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Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa. Completed: students 7b MBOU class School No. 3 Baimuratova Karina, Kiriy Vera.
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World heritage - outstanding cultural and natural values that constitute the heritage of all mankind. In November 1972, the UNESCO General Conference adopted the “Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and natural heritage” (entered into force in 1975, when the number of States Parties reached 21). The purpose of the Convention is to attract the forces of the world community to preserve unique objects of culture and nature. Soviet Union ratified the Convention on March 9, 1988. As of July 2014, the Convention has been ratified by 191 member countries, including Russia. Project work“Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa".
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". As of April 2017, the number of objects world heritage, included in the list is 1052, including: 814 cultural, 203 natural and 35 mixed. The objects are located on the territory of 165 member countries that have signed the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa includes 135 World Heritage Sites located in 40 countries.
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". .
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria includes 7 items, including: 6 sites are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 site - according to mixed criteria. cultural objects(6): Al Qala Fort at Beni Hammad (1980) Mzab Valley (1982) Jamila Ancient City (1982) Timgad Ancient City (1982) Tipasa Ancient City (1982) Algiers Kasbah (old part) (1992) Mixed objects (1): Tassilin-Ajjer Plateau (1982) Algeria
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Benin includes 1 name - the royal palaces of Abomey (1985). The object is included in the list according to natural criteria. Benin
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Botswana includes 2 items, including 1 site is included in the list according to cultural criteria and 1 site - according to natural criteria. Cultural objects (1): rock painting in the Tsodilo area (2001) natural objects(1): Okavongo Valley (2014) Botswana
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". Burkina Faso Burkina Faso has 1 listed UNESCO World Heritage Site. The object is included in the list according to cultural criteria. Ruins of Loropenei (2009).
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Gabon includes 1 name. The property is listed under mixed criteria. Ecosystem and Relic Cultural Landscape of Lope-Okanda (2007). Gabon
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Gambia includes 2 items. Both objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria. James Island and Associated Landmarks (2003). Rings of megalith stones in Senegambia (2006). Gambia
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ghana includes 2 items. Both objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria. Forts and castles of Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western regions(1979). Traditional buildings of the Ashanti people (1980). Ghana
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Guinea includes 1 item. The site is listed by natural criteria, but is included in the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger. Mount Nimba Nature Reserve (1981, 1982). Guinea
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". On the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Democratic Republic Congo included 5 items. All properties are included in the list by natural criteria, but all are also included in the list of World Heritage in Danger. national park Virunga (1979) Kahuzi-Biega National Park (1980) Garamba National Park (1980) Salonga National Park (1984) Okapi Game Reserve (1996) DR Congo
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Egypt includes 7 items, including: 6 sites are included in the list according to cultural criteria (one of them - monuments in Abu Mena, is included in the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger) and 1 - according to natural. Cultural objects (6): Early Christian monuments in Abu Mena (1979) Ancient Thebes with their necropolises (1979) Islamic Cairo (1979) Memphis and its necropolises - the area of the pyramids from Giza to Dahshur (1979) Monuments of Nubia from Abu Simbel to Philae (1979) Monastery of St. Catherine with surroundings (2002) Natural features (1): Wadi al-Khitan ("Valley of the Whales") - fossil site (2005) Egypt
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Zambia includes 1 item. The object is included in the list according to natural criteria. Mosi-oa-Tunya/Victoria Falls (1989) Zambia
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Zimbabwe includes 5 items, including: 3 sites are included in the list according to cultural criteria and 2 - according to natural ones. Points of Interest (3): Great Zimbabwe National Monument (1986) Khami Ruins National Monument (1986) Matobo Hills (2003) Natural sites (2): Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Game Reserves (1984) Mosi-oa-Tunya /Victoria Falls (1989) Zimbabwe
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Cape Verde includes 1 site according to cultural criteria. Cidade Velha, historical center in Ribeira Grande (2009). Cape Verbe
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Cameroon includes 2 items. Both objects are included in the list according to natural criteria. Jah Faunal Reserve (1987). international nature reserve Sangha (2012). Cameroon
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Kenya includes 6 items, including: 3 sites are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 3 sites - according to natural ones. Points of Interest (3): Old Town at Lamu (2001) Mijikenda Kaya Forests (2008) Fort Jesus, Mombasa (2011) Natural Sites (3): Mount Kenya National Park and Preserve (1997, 2013) Lake Turkana National Parks ( 1997, 2001) Lake system in the Great Rift Valley (2011) Kenya
