In addition to personal forms of verbs in modern Russian, there are also without personal verbs , which denote an action that proceeds on its own, without any relation to the subject (i.e., to the person). 2. Verbs-predicates in without personal offer have the form of the 3rd person singular or the neuter singular form -- in both cases without specifying the producer of the action: I don't sleeping something. In the morning me feverish.

The predicate of impersonal sentences is most often expressed by the following verbs:

• 1) Personal verbs in impersonal use (these are verbs that lose their forms of change and freeze in the form of the 3rd person singular or in the form of the past tense): hay smells ; wave broke boat(cf. Hay smells ; Wave smashed boat -- the same verbs are used in the personal form).
• 2) Personal verbs in impersonal use that have acquired a new lexical meaning and turned into impersonal verbs: To you lucky (about happiness, good luck). Works enough (enough). Their personal forms lucky (horse lucky ), enough (Fish enough bait) have a completely different meaning.
• 3) Actually impersonal verbs that have no homonyms among personal verbs: It's getting dark. It's getting light.
• 4) impersonal predicate often expressed in a special impersonal form of verbs, formed from the 3rd person form or the neuter form by adding a suffix -sya (s): not sleeping - not sleepingXia ; did not believe - did not believecamping . The predicate means various states people who do not depend on their will: Two o'clock in the morning... Can't sleep .
• 5) A verb can also be used as an impersonal was - will be(in the meaning of "there was" - "there is"): Works It was weeks for two. The present tense in a statement is indicated by a pause in place of the omitted verb: Work - two weeks, and in case of negation - an impersonal form No: Not there was time.--Not time.

composite verbal predicate: noticeably began to brighten . It was starting to get dark . to me wanted to sleep .

Compound predicate, which includes state category adverbs (possible, must, necessary, necessary, necessary, impossible, ashamed, fearful, sickening, sorry, it's time, sad, fun, gratifying, warm, painful, dry, damp, cold, comfortable and etc.), copula and often indefinite form of the verb, for example: It was already dark . To you cold a little. to me It was it's a pity old man. Necessary rebuild all life. Us it's time to go . It was fun to hear jingling of a Russian bell. It was a pity to me part with the old man. It was terrible to stay in the dark. About the trip couldn't even think .

Verbs can also express:

• 1. Natural phenomena ( evening, dusk, dawn).
• 2. Physical and mental condition person ( shivering, unwell, feverish, sick, (not) wanting).
• 3. The action of some elemental force ( water flooded the fields, covered the paths with snow, smashed a tree with lightning).
• (Such impersonal verbs tend to be combined with nouns in the form instrumental with the meaning of the instrument of action).

Impersonal verbs always act as a predicate in a one-part impersonal sentence in which there is no subject and cannot be.

For example: It's evening outside. I'm not well

In modern Russian, it is customary to distinguish two types impersonal verbs.

• 1. Proper-impersonal verbs , which always act as a predicate in a one-part personal sentence. These are the verbs: dawn, evening, dusk, nausea, tickle, unwell, can not sleep and etc.
• 2. Personal verbs in impersonal meaning (use). Such verbs can act as a predicate both in a two-part sentence and in a one-part impersonal one.

What are called verbs in Russian? This is a part of speech initial form answering the questions "What to do?" ( drink, sing, paint, walk) or “What to do?” ( drink, sing, paint, go). Verbs most often denote an action, sometimes a state. They can be personal, i.e. denoting an action that a certain person performs.

Examples. blooms bird cherry. Her fragrance circling head. Here is someone from the hill went down. AT this case the verbs "blooms" and "descended" name the action that performs specific person(bird cherry blooms, somebody went down), which is why they are called personal.

Impersonal verbs express an action that takes place without its producer.

Examples. It's getting dark. It's getting cold. me a little feverish.

Impersonal verbs can be combined into semantic groups.

First group.

It includes verbs that express actions that take place in nature. It's getting dark, it's getting colder, it's snowing, it's freezing.

Second group.

