what is direct and figurative meaning the words?
- What is the literal and figurative meaning of the word?
These are two terms from word formation - the science of replenishing the vocabulary of a language at the expense of its own means, and not by borrowing from other languages.
According to tradition, some words of a language can distinguish two or more lexical meanings related to each other in some way. This relationship is described, for example, in the book by V.V. Vinogradov "The Russian language. The grammatical doctrine of the word", as well as in academic grammars, according to which school textbooks.
It is believed that a word with one - direct - meaning, in some cases, due to semantic transfer, by the similarity of phenomena (metaphor) or by the adjacency of the functions of phenomena (metonymy) can receive an additional - figurative meaning.
So, the verb "injure" can have a direct meaning "maim, damage, destroy tissue human body" (The soldier was wounded by the police with a pistol) and the figurative meaning "to hurt a person's feelings, offend, insult" (E was wounded by the words of a classmate).
In a similar way we can talk about the direct and figurative meanings of many words: "go, poisonous, transparent, shell" and so on.
It is believed that all figurative meanings of a word arise on the basis of one - direct meaning, that is, the direct meaning is the source for all figurative ones, and figurative ones are always secondary.
I must say that the issue of figurative meanings is rather controversial: sometimes it is not possible to determine what is primary and what is secondary in the same "word". Or the transfer mechanism is not clear (why is a person sometimes called the word "goat"?). Or between the same sounding words there is no semantic connection at all (a person goes / a dress goes to her). In such cases, they are no longer talking about direct and figurative meaning (together they define the term "polysemy"), but about homonyms.
This is problem modern linguistics, which has yet to be unambiguously resolved. - Well, yes
- this is when words don’t go together, for example, eat like a bear, this is a translational meaning
- The direct meaning of a word is its specific formulation, that is, what it means in literally words, but figurative, that is, it is used with a slightly different meaning, not natural for the surrounding world, for example, the word tail ... The direct meaning is the tail of a dog, the tail of a creature .... and the figurative tail is, for example, to correct tails, that is, to correct deuces) something like this)
- monosemantic and polysemantic words. The direct and figurative meanings of the word Zhdanova L. A. A word can have one lexical meaning then it is unique or has several (two or more) meanings; such a word is called polysemantic. There are enough unambiguous words in the language a large number of, but the most frequent common words usually ambiguous. There are many unambiguous words among the terms, names of tools, professions, animals, plants, etc. For example, the words dualism, planer, neuropathologist, roe deer, poplar, tulle, trolley bus, wattle fence are unambiguous. Polysemantic words can have from two to more than two dozen meanings (for example, the word go in the Ozhegov Dictionary has 26 meanings). If a word is polysemantic, there is a semantic connection between its meanings (not necessarily all at once). For example, for the word road in the Ozhegov Dictionary, the following values: 1. Strip of land intended for movement. Asphalt road. 2. The place where you need to go or drive, the route. On the way to the house. 3. Travel, stay on the road. Tired from the road. 4. Mode of action, direction of activity. Road to success. The first three values are common component movement in space, the fourth meaning is connected with the second: both contain the meaning of direction (in the second meaning, the direction of movement in space, and in the fourth in activity, in development). In a polysemantic word, the direct (basic) meaning of the word and figurative (derivative) meanings are distinguished. The figurative meaning is the result of the transfer of the name (sound-letter means) to other phenomena of reality, which begin to be denoted by the same word. There are two types of name transfer: metaphor and metonymy. It should be noted that the question of which meaning is direct and which is figurative should be decided on a modern language cut, and not translated into the field of the history of the language. For example, the word stick in the Ozhegov Dictionary is interpreted as follows ...
- line and bend
- to make an elephant out of moss is a figurative meaning, for example, we cannot make an elephant out of a fly, but the direct meaning is to confuse everything to turn the real into something else
With ambiguity, one of the meanings of the word is direct, and all the rest are figurative.The direct meaning of a word is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately evokes an idea of them and in least degree context dependent. Words often appear in the direct meaning.
The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
Toy, -and, well. 1. A thing that serves for the game. Kids toys. 2. trans. One who blindly acts according to someone else's will, an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.
The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the ambiguity of the word is formed.Depending on the basis of which sign the value is transferred, there are three main types of value transfer:
metaphor,
metonymy,
synecdoche.
Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:
ripe apple eyeball (in shape);
the nose of a person the nose of a ship (by location);
chocolate bar chocolate tan (by color);
bird wing aircraft wing (by function);
howled ps howled the wind (according to the nature of the sound);
and etc.
Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency:
water boils; kettle boils;
porcelain dish delicious dish;
native gold Scythian gold
and etc.
Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche meaning) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa:
thick currant ripe currant;
beautiful mouth extra mouth (oh extra person in family) ;
big head clever mind
and etc.
In the process of developing figurative meanings, the word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding the main meaning. Over time, figurative meanings can become direct.It is possible to determine in what meaning a word is used only in context.
We sat on the corner of the bastion, so that we could see the sun in both directions. In Tarakanovo, as in the most deaf corner of a bear, there was no place for secrets.
In the first sentence, the word ANGLE is used in the direct meaning of a place where two sides of something converge, intersect. And in stable combinations in a deaf corner, a bearish corner, the meaning of the word will be figurative: in a deaf corner in a remote area, a bearish corner is a deaf place.In explanatory dictionaries, the direct meaning of the word is given first, and the figurative meanings come under numbers starting from 2. The meaning that was recently fixed as a figurative goes with the mark of the translation. :
Wooden, th, th. 1. Made from wood. 2. trans. Motionless, expressionless. Wooden expression. #9830;Wood oil cheap olive oil - direct when words have their own meaning, and figuratively another, for example, golden hands in the literal sense of the hand of gold, and figuratively hardworking hands.
- The direct meaning of the word is the main one and reflects the direct correlation of the word with the called object, sign, action, phenomenon.
The figurative meaning of a word arises on the basis of a direct one as a result of the transfer of the name of one object (attribute, action, etc.) to another, in some way similar to it. Thus, the figurative meaning of a word reflects the connection between the word and the called phenomenon of reality not directly, but through comparison with other words. For example, the direct meaning of the word rain is precipitation in the form of drops, and the figurative flow small particles something, pouring in a multitude.
One word can have several figurative meanings. So, the word burn has the following figurative meanings: 1) to be in a fever, in a feverish state (the patient is on fire); 2) blush from a rush of blood (cheeks burn); 3) sparkle, shine (eyes burn); 4) experience something strong feeling(to burn with love for poetry).
Over time, figurative meanings can become direct. For example, the word nose is now used in its direct meaning, if we are talking and about the organ of smell, located on the face of a person or on the muzzle of animals, and about the front of the vessel.
It is possible to determine in what meaning the word is used only in the context: a drop, a drop of water, a drop of pity; insatiable insatiable animal, insatiable ambition; golden golden ring, golden autumn. The figurative meaning is one of the meanings polysemantic word and is given in explanatory dictionaries marked with translation. .
1. Here, where the vault of heaven looks so languidly at the skinny earth, - here, plunging into an iron dream, tired nature sleeps (F. Tyutchev). 2. The sun turns golden. Buttercup is cold. The river is silvery and naughty with water (K. Balmont).
With ambiguity, one of the meanings of the word is direct, and all the rest are figurative. The direct meaning of a word is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed at the object (immediately causes an idea of the object, phenomenon) and is least dependent on the context.
Words, denoting objects, actions, signs, quantity, most often appear in their direct meaning. The figurative meaning of a word is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one. For example: Toy, -i, f. 1. A thing that serves for the game. Kids toys. 2. trans. One who blindly acts according to someone else's will, an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands. The essence of polysemy lies in the fact that some name of an object, phenomenon passes, is also transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects, phenomena at the same time. Depending on the basis of which sign the name is transferred, there are three main types of figurative meaning: 1) metaphor; 2) metonymy; 3) synecdoche. A metaphor (from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity, for example: a ripe apple is an eyeball (in shape); the nose of a person is the bow of a ship (according to location); chocolate bar - chocolate tan (by color); bird wing - aircraft wing (by function); the dog howled - the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound), etc. Metonymy (then Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their proximity *, for example: water boils - a kettle boils; a porcelain dish is a tasty dish; native gold - Scythian gold, etc. A variety of metonymy is synecdoche. Synecdoche (from the Greek "synekdoche - connotation) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa, for example: thick currant - ripe currant; a beautiful mouth is an extra mouth (about an extra person in the family); a big head - a smart head, etc. In the process of developing figurative names, a word can be enriched with new meanings as a result of narrowing or expanding the main meaning. Over time, figurative meanings can become direct. In explanatory dictionaries, the direct meaning of the word is given first, and the figurative meanings are numbered 2, 3, 4, 5. The meaning recorded as a figurative recently is marked "trans".