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Côte d'Ivoire includes 4 items, including: 1 site is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 3 - according to natural criteria (two of them are the Mount Nimba Nature Reserve and the National komoe park listed as World Heritage in Danger). Places of interest (1): Grand Bassam Historic City (2012) Natural sites (3): Mount Nimba Nature Reserve (1981, 1982) Tai National Park (1982) Comoe National Park (1983) Ivory Coast
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Lesotho includes 1 item. The property is listed under mixed criteria. Dragon Mountain Park (2000, 2013) Lessoto
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Libya includes 5 items. All objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria. Archaeological sites of Cyrene (1982) Archaeological sites of Leptis Magna (1982) Archaeological sites of Sabratha (1982) Rock paintings in the mountains of Tadrart-Acacus (1985) Old city in Ghadames (1986) Libya
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Mauritania includes 2 items, including: 1 site is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 - according to natural criteria. Landmarks (1): Ksars (fortified dwellings) in Ouadan, Chinguetti, Tichita and Oualate (1996) Natural sites (1): Banc d'Arguin National Park (1989) Mauritania
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Madagascar includes 3 items, including: 1 site is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 2 - according to natural criteria (of which one is Wet rainforests Atsinanana is on the list of World Heritage in Danger). Landmarks (1): Ambohimanga Royal Hill (2001) Natural sites (2): Tsingy de Bemaraha Nature Reserve (1990) Atsinanana Rainforests (2007) Madagascar
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Malawi includes 2 items, including: 1 site is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 - according to natural criteria. Landmarks (1): Chongoni Rock Art (2006) Natural Sites (1): Lake Malawi National Park (1984) Malawi
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Mali includes 4 items, including: 3 sites are included in the list according to cultural criteria (of which two- Historical the city of Timbuktu and the Tomb of Emperor Askia-Mohamed are included in the list of World Heritage in Danger), 1 - mixed. Points of Interest (3): Historic City of Timbuktu (1988) old city Djenne (1988) Tomb of Emperor Askia-Mohamed (Gao city) (2004) Mixed objects (1): Bandiagara Highlands (Dogon land) (1989) Mali
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Morocco includes 9 items. All objects are listed according to cultural criteria: Medina (old part) of the city of Fez (1981) Medina (old part) of the city of Marrakesh (1985) Ksaras (fortified dwellings) in Ait Ben Haddou (1987) Historic city of Meknes (1996) Archaeological monuments of Volubilis (1997) Medina (old part) of the city of Tetuan (1997) Medina (old part) of the city of Essaouira (former Mogador) (2001) Portuguese fortress of Mazargan, city of El Jadida (2004) Rabat - modern capital and historical city(2012) Morocco
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Mozambique includes 1 item. The object is included in the list according to cultural criteria. Island City Mozambique (1991) Mozambique
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Namibia includes 2 items, including: 1 site is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 - according to natural criteria. Landmarks (2): Twyfelfontein Valley (2007) Natural sites (1): Namib Sand Sea (2013) Namibia
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Niger includes 3 items, including: 1 site is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 2 - according to natural criteria (of which one object - Air and Tenere Natural Reserves, is included in the list of World Heritage Sites under threat). Niger
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Nigeria includes 2 items. Both objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria. Sukur Cultural Landscape (1999) Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove (2005) Nigeria
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Congo includes 1 item. The object is included in the list according to natural criteria. Sangha International Reserve (2012) Congo
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". There are 2 names included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in the Seychelles. Both objects are included in the list according to natural criteria. Aldabra Atoll (1982) Vallee de Mai Nature Reserve (1983) Seychelles
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Senegal includes 7 items, including: 5 sites are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 2 - according to natural criteria (one of them is the Niokolo-Koba National Park, included in the list of World Heritage Sites under threat). Landmarks (5): Gorée Island (1978) Saint-Louis Island City (2000, 2007) Senegambia Megalith Stone Rings (2006) Saloum River Delta (2011) Bassari Lands: Cultural Landscapes of Bassari, Fula and Bedik (2012) Natural sites (2): Niokolo-Koba National Park (1981) Djoudj Ornithological Reserve (1981) Senegal
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Project work “Monuments of the World natural and cultural heritage. Africa". The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Sudan includes 2 items. Both objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria. Sacred rock Gebel Barkal and archaeological sites in the Napatan region (2003) Archaeological sites of the island of Meroe (2011) Sudan
The monuments of Africa represent ancient world, which is almost perfectly preserved on this continent.
