied about 15 thousand square meters. km (about a quarter of the territory of Latvia). For comparison, about 400 thousand German troops were blocked in the Ruhr pocket in March 1945, 330 thousand (including Italians) in the Tunis pocket in March 1943, and about 200 thousand in Stalingrad in December 1942.
It is worth noting that, unlike most pockets (except Tunisian), the Courland pocket was not blocked from all sides, thus the encircled ones retained the opportunity to communicate with Germany across the Baltic Sea, through the ports of Liepaja and Ventspils.
Thus, it was possible to supply the grouping with ammunition, food, medicines, the wounded were evacuated by sea, and even entire divisions from the grouping were transferred directly to German territory. http://www.volk59.narod.ru/KurlandKessel.htm
According to other sources, the blockaded German troops were somewhat smaller, as is known, the Courland army group consisted of two shock armies - the 16th and 18th. In the autumn of 1944, it numbered over 28-30 divisions, among them about 3 tank divisions.
With an average of 7,000 men in each division, the total strength of the army grouping was 210,000. Including special units, aviation and logistics, the army grouping totaled about 250,000 people.
After, starting from the beginning of 1945, 10 divisions were evacuated by sea to Germany, the strength of the army group at the time of surrender, according to some researchers, was approximately 150-180 thousand people.
All these 30 German divisions defended 200 km of the front, that is, one German division (10-15 thousand people) accounted for 6.6 km of the front. Such a density is more typical for divisions in preparation for an offensive. The Germans had such a high density of troops during the battle for Berlin, on the Seelow Heights.
But there behind them was Berlin, the capital of Germany, a large industrial city and transport center. And what was behind the back of the 400,000th German group in Courland? Two small secondary seaports and a little over fifty farms and villages in a wooded and swampy area. http://forum.medinskiy.ru/viewtopic.php?f=41&t=6631
Nevertheless, the High Command of Nazi Germany attached particular importance to the defense of Courland, defining it as a “Baltic bastion”, “bridgehead”, “breakwater”, “Germany's outer eastern fort”, etc. “The defense of the Baltic states is the best defense of East Prussia ”, — stated in the order of the commander of the group Sherner. Hitler allegedly assumed that in the future all the troops blockaded in Courland would be used for a decisive blow on the Eastern Front.
Two combat-ready German armies could resist indefinitely. They perfectly understood that the path to retreat to Northern Germany was cut off for them, which means that they were ready to fight with the bitterness of the doomed.


At the final stage, the commander of this entire grouping was Infantry General Karl August Gilpert, one of the main actors during the blockade of Leningrad. He had colossal experience, suffice it to say that he had been in the army continuously since October 1907, and was appointed to his position after commanding the same 16th Army. By the way, he was awarded the rank of general on April 1, 1939. Karl August counted on the fact that the remnants of 22 German divisions, assembled in an iron fist, could cause great trouble to the Russians.
In the future, this all happened, the troops under the command of Gilpert really caused a lot of trouble and trouble to the then Soviet command, five serious attempts were made to attack the Soviet troops in order to eliminate the Courland group, and all of them were unsuccessful.
The first attempt to break through the German defense line was made from October 16 to 19, 1944, when, immediately after the creation of the "cauldron" and the capture of Riga, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command ordered the 1st and 2nd Baltic Fronts to immediately liquidate the Courland grouping of German troops. The 1st Shock Army, advancing on the coast of the Gulf of Riga, operated more successfully than other Soviet armies. On October 18, she crossed the Lielupe River and captured the village of Kemeri, but the next day she was stopped by the Germans on the outskirts of Tukums. The rest of the Soviet armies could not advance due to the fierce resistance of the Germans, who went over to counterattacks.
The second time the battle for Courland took place from 27 to 31 October 1944. The armies of the two Baltic fronts fought on the Kemeri-Gardene-Letskava line south of Liepaja. Attempts by the Soviet armies (6 combined arms and 1 tank armies) to break through the German defenses brought only tactical successes. By November 1, a crisis had set in: most of the personnel and offensive equipment were out of order, and the ammunition had been used up.
The third attempt to break through the front line was made from 21 to 25 December 1944. The tip of the blow of the Soviet troops fell on the city of Liepaja. According to the German side, the Soviet side lost up to 40,000 soldiers and 541 tanks in January in Courland.
The fourth military operation in Courland (Priekul operation) took place from February 20 to 28, 1945.
After strong artillery preparation and bombing by front-line aviation, the front line in the Priekule area was broken through by units of the 6th Guards and 51st Armies, which were opposed by the 11th, 12th, 121st and 126th Infantry Divisions of the German 18th th army. On the first day of the breakthrough, it was possible to pass no more than 2-3 km with the hardest battles. On the morning of February 21, Priekule was occupied by the right-flank units of the 51st Army, the advance of the Soviet troops amounted to no more than 2 kilometers. The basis of the enemy's defense was made up of tanks dug into the ground up to the tower.