Verbs expressing a state or feeling. Chills, feverish, unwell.

Third group.

Impersonal verbs fixing desire, necessity, possibility or measure of action. Enough, should, should.

Impersonal verbs and personal verbs are inextricably linked in the language. In particular, often the personal form acts as an impersonal one.

Examples. Ringing(l.ch.) call, the holidays have come. in my head ringing(bl.ch.) from an overabundance of emotions.

In the first sentence, the personal form of the verb "rings" denotes an action that is performed by a certain manufacturer (ringing). In the second case, the action takes place (occurs) regardless of the producer, in itself, it denotes a state, therefore, in this case it does not and cannot have a producer. (Can someone ring in their head?) It's impersonal

Impersonal verbs freeze (used) only in certain, fixed forms.

If they are worth it, they can be used exclusively:

• in the third person singular;
• in the present or future tense;
• in past tense, neuter form

Example. Soon it will get dark very early. (Ch. used in the future tense, singular, third person). autumn getting dark early. (Present tense, singular, third person). Today froze. middle genus, unit number).

If the verbs are in then they are used in the neuter gender.

Example. Quicker would freeze about.

AT indefinite form.

Example. Soon starts to get dark.

Impersonal verbs are always the main member (predicate) in the meaning of these sentences is determined by the meaning of impersonal verbs. Some of them record the state of wildlife ( How early it gets dark in autumn!). Others are the state of a living being, including a person. ( Breathe easy in spring. Fear filled his heart.) Finally, sentences of this kind can have meaning obligation or necessity. ( He pronounced the words clearly good teacher ).

Personal verbs capable of speaking in impersonal form much more (in our language). The structures of such sentences, their meanings are very diverse. They decorate speech, give it figurativeness, emotionality.

Example. Sky laid dark clouds.

Verb tenses in Russian are an important morphological category. it non-permanent feature. It denotes the moment of performing a certain action in relation to the moment of speech. This attribute changes depending on the context.

Examples. I I draw I love you I draw. The action takes place in this moment.

I love you painted, just like that did not recognize. The action took place in the past.

I draw you queen. I I will draw tomorrow morning. The action will take place in the future.

To determine the tense of a verb, it is enough to ask a question.

Verbs in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood have an inconstant morphological trait faces.

Face indicates the producer of the action.

Form 1 of the person indicates that the speaker is the producer of the action (alone or with a group of people): I'm going, let's go.

The 2nd person form indicates that the listener/listeners are the producer of the action: go, go, go, go.

Form 3 of the person indicates that the action is carried out by persons not participating in the dialogue, or objects: go, go, let go / go.

Forms 1 and 2 of the person, in the absence of a subject, may indicate that the action is attributed to any producer (see generalized personal one-part sentence: The quieter you go, the further you'll get).

In terms of relation to morphological category Person verbs can be divided into personal and impersonal.

Personal verbs denote actions that have a producer, and can act as predicates of two-part sentences ( I'm sick).

Impersonal verbs denote an action that does not have a producer ( It's getting dark), or an action that is conceived as occurring against the will of the subject ( I'm not well). These are states of nature evening), person ( I'm shivering) or subjective assessment situations ( I want to believe it). Impersonal verbs cannot be predicates of two-part sentences and act as main member one-part impersonal sentence.

Impersonal verbs have limited quantity forms:

In the past tense of the indicative mood and in conditional mood the impersonal form coincides with the form of the neuter sg. numbers: light (would);

In the present / future tense of the indicative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular. numbers: shines, will shine;

In the imperative mood, the impersonal form coincides with the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers: Get up early, I would get up early (portable use imperative mood in the meaning of the conditional).

Most impersonal verbs also have an infinitive form, but some impersonal verbs do not even have it, for example: Should be done ahead of time(verb to follow in the infinitive, the obligation does not matter).

Personal verbs can also appear in the impersonal form (cf.: The wave washed away the boat. - The wave washed away the boat.). This happens when the action itself is more important for the speaker than its producer.