The greatest African monuments are the three great pyramids. They are located close to each other, in the city of Giza.
Usually tourists come here on an excursion from Cairo - the capital.
Africa's Greatest Monuments - Pyramids and Tombs
The Pyramid of Cheops
It is believed that the pyramid of Cheops was erected in the 26th century BC. However modern research scientists lead us to other information: the pyramid is more than 8000 years old.
Today, Egyptology does not name new official data, but radiocarbon analysis suggests that organic compounds, remaining inside the pyramid, is at least 8000 years old and this is only data on the remains found, and how much more can be hidden here hidden from modern man.
Pyramid of Khafre
This pyramid is the second largest. And if the Cheops pyramid remained untouched even despite the huge influx of tourists, but this pyramid is protected from travel hunters gradually destroying it with their visits.
Pyramid of Menkaure
This pyramid is not of particular interest to tourists, but for Egyptology - yes.
True, it is the smallest among the three pyramids - its height is 66 meters.
Tomb of Tutankhamen
This place was found recently, about a hundred years ago. And today it cannot but bypass the study of the origin of this place.
However, almost every tourist can look at the attraction as part of one of the excursions. The museum presents not only the tomb itself, but also the jewels found near it.
Sphinx - a monolithic statue
It is believed that the Sphinx was erected in part of the pharaoh Khafre, but there is no exact data on this.
In addition, scientists are still arguing about the age of the monument. According to one version, it was erected long before the pharaohs. But who and in whose honor it was built - there is no exact information.
Temples - cultural monuments of Africa
Temple in Luxor
This place is usually very popular with tourists. It was built by Ramesses the third - one of the pharaohs.
Today it is authentically known that the temple symbolized the forerunner of the new future of ancient Egypt.
The construction looks like a building with one entrance, it consists of stone, the figures of people - the ancient Egyptians - are carved on its walls.
Temple of Hatshepsut
When a tourist visits the capital, he sees this monument in the form of a chapel, when he leaves, he also sees it, only the other side.
Sometime in this African country there were many problems against the background of the discrepancy between historical data from one source to another.
As a result, in the form of reconciliation, a monument to the contradictions of history was built, after the erection of which the problem of disputes was partly resolved.
Wish Monument - Scarab Beetle
There is a monument in the Karnak temple. It is believed that if you go around the monument several times in a circle, any wish will come true.
Like it or not, no one knows for sure, but the place is sacred anyway. Why the scarab?
It was believed that scarabs had secret magical powers, so a monument was erected in their honor.
Today in the temple you can buy bracelets, rings, earrings and amulets in the form of scarabs adorned with precious stones.
In Africa, there are those that are still preserved.
Tourists coming to Africa travel here all over the continent, but Christian places can be found mainly in the northern part of the continent.
Monument - "The Renaissance of Africa"
The largest monument in Africa, which is installed in the capital of Senegal, Dakar.
It was opened in 2010 in honor of the 50th anniversary of Senegal's independence.
The monument was created from bronze foxes, the thickness of which is about 3 cm. The height of this structure is 49 meters.
This monument is very large, so it was even decided to put it in the Guinness Book of Records.
Despite being in poverty, President Abdullah Wade built it for $27 million.
the most interesting and mysterious fact is that the monument was not built with donated money or sponsors' funds. The entire amount was allocated from the state budget.
The people were against such a monument in Africa, because there are more important problems, but no one began to listen to them.
The sculpture represents a man with a child on his arm and next to him. standing woman. This, according to the sculptor Pierre Goudiab, is a symbol of getting rid of the European colonizers.
In 2002, there were 94 objects, or 12.8% of them. total number in the world. In terms of the number of world heritage sites on the continent, Tunisia (7), Algeria, Morocco, Egypt and Tanzania (6 each), Libya and DR Congo (5 each) stand out.
Cultural heritage sites in Africa 57.
It is expedient to classify them into four epochs.
ancient era
Represented by four archaeological sites located in Ethiopia and Libya
Civilizations of ancient Egypt
The UNESCO List is reflected in three world-famous historical and architectural monuments
1. The area of the city of Memphis, which was the capital of the country in the era ancient kingdom, with surrounding necropolises. At its core are three large pyramids» in Giza suburb of Cairo
2. The remains of the second capital of Egypt - the city of Thebes, which was the capital in the era of the Middle and New Kingdoms. This complex includes the temples of Karnak and Luxor and the Valley of the Kings, where the pharaohs were buried.