According to the memoirs of General M.I. Kazakov, enemy tanks could only be defeated by bomb attacks and large-caliber guns, for which there was a catastrophic lack of ammunition. The resistance of the enemy was growing, fresh divisions of the second and third echelon were introduced into the battle, including the "Courland fire brigade" - the 14th tank division, the battered 126th infantry division was replaced on February 24 by the 132nd infantry division and the German troops managed to stop the advance of the Soviet troops. On February 28, the operation was interrupted.
On the evening of February 28, the formations of the 6th Guards and 51st Armies, reinforced by the 19th Tank Corps, expanded the breakthrough in the enemy defenses to 25 kilometers and, moving 9-12 kilometers deep, reached the Vartava River. The immediate task of the armies was completed. But to develop tactical success into an operational one and break through to Liepaja, which was about 30 kilometers away, there was no strength. (From the memoirs of the Chief of Staff of the 2nd Baltic Front L.M. Sandalov “After the Break”. - M .: Voenizdat, 1983.)
For the fifth and last time the battle for Courland took place from 17 to 28 March 1945. This is when, south of the city of Saldus, on the morning of March 17, Soviet troops made the last attempt to break through the German defense line.
By the morning of March 18, the advance of the troops took place in two ledges, deep into the enemy's defenses. Despite the fact that some units achieved significant success, some of them were then withdrawn. This happened due to the beginning of their encirclement by the enemy, as happened with the 8th and 29th Guards Rifle Divisions in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe Dzeni settlement. On March 25, the 8th (Panfilov) division was encircled by the enemy, then fought the hardest battles for two days.
Only on March 28, the Soviet unit, having broken through the encirclement, went to its units. On April 1, 1945, part of the troops was transferred from the disbanded 2nd Baltic Front to the Leningrad Front (including the 6th Guards Army, 10th Guards Army, 15th Air Army) and it was entrusted with the task of continuing blockade of the Courland grouping of enemy troops.

On May 9, 1945, Germany capitulated, but Army Group Courland resisted the Soviet troops in the Courland Pocket until May 15. (see reports of the Sovinformburo).
List of units that took part in the battles: (1st and 4th shock, 6th and 10th guards, 22nd, 42nd, 51st armies, 15th air army - a total of 429 thousand people ).
The Courland group of Germans was less than 30 incomplete divisions, only about 200 thousand people) http://forum.ykt.ru/viewtopic.jsp?id=2801553
According to other sources, by mid-February 1945, one tank division, a Norwegian-Danish SS division, a Dutch SS brigade, and 8 infantry divisions were sent across the Baltic Sea to Germany.
22 divisions remained in the boiler (2 tank divisions, 1 division of the SS troops (Latvian), 14 infantry divisions, 2 security divisions, 2 airfield divisions, 1 border division (Estonian).

Soviet troops ceased active hostilities in early April 1945.
In a month and a half of fighting, they lost 30 thousand killed and 130 thousand wounded (according to Soviet documentary data). The Germans also suffered losses, the 21st airfield division was disbanded due to losses. In April 1945, two more divisions were evacuated from the Courland pocket to Germany (the 12th airfield and 11th infantry divisions; the 14th tank division was withdrawn to Liepaja for evacuation). Up to 200 thousand remained in the boiler (including more than 10 thousand Latvians and Estonians). The exact data on the losses of the Germans is still not known. Оhttp://www.mywebs.su/blog/history/2244.html
The enemy was so strong that even in a month of fighting after the assault on Königsberg, the Germans could not be thrown into the sea, despite all the efforts of the troops of the Leningrad Front and the Baltic Fleet, and this with all the power and combat experience that the Red Army possessed in 1945.