The direct meaning of the word is its main lexical meaning. It is directly directed to the designated object, phenomenon, action, sign, immediately causes an idea of them and is least dependent on the context. Words often appear in the direct meaning.
The figurative meaning of the word - this is its secondary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one.
Toy, -and, well. 1. A thing that serves for the game. Kids toys. 2. trans. One who blindly acts according to someone else's will, an obedient instrument of someone else's will (disapproved). To be a toy in someone's hands.
The essence of the transfer of meaning is that the meaning is transferred to another object, another phenomenon, and then one word is used as the name of several objects at the same time. In this way, the ambiguity of the word is formed. Depending on the basis of which sign the meaning is transferred, there are three main types of meaning transfer: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche.
Metaphor (from the Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of a name by similarity:
ripe apple - eyeball (in shape); the nose of a person - the bow of the ship (according to the location); chocolate bar - chocolate tan (by color); bird wing - aircraft wing (by function); the dog howled - the wind howled (according to the nature of the sound); and etc.
Metonymy (from the Greek metonymia - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency:
water boils - the kettle boils; a porcelain dish is a tasty dish; native gold - Scythian gold, etc.
Synecdoche (from the Greek synekdoche - connotation) is the transfer of the name of the whole to its part and vice versa:
dense currant - ripe currant; a beautiful mouth is an extra mouth (about an extra person in the family); big head - smart head, etc.
20. Stylistic use of homonyms.
Homonyms are words that sound the same but have different meanings. As you know, within homonymy, lexical and morphological homonyms are distinguished. Lexical homonyms belong to the same part of speech and coincide in all their forms. For example: a key (from a lock) and a (cold) key.
Morphological homonymy is the homonymy of separate grammatical forms of the same word: three is a numeral and a form of the imperative mood of the verb to rub.
These are homophones, or phonetic homonyms, - words and forms different meanings which sound the same but are spelled differently. flu - mushroom,
Homonymy also includes homographs - words that coincide in spelling, but differ in emphasis: castle - castle
21. Stylistic use of synonyms.
Synonyms - words denoting the same concept, therefore, identical or close in meaning.
Synonyms that have the same meaning but differ in stylistic coloring. Among them, two groups are distinguished: a) synonyms belonging to various functional styles: live (neutral interstyle) - live (official business style); b) synonyms belonging to the same functional style, but having different emotional and expressive shades. sensible (with positive coloring) - brainy, big-headed (rough-familiar coloring).
semantic-stylistic. They differ both in meaning and in stylistic coloring. For example: wander, wander, wander, stagger.
Synonyms perform various functions in speech.
Synonyms are used in speech to clarify thoughts: He seemed to be a little lost, as if srobel (I. S. Turgenev).
Synonyms are used to oppose concepts, which sharply highlights their difference, emphasizing the second synonym especially strongly: He actually did not walk, but dragged along without lifting his feet from the ground
One of essential functions synonyms - a replacement function that allows you to avoid the repetition of words.
Synonyms are used to build a special stylistic figure
The stringing of synonyms may, if handled ineptly, testify to the stylistic helplessness of the author.
Inappropriate use of synonyms creates stylistic error- pleonasm ("memorable souvenir").
Two types of pleonasms: syntactic and semantic.
Syntactic appears when the grammar of the language allows you to do some official words redundant. "I know he will come" and "I know he will come." The second example is syntactically redundant. It's not a mistake.
On a positive note, pleonasm can be used to prevent loss of information (to be heard and remembered).
Also, pleonasm can serve as a means of stylistic design of an utterance and a method of poetic speech.
Pleonasm should be distinguished from tautology - the repetition of unambiguous or the same words (which can be a special stylistic device).
Synonymy creates ample opportunities for selection lexical means, but the search for the exact word costs the author a lot of work. Sometimes it is not easy to determine how exactly synonyms differ, what semantic or emotionally expressive shades they express. And it is not at all easy to choose the only correct, necessary one from a multitude of words.
Types of figurative meanings of a word.
The meaning of a word. Direct and figurative meaning of the word.
Words in a language can have one, two or more lexical meanings.