3. Monuments of Nubia from Abu Simbel to File, relating to the era of the New Kingdom. Most of them during construction aswan dam had to be moved to another location. Actually, this was the beginning of the compilation of the List of World Heritage Sites.
Ancient heritage of North Africa
Represented by objects located on the territory of all countries of this subregion. They can be subdivided into
Phoenician (Carthage and Kerkuan in Tunisia)
Ancient Greek (Cyrene in Libya)
Ancient Roman (ruins of cities in Algeria (Tipasa, Timgad, Jemila),
in Tunisia (Duga),
in Libya (Sabratha, Leptis Magna),
in Morocco (Volubilis)
The era of the Middle Ages and modern times
The objects of cultural heritage of this era are the most numerous. Among them are objects
1) - Arab-Muslim culture in North Africa
The most famous are the numerous Muslim monuments
Cairo in Egypt
Tunisia and Kairouan in Tunisia,
Algiers and the Mzab (Gardaya) oasis in Algeria,
Marrakech and Fes in Morocco
2) - Christian monuments of Ethiopia - Aksum, Gonder, Lalibela
In Africa south of the Sahara, two more groups of objects are distinguished:
1) One of them refers to West Africa and reflects
Cultural heritage of the medieval civilizations of this part
continent (Timbuktu and Djenne in Mali),
Or legacy colonial era with its slave trade (O. Gore in
Senegal, Elmina in Ghana)
2) Another group of objects belongs to southeast africa(Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Mozambique). The most famous of them is the Great Zimbabwe.
Objects natural heritage in Africa 34.
This is mainly National parks and reserves. The most famous -
Serengeti, Ngoro Ngoro and Kilimanjaro in Tanzania
Rwenzori in Uganda
Mount Kenya in Kenya
Virunga, Garamba and Okapi in DR Congo
Nikono-Koba in Senegal
Dragon Mountains in South Africa.
Objects cultural and natural heritage is in Algeria,
The most famous of them is the Algerian Tassilin-Ajer with
rock paintings of the ancient inhabitants of the Sahara
In total, there are 46 cultural heritage sites in Africa located in 26 countries. All of them belong to the periods of ancient, ancient and medieval history Africa. In this regard, the most logical is the distribution of information about these objects under the following four headings: 1) ancient era, 2) Ancient Egypt, 3) the era of antiquity in North Africa, 4) the era of the Middle Ages. In some cases, especially in the characterization of the Middle Ages, it is appropriate to apply a sub-regional approach to the presentation, reflecting primarily the differences between North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa.
Monuments of antiquity in North Africa
Ancient heritage of North Africa
In the II millennium BC. e. North Africa was inhabited by Libyan tribes who lived in a tribal system. At the end of the same millennium, “peoples of the sea” appeared on its coast - first the Phoenicians, then the Greeks, who founded a number of their colonies here. From those ancient times there is almost no material evidence left. However, the World Heritage includes the ruins of the Phoenician Carthage and Kerkuan and the Greek Cyrene.
In the II century. BC e., after the collapse of Carthage, the whole of North Africa, step by step, falls under the rule of Rome. Numidia and Mauretania1 pass to it from Carthage, and Cyrenaica joins in the east, in the place of which overseas provinces of the empire are created. This is how Roman Africa arose, stretching from the Atlantic to the Red Sea for two thousand kilometers. It was one of the most prosperous regions of the Roman Empire, reaching its peak in the 2nd century BC. n. e. The Romans built roads, bridges, aqueducts, dams, reservoirs and water pipes in North Africa and, of course, their cities. Most of of which was either on the coast mediterranean sea and specialized in maritime trade, or in southern borders Roman possessions, which had to be protected from the raids of local tribes.
The ruins of Roman baths in Carthage survived for centuries
In total, there were several dozen such cities, and 11 of them, located on the territory of modern Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Libya, were included in the World Heritage List. Of course, we are talking about the ruins of these once flourishing cities, which is explained by the subsequent history of North Africa, which, after the Romans, was successively ruled by the Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, and Ottoman Turks. But the greater the historical and cultural value represents what is left of these cities.
Monuments of Tunisia. The World Heritage List includes four monuments of Tunisia dating back to the Phoenician-Roman period. These are Carthage, Kerkuan, El-Jem and Dugga (Tugga).