Despite the announced surrender, the Germans from Courland still broke through to Germany. So, on the night of May 9, from the port of Liepaja, first 2 convoys were sent, consisting of 27 boats of the 14th security flotilla and 23 ships, on which 6620 people were taken out. Some time later, the third convoy of 6 ships with 3,780 people on board departed. An hour later, the fourth convoy, consisting of 19 torpedo boats with 2,000 people on board, managed to depart from the port of Liepaja.
During the release of the fourth convoy to Liepaja, the vanguard units of the Red Army entered. From that moment on, the evacuation from Liepaja was stopped.
From the port of Ventspils, the German command also sent two convoys of 15 boats, 45 landing barges, on which there were 11,300 soldiers and officers.
In the Latvian forests, on the territory occupied by the Nazis, there were many Soviet reconnaissance groups. On May 8, 1945, they received the strictest order: do not leave the forest! And the shots sounded here even after the Victory Day; so, on May 10, when the Nazis stumbled upon one of our reconnaissance groups, they completely destroyed it!
The commander of the German group, Karl August Gilpert, had already surrendered by that time. Mass surrender began at 23:00 on 8 May.
By 8 a.m. on May 10, 68,578 German soldiers and non-commissioned officers, 1,982 officers and 13 generals had surrendered.
Among the generals are the commander of the Kurland group of German armies, infantry general Gilpert, the commander of the 16th army, lieutenant general Volkamer, the commander of the 18th army, lieutenant general Bege, the commander of the 2nd army corps, lieutenant general Gausse and others ...

A few words about how the further fate of the participants in the events developed. A native of Nuremberg, Karl August Gilpert, was not on the list of defendants at the Nuremberg trials (probably he was too insignificant a figure for the tribunal).
Gilpert spent the last years of his life in ... Moscow, in one of the prisons. Here he died on December 24, 1948 at the age of 61. Buried in Krasnogorsk.
http://battleminers.5bb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=292
An interesting fact is that a small group of German soldiers from the Courland group, somewhere around 3 thousand people. they even managed to escape to neutral Sweden, where they were placed in a camp, while the local administration gave guarantees that they would not be sent to the Soviet Union. http://rutracker.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3608827
In the future, the promise given by the Swedes remained unfulfilled, since on November 30, 1945. almost more than 6 months after the end of the war, the Swedish police, skillfully wielding batons, loaded all the captured Germans into a prepared train and sent all the former "Courlanders" to Trilleborg, where a Soviet ship was waiting for them and further travel through the vast expanses of the Soviet Union.

Exemplarily holding the Vyborg offensive operation, which resulted in the defeat of the main armed forces of Finland and its subsequent withdrawal from the war, Marshal of the Soviet Union L.A. Govorov developed and carried out a number of military-unique operations: Narva, Tallinn offensive and Moonsund landing operation. In these operations, Govorov skillfully combined actions ground forces, aviation and ships of the Baltic Fleet.

In the course of stubborn battles, the German task force "Narva" was defeated, as a result, in just 10 days, the territory of Estonia was liberated. An interesting fact: the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps successfully fought as part of the Leningrad Front, which was entrusted with the honor of being the first to enter on September 22, 1944 in the liberated capital of Estonia - Tallinn. thousands local residents Then they went out with bouquets of flowers to the streets of the city to greet the Soviet troops.

An important fact: despite the fierce resistance of the Nazi troops, Marshal Govorov forbade the use of heavy artillery and heavy aviation bombs during the capture of the Baltic cities in order to preserve the monuments of culture and life of the townspeople.

Starting from October 1, 1944, by order VGK rates, simultaneously with the command of his front, L.A. Govorov coordinates the actions of the 2nd and 3rd Baltic fronts in the Riga operation, the purpose of which was the liberation of the capital of Latvia - the city of Riga. After the capture of Riga by the Soviet troops on October 16, 1944, Army Group North was cut off from Army Group Center and began to withdraw to the Courland Peninsula. The remnants of the troops of the North Army Group, badly battered by the Soviet troops, the same ones that had besieged besieged Leningrad for almost 900 days and nights, were transformed into the Kurland Army Group.