Words that have the same lexical meaning called unambiguous or monosemic. These words include:
1) various terms(not all): subject, electron;
2) varied thematic groups:
a) plant names (birch, poplar);
b) names of animals (minnow, jay);
c) names of people by occupation (doctor, livestock specialist, pilot).
At the same time, most words in Russian have many meanings. The development of polysemy of words is one of the active processes, due to which the vocabulary of the Russian literary language is replenished.
The word used in more than one sense, it is customary to call polysemous or polysemous(from Greek poly - many, sema - sign).
For example: according to the dictionary of D.N. Ushakov's word easy
1. insignificant in weight (light leg);
2. easy to learn, solutions (easy lesson);
3. small, insignificant ( light wind);
4. superficial, frivolous (light flirting);
5. soft, accommodating ( easy temper);
6. laid-back, graceful (easy syllable);
7. smooth, smooth, sliding (easy gait).
One of these meanings is primary, initial, and the others are secondary, resulting from the development of the primary meaning.
primary value, as a rule, is a direct value.
primary value - ϶ᴛᴏ the main meaning of the word, directly naming the object, action, property.
In the literal sense, the word appears out of context. For example: forest ʼʼa lot of trees growing in a large spaceʼʼ; in a figurative sense: a lot of ʼʼforest handsʼʼ, without understanding anything ʼʼdark forestʼʼ, construction materialʼʼlumberingʼʼ.
The figurative meaning is secondary. It arises on the basis of the similarity of objects in form, in color, in the nature of movement, on the basis of association, etc.
Two differ basic types figurative meaning of the word - metaphorical and metonymic. As a kind of metonymy - syn-ecdocha.
Let's consider each separately.
metaphorical transfer.
The essence of this transfer is that the name of an object is transferred to another object, based on the similarity of these objects.
Similarity should be:
1. in form. For example, the word ʼʼbeardʼʼ we call a small beard of a person - ϶ᴛᴏ direct meaning. In a figurative sense, we call the ledges at the keys a beard. An apple is a fruit, a smooth apple.
2. by color similarity. Gold - ϶ᴛᴏ precious metal yellow color͵ ʼʼgold of her hairʼʼ - hair color.
3. similarity in size. A pole is a long thin pole, a pole is a long thin man.
4. by sound similarity. Drum - beat the drum, drumming rain.
5. transfer by function: janitor - a person sweeping a yard, street; a device in the car, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ serves to clean glass.
Metaphors are about general language- such a metaphorical meaning of the word, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is widely used and known to all speakers: a nail head, a Christmas tree needle.
Individually - copyright are not common to the common language. Οʜᴎ are created by writers and poets and characterize his stylistic manner. For example , bonfire rowan red, birch th language of the grove, chintz sky (S. Yesenin). Started to rumble river life (Leonov).
metonymic transfer.
Its essence lies in the fact that the name from one subject to another is transferred on the basis of adjacency.
Adjacency is commonly understood here as spatial adjacency, proximity of an object͵ temporal adjacency, etc., ᴛ.ᴇ. objects named by the same word are completely different, but they are nearby in space, in time.
1. Transferring the name from the container to its contents: audience - a room for classes, people in it; class - students (class listened), room; plate - dishes, contents in a plate (I ate a bowl of soup).
2. Material - a product from it: crystal - a type of glass, a product from it; gold - she has gold in her ears.
3. Action is the result of that action: jam - the process of cooking, berries boiled in syrup.
5. Action - the object of this action: edition of the book - illustrated edition.
6. Action - means or instrument of action: harvesting vegetables - harvesting on the table.
7. action - place of action: exit from the house - stand at the entrance.
8. The plant is the fruit of the plant: pear, plum.
9. Animal - the fur or meat of an animal: chicken, mink, eggs.
10. An organ of the body is a disease of this body: stomach - grabbed the stomach, naughty heart.
11. The scientist is his image: Ampere, Volt.
12. Locality - a product invented, made there: Kashimir - a city in India, fabric; Boston is a city in England, fabric.
13. Time - events that took place at that time, year: it was 1918, 1941.
As a result of metonymy, a number of common nouns formed from proper names: volt, ampere, ohm, boston, mac.
Sin-ekdokha.
This type of lexical transfer is based on the following principle: the name is transferred from part to whole and vice versa.
For example, ʼʼheadʼʼ is a part of the body of a person or animal.
This name should be transferred to the whole person.
to the whole My head hurts - a direct meaning.