Ruins of Carthage. Back in 1100 BC. e. The Phoenicians from the city of Tyre, on the shores of the Gulf of Tunis they discovered, founded the colony of Utica. In 825, another group of colonists from Tire founded another colony nearby, which received the name New City (Kartadasht) and went down in history under the name of Carthage. The very birth of Carthage is surrounded by many legends associated with the Tyrian princess Dido (Elissa), as Virgil narrates in his Aeneid.
Initially, the city arose on the coastal hill of Byrsa, but then, as its size increased, it also occupied the lands adjacent to it. Favorably located on the isthmus between the sea and the lake, it quickly turned into the largest slave-owning city-state of the Western Mediterranean, which conducted extensive trade on this sea and itself had many colonies on its shores. ancient historians it was claimed that during its heyday the number of inhabitants in it reached 700 thousand people. Polybius, Strabo, Appian left descriptions of Carthage of that time.
However, three Punic (the Romans called the Carthaginians Punians) wars with Rome undermined the power of Carthage. During the third of these wars in 149-146. BC e. Roman army Scipio Africanus was besieged by Carthage for three years, and after his capture, by order of the Senate, the city was destroyed to the ground. According to historical sources, it burned for sixteen days. Then, on the site of the destroyed city, a furrow was made with a plow, sprinkled with salt, as a sign that this place was cursed and should never be reborn from now on.
It is hard to expect that after all this, and even after more than two millennia, any tangible traces of ancient Carthage could be preserved. They remained either under a thick layer of later deposits, or under buildings modern city Tunisia. Nevertheless, the excavations that began here in late XIX c., exposed some of the ruins of genuine Carthage, primarily in the region of Byrsa Hill and its old military harbor.
However, already under the Romans, Carthage experienced what is called the “second coming”. In 122 BC. e. The Roman Senate, at the suggestion of the people's tribune Gaius Gracchus, decided to restore Carthage, giving it a different name - Junonia. Already under Emperor Augustus, a new Roman city really arose on the ruins of the Punic city, which then became administrative center provinces of Africa. A few more traces of this city have survived - these are the ruins of the baths of the emperor Antoninus Pius, a large amphitheater, in the arena of which gladiators once fought, and are now held international festivals arts. A part of the 70-kilometer conduit, which supplied the city with drinking water, also survived.
However, we can also talk about the "third coming" of Carthage, which came after this city was taken by the Vandals in 429, who made it the capital of their kingdom. And even about his “fourth coming” - after in 553 he was again taken by storm by the Byzantine commander Belisarius and turned into the capital, this time already of Byzantine Africa. And only in 698 Carthage was completely destroyed by the Arabs. They used the stone of dismantled ancient buildings for the construction of the city of Tunisia, in the modern buildings of which the traces of Carthage are hardly distinguishable. Although one of its oldest quarters - Tophet, which was considered sacred, since it was here that for centuries the sacrifice of young children to the god Baal took place, has recently been partially restored in strict accordance with the original. Excavations in the suburbs of the city of Tunisia continue.
El Jem Amphitheater. On the site of modern El Jem, located between the cities of Sousse and Sfax, in the era of the Roman Empire there was the city of Thysdrus, which reached its peak in the III century. n. e. Residential buildings with mosaics testify to that time, but first of all - a huge, well-preserved amphitheater, designed for 35 thousand spectators and inferior in size only to the Roman Colosseum. Built from large blocks of pink tuff, it has a length of 150 m and a height of 36 m. Three tiers of arcades, a podium, an arena, and underground galleries are well preserved. Scientists believe that due to the beginning of the crisis of the Roman Empire, the construction of this amphitheater was not completed.
Monuments of Algiers and Morocco. in the world cultural heritage includes three "dead" cities in Algiers. The most ancient of them is Tipasa, which existed in pre-Roman times, while Timgad and Jemila trace their genealogy from the era of the reign of Emperor Trajan. In Morocco, there is in many ways similar to them the Roman city of Volubilis.
Archaeological sites of Tipasa. Tipasa, located on the Mediterranean coast west of the city of Algiers, was at first one of the first Phoenician colonies, then passed to Carthage, from it to Mauretania, and at the beginning new era became part of Rome.
From the Punic era, the remains of burials have been preserved here, from the Moorish era - a large royal mausoleum and fragments of fortress walls. But the Roman era is especially richly represented here: the constructions of the city forum with the buildings of the curia, the capitol and the basilica, the main street - the cardo, the theater, large and small baths, an amphitheater, residential buildings, a necropolis were excavated. The remains of frescoes have been preserved in the ruins of rich Roman villas.