For the successes achieved during the offensive, on January 27, 1945, on the first anniversary of the lifting of the blockade of Leningrad, Marshal L. A. Govorov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Until the end of the war, Marshal L.A. Govorov continued to command the Leningrad Front, and from February to March 1945, also the 2nd Baltic Front. At the same time, the Headquarters instructed Govorov to coordinate the military operations of the 1st and 2nd Baltic Fronts. On April 1, the 2nd Baltic Front was disbanded, and all its units became part of the Leningrad Front.

Developing the offensive, the troops of the Leningrad Front broke into the enemy's defenses in depth, pressing the Courland grouping closer to the sea. Nazi German troops. The Nazis resisted desperately, not giving up hope of breaking into East Prussia. Moreover, they still represent an impressive military force- 32 divisions, numbering over 300 thousand battle-hardened soldiers and officers who have nothing to lose, a large amount of weapons and equipment, including aircraft. How Hitler missed these troops near Berlin!

Marshal L.A. Govorov interrogates prisoners fascist generals
from Army Group Courland. May 1945

Leading the fighting against the Courland grouping of German troops, Govorov, in order to minimize their losses on final stage war, convinces Stalin to abandon active offensive hostilities in favor of the blockade of the enemy locked up on the Courland Peninsula. Taking into account the unquestioned authority of Govorov during this period as a commander, the Headquarters gives him the go-ahead.

It seems that the mothers and wives of tens of thousands of our soldiers and officers should have been grateful to Marshal Govorov for this.

At this time in the blocked German divisions there is an increasing shortage of food. Nor does their connection by sea with the "mainland" save them. Fewer and fewer German transport ships manages to break through to the peninsula. In the end, the Germans themselves had to switch to rations slightly higher than the besieged Leningrad. According to the reconnaissance of the Leningrad Front, from March 1 to May 1, 1945, surrounded by the Nazis, more than 47 thousand combat horses were eaten.

The roles have been reversed this time. Leningrad was liberated from the blockade, but the invaders themselves fell into the blockade. But the Nazis did not endure the Soviet blockade.

Marshal of the Soviet Union L.A. Govorov,
Commander of the Order of Victory.

In his working room in a wooden house in the town of Mazeikiai, L.A. Govorov drew up his last combat document - an ultimatum to the command of all units and formations of the Wehrmacht blocked on the Courland Peninsula. On the morning of May 7, 1945, Marshal Govorov's ultimatum was read to the Germans over the radio. Infantry General Gilpert, commander of the Kurland Army Group, was given 24 hours to think; in case of refusal, the Soviet troops were to go on the offensive.

The Nazis played for time until the very end. They knew that they were surrendering to Marshal Govorov, but they did not know which front he commanded at that time. A radiogram with an ultimatum was transmitted from the radio station of the 2nd Baltic Front. Therefore, the Nazis were sure that they were not surrendering to the Leningraders, but to the Baltic soldiers. They really did not want to fall into the hands of those whom they starved and fired upon in besieged Leningrad.

Finally, on May 8, 1945 at 22.00, the command of the Army Group "Kurland" accepted the terms of the Soviet ultimatum and capitulated. Only after the surrender of the "deception" was revealed, but it was too late. The main forces of the group have already begun to surrender. Marshal Govorov, perfectly knowing German, he himself interrogated the surrendered fascist generals.

Some senior officers, having learned that they still surrender to the Leningraders, committed suicide. A small part of the Germans fled through the forests.

In this regard, Marshal Govorov decided to comb (as they say now "clean up") the entire Courland Peninsula. Small groups of escaped fascists were caught, those who resisted were destroyed on the spot. Only by the end of May 16, 1945, the entire peninsula was cleared of the enemy. In total, 189 thousand soldiers and officers and 42 generals were taken prisoner. A large number of guns, tanks, aircraft and other equipment and weapons were captured.

The motherland highly appreciated the merits of L.A. Govorov in the Great Patriotic war. For the defeat of the Nazis near Leningrad and in the Baltic states on May 31, 1945, L.A. Govorov was awarded the highest military order "Victory". During the war, Govorov went from Major General of Artillery to Marshal of the Soviet Union, and this was just 4 years and 12 days!