Borya - bright head- portable (syn-ekdoha).
Herd of 20 heads.
Mouth - part of the face - direct meaning.
ʼʼWe have 5 mouths in our familyʼʼ - figurative.
A car is any mechanism, a passenger car.
From the whole Tool - any technical device (tool
on the part of labor) - direct meaning; gun is portable.
Synœekdoha as special kind transfer by many scientists is combined with metonymy and is perceived as its variety.
Some characteristics person are often used to refer to that person, to refer to him. Especially typical is the use of words for colloquial speech: ʼʼI'm behind the blue capʼʼ. ʼʼHey, beard, where are you going?ʼʼ
Red Riding Hood - classic example syn-ecdochi.
Homework. Abstract by V.V. Vinogradov ʼʼThe main types of lexical meanings of wordsʼʼ, ʼʼIssues of linguisticsʼʼ 1953, No. 5.
Topic number 8. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin.
Plan.
1.Originally Russian vocabulary.
2. Borrowed vocabulary.
3. Old Slavonicisms, their signs and use in modern Russian.
The vocabulary of the Russian language is one of the richest in the world and contains more than a quarter of a million words.
It is believed that in the Russian language there are 90% native and 10% borrowed vocabulary.
AT vocabulary The modern Russian language contains lexical layers of various historical eras.
To the original vocabulary include all the words that came into modern Russian from the languages of their ancestors. For this reason, the original Russian vocabulary is divided into 4 layers ͵ related to different eras. Let's consider each of them.
1.Indo-European vocabulary. Until III - II centuries BC.
In the 6th-5th millennium BC. there was a single civilization, which was called Indo-European, and a single unwritten Indo-European language.
The words of this era are the most ancient. Οʜᴎ are known not only to Slavic, but also to other families of languages: Germanic, Romance, etc. For example, the word sky is found, in addition to Slavic, in Greek and Latin.
To vocabulary Indo-European origin relate:
a) some words denoting kinship terms: mother, sister, brother, wife, daughter, son;
b) name of wild and domestic animals: wolf, goat, cat, sheep, bull;
in) name of food products and vital necessary concepts : sky, fire, house, month, name, water, meat;
G) name of actions and signs: see, share, eat, be, live, carry, white, vigorous, sick, alive, evil;
e) numerals: two, three, ten;
e) prepositions: without, before.
2.Common Slavic vocabulary(proto-Slavic). From III - II centuries. BC. according to VI AD
These are words that arose during the period of linguistic unity of the Slavs. Οʜᴎ, as a rule, are known to all Slavic languages: Ukrainian.
Hosted on ref.rf
- spring, Polish - vrosna.
About 2 thousand words belong to this layer. Οʜᴎ make up 25% of the words of our everyday communication. These include thematic groups:
1.name of agricultural implements: scythe, hoe, awl, sickle, harrow;
2.product of labor, plants: rye, cereals, flour, cranberries, maple, cabbage;
3.name of animals, birds, insects: hare, cow, fox, snake, woodpecker;
4.names of parts of the human body: eyebrow, head, tooth, knee, face, forehead;
5.kinship terms: grandson, son-in-law, mother-in-law, godfather;
6.the name of the dwelling, vital concepts: house, hut, porch, shop, stove, spring, winter, clay, iron, etc .;
7.abstract vocabulary: thought, happiness, evil, goodness, excitement, grief.
During this period, there are a large number
adjectives, denoting signs and qualities by color, size, shape: tall, long, large, black;
verbs denoting various labor processes: cut, saw, dig, weed;
verbs denoting actions and states: guess, warm, hold, dare, divide, doze off;
numerals: one, four, eight, one hundred, one thousand;
pronouns: you, we, you, what, everyone;
adverbs: inside, everywhere, yesterday, tomorrow.
Common Slavic words were the basis for the formation of many new words. For example, from the verb live in Russian created about 100 derived words.
3.East Slavic vocabulary . VI in - 14-15 century.
Around the 6th-7th century, the collapse of the common Slavic language into South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic (Old Russian) is attributed. Old Russian becomes a language ancient Russian people, united in the 9th century in single state- Kievan Rus.
East Slavic vocabulary - ϶ᴛᴏ words that arose in the period from the 6th to the 15th centuries, common among languages East Slavic group: Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian. These words are not found in other Slavic languages . For example:
quite (Russian) zovsim (Ukrainian) zusim (white)
snowfall snowfall snowfall
kindness kindness kindness
The East Slavic layer represents a rather diverse vocabulary, reflecting in all its diversity the political, economic and cultural life ancient Russian state.