AT indicative mood the morphological feature of a person is expressed by personal endings and, if there is a subject in the sentence, is agreement category: personal pronouns I and we require setting the verb in the form of 1 person, personal pronouns you and you require the verb to be put in the 2nd person, other pronouns and all nouns, as well as words that act as a noun, require the use of the verb in the form of the 3rd person.

Conjugation

Conjugation- this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers.

The endings of the present/simple future tense are called personal endings verb (since they also convey the meaning of the person).

Personal endings depend on the conjugation of the verb:

If the personal endings of the verb are stressed, then the conjugation is determined by the endings. Yes, the verb sleep refers to II conjugation ( sleep), and the verb drink- to I conjugation ( drink-eat). The same conjugation includes prefixed verbs derived from them with unstressed endings (drink-eat).

If the endings are unstressed, then the conjugation is determined by the form of the infinitive of the verb: to II conjugation all verbs belong to - it, Besides shave, lay, be based, as well as 11 exceptions: 7 verbs in - et (watch, see, endure, twirl, depend, hate, offend) and 4 verbs in - at (hear, breathe, drive, hold). The rest of the verbs are I conjugation.

In Russian, there are verbs in which some of the personal endings belong to the first conjugation, and some to the second. Such verbs are called differently conjugated. it want, run, honor and all verbs formed from the above.

Verb to want has endings of I conjugation in all forms of singular. numbers and endings of II conjugation in all plural forms. numbers.

Verb run away has endings of the II conjugation in all forms, except for the 3rd person plural. numbers where it has the ending I of the conjugation.

Verb honor can either be heterogeneous, or refer to the II conjugation, which depends on the form of the 3rd person pl. numbers honor / honor.

In addition, there are verbs, some of the personal endings of which are not presented in either I or II conjugations. Such verbs have special conjugation. it there is and to give and all derived from them ( eat, give), as well as verbs associated with data by origin ( bother, create). They have the following endings:

Most verbs have all possible forms persons and numbers, but there are also verbs that do not have or usually do not use certain forms. Yes, for verbs to win, to find oneself, to stupefy there are no forms of 1 person unit. numbers, for verbs crowd, group, scatter singular forms are not used. numbers, for verbs foal, crystallize- Forms 1 and 2 persons.

Some verbs call such processes, states, the meaning of which does not correlate with any actor. This is a designation of the states of nature, man: dawn, dusk, evening, unwell, want, managed Impersonal verbs are used in the form that coincides in the present tense with the 3rd person singular form, and in the past tense with the neuter singular form: " It's getting light. The sky is opening wider and wider. The night drinks a sip after a sip" (Lighthouse . ); "It got dark. Along the alleys, over sleepy ponds, I wander at random "(Bun.).

Sometimes some personal verbs appear in an impersonal meaning. For example: "How late autumn sometimes. There are days, there are hours. When will blow suddenly in the spring And something will stir in us "(Tyutch.); "No birds are visible. The forest humbly languishes, empty and sick. Mushrooms came off, but firmly smells In ravines with mushroom dampness "(Bun.);" Melo, melo in all the earth, to all limits, The candle warmed on the stele, the candle burned "(Past.).

Attention should be paid to those cases when a personal verb in an impersonal meaning is used in such a sentence, where, in principle, another construction is also possible: with a subject indicating the subject of the action, and the same (or close in meaning) verb used in a personal form . For example: "It has not yet grown dark at all, and the frost has grown furiously in the evening. With a prickly-scalding wind muzzle from the side of the dark crimson slit of sunset pressed to the ground, and as if from side to side shook above the height of the thundering firing of battle. Strongly carried icy crumbs swept from parapets, sharp as broken glass, pricked in the lips, in the eyes" (Bond.). A synonymous replacement is acceptable here: "by the wind muzzle"– "blew wind", " carried, pricked ice crumb "-" rushed, pricked ice crumb". However, options with impersonal and personal forms verbs differ in expressive and semantic nuances. Sentences containing a subject and a predicate (a personal verb) draw a more concrete, "existential" picture of the world. And the use of verbs in an impersonal meaning leads to the fact that the actions indicated by these verbs and naming the processes occurring in nature become more mysterious, vague, mysterious in the reader's perception. And she herself becomes just as mysterious, ghostly and unsteady. picture of the world depicted by the writer.