Destroyed by the Arabs in the 7th century, Tipasa never revived to a new life. Now its past can be judged only by the remaining ruins of the city and by the exhibits collected in local museum.
Archaeological sites of Timgad. Timgad ( ancient name Tamugadi, Roman - Colony of Marcian Trajan) was founded in 100 BC. e. under Emperor Trajan on the slope of the Ores mountain range to protect the southern borders of Roman Africa; its first inhabitants were veterans of one of the legions of the empire. Timgad reached its heyday in the II-III centuries. At the same time, its architectural appearance was formed.
Initially, the city occupied a rectangular, walled area measuring 330 x 360 m and was planned according to the usual pattern of a Roman military camp with intersecting main streets cardo and decuman, with a clear division into six blocks-quarters, each of which included 24 insula houses, with triumphal arches at the entrances to the main highways, with a forum, capitol, theater, baths. The improvement of Timgad is evidenced by the fact that sewer pipes were laid under its streets. The city had a big public library with book depository and reading room. Gradually, building began to go beyond the fortress walls, behind which temples, markets, trade and craft quarters also appeared, and in the 3rd century. these walls were completely demolished.
At the end of the Roman Empire, the city of Timgad became important center Christianity. A whole complex of early Christian buildings appeared here, including a basilica and a baptistery. However, in the 5th century Timgad was destroyed by the Berbers. In the VI century. the Byzantines who built their fortress here tried to restore it. But in the seventh century Timgad, completely destroyed by the Arab conquerors, was abandoned by the inhabitants. And what survived began to collapse under the influence of sand and wind.
Excavations in Timgad were started by French archaeologists in 1880, and now its ruins give a fairly visual representation of the appearance of this provincial Roman city. Here you can see the remains of the city forum once decorated with statues and the public buildings adjacent to it, a theater with 4 thousand seats. Well-preserved baths, which had pools for cold and hot water with mosaic floors. The same can be said about Trajan's three-span triumphal arch. It is not surprising that Timgad is often compared with the famous ruins of Pompeii in Italy in terms of visibility and preservation. Many exhibits of Roman antiquity are exhibited in the local archaeological museum.
Well-preserved numerous ancient architectural monuments in the city of Dzhemila
Archaeological monuments of Dzhemily. Jamila - locality in the north-eastern part of Algeria, located on the site of an ancient Roman city with the Berber name Cuikul. This city, like Timgad, was founded under the emperor Trajan to protect the possessions of the empire from the Berber tribes. Therefore, it was located at an altitude of 900 m above sea level, with its “back” to the mountain range. In II-IV centuries. Kuykul became pretty major city the Roman province of Numidia, who grew rich by growing barley. In the VI-VIII centuries. it also turned out to be one of the centers of Christianity in North Africa, and was later destroyed.
Ruined area ancient city, has an elongated shape and follows the terrain, so that its usual regular plan is combined with freer development. Nowadays, the main street framed by colonnades, the cardo, is quite clearly visible here. The remains of two forums, several temples, a term, a theater located on a high mountain ledge, the triumphal arch of Caracalla, a market square, old city walls and gates have also been preserved. In the archaeological museum of Cemil you can see ancient mosaics and sculptures.
Archaeological sites of Volubilis. The ruins of this Roman city are located in Morocco. At first there was a Berber settlement, which in the III century. BC e. experienced for myself strong influence Carthage. When in 40 AD. e. Under Emperor Caligula, Mauretania became part of the Roman Empire, Volubilis became one of its westernmost outposts in Africa. It was a prosperous city with 20,000 inhabitants who were mainly engaged in the production of olive oil. its economic and cultural significance Volubilis preserved until the end of the 8th century, until Idris I, the founder of the Arab Idrisid dynasty in the Maghreb, built one of his residences in its place. Much later, already in the XVIII century. one of the sultans took out all the remaining marble from here to build his palace in Meknes.
The excavations of Volubilis began as early as 1915, and now you can also see the ruins of a Roman city with a regular layout and an unusually wide central cardo street running from north to south, the remains of powerful fortress walls with gates and rounded towers, baths, the arches of Caracalla, numerous arcades, porticos, pedestals. In the houses on the cardo, right behind the arch of Caracalla, mosaics depicting Bacchus on a chariot, a Nereid, a sleeping Ariadne, the abduction of Ganymede, the exploits of Hercules survived. And in the so-called “House of Orpheus”, two magnificent mosaics have been preserved, one of which depicts the legendary Orpheus. Especially valuable finds are stored in the local museum and in the museum of the city of Rabat.