In this period, many words appear on the basis of common Slavic vocabulary:
bullfinch (Russian)
snow< снiгур (укр.)
snagir (white)
compound numbers: eleven, forty, ninety;
Difficult words: hook-nosed, today;
suffix words - finch, blackberry, pantry.
4. Actually Russian vocabulary.
In the 14th century, due to the collapse Kievan Rus Old Russian language splits into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The Russian (Great Russian) nationality was formed.
Proper Russian vocabulary - ϶ᴛᴏ words that have arisen since the formation of the Russian people and continue to arise to the present.
Words and morphemes of primordially Russian origin served as the basis for the creation of Russian vocabulary proper. ᴛ.ᴇ. common Slavic, East Slavic:
1.almost all words with suffixes: chik / chik, nickname, - evidence, - lux, - ness
mason, wallet, teacher, mower;
2.many difficult words: steamship, plane, steelprogress;
3.words with prefixes on, before, behind and the suffix sya: to look, to wake up, to talk;
4.abbreviations: JSC - joint stock company, CJSC - closed joint stock company, LLC - limited liability company, PSC - private security company.
Types of figurative meanings of a word. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Types of figurative meanings of the word." 2017, 2018.
A word can have one lexical meaning. Such words are called unambiguous, For example: dialog, purple, saber, alert, appendicitis, birch, felt-tip pen
Several types can be distinguished unambiguous words.
1. These include, first of all, proper names (Ivan, Petrov, Mytishchi, Vladivostok). Their extremely specific meaning excludes the possibility of varying the meaning, since they are the names of single objects.
2. Usually recently emerged words that have not yet become widespread are unambiguous (briefing, grapefruit, pizza, pizzeria etc.). This is explained by the fact that for the development of ambiguity in a word, its frequent use in speech is necessary, and new words cannot immediately receive universal recognition and distribution.
3. Words with a narrow subject meaning are unambiguous (binoculars, trolleybus, suitcase). Many of them refer to things special use and therefore rarely used in speech (beads, turquoise). This helps to keep them unique.
4. One meaning, as a rule, highlights the terms: sore throat, gastritis, fibroids, syntax, noun.
Most Russian words have not one, but several meanings. These words are called polysemantic, they are opposed unambiguous words. The ability of words to have multiple meanings is called polysemy. For example: word root- multivalued. AT " explanatory dictionary Russian language ”S. I. Ozhegov and N. Yu. Shvedova indicate four meanings of this word:
1. underground part plants. The apple tree has taken root. 2. Inner part tooth, hair, nail. Blush down to the roots of your hair. 3. trans. Beginning, source, basis of something. The root of evil. 4. In linguistics: basic, significant part the words. Root- significant part of the word.
The direct meaning of the word is its main meaning. For example, an adjective gold means "made of gold, composed of gold": gold coin, gold chain, gold earrings.
The figurative meaning of the word- this is its secondary, non-primary meaning, which arose on the basis of the direct one. gold autumn, golden curls- the adjective in these phrases has a different meaning - figurative ("similar to gold in color"). Golden time, skillful fingers- in these examples, the adjective has a figurative meaning - "beautiful, happy."
The Russian language is very rich in such transfers:
wolf skin- wolfish appetite;
iron nail- iron character.
If we compare these phrases, we can see that adjectives with a figurative meaning not only tell us about some quality of a person, but evaluate it, figuratively and vividly describe: golden character, deep mind, warm heart, cold look.
The use of words in a figurative sense gives speech expressiveness, figurativeness. Poets and writers are looking for fresh, unexpected, precise means conveying their thoughts, feelings, emotions, moods. On the basis of the figurative meaning of words, special means artistic representation: comparison, metaphor, personification, epithet and etc.
Thus, on the basis of the figurative meaning of the word, the following are formed:
comparison(one object is compared to another). The moon is like a lantern; fog like milk;
metaphor(hidden comparison). Rowan bonfire(rowan, like a fire); the bird cherry is throwing snow(bird cherry, like snow);
personification(human properties are transferred to animals, inanimate objects). The grove answered; cranes do not regret; the forest is silent;
epithet(figurative use of adjectives). The grove is golden; birch tongue; pearl frost; dark fate.