Note. In the individual poetic style of speech, on the contrary, there are cases of using impersonal verbs in a personal meaning: "Suddenly - I I'm getting light be able - and the day rings again "(Mayak.). Such deviations from the traditional use, due to their unusualness, are very expressive.

view category

The aspect category is the ability of the verb to characterize how the action develops in time (regardless of the moment of speech). So, some verbs represent the action as limited in its development by some limit. These are verbs perfect look. Others are like a process that is not limited by any limit. These are imperfective verbs.

The limit of the development of an action, expressed by perfective verbs, can be different. Most logically, the idea of ​​the end of the course of an action is associated with the concept of a limit. The termination of the action may be due to its exhaustion: "The snowflake slowly melted away"(V.Kat.). special case exhaustion of action - the achievement of the result that was sought: "Now it turns out that he wrote great work "(Ch.);" Lebedkin picked up a lump of earth and raster between the fingers "(A. Stepanov). In both cases, the nature of the length of the action in time (its duration or shortness) is not felt, the characteristic of the action is focused on expressing the idea of ​​the end, ending it as exhausted, effective. In verbs with a certain structure (mainly with prefix from-, and also with this prefix and postfix -sya) the action is presented not only as having ceased (for some reason, but not in connection with its exhaustion), but also as having continued for a long time: " Dissuaded golden birch grove, cheerful language"(Ec.);" - I'm going east, - the captain suddenly announced loudly and defiantly, - reclaimed - he nodded at his motionless left hand"(Chuck.).

The limit can refer to the beginning of the action, and the actions themselves can be felt a) as more or less long or, on the contrary, b) as those whose length in time is not felt in any way: a) "And he obediently on his way drip and by morning he returned with poison "(P.);" sang hewn drogs" (Ec.); b) "How plead goldfish "(P.).

An action (state) can be represented as a process, the development of which is limited to some (relatively short) time period: "Junior officers got together chat and smoke"(Kupr.); "You call me, friend, mourn at sleepy shores "(Ec.).

The action can be characterized as having taken place in one act, including instantly: "How old are you?" - "Eighty", - joked young lady "(Ch.);" smiled sleepy birches" (Ec.).

Since the perfective verbs express the relation to the internal limit (the completed transition from the absence of action to the action that has begun, the transition from the action to the absence of action, the completion of the action for some time), it is clear, obviously, that perfective verbs do not have a present tense.

Imperfective verbs represent action or a) as continuing indefinite time without interruption, "continuous", i.e. without a definite beginning and end, or b) as also not limited in time, but intermittent, repeating from time to time: a) "You flowing like a river strange name"(B. Ok.); "Two-light hall shone morning light; the morning light was a gray and overcast light; thick stems rocked in the window of ricinia in the rain; they were doused with crystal and silver, muddy trickles carried in the windows there is red sand of the paths "(A. Bel.); b) "Doctor slowly stirred with a spoon in a glass and smoked "(Veres.); "In the garden .... lazily howls dog" (Ch.); "Old Monsikha grafted to the back rooms of women-witnesses "(A.N.T.).

The use of circumstantial words is closely related to how the action develops, how it is represented by perfective and imperfective verbs (and vice versa, the meaning of certain adverbial words used in the text determines the use of verbs a certain kind). So, for example, when the action is one-act, instantaneous, adverbial words like suddenly, suddenly, unexpectedly(as well as words fixing the time, the moment of the action; in this time, then, immediately etc.). The action is repetitive, intermittent, arising and ceasing, reappearing and ceasing again, etc., can be accompanied by words like often, at times, from time to time, sometimes, every now and then. If we are talking about continuous long acting, such clarifying or reinforcing words as endlessly, incessantly, all the time, for a long time etc. etc.