Monuments of Libya. From ancient cities in the territory modern Libya Three have been included in the World Heritage List. All of them are located on the Mediterranean coast: Sabratha and Leptis Magna in Tripolitania, Cyrene in Cyrenaica. Now these are “dead” cities, ruins, the special value of which, like most cities of the Maghreb, lies in the fact that since ancient times they have never been built up again.
Archaeological sites of Sabratha. The ancient city of Sabratha, located to the west of the current Libyan capital of Tripoli, was founded by the Phoenicians in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. e. and served as their trading post, through which goods were exported from Africa. Then it passed into the possession of the Roman Empire and reached its peak in the II-III centuries. n. e. After the Romans, the city fell into the hands of the Byzantines and, finally, in the middle of the 7th century. was destroyed by the Arabs. As a result, the ruins of Sabratha have preserved traces of three historical layers: Punic-Phoenician, Roman and Byzantine.
Excavations near the port of Sabratha are interesting architectural monuments Roman and Byzantine eras
Only the remains of the mausoleum now remind of the first of them, the Basilica of Justinian, of the third, but the Roman period is represented richer. During the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius, an actual new Roman city was built next to the old Phoenician city. It was from him that the ruins of the forum with columned porticos, the curia, the temple of Jupiter, the amphitheater, the cistern pool, the aqueduct, and residential buildings have survived to this day. The decoration of Sabratha was the theater built in 180, which at the beginning of the 20th century. underwent restoration. Accommodating 5 thousand spectators, it was decorated with arches and a two-tiered colonnade of the Corinthian order.
An archaeological museum has been opened near the ruins of Sabratha.
Archaeological sites of Leptis Magna. This is another ancient city on the Mediterranean coast near the modern city of Homs. It was founded in the 7th century. BC. Phoenicians, from VI to end III in. BC. was ruled by Carthage. After the second Punic War 218-207 AD BC e. was captured by the Numidians, and in 107 BC. e. - the Romans. Before the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, it was part of it, and it was at that time that he reached greatest flourishing. The emperor Septimius Severus, who was born here in 146, did a lot for the prosperity of Leptis Magna. But in the 7th-11th centuries. Arab conquests and the gradual filling of the harbor with sand led to the fact that the city was depopulated. As a result of excavations that began here only in the 20s of the 20th century, the majestic ruins of Leptis Magna were discovered.
In the oldest part of the city, adjacent to the harbor, you can now see the ruins of the old forum with the curia, the basilica and several temples. To the south of the forum were a market with two pavilions and a large theater facing the sea, built under the emperor Augustus. During the reign of Emperor Hadrian, a majestic ensemble of thermae with mosaic floors, an outdoor swimming pool, a palestra for gymnastic exercises, and numerous statues was erected. The city was crossed by the main street (cardo), decorated with triumphal arches of the emperors Tiberius and Trajan.
Timgad, once a fortified city, was founded in 100 BC.
And in the era of the North, next to the old city, to the southeast of it, a new one was actually built. From it remained the impressive ruins of the second forum measuring 200 x 100 m, which was surrounded by the buildings of the basilica with a huge hall, the temple of Septimius Severus, porticoes and arcades. From this forum to the port passed new street cardo twenty meters wide, decorated with 250 columns of Aswan granite. A lighthouse, embankments, other temples, porticos were also built, and rich villas in the vicinity.
Many of the marble reliefs, facings and mosaics found here are now kept in the archaeological museum during excavations and in the Tripoli Museum.
Incredible beauty architectural structures, mysterious ancient necropolises, vast reserves with many rare animals and plants, squares historical cities and sights, the history of which still raises many questions. Where can you see all these unique objects? In Africa! On a continent that most tourists associate exclusively with the Sahara desert and sweltering heat. Literally in every African country there are amazing sights that deserve the attention of inquisitive tourists. The continent is rich in incredibly beautiful natural reserves, many ancient cities have been preserved in it, and the pyramids of Giza are considered one of the most recognizable sights in the world. Anyone who wants an unforgettable African adventure should definitely visit the unique sites included in the World Heritage List.
In the southeast of Algeria, among the lifeless landscapes of the Sahara, there is a unique plateau Tassilin-Adjer. Main value of this place are petroglyphs, some of which date back to the 7th millennium BC. At present, the plateau, which is about 500 meters long, is part of a large national reserve Tassilin-Adjer, total area which is more than 70,000 sq. meters. In addition to incredible archaeological sites, the plateau is also remarkable for its original geological formations.
Over thousands of years, under the influence of the wind, incredibly beautiful and harmonious stone arches were formed from sandstone, and geologists also managed to establish that once stormy rivers flowed through these places. Visitors to the attraction will have the opportunity to see more than 300 unique geological formations, look into hidden caves, and walk through some of the world's most valuable archaeological areas.
In 1909, bright rock paintings were discovered on the plateau, depicting people, animals, as well as various scenes from life. They are another excellent confirmation that the once desert area was full of life. Rivers flowed here, along the banks of which there were fertile soils, herds of domestic animals grazed in spacious meadows. In total, more than 15,000 rock paintings were discovered on the territory of the plateau, some of them are about 8 thousand years old, and the latest drawings were made in the first centuries of our era. The Tassilin-Ajjer Plateau is one of the largest concentrations of rock art in the world, which makes it a landmark of world importance.
In the Benin city of Abomey, there is a unique historical complex - beautiful royal palaces, which are a reminder of the reign of the Dahomey kings. In total, there are 12 palaces in the complex, the history of which is associated with an interesting cultural tradition. With each change of ruler, it was customary to build a new one next to the old palace, a large-scale complex was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1985.
Travelers who like to explore unusual sights should head to The Gambia. Here in the Senegambia region are located mysterious circles megaliths, the purpose and history of which scientists from all over the world have been arguing for hundreds of years. Scientists managed to find out that the mysterious rings were built in the period from the 8th to the 12th century, with a more thorough study of the area, they discovered burials of earlier periods.
There is an amazing object in Ghana that will definitely appeal to fans of unusual architectural sights. It's about about the traditional buildings of the Ashanti people located in the Asante region. The complex of 13 buildings is incredibly beautiful, it is the only reminder of the once powerful and prosperous state of Ashanti. The heyday of the state fell on the 18th century, and from the beginning of the 19th century a number of destructive wars fell upon it.
The Theban necropolis is one of the most important sights of Egypt, where travelers can see the unique burial places of the pharaohs, surviving memorial temples and others. historical buildings, one way or another connected with the culture of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes. Among the memorial temples, the most interesting is the temple of Queen Hatshupsut, located in the Deir el-Bahri area, it is also interesting to visit memorial temple Ramses III.
Travelers who find the Theban necropolises not enough should visit the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis and get acquainted with its unique sights. The history of this once mighty city lasted more than 3,000 years and ended in the 5th century AD. Today, Memphis is a unique open-air museum. Not a single building has been preserved on the territory of the ancient city; for many years, its entire territory has been under constant development by archaeologists.
In the center of the Sinai Peninsula there is a unique religious landmark - the monastery of St. Catherine. This monastery was founded in the 4th century and has been continuously operating for more than one and a half thousand years, it is one of the oldest in the world. The monastery was built on the orders of Emperor Justian, it was originally called the Monastery of the Transfiguration, and acquired its current name only in the 11th century. For many hundreds of years the monastery remains traditional place Christian pilgrimage, the main artifact hidden within its walls is the relics of St. Catherine.
Perhaps the most unusual nature reserve in Africa is the Sanga forest. It is so vast that it is located on the territory of three states at once - Cameroon, Central African Republic and Congo. For this reason, the Sanga Reserve is often referred to as the Forest of the Three Nations. A significant part of the reserve is covered with evergreen rainforests, which are the venue not only for tourist excursions, but also for important scientific research.
Kenya is home to one of the world's most important natural attractions - Lake Turkana, which is also known by another name - Lake Rudolf. This lake is located on the territory of the Great Reef Valley, its depth is relatively small and averages about 30 meters. At the same time, the scale of the lake is quite impressive, its length is about 290 km, and its width is about 32 km, while the total area of the reservoir is 6,405 square meters. meters.
In the Congo, nature lovers can visit the Okapi reserve, which is located in the northeastern part of the state, the area of \u200b\u200bthe reserve is about 13.7 thousand square meters. km. The main value of the national reserve is the rare animals living on its territory, some species of which are on the verge of extinction. There are 13 species of monkeys alone in the reserve, forest elephants are also found in the park, and the main inhabitants of the park are okapi.
